The Respiratory The Respiratory SystemSystem

Just Breathe!Just Breathe!

Interesting FactsInteresting Facts

The right lung is slightly larger than the left.The right lung is slightly larger than the left. We lose half a litre of water per day We lose half a litre of water per day

breathing.breathing. At rest, the average adult takes in and At rest, the average adult takes in and

breathes out 6 litres of air each minute.breathes out 6 litres of air each minute.

Breathing Experiments:Breathing Experiments:

Page 287 - Hold your breathPage 287 - Hold your breath Page 287 - Breaths per minutePage 287 - Breaths per minute The average adult takes 12 breaths/minThe average adult takes 12 breaths/min In an average lifetime (74 years), does a person take In an average lifetime (74 years), does a person take

more breaths or heartbeats?more breaths or heartbeats? Heartbeats! 3 billion to 600 million breaths!Heartbeats! 3 billion to 600 million breaths!

The Respiratory System:The Respiratory System:

Respiration:Respiration:– all processes involved in the exchange of oxygen

and carbon dioxide between cells & the environment

O2 CO2

The Respiratory System:The Respiratory System:

For Animal, Respiration Has 2 Purposes:For Animal, Respiration Has 2 Purposes:– To get oxygen (O2) to its cells

– To get rid of excess carbon dioxide (CO2)

O2 CO2

Types of Respiration:Types of Respiration: (P.289) (P.289)

External RespirationExternal Respiration In our Lungs!In our Lungs! gas exchange between blood and the gas exchange between blood and the

surrounding air (Diffusion)surrounding air (Diffusion)

Types of Respiration:Types of Respiration:

Internal RespirationInternal Respiration In our cells!In our cells! gas exchange between blood and cells gas exchange between blood and cells

(by diffusion also)(by diffusion also) Provides OProvides O22 for Cellular Respiration for Cellular Respiration

Circulation of OxygenCirculation of Oxygen

Red Blood cells are ORed Blood cells are O22 “Taxis” “Taxis” They contain Hemoglobin!They contain Hemoglobin! When blood has a low OWhen blood has a low O22 [ ](deoxygenated) [ ](deoxygenated)

the hemoglobin is the hemoglobin is dark red/purple!dark red/purple! When blood has high OWhen blood has high O2 2 [ ](oxygenated) the [ ](oxygenated) the

hemoglobin is hemoglobin is brightbright red!red!

The LUNGSThe LUNGS

Massive amount of surface area…increased gas Massive amount of surface area…increased gas exchange efficiency!exchange efficiency!

Ave. surface area = 70mAve. surface area = 70m22 Spread out flat, the lungs would provide enough Spread out flat, the lungs would provide enough

space for seven cars!space for seven cars! The word ‘lung’ comes from the Greek word meaning The word ‘lung’ comes from the Greek word meaning

‘light’. Lungs are the only human organs light enough ‘light’. Lungs are the only human organs light enough to float!to float!

The average male will breathe out enough air over The average male will breathe out enough air over his lifetime to fill 250 two-person hot air balloons!his lifetime to fill 250 two-person hot air balloons!

That’s a lot of hot air… That’s a lot of hot air… [audience laughter]

Structures:Structures:You’ve got… 2:00You’ve got… 2:00

Label Them!GO!!!

Structures:Structures:1:451:45

Structures:Structures:1:301:30

Structures:Structures:1:151:15

Structures:Structures:1:001:00

Structures:Structures:0:450:45

Structures:Structures:0:300:30

Structures:Structures:0:150:15

Structures:Structures:

1.1. NoseNose2.2. MouthMouth3.3. LarynxLarynx4.4. LungLung5.5. Rt. BronchusRt. Bronchus6.6. DiaphragmDiaphragm7.7. PharynxPharynx8.8. TracheaTrachea9.9. Lt. BronchusLt. Bronchus10.10. BronchioleBronchiole11.11. AlveoliAlveoli

Time’s Up!!! 0:00Time’s Up!!! 0:00

External Respiration: Fxns!External Respiration: Fxns!

Nasal Passage:Nasal Passage: Air is warmed, humidified and Air is warmed, humidified and filtered & cleaned by cilia and mucous lining.filtered & cleaned by cilia and mucous lining.

Oral Cavity:Oral Cavity: Passage of air Passage of air Pharynx: Pharynx: Common pathway for air and food. Common pathway for air and food. Larynx:Larynx: Adam’s apple. Produces sound (vocal Adam’s apple. Produces sound (vocal

cords)cords) Trachea:Trachea: Epiglottis opens allowing air to move Epiglottis opens allowing air to move

down the cilia and mucous-lined trachea to one down the cilia and mucous-lined trachea to one of two of two bronchi,bronchi, heading to the lungs. heading to the lungs.

External Respiration: Fxns!External Respiration: Fxns!

Bronchi:Bronchi: Main branches of the trachea Main branches of the trachea Divide to form Divide to form bronchiolesbronchioles, and air eventually , and air eventually

reaches tiny air sacs called reaches tiny air sacs called alveolialveoli.. Gas exchange occurs at the Gas exchange occurs at the alveoli alveoli – O– O22 moving into moving into

the blood, and COthe blood, and CO22 moving out. moving out. Oxygen is distributed to the cells of the body via the Oxygen is distributed to the cells of the body via the

blood (pumped by the heart!)blood (pumped by the heart!) Ribs:Ribs: protect the lungs and heart, aid in breathing. protect the lungs and heart, aid in breathing. Lungs:Lungs: major organ of respiration major organ of respiration

Gas Exchange @ the AlveoliGas Exchange @ the Alveoli

Each alveolus is only one cell Each alveolus is only one cell thick and is very moist. This thick and is very moist. This facilitates diffusion!facilitates diffusion!

240 alveolar membranes 240 alveolar membranes stacked together would only be stacked together would only be as thick as a sheet of paper!as thick as a sheet of paper!

Each lung contains 150 million Each lung contains 150 million alveoli!alveoli!

Alveoli: Air Sacs!Alveoli: Air Sacs!

External Respiration:External Respiration:

2 Phases:2 Phases: InspirationInspiration

– diaphragm contracts and moves downward (flattens), volume increases, creating low pressure and drawing air in

ExpirationExpiration– diaphragm relaxes, volume decreases, creating

high pressure, forcing air out

The Diaphragm!The Diaphragm!

Complete Diaphragm Worksheet!!

Breathing PhysiologyBreathing Physiology

Quickly complete worksheet (use P. 297)Quickly complete worksheet (use P. 297) Tidal Volume: DemoTidal Volume: Demo Vital CapacityVital Capacity Vital Capacity can be…Vital Capacity can be…

- Increased by training (i.e. swimmers ~6L)- Increased by training (i.e. swimmers ~6L)

- Decreased by smoking! - Decreased by smoking!

Feedback RegulationFeedback Regulation

The Medulla Oblongata is the control centre in the The Medulla Oblongata is the control centre in the brain!brain!

COCO22 levels in the blood increase, making the blood levels in the blood increase, making the blood

acidic.acidic. Chemoreceptors in the aorta and other large arteries Chemoreceptors in the aorta and other large arteries

sense this change and relay a message to the brain.sense this change and relay a message to the brain. Brain sends a message to the diaphragm and Brain sends a message to the diaphragm and

intercostal muscles of ribs to increase breathing rate.intercostal muscles of ribs to increase breathing rate. Homeostasis is restored!Homeostasis is restored!

Diseases & Health Problems:Diseases & Health Problems:

Obstructive DiseasesObstructive Diseases (e.g., Emphysema, Bronchitis, Asthma)

Restrictive DiseasesRestrictive Diseases (e.g., Cystic Fibrosis, Alveolar Damage)

Vascular DiseasesVascular Diseases (e.g., Pulmonary Edema) Infectious Diseases: Infectious Diseases: (e.g., Pneumonia, Influenza,

Tuberculosis) Environmental Irritants:Environmental Irritants: (e.g., Asbestos,

Particulate Pollutants, SMOKING!)

F.Y.I.F.Y.I. Coughing is of major importance, as it is the bodies Coughing is of major importance, as it is the bodies main method to remove dust, mucus, saliva, and other debris main method to remove dust, mucus, saliva, and other debris from the lungs. Inability to cough can lead to infection. from the lungs. Inability to cough can lead to infection.

Treatment OptionsTreatment Options

AsthmaAsthma – Caused by – Caused by contracting muscles contracting muscles that surround bronchi. that surround bronchi. Air mov’t is restricted.Air mov’t is restricted.

Puffers contain Puffers contain “bronchodilators” that “bronchodilators” that relax the muscles.relax the muscles.

Treatment OptionsTreatment Options

Bronchitis & EmphysemaBronchitis & Emphysema- - Mucous layers are broken Mucous layers are broken down, dirt/particles collect in down, dirt/particles collect in lungs and damage alveoli. lungs and damage alveoli.

Caused by smoking and other Caused by smoking and other environmental irritants (‘Darts’ environmental irritants (‘Darts’ contain ~4000 chemicals!).contain ~4000 chemicals!).

Must use a portable OMust use a portable O22 delivery delivery system to compensate for less system to compensate for less gas exchange surface.gas exchange surface.

Any one for a smoke?Any one for a smoke?

Altitude SicknessAltitude Sickness

High Altitude Pulmonary High Altitude Pulmonary Edema Edema (fluid in the lungs) - (fluid in the lungs) - persistent dry cough, fever persistent dry cough, fever and shortness of breath and shortness of breath even when restingeven when resting

HAPE can lead to… HAPE can lead to… High Altitude Cerebral High Altitude Cerebral

EdemaEdema (swelling of the (swelling of the brain) - headache that does brain) - headache that does not respond to analgesics, not respond to analgesics, unsteady walking, unsteady walking, increasing vomiting and increasing vomiting and gradual loss of gradual loss of consciousness consciousness

Mount Everest – 8 848 m (29 028 ft)

Mount EverestMount Everest

May 12, 2006: Ed Viesturs became the first American to summit all May 12, 2006: Ed Viesturs became the first American to summit all fourteen 8000m+ peaks fourteen 8000m+ peaks without the use of supplemental oxygen!!without the use of supplemental oxygen!!

"I am nothing more than a single narrow gasping lung, floating over "I am nothing more than a single narrow gasping lung, floating over the mists and summits." Reinhold Messnerthe mists and summits." Reinhold Messner

Above 8000m is called the “Death Zone”Above 8000m is called the “Death Zone” As of 2004, 2,238 people had reached the summit (1,148 of them As of 2004, 2,238 people had reached the summit (1,148 of them

since 1998) and 186 people have died trying!since 1998) and 186 people have died trying!

HAPE- TreatmentHAPE- Treatment

Acclimatize: “Climb Acclimatize: “Climb high, Sleep Low”high, Sleep Low”

Get to lower altitudes Get to lower altitudes quickly!quickly!