the resolution: edwin hubble (1889-1953) measured …the resolution: edwin hubble (1889-1953) •...

The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the Period-Luminosity Relation for Cepheid Variable Stars Measured Distance to Andromeda Galaxy (M31)

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The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953)

• Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda

• Calculated the distance using the Period-Luminosity Relation for Cepheid Variable Stars

Measured Distance to Andromeda Galaxy (M31)

The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953)

• Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda

• Calculated the distance using the Period-Luminosity Relation for Cepheid Variable Stars

1. MEASURED magnitude & Period

Measured Distance to Andromeda Galaxy (M31)

The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953)

• Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda

• Calculated the distance using the Period-Luminosity Relation for Cepheid Variable Stars

1. MEASURED magnitude & Period

2. CALCULATED Luminosity

Measured Distance to Andromeda Galaxy (M31)

The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953)

• Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda

• Calculated the distance using the Period-Luminosity Relation for Cepheid Variable Stars

1. MEASURED magnitude & Period

2. CALCULATED Luminosity 3. CALCULATED Distance

Measured Distance to Andromeda Galaxy (M31)

The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953)

• Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda

• Calculated the distance using the Period-Luminosity Relation for Cepheid Variable Stars

1. MEASURED magnitude & Period

2. CALCULATED Luminosity 3. CALCULATED Distance

Measured Distance to Andromeda Galaxy (M31)

• Result was MUCH farther than expected...• (2.3 Million Ly - well beyond Milky Way)

Page 6: The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Measured …The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the

Henrietta Leavitt & Period-Luminosity Relation

Cepheid Variables:Bright stars whose

Luminosity (energy output) varies every few days

Page 7: The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Measured …The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the

Henrietta Leavitt & Period-Luminosity Relation

Cepheid Variables:Bright stars whose

Luminosity (energy output) varies every few days

Period-Luminosity Relation

Page 8: The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Measured …The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the

•Obtained ____ Spectra of Galaxies

The Resolution: Vesto Slipher (1875-1969)

Page 9: The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Measured …The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the

•Obtained ____ Spectra of Galaxies

•Found that Galaxy spectra are REDSHIFTED

The Resolution: Vesto Slipher (1875-1969)

Page 10: The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Measured …The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the

•Obtained ____ Spectra of Galaxies

•Found that Galaxy spectra are REDSHIFTED

•Used redshift to calculate ________?

The Resolution: Vesto Slipher (1875-1969)

Page 11: The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Measured …The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the

Redshift: Calculating Velocity

• Relationship between red/blue shift and the velocity:

• c = speed of light, • λ is the “at rest” wavelength• Δλ is wavelength shift

Δλ v λ c=REDSHIFT (Z) =

Page 12: The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Measured …The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the

REDSHIFT

Redshift shows up as shifted absorption or emission lines in galaxy spectra

Page 13: The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Measured …The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the

REDSHIFT

Redshift shows up as shifted absorption or

emission lines in galaxy spectra

Page 14: The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Measured …The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the

REDSHIFT

Redshift shows up as shifted absorption or

emission lines in galaxy spectra

What part of the EM spectrum would you expect to see high z galaxies?

Page 15: The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Measured …The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the

The most distant galaxies are detected only in the infrared!

Blue Yellow Red IR

Redshift vs. distance

Page 16: The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Measured …The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the

Expansion of the Universe: Cosmological Redshift

Distant galaxy redshifts caused by the “stretching” of light waves as space itself is expanding!

Cosmological Redshift is slightly different from Doppler shift (why?)

Page 17: The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Measured …The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the

Hubble found that recession velocity of galaxies is proportional to their distance away from us...

Hubble’s Law & Hubble Diagram

(km/s)

(Mly)

v = H0 * d

Page 18: The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Measured …The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the

Hubble found that recession velocity of galaxies is proportional to their distance away from us...

Hubble’s Law & Hubble Diagram

(km/s)

(Mly)

v = H0 * d

...implying that the Universe is expanding!!

Page 19: The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) Measured …The Resolution: Edwin Hubble (1889-1953) • Noticed individual bright stars in Andromeda • Calculated the distance using the

Hubble’s Law: The Age of the Universe

Hubble’s law also implies that the Universe has a finite age!

Age = 1/H0

(km/s)

(Mly)

v = H0 * d

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