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VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA
FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
JUNE 2020
MINISTRY OF HEALTHTHE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
The Second Voluntary National Review Report on the Implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development Published by: Office of the Prime MinisterLevel 3, Postel Building Clement Hill Road, Kampala All rights reserved.The content in this publication may be freely quoted or reprinted. Acknowledgement is requested together with a copy of the publication.
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION
OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
JUNE 2020
MINISTRY OF HEALTHTHE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTi
CONTENTSMESSAGE FROM HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT OF UGANDA .............................................................vACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ....................................................................................................................................viiKEY HIGHLIGHTS ...............................................................................................................................................viiiCHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................1CHAPTER 2: SCOPE AND REVIEW PROCESS ..................................................................................................2CHAPTER 3: POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT FOR SDG IMPLEMENTATION ..........................53.1 Ownership of SDGs in Uganda ....................................................................................................................6
3.2 IntegrationofSDGsinUgandaplanningandfinancingsystem .................................................................143.2.1 PolicyandPlanningAlignment .......................................................................................................143.2.2 AligningbudgetstoSDGs..............................................................................................................14
3.3 Leavingnoonebehind ...............................................................................................................................14
CHAPTER 4: PROGRESS MADE TO ACHIEVE THE SDGS ..............................................................................204.1 Goal 1: Endpovertyinallitsformseverywhere.........................................................................................21
4.2 Goal 2:EndHunger,AchieveFoodSecurityandImprovedNutritionandPromote SustainableAgriculture ...............................................................................................................................24
4.3 Goal 3: EnsureHealthyLivesandPromoteWell-BeingforAllatAllAges .................................................26
4.4 Goal 4: EnsureInclusiveandEquitableQualityEducationandPromoteLifelongLearning OpportunitiesforAll ....................................................................................................................................30
4.5 Goal 5:Achievegenderequalityandempowerallwomenandgirls..........................................................36
4.6 Goal 6: Ensureavailabilityandsustainablemanagementofwaterandsanitationforall ..........................42
4.7 Goal 7: Ensureaccesstoaffordable,reliable,sustainableandmodernenergyforall .............................46
4.8 Goal 8: PromoteSustained,InclusiveandSustainableEconomicGrowth,FullandProductive EmploymentandDecentWorkforAll ........................................................................................................49
4.9 Goal9:Buildresilientinfrastructure,promoteinclusiveandsustainableindustrializationand foster innovation. ........................................................................................................................................51
4.10 Goal 10:Reduceinequalitywithinandamongcountries ...........................................................................56
4.11 Goal 11:MakeCitiesandHumanSettlementsInclusive,Safe,ResilientandSustainable .......................58
4.13 Goal 13: Climateaction..............................................................................................................................62
4.14 Goal 14:Conserveandsustainablyusetheoceans,seas,andmarineresourcesfor sustainabledevelopment ............................................................................................................................65
4.15 Goal 15:Protect,restoreandpromotesustainableuseofterrestrialecosystems,sustainably manageforests,combatdesertification,haltandreverselanddegradationandhaltbiodiversityloss .....67
4.16 Goal 16: Peace,justiceandstronginstitutions .........................................................................................68
4.17 Goal 17:StrengthentheMeansofImplementationandRevitalizetheGlobalPartnershipfor SustainableDevelopment...........................................................................................................................73
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS ............................................................................................825.1 Strongerpartnerships,coordination,andcollaboration .............................................................................825.2 DeeperlocalizationandpopularizationoftheSDGagenda ......................................................................825.3 BuildingaleadershipculturefortheSDGagendaatalllevels..................................................................825.4 PromotingSDG-focusedinnovationbyallcitizens,especiallyyoungpeople ...........................................835.5 FocusingonFinancingfortheSDGs–HarnessingUganda’sPotential ...................................................835.6. StrengtheningTechnologyandInformationSystemsinSDGImplementation ..........................................83
ANNEX: INDICATOR PROGRESS MATRIX /SDG DASHBOARD .....................................................................84
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ii
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLESTable1:UgandaGlobalGenderGapIndexReportRankings ..............................................................................37Table2:Uganda’sGenderEquality-specificnationalLawsandpolicies ...............................................................37Table3:GBVprevalencestatisticsinUgandainpreceding12months .................................................................38Table4:PrevalenceofchildmarriageinUganda ...................................................................................................39Table5:FemaleGenitalMutilationprevalencebyagegroup................................................................................39Table6:AverageTimespentonunpaiddomesticandcarework ..........................................................................39Table7:Women’sRepresentationinParliamentandLGstructures .....................................................................40Table8:ShareofUgandanEmployeesbyMainActivityofEstablishmentandYear(%) .......................................54Table9:ExtractonIndicator16.5fromtheNationalGovernancePeaceandSecuritySurvey(NGPSS)2017 ....70Table10:HouseholdMembers’InvolvementinResourceManagement(%) ........................................................71Table11:Perceptionofdifferenttypesofdiscriminationbysexandareaofresidence .........................................72
Figure1:Proportionofhouseholdswithaccesstobasicservices .........................................................................22Figure2:Annualizedgrowthrateinthenumberofpoorpeople .............................................................................22Figure3:Proportionofchildrenunderage5whoaremalnourished .....................................................................24Figure4:Prevalenceofanaemiaamongwomenaged15–49years .....................................................................25Figure5:Pregnancy-relateddeathper100,000livebirths.....................................................................................27Figure6:TrendsinChildhoodMortality(1988-2016) .............................................................................................27Figure7:TrendsinincidencesofMalarial,TuberculosisandHepatitisBper100,000 ..........................................28Figure8:Patternofdeathduetoroadtrafficaccidents..........................................................................................29Figure9:Learningoutcomes(primary3pupils) .....................................................................................................30Figure10:Learningoutcomes(primary6pupils) ...................................................................................................31Figure11:PercentageofP3LearnersRatedProficientinLiteracyandNumeracy,byGender ............................32Figure12:PercentageofP6LearnersRatedProficientinLiteracyandNumeracy,byGender ...........................32Figure13:Proportionofschoolswithaccesstobasicservices .............................................................................33Figure14:Percentageofchildrenwhoaredevelopmentallyontrackforindicateddomains ................................35Figure15:Proportionofpopulation(18+)inAgriculturewithownershiporsecurerightsovertheland ...............41Figure16:Ruralwatersupply(%) ..........................................................................................................................43Figure17:Complianceofindustrialeffluenttostandards ......................................................................................44Figure18:TrendinWetlandRestorationbyFiscalYear ........................................................................................45Figure19:AerialviewofrecentlycommissionedIsimbaHydorPowerPlant(183mw) ..........................................46Figure20:ProportionofthePopulationwithAccesstoElectricity..........................................................................47Figure21:EnergyconsumptionperGDP ...............................................................................................................48Figure22:NumberofcommercialbankbranchesandATMsper100,000adults,2015–2019 ..............................50Figure23:ProportionofNationalRoadsinFairtoGoodConditionFYs2015/16-2018/19 ...................................52Figure24:AirTransportPassengersandFreightCargoTraffic2015/16-2018/19 .................................................52Figure25:OfficialdevelopmentassistancetoUganda2015–2019 ......................................................................54Figure26:Proportionofpopulationcoveredbyamobilenetwork,bytechnology ................................................55Figure27:ParticipationinplanningmeetingsforServiceDeliveryatvillagelevel(%) .........................................72Figure28:Proportionofdomesticbudgetfundedbydomestictaxes ....................................................................73Figure29:GovernmentRevenueBreakdown(%GDP) .........................................................................................75Figure30:MainDonorstoUganda(US$millions) .................................................................................................75Figure31:RemittanceinflowstoUganda...............................................................................................................76Figure32:EvolutionofExternalDebt .....................................................................................................................77Figure33:Mobilephoneownershipandinternetaccess .......................................................................................77Figure34:SSDCProviderstoUganda...................................................................................................................78Figure35:UgandaandEastAfricanCountries2016GPEDCscoresonResultsFrameworks .............................80
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTiii
ACRONYMSAIDS AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome
AU AfricanUnion
CSO CivilSocietyOrganization
EAC EastAfricanCommunity
FAO FoodandAgricultureOrganisationoftheUnitedNations
FGM/C FemaleGenitalMutilation/Cutting
FY FiscalYear/FinancialYear
GBV GenderBasedViolence
GDP GrossDomesticProduct
GER GrossEnrolmentRate
GoU GovernmentofUganda
HMIS HealthManagementInformationSystem
HIV HumanImmuneVirus
HRBA HumanRightsBasedApproachtodevelopment
IMF InternationalMonetaryFund
ISC ImplementationSteeringCommittee
LGs LocalGovernments
MAAIF MinistryofAgricultureAnimalIndustryandFisheries
MDAs MinistriesDepartmentsandAgencies
MEMD MinistryofEnergyandMineralDevelopment
MFPED MinistryofFinancePlanningandEconomicDevelopment
MoES MinistryofEducationandSports
MOFA MinistryofForeignAffairs
MoFPED MinistryofFinancePlanningandEconomicDevelopment
MoGLSD MinistryofGender,LabourandSocialDevelopment
MoH MinistryofEducation
MoICT&NG MinistryofInformation,Communication,TechnologyandNationalGuidance
MoLG MinistryofLocalGovernment
MWE MinistryofWaterandEnvironment
NAPE NationalAssessmentofProgressinEducation
NCHE NationalCouncilofHigherEducation
NDP NationalDevelopmentPlan
NEMA NationalEnvironmentManagementAuthority
NER NetEnrolmentRate
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT iv
NGO Non-GovernmentalOrganization
NGPSS NationalGovernancePeaceandSecuritySurvey
NLFS NationalLabourForceSurvey
NPA NationalPlanningAuthority
OPM OfficeofthePrimeMinister
OWC OperationWealthCreation
PCC PolicyCoordinationCommittee
PSFU PrivateSectorFoundationUganda
SAGE SocialAssistanceGrantforEmpowerment
SDG SustainableDevelopmentGoal
SSDC South-SouthDevelopmentCooperation
SWG SectorWorkingGroup
TUS TimeUseSurvey
UBOS UgandaBureauofStatistics
UDHS UgandaDemographicandHealthSurvey
UGX Uganda Shillings
UHRC UgandaHumanRightsCommission
UN United Nations
UNEB UgandaNationalExaminationsBoard
UNDP UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram
UNFPA TheUnitedNationsPopulationFund
UNECA UnitedNationsEconomicCommissionforAfrica
UNFCCC UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange
UNHCR UnitedNationsHighCommissionerforRefugees
UNHS UgandaNationalHouseholdSurvey
UNICEF UnitedNationsInternationalChildrenEmergencyFund
UNRA UgandaNationalRoadsAuthority
UN Women UnitedNationsEntityforGenderEqualityandtheEmpowermentofWomen
UPE UniversalPrimaryEducation
UPF UgandaPoliceForce
USE UniversalSecondaryEducation
UWA UgandaWildlifeAuthority
YLP YouthLivelihoodProgram
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTv
MESSAGE FROM HIS EXCELLENCY THE PRESIDENT OF UGANDA
Atthe70thAnniversaryoftheUnitedNationsinSeptember2015,Iwashonouredtoco-chairtheUnited Nations Summit for the Adoption of the Post-2015 Development Agenda.AtthatsummitIpointedoutthat,byadoptingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs),togetherasaworldcommunity,weweresendingapowerfulmessagetopeopleineveryvillage,everycityandeverynationworldwide─thatwearecommittedtotakingboldstepstochangetheirlives,forthebetter.Inthisregard,UgandahascontinueditsunwaveringcommitmenttotheSDGsandthegoalsandtargetshavenowbeenfullyintegratedinUganda’sthirdNationalDevelopmentPlan(NDPIII),withthegoalto“increasehouseholdincomesandimprovequalityoflife”.
ThekeydriversofeconomicgrowthintheSDGs,whichinclude:infrastructuredevelopmentespeciallyenergy,trans-portandinformationandcommunicationstechnology(ICT);industrializationandvalue-addition;humanresourcedevelopment;improvingmarketaccess;andincreasingparticipationoftheprivatesectorhaveallbeencapturedandmainstreamedinUganda’sthirdNationalDevelopmentPlan.TheNationalDevelopmentPlanalsosetsouttheimperativeofapplyingaHumanRightsBasedApproach,whichwasalsorecognizedasakeyfoundationinthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopmenttoachievetheworldwewant.
TheGovernmentofUgandaacknowledgesthatinordertoaccelerateUganda’sprogresstowardstheSDGs,theremustbecommonunderstandingwithinGovernmentandwithdevelopmentpartnersregarding:thecountry’spolicyandinstitutionalstrengthsandweaknessesrelatingtoSDGalignment;theimportanceofusingastrongevidencebasetoidentifyacceleratorsthatwouldspurachievementacrossSDGs;andastrongpartnershiparchitecturetosupporttherealizationoftheSDGs.Inthisregard,theNDPIIIhasidentifiedinterventionsunderthreebroadcate-goriesasSDGAccelerators–Environment,GovernanceandIndustry.ThesethreecategorieslinktoNDPIIIinter-ventionsinPrivateSectorDevelopment,DevelopmentPlanImplementation;CommunityMobilizationandMindsetChange,theGovernanceandSecurityProgramme,PublicSectorTransformation,HumanCapitalDevelopment,RegionalDevelopment,MineralDevelopment,SustainableDevelopmentofPetroleumResources,Manufacturing,EnergyDevelopment,ClimateChange,NaturalResources,EnvironmentandWaterManagement.
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT vi
Inthelastfiveyears,sincetheadoptionoftheSDGs,Ugandahasseenprogressinseveralareas.ThesizeofeconomyhasdoubledfromUS$17.2billioninFY2010/11toUS$34.4billioninFY2018/19innominalterms;theGDPper capitahasgrown fromUS$844 inFY2011/12 toUS$878 inFY2018/19; total exportsof goodsandservicesgrewfromUS$3.83billioninFY2010/11toUS$5.3billioninFY2017/18;andthetotalpavedroadsnetworkasapercentageoftotalnationalroadsmorethandoubledfrom8percentin1986to21.1percent.Electricitygener-ationcapacityhasincreasedfrom601MWin2010to1839MWin2020.TheseimprovementsindicatethatUgandaisontherighttracktoachievingsomeoftheSDGtargets
MyGovernmenthasbeensteadfastinamelioratingthelivingconditionsandoverallqualityoflifeofthepeopleofUganda.Inmanysectorsoftheeconomy,wehavelaidafirmfoundationfor‘Take-Off’.InthisDecadeofActionandDelivery,asacountrywewill focuson improvingourcompetitiveness throughenhancingvalueaddition inkeygrowthareas (Agriculture,Tourism,Minerals,Oil&GasandKnowledge) thathave thehighestpotential togenerateemployment forourpeopleandhaveapositivemultipliereffectonothersectors.Wewill continue toinvestinmaintaininganddevelopingthecountry’sproductiveinfrastructuretoreducethecostofdoingbusiness.Increasingproductivityandpromoting inclusivedevelopmentand thewellbeingofourpopulationwillbe funda-mentaltoimprovingthequalityof lifeofthepeopleofUgandaaswebuildtherequiredlabourforceneededforindustrialization.
InthisVNRprocess,wehaveconsultedwidelyandlistenedtostakeholdersaroundthecountry.Wethereforelookforwardtolearningfromothercountriesduringthe2020High-LevelPoliticalForum.TherecentdevelopmentsintheworldrelatingtoCovid-19havemadeitclearthatwemustbuildglobalsolidaritytodealwiththeworld’schallenges,aswellasnationalresiliencetowithstandallsituations.Asacountrywehavelearnedalotandwewillcomeoutstrongerinthepost-Covid-19situation.
IsaluteallthosewhocontributedtowardsthedevelopmentofthisVNRReport.
ForGodandMyCountryYoweri Kaguta MuseveniPRESIDENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTvii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TheGovernmentofUganda ispleased topresent thesecondVoluntaryNationalReview (VNR)Reporton theImplementationoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).Thisreporthasbeendevelopedwithcontributionsandsupportfrommanystateandnon-statestakeholders.
TheGovernmentofUgandaAcknowledgesboththepoliticalandtechnicalleadershipbytheOfficeofthePrimeMinister,whowiththesupportoftheSDGSecretariat,hasspearheadedprocessesleadingtocompletionofthisreport.Iacknowledgeseveralactorsthathavebeeninstrumentalintheprocess,includingtheNationalSDGTask-force,theUNSDGTechnicalWorkingGroupandtheVNRAdvisoryCommittee(comprisedofOPM,theMinistryofFinancePlanningandEconomicDevelopment,MinistryofForeignAffairs,UgandaBureauofStatistics,NationalPlanningAuthority,Parliament,UNAgencies,Youthorganizations,CivilSocietyandthePrivateSector).
AppreciationalsogoestotheOfficeoftheUNResidentCoordinatorforthehigh-levelleadershipandcoordinationoftheUNCountryTeamandDevelopmentPartners’supporttotheGovernmentofUgandaintheadvocacy,imple-mentationofthe2030Agenda,includingpreparationofthisreport.SpecialthanksgotoUNWomen,WorldFoodProgramme(WFP),UnitedNationsDevelopmentProgramme(UNDP),UnitedNationsPopulationFund(UNFPA),United Nations Capital Development Fund (UNCDF) andOffice of the United Nations High Commissioner forHumanRights(OHCHR)fortheirtechnicalandfinancialsupporttowardstheoperationalizationoftheNationalSDGSecretariat.ThanksalsogotoUNDPforprovidingtechnicalleadershipandfinancialsupporttothepreparationofthisreport,onbehalfoftheUNCountryTeam.TheUnitedNationsChildrenFund(UNICEF)isalsoappreciatedforprovidingtechnicalandfinancialsupporttothereport.
ThereportbenefitedfromtechnicalcontributionsfromtheCivilSocietyCoreReferenceGrouponSDGscoordi-natedbytheUgandaNGOForum,andotheractorsincludingyouthorganizationsandthePrivateSectorFounda-tionofUganda(PSFU).IalsothankcitizensofUgandawhoprovidedvaluableinsightsthroughtheVNRE-platformandtheU-Report;andresidentsandleadershipofNgoraDistrictwhoseLocalVoluntaryReviewReportinformedthisprocess.
Hon. Mary KaroroMINISTER FOR GENERAL DUTIES IN THE OFFICE OF THE PRIME MINISTERAND SDG FOCAL POINT MINISTER
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KEY HIGHLIGHTS
ThisisUganda’ssecondVoluntaryNationalReview(VNR)report.ThefirstVNRwaspresentedatthe2016High-LevelPoliticalForum,whereUgandawasamongthepioneer22reportingcountries.Thisreporthighlightstheprog-ressmadeinintegratingandimplementingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs)withinthecountry’sdevel-opmentplanningframeworks.ItprovidesdetailsofprogressmadeinSDGimplementationaswellasaccountingforpolicy,institutionalandprogrammaticenablers,andsuccessesandchallengesencounteredindeliveringoneachSDG.ItaffirmstheimportanceofSDGimplementationtotherealizationofUganda’sVision2040–theaspirationoftransformingUgandansocietyfromapeasanttoamodernandprosperoussociety.
Inpreparingthisreview,theGovernmentofUganda(GoU)tookonboardthelessonslearnedduringthepreparationofthe2016report.Akeylessonwastheneedtostrengthenthecoordinationframework,toensurethatallstructuresplaytheirroleininfluencingtheSDGimplementationprocess.TheconsultativeprocessfortheVNRprocessduringtheCovid-19pandemicoffersseverallessons.First,asopposedtotraditionalworkshopsthatarebyinvitation,theonlineconsultationselicitedtheparticipationofmanymorepeopleandagreaterdiversityofstakeholders.Second,theconsultativeprocesswasundertakenatalowcostcomparedwithtraditionalapproaches,easingresourcestoaddressotherbudget-constrainednationalprocesses.Third,morepeople,especiallyyoungpeople,whoareICTsavvy,werereadytoengagebetterthanwheninvitedtoparticipateinphysicalengagements.ThesearesomeoftheexperiencestheGoUplanstobuildoninadvancingfutureconsultativeprocessesacrosssectors.However,Governmentismindfulofthefactthatdigitalconstraintsplacedsomestakeholdersatadisadvantage,especiallythoseinruralareaswhocouldnoteasilyaccessonlinefacilities.
SincetheadoptionoftheSDGs,GovernmenthasimplementedaninclusiveprocesstoensurethattheSDGagendaisownedbythepeople,startingwiththenationalcoordinationarrangements.InstitutionaldeliveryontheSDGsisguidedbyamulti-stakeholderNationalSDGCoordinationFramework,whichwasestablishedin2016undertheleadershipoftheOfficeofthePrimeMinister(OPM).AnchoredwithinthemainstreamGovernmentcoordinationarrangements,theFrameworkdefinesanddelegatesleadershiprolesandresponsibilitiesfordifferentaspectsofcoordinatingimplementationoftheSDGsinUganda.Overtheyears,thisframeworkhasundergonesomereformstoenablethecountrytodeliverbetterontheAgenda.Tooperationalizeit,acostednationalroadmapwaspreparedthroughawideconsultativeprocessthatincludedgovernment,theprivatesector,civilsociety,theUNsystemandthewiderdevelopmentpartnercommunity.TheroadmapwaspreparedtocreateanenablingframeworkforSDGimplementationandtogalvanizecoherentsupportfromdifferentactors.
ThesecondNationalDevelopmentPlan(NDPII),whichhasbeentheguidingframeworkfornationaldevelopmentforthelastfiveyears,was70percentalignedtotheSDGs.ItplacesUgandainauniquelyadvantageouspositionto leadbyexamplebyadoptingand localizing theSDGs.This includes implementingprojectsgeared towardsachievementoftheSDGs,particularlythosethatfitwithinthecurrentnationaldevelopmentobligations,aswellasEastAfricanRegionalIntegrationandAfricanAgenda2063developmentcommitments.
Atthetimeofadoptionofthe2030AgendaallMemberStates,includingUganda,pledgedtoensure“noonewillbeleftbehind”andalsopledgedto“endeavortoreachthefurthestbehindfirst.”InpracticewhatthisstatementenjoinsallMemberStatestodoistoactto;endextremepoverty,curbgenderandregionalinequalities,confrontdiscrim-inationandfast-trackprogresstoreachthefurthestbehindfirst.LeaveNoOneBehindthereforeemphasizesthecriticaldistributionalaspectsoftheglobaldevelopmentagenda.Thethreemutuallyreinforcing“levers”identifiedascornerstonesthatcountriesneedtoembraceinclude:1)empowerthroughcivicengagementandvoice;2)enactthroughintegrated,equity-focusedSDGpolicies,interventionsandbudgets;and3)examine,throughuseofdisag-gregatedandpeople-drivendataandinformation.ThisreportdemonstratesthesignificantmilestonesthatUgandahasachievedinthisregard.
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTix
OnperformanceofUgandaontheSDGs,theSustainableDevelopmentSolutionsNetwork(SDSN)whichranks52Africancountriesbasedon97indicatorsacrossall17goals,placesUgandainthe18thplace.Ugandareceivesanoverallscoreof54.88(comparedtotheregionalaverageof52.7).ThescoreshowsthatUgandaismorethan50percentof thewaytowardsachievingSDGsby2030(as indeed is therestof thecontinent). Uganda isontrackonsomeof theSDG13 targetsonclimateaction that ismeasuredby thenumberofpeopleaffectedbyclimate-relateddisasters;emissionsofcarbondioxide(CO2)percapitathatarisefromtheconsumptionofenergy(at0.1tonnesCO2/capita)andimportsofCO2emissionsembodiedingoods(at0.2tonnesCO2/capita).ForSDGsonpoverty,hunger,education,cleanwaterandsanitation,affordableandcleanenergy,sustainablecities,lifeonlandandpeaceandjusticeUganda’sperformancearestagnating–meaningtheirscoresonrelevant indicatorsremainsstagnantor is increasingataratebelow50percentof thegrowthrateneededtoachievetheSDGby2030.1Despitesignificantchallenges,thereisimprovementinscoresonhealth,genderequality,decentworkandeconomicgrowth,industryinnovationandinfrastructureandpartnerships.However,theimprovementisstillbelowtherateneededtoachievetheSDGsby2030
Thisreportbuildsonthe2016readinesstonowpresentapictureofthestatusandprogressmadeonvariousindi-cators.ThereareseveraloverarchingareasandthemesthatUgandawillcontinuetopaycloseattentiontoinaddi-tiontothegoal-specificactionsthatwillbeundertakenbyvariousstakeholders.Theoverarchingthemesinclude:
1.Strongerpartnerships,coordinationandcollaboration;
2.DeeperlocalizationandpopularizationoftheSDGagenda;
3.BuildingaleadershipculturefortheSDGagendaatalllevels;
4.PromotingSDG-focusedinnovationbyallthepeopleinUganda,especiallyyoungpeople;
5.FocusingonFinancingforSDGs–HarnessingUganda’sPotential;and
6.StrengtheningTechnologyandInformationSystemsinSDGReporting.
1 SustainableDevelopmentSolutionsNetwork(2019)p.159
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VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT1
INTRODUCTION
ThisisUganda’ssecondVoluntaryNationalReview(VNR)report.ThefirstVNRwaspresentedatthe2016High-LevelPoliticalForum,whereUgandawasamong thepioneer22 reportingcountries.This reporthighlights theprogressmadeinintegratingandimplementingtheSDGswithinthecountry’sdevelopmentplanningframeworks.It provides details of progressmade in SDG implementation aswell as accounting for policy, institutional andprogrammatic enablers, and successes and challenges encountered in delivering on eachSDG. It affirms theimportanceofSDGimplementationtotherealizationofUganda’sVision2040–theaspirationoftransformingtheUgandansocietyfromapeasanttoamodernandprosperoussociety.WiththedevelopmentofthethirdNationalDevelopmentPlan(NDPIII2020/21–2024/25),Ugandahasseizedtheopportunitytodevelopapublicpolicyframe-workthatincorporatesboththegoalsofitsVision2040andtheSDGs.Significantefforthasbeenmadetodomesti-catetheintegratedSDGsimulationmodel(iSDG),whichwasusedtoidentifytheSDGAcceleratorsorpriorityareasofactionintheNDPIIIframework.
Over theNDPII period (2015/16–2019/20), progresshasbeenmade in allocating resourcesand implementingtheSDGs.GoodprogressisevidentinrelationtoSDGs1,4,5and16,withanaverageofover75percent,whileSDGs6,8and17haveanaverageofover70percent.ThegoodperformanceinSDG1wasdrivenbyamongotherthingsthesocialprotectionprogrammesthathavehadbeneficialeffectsinseveralareas–suchasfoodsecurity,education,employment,andproductivityinthetargeteddistricts.Improvementsinlandtitlingthatbenefitswomenhavebeen registered,althoughwomenarestill disproportionately representedamong thepoorbecauseof thedisproportionateburdenofunpaidcareanddomesticworkthatfallstothem.SDG4scoredwell,with63.3percentofchildrenunderfiveyearsdevelopmentallyontrackontrackinliteracy-numeracy,physical,social-emotional,andlearningdomainoutcomes.Earlychildhoodeducationshowsgreatpromiseasanavenuetohelpchildrendevelopandlearnbasicskills,althoughonlyaquarterofchildrenhaveachievedbasicliteracyandnumeracyskillsattheageofsix.Currently,7millionadultUgandansarenon-literate.
UnderSDG5,registeredsignificantprogress ineradicating femalegenitalmutilation/cutting--prevalenceamonggirlsandwomenaged15to49yearsdecreasedfrom0.6percentin2006(UDHS)to0.3percentin2016(UDHS).However,thepracticeisstillcommonintheSebeiandKaramojasub-regionsofEasternUganda,wheretheprev-alenceratein2016wasashighas26.6percent(UBOS,FGMSurvey2017).Notably,underSDG11Target11.1,about 7 out of every 10 young people polled throughU-Report reported that they live in safe accommodation(rangingfrom66percentto73percentacrossbothsexes,allagegroupsandgeographicallocations).UnderSDG16,thefeelingofsafetyincreasedsignificantlyfrom51percentin2013to94.3percentin2017forthosereportingfeelingsafeduringthedaytime.
UgandaisawareofthefactthatglobalgrowthremainsuncertaingiventhenegativeimpacttheCovid-19pandemichashadoneconomiesaroundtheworld.Whileglobalgrowthwas2.9percentin2019,economiesarelikelytobeinrecessionin2020astheimpactofCovid-19becomesclearer.Thus,theprojectedgrowthrateisexpectedtohoveraroundthesamelevelorreduceslightlyovertheNDPIIIperiod.Onapositivenote,thepandemicisregardedasanopportunitytostrengthenlocalproductioncapacitybyinvestinginprogrammesthatwillpromotethewelfareofthepopulationintimesofcalamity,enablingaresilientprivatesectortosustainablytapintotheregionalandglobalvaluechains,andharnessingthepoweroftechnologyanddigitalization.
CHAPTER 1
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 2
The Advisory Committee, which was chaired by the head of the National SDG Secretariat, held four meetings to guide the VNR
process.
The Head of Public Service & Secretary to Cabinet Mr. John Mitala (4th from left, front row) flanked by Permanent Secretaries at their
Annual Retreat discussing SDG progress
CHAPTER 2
A consultative workshop with the Civil Society Core Reference Group on SDGs (13 February 2020) informed the VNR report.
The reference group supported the process in several ways: 1) participating as a member of the National SDG advisory team
and the national SDG taskforce; 2) holding consultative workshops, including one with people with disabilities to deliberate on the
progress report; 3) sharing voices through the E-consultations.
SCOPE AND REVIEW PROCESS
Inpreparingthisreview,theGovernmenttookintoaccountlessonslearnedduringpreparationofthe2016report.Akeylessonwastheneedtostrengthenthecoordinationframe-worktoensurethatallstructuresplaytheirrole inshapingtheSDGimplementationprocess.Whilethe2016reportwascoordinatedbytheNationalSDGTaskforce,technicallead-ershipofthemulti-institutionaldraftingteamwascarriedoutbytheNationalPlanningAuthority(NPA),sincethefocusofthereportwasoninstitutionalreadinessandmainstreaming,whichfellwithintheNPAmandate.Thebreadthofthe2020VNR called for the involvement of all Technical WorkingGroups(whichincludeplanningandmainstreaming,commu-nication, data and reporting) to lead on respective areas,underoverallcoordinationbytheNationalSDGSecretariat.
In2019,theNationalSDGTaskforce,headedbythePerma-nent Secretary of theOffice of the PrimeMinister, estab-lishedamulti-institutionalAdvisoryCommitteedrawn fromministries, departments and agencies, Parliament, UNbodies, civil society organizations (CSOs) and the privatesector, toprovideoversight toallprocesses leading to theVNR report. The committee approved a comprehensiveroadmap,anannotatedchapteroutlineofthereport,andallothertechnicalengagementsrelatedtotheprocess.
TofacilitatedeliberationsontheVNRprocess,theNationalSDGSecretariatcommissionedthreemainprocesses.
First was populating the national SDG indicator matrix togatherdata, includingatadministrative level.Thisprocesswasinitiatedbyconveningstatisticiansofministries,depart-mentsandagenciestoprovidedata,withback-endapprovalsbytheUgandaBureauofStatistics(UBOS).ThismatrixwasusedbyUBOStoupdatetheSDGindicatormatrixrequiredtoenhancetheNationalSDGinteractiveDashboard.
Second was the preparation of the 2019 SDG progressreporthighlightinggoal-by-goalachievements,withaviewtofeedingitintotheVNR.Thereportwaspresentedatseveralfora,including:CSOSDGCoreReferenceGroupmeetings,theUNSDGTechnicalWorkinggroup,NationalSDGTask-force meetings comprising all heads of technical workinggroups, Permanent Secretaries, National Monitoring andEvaluationworkinggroup,andNationalCouncil forPeoplewithDisabilities,amongothers.
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT3
Third, for consultations to continue despite the prolongedlockdownimposedbytheCOVID-19Pandemic,threeonlineengagements were launched. One involved gathering thevoices of young people and children using the U-report,whichenabled23,324youngpeopletosharetheirviewsonSDGimplementationandaspectsthatmatterintheirlives.Tocapturevoicesofthepublic,anE-platformwasestablishedandpopularizedonseveralplatforms(socialmedia, televi-sion,radio,email).Morethan600peopleacrossthecountrysharedtheirviewson: areaswhereUgandaisperformingwellinadvancingtheSDGsandaspectsitneedstoimproveon; how the country canadvance theprincipleof “leavingnoonebehind”intheimplementationoftheSDGs;theroleofLocalGovernmentsinfast-trackingdeliveryoftheSDGs;local innovative practices that have enabled achievementof theSDGs;and theopportunities thatcanbeharnessedbygovernmentandnon-stateactorstoaccelerateprogresstowardstheachievementofthe2030Agenda.
ThemajorityofsurveyrespondentsindicatedthattheywerealreadyveryfamiliarwiththeSDGs(withonlyonerespon-dent indicating “somewhat familiar”). Most were from civilsociety organizations (27.8 percent), development part-nerssuchasUNagencies(27.8percent),andCentralandLocalGovernment (27.8percent),while11.0percentwereprivatecitizensand5.6percent fromtheprivatesector.Oftherespondents,55.6percentweremale,and44.5percentfemale,with nearly three-quarters (72.2 percent) based inKampala. Although many respondents were interested inmultiple SDGs, SDG 1 (eliminating poverty) and SDG 2(zerohunger)werethemostcommonSDGsofinterest.
BOX 1. QUESTIONS ASKED IN THE VNR E-PLATFORM SURVEY• What is your level of familiarity with the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)?• Elaborate on your response to the above, if you'd like. How did you hear about SDGs?• What are your SDGs of interest?• Share your views on areas where Uganda is performing well in the advancement of the SDGs, and aspects that the
country can improve on to stay on course to deliver on its aspirations.• How do you assess Uganda’s progress in mainstreaming the principle of leaving no one behind, in the
implementation of the SDGs? How could we reach the furthest behind in the Decade of Action to empower the most vulnerable?
• What role have Local Governments played in the implementation of the SDGs in Uganda? What challenges have they encountered? Where do you see Local Governments engaging effectively in fast-tracking delivery on the SDGs?
• Elaborate on some local innovative interventions that have enabled achievement of the SDGs in your area of engagement, with a proposal of how these can be harnessed to advance the 2030 Agenda in Uganda.
• Share with us the lessons you have drawn from the implementation of SDGs in your field of engagement.• From your experience, what are the opportunities that can be harnessed by government and non-state actors to
accelerate progress towards the achievement of 2030 Agenda?
Between April and May 2020, 23,324 young people aged between 15 and 30 years were consulted.
Male 55.6%Female 44.5%
Civil Society 27.8%Development Partner 27.8%Central Government 16.7%Local Government 11.1%Private Citizen 11.1%Private Sector 5.6%
The VNR E-platform attracted the participation of more than 600 people across the country.
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PriortothedisruptionscausedbytheCOVID-19outbreak,consultativesessionshadbeenheldwith:MembersofParlia-mentduringtheannualretreatheldon30October2019;theUNSDGTechnicalWorkingGroup;thenationalCivilSocietyCoreReferenceGroup;andselectlocalgovernmentleadersas part of the SDG localization process. The VNR reportunderwent several reviewsby various actors, including allstructuresoftheNationalSDGCoordinationFramework.
Uganda isamong thefirst fourcountries to roll outanewapproachofvoluntaryreportingatthelocallevelbeginningwithNgoraLocalGovernmentinEasternregion.Supportedby the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa(UNECA), this review approach was globally conceptual-ized as an important tool formeaningfulmulti-stakeholderengagementandmobilization toadvance the implementa-tionofAgenda2030andAgenda2063.LocalgovernmentscanthereforereporttheirprogresstowardsimplementationoftheSDGstotheHigh-LevelPoliticalForum.LiketheVNR,theNgoraDistrict Voluntary LocalReview process lookedat the wider development spectrum covering institutionalframeworksandaspectsof “leavingnoonebehind” in thedistrict development agenda. Results indicate that Ngora Districthasintegratedthe2030SDGAgendaandaspirationsofAgenda2063inthedistrictdevelopmentprocesses,feasi-bilitystudiesandbudgets.IntheDistrictDevelopmentPlan2015/2020, these are anchored within the objectives andperformancemonitoring indicators.The review highlighted fullalignmentof thefiveobjectivesof theDistrictDevelop-mentPlan(DDPII:2015/16–2019/20)totheSDGs.Buildingon thisVLRexperience, thedistrict has committed topaymoreattentiontotheSDGsandallocatemoreresourcestothegoalswhereperformanceislagging.
Several lessons have been learned from the innovativeconsultation process. First, unlike traditional workshopswhereparticipation isby invitationonly, theonline consul-tationsattractedmanymoreparticipantsandadiversityofstakeholders.Second, theconsultativeprocesscostmuchless than traditional approaches, making more resourcesavailable for other budget-constrained national processes.Third, more people, especially ICT-literate young people,womenandpeoplewithdisabilities,weremoreabletopartic-ipate.Ugandaplanstobuildontheseexperiencesinfutureconsultativeprocessesacrosssectors,whilebeingmindfulofthefactthatsomestakeholders,especiallythoseinruralareas,cannoteasilyaccessonlinefacilities.
Hon. Jackline Amongin MP (standing) discussing with women leaders during the Voluntary Local Review in Ngora district
Implementation of Sustainable Development Agenda 2030 and Agenda 2063 in Ngora district has been an important aspect yet ignored. This VLR has acted as a tool to inform Ngora District Development Plan 2020/21 to 2024/25, and also guide in the allocation of scarce resources to SDGs that are not on track and also redirect the Sustainable Development Agenda in Ngora district and the Lower Local Governments at large.
Mr Eumu Benard, Ngora District Chairperson
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POLICY AND INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT FOR SDG IMPLEMENTATION
CHAPTER 3
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3.1 OWNERSHIP OF SDGS IN UGANDASince adoption of the SDGs, theGovernment has implemented an inclusive process to ensure that the 2030Agendaisownedbythepeople,startingwithnationalcoordinationarrangements.InstitutionaldeliveryontheSDGsisguidedbyamulti-stakeholderNationalSDGCoordinationFrameworkthatwasestablishedin2016undertheleadershipoftheOfficeofthePrimeMinister.Anchoredwithinthemainstreamgovernmentcoordinationarrange-ments, theFrameworkdefinesanddelegates leadership rolesand responsibilities fordifferentaspectsofcoor-dinating implementationof theSDGs.Since2016, theFrameworkhasundergonesome reforms toenable thecountrytodeliverontheAgenda.Acostednationalroadmapwaspreparedthroughawideconsultativeprocess,whichincludedGovernment,theprivatesector,civilsociety,theUNsystem,andthewiderdevelopmentpartnercommunity.TheroadmapwaspreparedtocreateanenablingframeworkforSDGimplementationandtogalva-nizecoherentsupportfromdifferentactors.WiththeNDPIIcomingtoanend,plansareunderwaytoupdatetheroadmaptoensureconformitywithNDPIII,andconsultationswillbebroaderthanbefore.
Coordination, M&E and Reporting TWG Chair: Office of the Prime Minister (OPM) Members: SWGs, MoLG, civil society, private sector, academia and development partners
Data TWG Chair: Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) Members: SWGs, MoLG, civil society, private sector, academia and development partners
Planning and Mainstreaming TWG Chair: National Planning Authority (NPA) Members: SWGs, MoLG, civil society, private sector, academia and development partners
Communication and Popularisation TWG Chair: The Ministry of Information, Communication, Technology and National Guidance (MoICT&NG) Members: SWGs, MoLG, civil society, private sector, academia and development partners
Resource Mobilisation and Financing TWG Chair: Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development (MFPED) Members: SWGs, MoLG, civil society, private sector, academia and development partners
SECTOR WORKING GROUPS
PARLIAMENT
Local Governments Ministries, Departments and Agencies
CABINET
SDG Policy Coordination Committee (SDG-PCC) Chair: The Prime Minister Members: Ministers, Heads of Cooperation and Agency
SDG Implementation Steering Committee (SDG-ISC) Chair: The Head of Public Service and Secretary to Cabinet Members: Permanent Secretaries, Heads of Mission,Cooperation and Agency
National SDG Taskforce Chair: The Permanent Secretary, Office of the Prime Minister Members: Technical officers from OPM, MoFPED, MoICT&NG, MoFA, MoLG, NPA, UBOS, NEMA, UHRC, LDPG, UN, CSO SDG Core Reference Group and PSFU
POLITICAL CORE TEAM
SDGSECRETARIAT
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In 2018, as part of efforts to bring on board political lead-ership, the President appointed the Minister in Charge of General Duties in the Office of the Prime Minister as Cabinet focal person on the SDGs. Since then, theMinisterhasplayedapivotalroleinprovidingregularreportstoCabinetandundertakenseveral strategicengagementswithstateandnon-stateactors.Tofurtherconsolidatetheseefforts, in 2019 the PrimeMinister established a NationalSDGSecretariat tosteer thecoordinationprocess.Opera-tionalizationoftheSecretariathasreceivedthefullsupportoftheUNCountryTeamintermsofstaffingandinfrastruc-ture. Since the Secretariat was established, theTechnicalWorking Groups have functioned and reported effectively,involvingallstateandnon-stateactorsintheiroperations.
LocalGovernmentsareincreasinglypositioningthemselvestoimproveservicedelivery,ensuringthatcommunitiesownthedevelopmentof localservices.Theinstitutionalframe-work for implementation of the SDGs in now in place atthe national level, andUganda has started to roll out theSDG process systematically at the subnational level. Many Local Government leaders have limited informationontheagendaforlocalizingtheSDGs.Theyarestrugglingto interpret and relate theAgenda to the day-to-dayworkunderdecentralization.ItisappreciatedthatthefirststeptosecuringthecommitmentoflocalleadersandthesuccessfulimplementationoftheAgendahastobeawarenessraisingabout how they can contribute through their day-to-daywork.A collaborative and multi-stakeholder approach hasthereforebeenestablished tocomprehensively roll-out theSDG Agenda at the Local Government level. The SDGSecretariat,UgandaLocalGovernmentAssociation(ULGA),UrbanAuthorities’Association ofUganda (UAAU) and theUgandaNationalNGOForumarejointlyundertakingadvo-cacy engagements to ensure participation of all actors attheLocalGovernment level.SDGfocalpersonshavealsobeenappointedbyallLocalGovernmentstoliaisewiththeSDGsecretariatandSDGTechnicalWorkingGroups.TheNational Planning Authority has also undertaken severalcapacity-building engagements for District Planners toenable themtoeffectively integrate theSDGsandapplyaHumanRightsBasedApproachintheDistrictDevelopmentPlans and budgets. The Equal Opportunities Commission(EOC) has organized trainings for district-level officials ongender and equity planning and budgeting, thus coveringissuesthatareofparticularimportanceforSDG5andSDG10.
Muchefforthasbeenmadeatthesubnationalleveltocontex-tualize the SDGs and mobilize communities to own theirdevelopment agendawithmeagre resources.A civil societypolicy think tank,Advocates Coalition on Development andEnvironment (ACODE), has been implementing the LocalGovernmentCouncils’Scorecard.Thisscorecardisbasedon
The Minister for SDGs (right) and the UN Resident Coordinator (Centre) have on several occasions jointly engaged citizens on
issues related to SDG implementation
ACCORDING TO THE U-REPORT VNR SURVEY OF MAY 2020, 3 OUT OF EVERY 5 UGANDAN YOUNG PEOPLE HAVE NEVER HEARD OF THE SDGS, WITH MANY REGIONAL VARIATIONS. The Government needs to popularize and localize campaigns for the SDGs.
“…to achieve the 2030 Agenda at scale, let us work hard to leverage the local leadership up to the village level to sensitize the masses about the Agenda by landing it in their local context.”
Citizen’s voice
60% OF YOUTH EXPERIENCED VIOLENCE OVER THE LAST TWO YEARS FAMILY/GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE (26%)SEXUAL HARASSMENT (20%)
ONLY 66%OF YOUTH HAVE ACCESS TO THE INTERNET AND AMONG THOSE WHO HAVE ACCESS, ONLY 23% CAN AFFORD TO USE IT EVERYDAY
Source: U-report VNR survey of May 2020
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performanceindicatorsalignedtotheroles,responsibilitiesandfunctionsofelecteddistrictleadersasarticulatedintheLocalGovernmentActandtheGovernment’sdecentralizationpolicy.ThescorecardinitiativeimplementedbyACODEinpartnershipwiththeUgandaLocalGovernmentsAssociation(ULGA)stemsfromthedesiretocontributetothedeepeningofdemocraticdecentralizationinUganda,whileaddressingtheproblemofpoorservicedelivery.Thetheoryofchangeofthescorecardplacesemphasisonboththedemandandsupplysidesoflocalgovernance.ThisannualassessmentiskeyinmonitoringtheperformanceofLocalGovernments.Itprovidesusefulgovernanceinformationthatactsasabasisforactivatingcitizenengagementandprovidesevidenceforsustainedadvocacyatthe national level.
For2018/2019,thescorecardwasconductedin35districtsandindicatedanimprovementintheaverageperfor-mance of the assessedDistrict Councils, up from 51 percent in FY2016/17 to 62 percent in FY2018/19.Thisimprovementinaverageperformanceisalsoreflectedinotherparameterssuchaslegislativefunction,account-abilitytocitizens,andmonitoringservicedelivery,whichwentupfrom15to16points,11to14pointsand10to17pointsrespectively.ThispositivechangeinfunctionalityandperformanceofDistrictCouncilsispartlyattributedtothesustainedcapacity-buildingprogrammeforelecteddistrictleaders.
LocalGovernmentshavecontinuedtopromotecommunity-basedlocaldevelopmentbasedontheprinciplesofdili-gence,self-help,andcooperationtobetterthelivesoftheirpeoplethroughsmall-scale,self-helpprojects.Emphasisonmindsetchange insomedistricts,suchasBunyangabu,RubiriziandKabarole,hasresulted incommunitiesundertakingseveraldevelopmentprojectswithouthavingtowaitforLocalGovernmentfinancingtoimprovetheirlives.Thishas,forinstance,resultedintheconstructionofseveralkilometresofcommunityroadstofacilitatethetransportationofgoodstomarket,childrentoschoolandaccesstohealthfacilities. InMarachadistrict,parentsprovidedthelabourtobuildacommunityvocationalschoolfortheirchildrentolearnpracticalskillswhentheygrad-uatefromprimaryschool.InLuukadistrict(EasternUganda),communitiesgavelocalnamestoeachoftheSDGs,basedonwhattheymeanttothem–forexample,howpovertymanifestsintheircommunities.
Inexecutingtheir legislativefunction,Uganda’sParliamenthasremainedsteadfastinsupportingimplementationofthe2030Agenda.
Since its official pronouncement on the 2030 Agenda in2016,Uganda’sParliamenthasbeenproactiveinsupportingGovernmenteffortstoimplementtheSDGsonseveralfronts.Parliament plays a critical role in executing its oversightfunction, and this has resulted in commendable progress.Parliamentassessestheperformanceofthenationalbudgetusing twokeycompliance tools.Thefirst is theCertificateof Compliance, which gauges the country’s commitmentto achievingNDPII and the 2030Agenda throughBudgetinterventionsandallocations.ThishasresultedinthelevelofcomplianceofministerialbudgetstotheSDGsgoingupfrom54percent in2017/18to60percent in2018/192. The second is theGenderandEquityCertificate,whichplacedthecompliance levelof the2019/20budgetat61percent.The discourse over these tools has identified the need toimprovecapacityatsectorandLocalGovernmentlevelstoensurethatplanningandbudgetexecutionisinclusive.
2 2018/19CertificateofCompliance
“The Hanoi Declaration commits parliaments to keep an eye on the implementation of the SDGs. SDG means that no person under whatever circumstances is left behind in development. It also means that local developmental challenges are tackled at both the local and global levels. This invites a different approach to the way parliaments legislate and oversee the performance of duty bearers.”
Statement by the Speaker of Parliament at a Regional Seminar on the Sustainable Development Goals for the Parliaments of Sub-Saharan Africa: Kampala (Uganda) 1 March 2017
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In2018,Parliament’sreviewoftheAuditorGeneral’sReportonprogressonimplementationoftheSDGsidentifiedsomeimplementationgapswhichGovernmentaddressedbystrengtheningthecoordinationfunction.Asaresult,theNationalSDGSecretariatwasestablishedandisfullyfunctional.
BOX 2: PARLIAMENTARY ADVOCACY FORUMS ACROSS THE SDGS• Uganda Women Parliamentary Association• Uganda Parliamentary Forum for Children• Parliamentary Forum for Climate Change • Parliamentarians Co-operative Savings and Credit Society Limited• Greater North Parliamentary Forum• Uganda Parliamentary Forum on Sustainable Development Goals• Uganda Parliamentarians Forum on Food Security, Population and Development• The Uganda Parliamentary Forum on Social Protection• Uganda Parliamentary Forum on Disaster Risk Reduction.• Parliamentary Forum on Non-Communicable Diseases• Parliamentary Forum on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene• Parliamentary Forum on Road Safety• Parliamentary Forum on Oil and Gas• Parliamentary Forum on Media• Uganda Parliamentary Forum on Malaria• Quality Health Forum
Parliament’scommitteesarefullyfunctionalandpivotalinensuringtransparencyintheallocationanduseofgovern-mentresources,scrutinizingrelevantBillsfordebateinParliament,andassessingandevaluatingtheactivitiesofGovernmentandotherbodies,amongotherfunctions.Inadditiontotheformalcommittees,MembersofParliamenthavecontinued toadvocate forvariousaspectsof theSDGsthrough their respectiveadvocacy forumsas theypertaintoinclusivityandvulnerablepeople’srights.Amongothers,MembersofParliamenthaveestablishedandensuredthefunctioningoftheParliamentaryForumontheSDGs(PFSDGs),whichcontinuestoconductadvocacyactivitiesontheSDGswithinthedifferentcommitteesthatMPsparticipatein.
Uganda’s private sector is increasingly paying attention to the2030Agendaandhasbeeninstrumentalonseveralfronts.First,theyhavebeeninstrumentalinshapingthepolicydiscourseonthecountry’snationaldevelopmentplanning.Second,theyhavealsobeen instrumental insupporting thecoordinationstructureforSDG implementation.Aswell as being represented by thePrivate Sector Foundation of Uganda (PSFU) at the NationalSDGTaskforce,theprivatesectorprovidedtechnicalsupporttothepreparationofthenationalroadmapforcreatinganenablingenvironment forSDG implementation. The private sector hasalsofacilitatedseveraldialoguesaimedatadvancingtheSDGs.Forinstance,atasideeventduringthe2017Soli-daritySummitonRefugees,someprivatesectorleadersshowcasedthepotentialbusinesscaseforinvestinginrefugeeandhostcommunities,anddeliberatedontheincentivesrequiredfromGovernmentfortheprivatesectortoengageproactivelyinsupportinglocalcommunitiesinbusinessvaluechains.
Let us engage the private sector more to understand the economic value of investing in all the SDGs… For instance, why it should matter to keep people healthy, ensure equal pay, protect the environment.
Citizen’s voice
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Theprivatesector is increasinglyputtingahumanfaceto theirbusinessoperationstoadvance the welfare of Ugandan citizens.Forexample,withUNDPsupport,45enter-prisesareimplementingtheGenderEqualitySealCertificationProgramme,whichaimstopromote gender equality in the workplace,andcontributetotheachievementofSDG5.
BOX 3: THE PRIVATE SECTOR FOUNDATION OF UGANDA’S ENGAGEMENT IN THE 2030 AGENDAStatement by the Chairman: Hon Dr. Elly KaruhangaThe PSFU is Uganda’s umbrella body for the private sector. It is structured around 11 sectors of the economy to facilitate advocacy and dialogue with Government on the major policy reforms that drive national competitiveness. We are also mandated to support business development service delivery in a manner that propels increased participation of the Private sector in wealth creation and job growth. The private sector cuts across all the 17 SDGs. Investment in agricultural production, manufacturing, health care, education, provision of employment, management of labour relations and the environment, promoting business for peace and handling the refugee crisis are among the many opportunities the private can seize in pursuit of attaining the SDG targets. Therefore they must be mobilized to be at the forefront in implementing Agenda 2030 for sustainable development. Some of the SDGs are already being championed by our own business leaders to help guide the private sector in identifying investment gaps and how they may seize the various investment opportunities. Uganda’s private sector is fully committed to working with Government and the UNDP to support the attainment of Agenda 2030. PSFU was involved in the first steps towards implementing the post-2015 development agenda and we appreciate the confidence the UN family continues to place in us as the national coordinating body for the private sector. The PSFU has signed up to 3 programmes with the UNDP that directly involve Uganda’s private sector:1. The Gender Equality Seal Certification Programme, which is helping us to meet the targets under Goal 5
2. The Spotlight Initiative, which is supporting the fight against Gender Based Violence (GBV) and Violence Against Women and Girls (VAWG) under Goal 10
3. The Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) Support Programme, which is supporting the private sector to mitigate the effects of climate change by promoting green investments under Goal 13.
Promoting Partnerships under Goal 17 will be extremely important in the attainment of all the other goals. PSFU is now mobilizing the Ugandan private sector to finance green investments and provide capital in a manner that will help us meet the SDG targets. This will be accomplished by sensitizing the business community about the various indicators that will be monitored towards these targets. PSFU is committed to working together with everyone in identifying investment gaps, and through our advocacy role, work with government to establish and maintain a conducive business climate that shall deliver an efficient and competitive private sector. One that will be able to identify opportunities, create descent jobs and spur growth.
Leaders of the private sector companies that committed to participate in the Gender Equality Seal Certification Programme with the representatives from the UN, PSFU,
Swedish Embassy and Ministry of Gender, Labour and Social Development, June 2018
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Thepenetrationofmobilemoney transactionsand their integration intomainstreambankinghasenabled ruralcitizenstoparticipateinthefinancialsystem,andalsoconnectedsectorsandservices,suchasagriculture,healthandeducation.TheprivatesectorhasalsocollaboratedwithGovernmentanddevelopmentpartners toexpandcoverageofrenewableenergysolutions,includinginruralareas.Therecentpasthasalsoseenthedevelopmentofpreventionofsexualharassmentpolicies,theamendmentofmaternityandpaternityleavepoliciestosupportfamilyvalues,andtheinclusionofhealthinsuranceinemployeebenefitpackages.Inthefinancialsector,companieshavedevelopedsavingsandloanproductstargetinglow-incomepeople,especiallywomenandyoungpeople.
ThePrivateSectorSDGPlatformwasestablishedinpartnershipwithgovernmentanddevelopmentpartners(seebelow). Thisplatformisenvisagedasanationally-ownedmulti-stakeholdermechanismtoaddressvariousaspectsofprivatesectorengagementintheSDGs.
Civilsociety’slongstandingandvaluedpartnershipwithGovernmenthascontinuedtodominatetheSDGadvo-cacyspace.
Civil society organizations (CSOs) coordinate theirworkthroughaCSOSDGCoreReferenceGroupthatbrings together several CSO partners to collaborate,createsynergy,sharetheirwork,andproduceannualreports on SDG implementation. The group, estab-lishedin2015,meetsquarterlyandcoordinatescloselywithgovernment institutionsthatare involved inSDGwork.
BeforethelaunchofAgenda2030,theCSOSDGCoreReferenceGroupwasthemechanismusedtomobilizeandengagecitizensinthepost-2015agendaprocess.TheGroupconductedconsultationsacrossthecountrywhichfedintothepost-2015consultationsprocessaroundtheworld.In2016,CSOsinUgandalaunchedtheTondeka Mabega (LeaveNoOneBehind) initiative to localize theSDGsbyworkingwithmarginalizedgroupsandpopu-larizingtheSDGprinciples.Amongthemanyachievementsofthiscampaignare the CitizenDialogues,aimedatamplifyingthevoicesofmarginalizedgroupsanddemandingafundamentalshiftinnationalandglobalpolicycommitmentstobringaboutanendtoinequalityandpoverty,whichperpetuatehumansuffering.ThedialoguesprovidedaplatformformarginalizedgroupstovoicetheirconcernsandaspirationsintheimplementationoftheSDGs.Theywerealsoanopportunityforgroupstoshareinnovativesolutionstheyhavedevelopedtoaddressthedailychallengestheyface.
The Minister for SDGs re-launching the Tondeka Mabega (Leave No One Behind) Campaign by the Civil Society Core Reference Group members in
May 2019.
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CSOshavesofarissuedthreeSDGreportsforthetwoSDGHigh-LevelPoliticalForums(HLPFs)heldannuallyattheUNinNewYork.ThesereportsreviewachievementstowardstheattainmentofthevariousSDGsinUgandaandarticulategapsthatstillneedtobefilled.Thereportsarelaunchedatin-countryeventsduringHLPFweekandaresharedwithCSOcolleaguesandgovernmentdelegations fromUganda thatattend theCSOForum.Everyquarter,leadCSOsforthevariousSDGsmeettoreviewprogressandagreeontheircollectiveaswellasgoal-spe-cificadvocacy.Throughthisprocess,civilsocietyhascontributedtothedevelopmentoftheSDGRoadmapforUgandainallthethematicgroups.CivilsocietyalsocontinuestoparticipateinSDGcoordinationmeetingsintheOfficeofthePrimeMinisterandotherrelevantspaces.
ThethematicpartnershavecontinuedtoproducereportsandadvocacymessagesforthevariousSDGs.NotableprogresshasbeenmadebytheCSOsworkingonSDGswithaparticularfocusonyoungpeople,disability,genderequalityandwomen’sempowerment.Inalltheseprocesses,theideahasbeentoensurethatCSOsareengagedintheSDGprocessandcontinuetoengageinpolicydiscussionsonSDGimplementationinUganda.
Women and Gender Consortium: In2017,women’sorganizationsformedtheUgandaGenderConsortiumonSDGs(UGCS). Itscoremandate is tosupport theprocess of domestication and implementation of theglobalSDGagendainagender-responsiveway.TheUGCS complements government efforts in ensuringthat gender equality is mainstreamed in the SDGs,creatingawarenessof thegender targets, andmoni-toring implementation of the goals from a genderperspective to feed into reporting at national andsub-regionallevels.Itissuesreportseveryyearonthegender responsiveness of the SDG implementationprocess in thecountry.The2018Report,From Voice to Action,wasinstrumentalinarticulatingtheissuesofwomenandgirls.Equally,womenleadershavebeenkeyinadvocatingforgender-basedandresponsiveplanning. On 28 February 2020, for example, over 3,000 women participated in the launch of the African Women Leaders Network (AWLN) Uganda Chapter. Thisplatformprovides forcollectiveaction towardsaddressing thestructuralbarriers thathavecontinued toaffectwomen inleadership.
PersonswithDisabilitiesThe National Council for Persons with Disabilities(NCPD),inpartnershipwithorganizationsforpersonswith disabilities and development partners, has beeninstrumental in SDG implementation in Uganda. TheNationalCouncil forPersonswithDisabilities(NCPD)hascoordinatedotherdisabledpersons’organizationsto enhance the participation of persons with disabil-ities in Agenda 2030. The NCPD has strengthenedcoordination, monitoring and reporting, and has builtcapacityondisabilityinclusionatNationalandDistrictlevels. Development partners and CSOs – such asSightsavers,CheshireServicesUganda,Light for theWorld,HumanityandInclusion,ActiononDisabilityandDevelopment,KatalemwaCheshireHomeandComprehensiveRehabilitationServicesinUganda–havesupportedinthepromotionofinclusiveeducation,livelihoods,employment,accessibilityimprovement,health,rehabilitationandprovisionofassistivedevices,andpsychosocialsupportforPersonswithDisabilities.TheGovernmenthasputinplacealegalandpolicyframeworkthatenhancestheparticipationandrepresentationofolderpersonsintheimplementationofAgenda2030,suchasthePrinciplesfortheproposedOlderPersonsBill(2018),NationalStrategicPlanfortheprovisionofQualityandAccessibleFriendlyHealthCareServicestoOlderPersons,2019,andtheRatificationoftheAUProtocoltotheAfricanCharteronHumanandPeoples’RightsontheRightsofOlderPersonsinAfrica.
Women leaders at the launch of the African Women Leaders Network (AWLN) Uganda Chapter
On 18 March 2020 the NCPD organized a consultative meeting on addressing data gaps for persons with disabliities to inform planning in
Uganda.
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Youth:Youngpeoplehavebeenholdingdebatesinschoolsundertheumbrellaofseveralorganizations,includingOpenSpaceandYouthSDGAmbassadors.Therehavebeenprojectstargetingsemi-urbanprivateschoolsaroundKampalawhereyoungpeoplehavebeentrainedusingnon-formalpedagogicalmethodsthatmake iteasier forthemtounderstand,engagewith,andfollowuporgaininterestintheSDGs.ThroughtheSDGawarenessweeks,eachyearinOctoberyoungpeoplehavebeensharingtheirSDG-relatedinnovationsforsupportandmentorshipbydevelopmentpartners.YoungpeoplehavealsolaunchedaninitiativeknownasOne Million Youth One Million Solu-tions toidentifyyoungandtalentedinnovatorsacrossallregionsofUgandaforcontinuousmentorshiptoscaleuptheirideas.YoungpeoplewereengagedduringtheVNRprocesspollsaskingspecificquestionsaimedatassessingtheirunderstandingofselectedyouth-relatedSDGs.Atotalof25,247youngpeoplerespondedtothepolls.
Young people at the Youth Engagement Forum on SDGs in Kampala on 24 October 2019
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3.2 INTEGRATION OF SDGS IN UGANDA PLANNING AND FINANCING SYSTEM
3.2.1 PolicyandPlanningAlignmentUganda’splanningauthorityensuresthatplanningframeworksatall levelsarewellalignedwiththeSDGs.TheNDPII,whichhasbeen theguiding framework fornationaldevelopment for the lastfiveyears,was70percentalignedtotheSDGsandplacesUgandainanadvantageouspositiontoleadbyexamplebyadoptingandlocalizingtheSDGs.ThisincludesimplementingprojectsgearedtowardsachievementoftheSDGs,particularlythosethatfitwithinthecurrentnationaldevelopmentobligationsaswellasEastAfricanRegionalIntegrationandAfricanAgenda2063developmentcommitments.TheSDGscontinuetoguidethedeterminationofpriorityinvestmentareas,totheextentthattheNDPIIIfocusareasareIndustry,GovernanceandEnvironment.TheseareashavebeenidentifiedasacceleratorsfortheattainmentofNDPIIIbasedonSDGmodellingusingacustomizedUgandaiSDGmodelandfollowingaseriesofconsultationswithstateandnon-stateactorstodeliberateonthestrategicdirectionthattheplanwouldtakeforthenextfiveyears.
3.2.2 AligningbudgetstoSDGsToensureconformityofthenationalbudgetwiththeNDPIIandSDGs,theGovernmenthasmaintaineditsinno-vativepracticeofassessing thequalityofsectorbudgets toassess theircompliance.This iscomplementedbytheCertificatesofGenderandEquitymeasuring the responsivenessofnationalanddistrictbudgets togenderandequity.TheannualcertificateofcomplianceindicatedanimprovementinSDGalignmentfrom60.9percentin2017/18to64percentin2018/19.AnalysisofalignmentofSDGstothebudgetfurtherindicatedthatSDGs1,4,5and16scoredover75percent,while6,8and17scoredover70percent.ThegoodperformanceinSDG1wasdrivenby,amongotherthings,thesocialprotectionprogrammesthathavehadbeneficialeffectsonseveraldimen-sions,suchasfoodsecurity,education,employmentandproductivityinthedistrictsselectedforthepilot.Improve-ments in land titlingarebenefitingwomen, though theyarestilldisproportionately representedamong thepoorbecauseofhighdomesticworkburdens.SDG4scoredwellgiventhat63.3percentofchildrenunderfiveyearsaredevelopmentallyontrackinhealthandlearningoutcomes.Earlychildhoodeducationshowsgreatpromiseasanavenuetohelpchildrendevelopandlearnbasicskills,althoughonly26percentofchildrenhaveachievedbasicliteracyandnumeracyskillsattheageofsix.Currently,7millionadultUgandansarenon-literate.UnderSDG5,UgandahasalmosteradicatedFGM/C,withtheproportionofgirlsandwomenaged15–49yearswhohaveunder-goneFGM/Chavingreducedto0.3percentnationally.However,thepracticeisstillcommoninthesub-regionsofSebeiandKaramojainEasternUganda.
UnderSDG11Target11.1,about7outofevery10youngpeoplepolledthroughU-Reportreportedthattheyliveinsafeaccommodation(rangingfrom66percentto73percentacrossbothsexes,allagegroupsandgeographicallocations).UnderSDG16,thefeelingofsafetyincreasedsignificantlyfrom51percentin2013to94.3percentin2017forthosereportingfeelingsafeduringthedaytime.
3.3 LEAVING NO ONE BEHINDAtthetimeofadoptionofthe2030AgendaallMemberStates,includingUganda,pledgedtoensurethat“noonewillbeleftbehind”andto“endeavourtoreachthefurthestbehindfirst”.3Inpractice,thisstatementenjoinsallMemberStatestotakeactiontoendextremepoverty,curbinequalities,confrontdiscrimination,andfast-trackprogresstoreachthefurthestbehindfirst.LeaveNoOneBehindthereforeemphasizesthecriticaldistributionalaspectsoftheglobaldevelopmentagenda.4Thethreemutuallyreinforcing“levers”identifiedascornerstonesthatcountriesneedtoembraceinclude:1)empowerthroughcivicengagementandvoice;2)enactthroughintegrated,equity-focusedSDGpolicies,interventionsandbudgets;and:3)examine,throughuseofdisaggregatedandpeople-drivendataandinformation.
3 SeeAgenda20304 UNDP(2018)What does it mean to leave no one behind? A framework for implementation,UNDP,NewYork
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i) Empower:throughcivicengagementandvoiceCivic engagement has continued to prevail and generateconstructive debate on issues of sustainable develop-ment. Uganda’s previously mentioned Tondeka Mabega Campaign was relaunched in May 2019 by the CabinetMinisterinchargeofSDGs5toreawakencitizens’voicesontheSDGsatnationalandsub-national levels,andcapturethe participation of all, including vulnerable people. In thevariousregionsofUganda,fourcategoriesofmarginalizedpeoplewereidentifiedand“listeningandsolutionssessions”betweencommunitymembersanddecisionmakersandcivilsocietypartnerswereheldinselectedcommunities.Conve-ners of these sessions explain the SDGs in local termsso that theyareunderstoodat the local level.Communitymembersthensharetheirstoriesandconcernsandsuggestwhat theywant the decisionmakers to do andwhat theywant to do themselves to achieve theSDGs in their localarea.Thisexerciseisdocumentedandrecorded,andshortreports and films of the key issues are produced. Withinthepublic sector, theGovernmenthas sustainedCommu-nity Based Information Forums, called Barazas, coordi-natedbytheOfficeofthePrimeMinister. This initiative has increased citizens’ participation in the development cyclethroughtheeffectivemonitoringofpublicserviceprovidersand the demand for accountability for public resources toenhance transparencyand improvepublicservicedeliverywithin Local Governments. For instance, implementationof the National Agricultural Advisory Services programmechangedwhenOperationWealthCreationwasintroducedtoaddressdelaysandirregularitiesinthe distributionofitemsto community beneficiaries. In addition, every local radiostationinthecountryallocatedonehourweeklyforGovern-ment to deliver advocacy messages on issues affectingcommunities.ThisisbeingcarriedoutthroughtheOfficeoftheResidentDistrictCommissionerandtechnicalandpolit-icalleadershipinthedistricts.
5 Seedetailsofthecampaignhere
Community members attending and presenting their issues to Government during the Barazas
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Ugandahasoneoftheyoungestandmostrapidlygrowingpopulationsintheworld,with57percentofitspopula-tionundertheageof18and48.7percentundertheageof15(UBOS,2016).Toensurethatnochildisleftbehind,Ugandahasputinplacelegal instrumentstoensuretheimplementationoftheUNConventionontheRightsoftheChild(UNCRC).Forexample,TheChildrenActwasamendedin2016toalignitmorecloselywiththeUNCRCandtheNationalActionPlanforChildWellbeing(2016–2021)haslinkstotheSDGsonchildsurvivalanddevelop-ment,protection,participationandimplementation.TheNationalActionPlanforChildrenwithDisabilities(2016/17–2020/21)seekstoaddressthegapsininterventionsforchildrenwithdisabilities.
TheGovernmenthasputinplaceamechanismfortheroutinecollectionofdataundertheOrphansandVulnerableChildrenprogrammeandtheManagementInformationsystemoftheMinistryofGender,LabourandSocialDevel-opment (MoGLSD) tocollectdata fromallchildren’s rights implementers (governmentalandnongovernmental).Furthermore,since2016/17,theUgandaBureauofStatisticshaspioneeredtheinclusionoftheconsensualdepri-vationpovertymoduleintheUgandaNationalHouseholdSurvey.ThisisacleardisplayofGovernment’scommit-menttoimproveitsabilitytoassessandmonitorthestatusofchilddeprivationstomeetSDGtargets.
In2016,therightofeverychildtoanameandnationalitywasincorporatedintheChildrenActtospecificallyinte-gratetherighttoberegisteredatbirthandtoanameandnationality.
Regardinggirls, lackofmentorshiphasbeenidentifiedasoneof thereasonswhyahighnumberofvulnerablegirlswhoenrolinPrimaryOnedonotcompletePrimarySeven.WorkingwithdevelopmentpartnersandNGOs,theGovernmenthasputinplacementorshipprogrammesthatincludetheestablishmentofmentorshipmembers’clubs.Thesehavehelpedinaddressingschooldropoutandencouragingchildrentoreturntoschoolinadditiontoreportingcasesofviolence.
Forexample,inNovember2019,studentsinAdjumanidistrictaskedtopresentissuesthataffectthemattheDistrictBudgetConferencefortheeducationsector.Thestudents–mostofthemgirls–spokeabouttheirconcernsaboutsexualviolence,teenagepregnancy,childmarriage,thehighnumberofschooldropouts,andthelackofapolicesurgeontoconductmedicalexaminationsincasesofsexualviolence.
TheUDHS2016foundthat25percentofadolescentgirlsaged15–19yearsinUgandahavebegunchildbearing,withmorebirthsregisteredinruralareas(27percent)thanurbanareas(17percent).Throughitsfreeeducationprogrammefromprimarytotheendofsecondaryschool,GoBacktoSchoolprogrammeandAcceleratedLearningProgramme,theGovernmentisworkingwithdevelopmentpartnersandgrassroot-basedcivilsocietiestosupportchildrenwhohavedroppedouttoreturntoschool.Aswellasgirlswhoarepregnantorhavehadababy,thesemeasureshavebenefitedrefugeeandinternallydisplacedchildren;victimsofchildmarriage;abductedchildren;orphans,childheadsofhouseholdandchildrenlivingwithdisabilities.
Through the concerted efforts of volunteers, Government, civilsociety, the private sector and the United Nations, Uganda isseekingtostrengthenpeople’sownershipofthe2030Agenda.
On24October2019,UnitedNationsDaywascelebratedaspartof SDGAwarenessMonth. Throughout themonth, a wide rangeof activities, with a focus on youth engagement, were organizedto raise awareness about the SDGs. These included the SDGRun/Marathon, regionalconcerts,ahigh-levelpaneldiscussion todiscussSDGpolicyissues,andmediacampaigns.6
6 SeeOPM(2019)Status of SDG Implementation, Unpublished,OPM,Kampala
The people know what development means to them. All they require are requisite resources, empowerment and confidence to shape the future for their children, families and communities.”
Citizen’s voice
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ii) Enact:integrated,equity-focusedSDGpolicies,interventions,andbudgetsTheConstitutionofUganda is theoverarching legal framework thatsupportsequity-focused initiativesand is inalignmentwithglobalandregional instrumentsandpoliciessuchas:TheEastAfricanCommunity(EAC)Treaty(2000),TheCommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfrica(COMESA),theInterGovernmentAuthorityonDevel-opment (IGAD), theNewPartnerships forAfricanDevelopment (NEPAD), theAfricanUnionAgenda2063,andmanymore.
UgandaisaStatepartytokey regional and international human rights instruments. Atregionallevel,UgandaratifiedtheAfricanCharteronHumanandPeoples’Rights,theProtocolontheRightsofWomeninAfrica(MaputoProtocol)andtheAfricanCharterontheRightsandWelfareoftheChild.Attheinternationallevel,Ugandaratifiedeightoutofninecorehumanrightsinstruments,i.e.theInternationalCovenantonEconomicSocialandCulturalRights(ICESCR);theInternationalCovenantonCivilandPoliticalRights(ICCPR);theConventionontheElimina-tionofAllFormsofDiscriminationAgainstWomen(CEDAW);theConventionontheRightsoftheChild(UNCRC)and itsOptionalProtocols;7 theConventionon theRightsofPersonswithDisabilities (CRPD) the InternationalCovenantontheEliminationofRacialDiscrimination(ICERD);theInternationalConventionontheProtectionoftheRightsofAllMigrantWorkersandMembersofTheirFamilies(CMW)andtheConventionagainstTortureandOtherCruel,InhumanorDegradingTreatmentorPunishment(CAT).8
Uganda is also committed to key declarations adopted by the regional and international community related tohumanrightsandgenderequality, including theBeijingDeclarationandPlatformforAction(1995), the Interna-tionalConferenceonPopulationandDevelopment(ICPD)(1994),TheAUHeadsofStateSolemnDeclarationonGenderEquality(July2004),theCommonwealthPlanofActiononGenderandDevelopment;theUNDeclarationonViolenceAgainstWomen(1993),the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,andtheAddisAbabaDecla-rationontheDemographicDividend.
The 1995 Constitution also obliges Ugandans to respect the dignity and rights of persons with disabilities. Inresponsetotheadvocacyinitiativesoforganizationsrepresentingpersonswithdisabilities,Ugandahasenactedseveraldisability-friendlylaws.Theseinclude:TheNationalCouncilonDisabilityAct2003(withadditionalamend-ments2013);the2006DisabilityAct;the2006EqualOpportunitiesCommissionAct2006;the1997LocalGovern-mentAct;andthe1996Children’sStatute(withamendmentsin2016).Severalpoliciesandguidelinesalsosupportinterventions forpersonswithdisabilities.These include the2015OrphansandVulnerableChildrenPolicy, the2006NationalPolicyonDisability,the2012DisabilityGuidelines,andtheAlternativeCareFramework.
Intermsoflabourandemployment,UgandahasratifiedalloftheeightkeyConventionsundertheInternationalLabourOrganization.TheMoGLSDreportsthatover40,000youngpeoplearereleasedannuallyintothejobmarkettocompeteforjust9,000jobs.Inresponse,theGovernmenthasputinplaceanumberoflegalandpolicymeasurestoaddressunemployment,suchas: theNationalYouthPolicy, theNationalEmploymentPolicy forUganda; theSkillingUgandaStrategicPlan2012–2022;andtheNationalYouthCouncil–allofwhichprovideaframeworkforyouthengagementandemployment.
With1.42millionrefugees,UgandahasthelargestrefugeepopulationinAfricaandthethirdbiggestintheworld.9 Thecountry’s favourable legalandpolicyenvironment for refugees includes freedomofmovement, the right towork,therighttodocumentation,andaccesstogovernmentservicesonaparwithnationals.Withrefugeesmakingup3percentofthepopulation,theSDGscannotbeachievedwithoutactivelyincludingrefugeesinthedevelop-mentprocess. InMarch2017, theGovernment launched theComprehensiveRefugeeResponse (CRRF).ThisGovernment-led,wholeofgovernmentandmulti-stakeholderapproachaimsatprovidingcomprehensivesupportforrefugeeandhostcommunitiesalikeandiscontributingtotheattainmentoftheSDGs.SincetheintroductionoftheCRRF,inSeptember2018UgandalauncheditsEducationResponsePlan(ERP),10followedinJanuary2019bytheHealthSectorIntegratedRefugeeResponsePlan,andinMarch2020bytheWaterandEnvironmentSector
7 Optional Protocol to the CRC on the involvement of children in armed conflict; Optional Protocol to the CRC on the sale of children child prostitution and child pornography
8 Uganda has accepted the individual complaints procedures under ICCPR and CRPD, as well as the confidential inquiry procedure under CAT and CRPD.
9 Source-UNHCR,GovernmentofUganda,OfficeofthePrimeMinister,availableathttps://ugandarefugees.org/en/country/uga.
10 EducationResponsePlanforRefugeesandHostCommunities,MoES,2018.
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ResponsePlan.TogethertheseareadvancingprogresstowardsmanySDGsinacomprehensiveandsustainablemanner.
UgandahasalsoputinplacerelevantinstitutionsandlegalinstrumentssuchastheEqualOpportunitiesCommis-sionandPublicFinanceManagementActthatrecognizetheneedforequityindevelopment.ThenationalbudgetprocessisguidedbytheBudgetActthattakesintoconsiderationgenderandequityissues.Allthesearecriticalstepstowardsaddressingtheconcernsofvulnerablegroups.
Uganda’seffortstoimplementtheSDGshavegreatlybenefitedfromGovernment’scommitmenttoapplyaHumanRightsBasedApproach(HRBA)todevelopment.Initspreamble,theConstitutionofUganda(1995)expressesthecommitmentto“buildabetterfuturebyestablishingasocio-economicandpoliticalorderthroughapopularanddurablenationalConstitutionbasedontheprinciplesofunity,peace,equality,democracy,freedom,socialjusticeandprogress”.Inlinewiththisprovision,itisimperativethatpeopleareatthecentreofdevelopmentefforts.Thiscorrespondstotheaspirationsofthe2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.TheNationalPlanningAuthority,initsHumanRightsBasedApproachPlanningToolforSectorsandLocalGovernments,11underscoresthattack-lingpovertyandachievingsocio-economictransformationnecessitatespayingattentiontotheprinciplesofhumanrightsthatemphasizetheinclusionandempowermentofeveryperson.Uganda’sVision2040(Sections322–323)statesthatrespectforhumanrightsshallbeatthecoreofdevelopmentplanning.ItfurtherstatesthatGovernmentshallensurethattheHRBAisintegratedinpolicies,legislation,plansandprogrammes.
NDPIIexpresslystates that, toensure inclusivedevelopment,allsectors,ministries,departmentsandagencies(MDAs)andLocalGovernmentsareexpectedtoadoptaHRBAintheirrespectivepolicies,legislation,programmesandplans.Thismeansthatduringimplementationoftheirplansandmandates,sectors,MDAs,andLGswillbeguidedby the followingprinciples:explicit linkage tohumanrights instruments;equalityandnon-discrimination;accountability;empowerment;participation;andattentiontovulnerablegroups.ApplyingaHRBAtodevelopmentisalsoacriticalfactorfortheadvancementoftheSDGagendainUganda.
Considerableeffortshavebeenmadeby theNPAandpartners to roll outapplicationof theHRBA inUganda,particularlyamongLocalGovernments.Muchhasbeenachieved,andmorecanbedonetoeffectivelyimplementtheHRBAasacentralprogrammingprinciple.ApplyingaHRBAtoVision2040,NDPIIIandimplementationoftheSDGsisthereforecontributingtomakingrightsacentraltenetofdevelopmentinUganda.
iii) Examine,throughuseofdisaggregatedandpeople-drivendataandinformation Ugandahasbeenusingdata forplanningandpolicy formulation formanyyears. Inbuilding itsstatisticalbase,thecountryinvestsinnationwidecoveragetocommunitylevel,anddisaggregationofdataaccordingtogender,ageanddisabilitystatus,aswellasinseveral indicatorsthatfacilitateeasyidentificationofdifferentcategories,includingthevulnerable.
ThroughitsflagshipglobalprogrammeMakingEveryWomanandGirlCount,UNWomenissupportingmonitoringandimplementationoftheSDGsthroughtheproductionanduseofdisaggregateddataandgenderstatistics.
TheUgandaBureauofStatistics(UBOS)hasadoptedthesharedmethodologiesdevelopedforTierIIIindicatorsthrough theMakingEveryWomanandGirlCountProgrammeand reprocessedexisting data.This resulted intheproductionofrelevantindicatorswithalllevelsofdisaggregationandupdatedtheNPGEIs2019,bringingtheindicatorswithavailabledata from80 to140.Thecapacityof theNationalStatisticalSystem(NSS) toproduceandmakeavailablehighquality,comparableandregulardisaggregatedstatisticstoaddressnationaldatagapsforevidence-basedpolicyanddecisionmakingiswellcoordinatedthroughtheNationalStatisticalIndicator(NSI)Framework.DataandinformationdrawnfromvariousgenderdatasourcessuchasNationalPriorityGenderIndica-tors(NPGEIs)2019,NationalStandardIndicators2018,NationalGovernance,PeaceandSecuritySurvey(NGPSS2017),TimeUseSurvey2017/1812andrelatedgenderanalyticalresearchpapersandpolicybriefswereusedforthereviewandproductionofreportsoncountrycommitmentssuchasNDPII,Beijing+25,CEDAW,SDGs,andthedesignofNDPIIIandtheUNCommonCountryAssessmentframeworkandStrategicDevelopmentCoopera-tionframework.TheanalyticalcapacitiesofNationalStatisticalSystems,governmentinstitutions,civilsocietyand
11 Thetoolisavailablehere:http://npa.go.ug/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/HRBA-Tool.pdf 12 Uganda Time Use Survey report (TUS 2017-2018) published June 2019; Occassional Paper 49 by Economic Policy
Research Centre - EPRC; An Emperical Investigation of Gender and Time Use in Uganda, 2019
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academia tousegenderstatisticsarestrengthened.Over30MDAsand84HigherLocalGovernments (HLGs)havebeentrainedinthecollection,usageanddisseminationofgenderstatisticsandareabletointegrategenderperspectives in theirplanning frameworksandstrategicplans forstatisticsunder thecapacitybuildingprogramfor gender statistics2018-2023.Due to theprerequisite of integratinggender intoplanning, programming, andreporting, inorder toobtainagenderandequitycertificate, theMDAs,CSOsandeven theUNagencieshaveincreased their demand for gender statistics training. Uganda has realized increased institutionalization of thedialoguebetweendatausersandproducerstoenhancethedemandforandrelevanceofdisaggregatedstatistics.ThishasbeensupportedbyUNWomenthroughtheAnnualGenderStatisticsForumheldduringstatisticsweek.
Thisworkhasbeenmadepossibleby theGovernment’sconcertedefforts instrengtheningnationalcapacity togather,analyzeandusedisaggregateddataandevidence suchastheNationalSingleRegistryledbytheMoGLSD.Becauseofinstabilityinneighbouringcountries,Uganda’srefugeepopulationincreasedsharplyinsomedistricts.Toenabledata-drivenpolicymaking inthesedistricts, in2018UBOSconductedoneof thefirstcomprehensivecommunitysurveystoincluderefugees.TheGovernmentisnowalsodevelopingaFrequentMonitoringSystemtoinformpolicyplanningwithmoreupdatedinformation.TheNationalPlanningAuthorityhasfurtherissuedaguide-linetoincluderefugeesindistrictdevelopmentplanning.
The tradition of data generation has also been accompanied by sectoral analytical papers that have built theevidencebasefortheplanningandimplementationofprogrammesbystateandnon-stateactors.13 In order to ensurethatdatacanbemoreeasilydisseminatedfordecisionmaking,UgandaismakingeffortstorevitalizetheSDGmonitoringand reportingplatform.Thefive-yearPlans forNationalStatisticalDevelopment (PNSD)guidestatisticalplanning for theNationalStatisticalSystem(NSS).This frameworkalsoaccelerates thedevelopmentofNSSSDGstatisticsinlinewithglobalizationandinternationalguidelines.Theaimistodevelopanintegrated,coordinated,andcoherentNSSwhichensuresaharmonizedproductionprocessandhigh-qualitystatisticaloutputsontheSDGs.Itdrawstogetheralldata-producingMDAsandHLGs,plusdatausersandsuppliers.ThroughUBOS,theGovernmentcontinuestoreceivecomplementaryandcoordinationsupportfromdevelopmentpartners14 on the PNSDprogramme.Thishascreated,amongotherthings,harmonyinstatisticalthinking,planning,implementation,thedeterminationofstructures,andqualityassurancethroughinitiativessuchasthedeploymentofUBOSstaffinMDAsandtechnicalsupporttotheNSSfromdevelopmentpartners.
13 Seeforexample;UgandaBureauofStatistics(2018),Uganda Functional Difficulties Survey 2017,UBOSKampalaandothersurveythatfocusongender,governanceandvariousdimensionsofmarginalization.
14 UNWomen,DFID,WorldBank,EU,USAID,UNICEF,AfDB,UNECA,UNFPA,FAO,ILOandIMF
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CHAPTER 4
PROGRESS MADE TOACHIEVE THE SDGS
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4.1 GOAL 1: END POVERTY IN ALL ITS FORMS EVERYWHERE
Indicators Reported on:1.2.1Proportionofpopulationbelowthenationalpovertyline1.3.1Proportionofpopulationcoveredbysocialprotectionfloors/systems1.4.1Proportionofpopulationlivinginhouseholdswithaccesstobasicservices1.4.2Proportionoftitledland,percentcoverageoflandinformationsystem,proportionoflandtitlesissuedbytype(region,gender,andrural/urban,andpercentagechangeinthenumberoflandtitlesregistered(sex,regionandrural/urban)
1.5.1Numberofdeaths,missingpersons,anddirectlyaffectedpersonsattributedtodisastersper100,000people
Overthelastdecade,Ugandahasregisteredimpressivegainsinpovertyreduction,withanestimated31.2percentreductioninthenationalpovertyratebetween2006and2017.15Ruralpovertydeclinedfrom34.2percentto25.3percent,whilethepovertyrateinurbanareasfellmarginallyfrom13.7percentto9.3percentoverthesameperiod.Approximately79percentoftotalpovertyreductionbetween2006and2013wasinhouseholdsintheagriculturesector,mainlyonaccountoffavourablepricesandimprovementsinyieldandfarmproductivity.Favourablepricesreflectimprovementsinmarketefficiencythatresultedfromsoundpoliciesandprogrammes.Theseincludeinvest-mentsininfrastructure,growingdemandintheEastAfricaregion,post-warrecoveryeffortsinNorthernUganda,andurbanization,whichaccountedfor10percentofpovertyreductionduringthatperiod.16
However,owingtotheprolongeddroughtexperiencedinmostpartsofthecountryin2016,whiledecliningpovertyrateshasbeen theoverall trend, theproportionofpoorpeople increased from19.7percent in2012/13 to21.4percentin2016/17(representing8.03millionUgandansinpoverty).Moreover,thepovertyrateamongrefugeesismorethantwiceashighasforthehostcommunitiesand46%oftherefugeepopulationarepoor17.Thecountrycontinues toexperience frequentextremeweatherevents, , suchasheavyfloods in theEasternandWesternregions,which significantly erodegains fromgovernment investment in agriculture andother sectors aimedatimprovingthewelfareofthepopulation.18
ProgressinreducingpovertyhasbeenslowintheNorthernandEasternregions.Between2006and2013,theproportionofthecountry’spoorlivinginthoseregionswentupfrom68percentto84percent.However,between2013and2017,theEasternregionbegantotrailtheNorthernregion,inpartasaresultofgrowingsusceptibilitytoclimaticshocks.Whileoverall,theproportionofthepopulationlivinginpovertyisdeclining,theabsolutenumberofpeopleinpovertyisincreasing,largelyduetoincreasingpopulationgrowth.Between2013and2017,thenumberofpoorpeopleinbothruralandurbanareasgrewat4.5percentperannum,exceedingthepopulationgrowthrateof3.2percent.
Adding to themixedprogressonpoverty reduction is thegrowing levelof income inequality. Currently,over23million people,19 accounting for approximately 63 percent of the population, are vulnerable to poverty.20 Under currentcircumstances,thevulnerablepopulationisprojectedtoincreaseto30.6millionby2030.21
15 TheproportionoftheUgandanpopulationlivingbelowthenationalpovertylinedeclinedfrom31.1percentin2006to21.4percentin2017.
16 Ugandaalsomadenationaleffortstounderstandpovertybeyondincomepoverty,developingaNationalMultidimensionalPovertyIndexin2018/19.
17 WorldBank,InformingtheRefugeePolicyResponseinUganda,2019.18 InUganda, therefore, therearecloseandcritical linkagesbetweenSDG1andSDG13,amongotherclimate-related
SDGs.19 These include8.03millionpoorpeopleand15.35millionnon-poorbut insecurepeople.Source:UBOS(2017).UNHS
2016/17Report.20 EvidencefromUgandapanelsurveysshowsthatbetween2015/16and2018/19,8.5percentofthepopulationwaschron-
icallypoor,8.4percentwasliftedoutofpovertybut10.2percentfellintopoverty.21 Assumesthatthepercentageofthepopulationvulnerabletopovertywillcontinuetogrowattheannualgrowthrateof2.1
percentobservedbetween2013and2017.
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FIGURE 1: PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLDS WITH ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
Rent
ing
Owne
r occ
upied
Housing Energy For Lighting Energy For Cooking
Grid
Electr
icity
Dry C
ells
Solar
Biom
ass F
uels
Electr
icity
, Ke
rose
ne, G
as
Para
�n
(Can
ister
Wick
Lam
p)
72%
22% 22%28%
21%18%
94%
6%
FIGURE 2: ANNUALIZED GROWTH RATE IN THE NUMBER OF POOR PEOPLE
-0.8%
-3.8%-4.0%
-2.0%
0.0%
2.0%
4.0%
6.0%
2013-2017
Annu
alize
d Gro
wth R
ate I
n the
Num
ber o
f Poo
r Peo
ple
Rural Urban Uganda
2006-2013 2006-2017
3.3% 3.3%3.8%
3.0%
4.5% 4.5%
2.4%
Therehavebeengeneralimprovementsinhousingconditions,acriticalfactorinpovertyreductionaspovertyismultidimensional.Householdsmaybedeprivedinareasotherthanincome,andhouseholdlivingconditionsandaccesstobasicservicesarekeyindicators.Theproportionofhouseholdsthatusedcanisterwicklampsforlightingdeclinedfrom66percentin2012/13to28percentin2016/17,largelyattributedtoincreasedaccesstoanduseofgridelectricity(22percent)andsolarenergy(18percent).Accesstosafewaterhasimprovedfrom68percentin2013 to78percent in2017,with thehighestcoverage inEastern region(89.9percent),comparedwith82.7percentinNorthern,76.6percentinCentral,and64.7percentinWesternregions.However,thecontinuedrelianceonbiomass(above90percentof thepopulation)asamainsourceofcookingenergy iscontinuing to threatenpublichealthandtheenvironmentandisindicativeofpersistentfinancialandresourceinaccessibilityofalternativeoptions.
Thesegenerallypositivetrends,especiallyinelectricityandwatersupplyservices,arelargelyattributedtosignifi-cantGovernmentinvestmentsinruralelectrificationandwatersupplyoverthelast15years.Forexample,achieve-mentsinwatersupplyhavehelpedtopreventthespreadwaterbornediseases,withsignificantimpactsonhealthcarecosts,economicproductivity,andhumanwelfare.
Inaddressing themanyvulnerabilities facedby thepopulation, theGovernment is increasingly recognizing theimportanceofinvestinginsocialprotectionprogrammes. Althoughstilllimited,oneempowermentprogrammehasexpandedsocialprotectionfor201,168olderpersons(21.62percent)agedover64yearsin61districts.Effortsareneededtocovertheentireeligiblepopulationof1.05millionolderpersonsacrossthecountry.InFY2019/2020,thespecialgrantforpersonswithdisabilitiesreceived5billionUGXtosupportthelivelihoodsofpersonswithdisabili-
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ties,whiletheyouthlivelihoodprogrammesupportedtheestablishmentofcloseto12,000projects.In2019,7,000beneficiariesoftheseprogrammes(2.9percent)wereyoungpeoplewithdisabilities.However,theseprogrammes,combinedwiththeNorthernUgandaSocialActionFundforpost-warrecoveryprogramme,reachonly0.7percentofthepopulationandaccountfor0.16percentofGDP.Socialprotectionisalsolimitedformorethan90percentofthepopulationemployedintheinformalsector,whichoperatesoutsideofgovernmentregulation.Thiscallsforinvest-mentinincentivesfortheformalizationoftheeconomy,withemphasisonsocialprotectionschemesforemployees.
Populationgrowthisincreasingpressureonlandinruralareas,andmakingmorepeoplemorevulnerable.Unclearland rightsarealso contributing tounguidedurbanizationand thedegradationof natural resources.Cognizantofthesechallenges,governmentpoliciesonpovertyeradication,investment,infrastructuredevelopmentandthemodernizationofagriculturehaveelevatedlandownershipissuestothetopofthenationaldevelopmentagenda.Forinstance,improvementsinlandregistrationhaveresultedinto14.3percentagepointincreaseinthepopula-tionwithtitledlandfrom21.7percentin2016to36percentin2017.Therehasalsobeenprogressinfemalelandownershipfrom16percentin2010to39percentin2012.However,discriminatorypracticescontinuetoreinforcewomen’sdependenceonmeninsecuringlandrights,sincelegalprovisionsrequirelandtransactionstohavethewrittenconsentofthemalespouseandtheAreaLandCommittee.
To accelerate poverty reduction efforts and ensure that no one is left behind, Uganda will undertake severalmeasures,whichinclude,amongothers:
i) Targetedinvestmentinproductionandproductivityforpriorityfoodcommoditiestoreducevulnerabilitytoshocks.
ii) ImplementationoftheregionaldevelopmentprogrammeadoptedinNDPIIItoaddressregionaldisparities.
iii) Streamliningandbroadeningthescopeofsocialprotectionprogrammesbyprovidingdirectincomesupporttovulnerablehouseholds,especiallythoseheadedbychildrenandthosewithchildrenoradultswithdisabilities.
iv) Expandingaccesstoandqualityofbasicservicessuchaswater,electricityandhousing.
v) Strengtheningthecollection,disseminationandutilizationofdisaggregateddatatoensurethatNoOneisLeftBehind.
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4.2 GOAL 2: END HUNGER, ACHIEVE FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVED NUTRITION AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
Indicators Reported on: 2.2.1Prevalenceofstunting(heightforage<-2standarddeviationfromthemedianoftheWorldHealthOrganization(WHO)ChildGrowthStandards)amongchildrenunder5yearsofage.
2.2.2Prevalenceofmalnutrition(weightforheight>+2or<-2standarddeviationfromthemedianoftheWHOChildGrowthStandards)amongchildrenunder5yearsofage,bytype(wastingandoverweight)
2.2.3Prevalenceofanaemiainwomenaged15-49years,bypregnancystatus(percentage)underthetarget2.2toendformsofmalnutritionby2030
2.a.1Theagricultureorientationindexforgovernmentexpenditures
ThepastdecadehasseenprogressinimprovingthenutritionalstatusofchildreninUganda.Theprevalenceofstuntingamongchildrenunderfivehasdeclinedfrom33percentin2011to29percentin2016,withthehighestprev-alenceamongchildreninruralareas(30percent)comparedwithurbanareas(24percent).Inabsolutenumbers,thepopulationof2.4millionstuntedchildrenisveryhigh,necessitatinginvestmentinnutritionsupportformalnour-ishedchildrenaswellintersectoralcollaborationsandpartnershipsfornutrition.
FIGURE 3: PROPORTION OF CHILDREN UNDER AGE 5 WHO ARE MALNOURISHED
UDHS 2001
50.0
40.0
30.0
20.0
10.0
0.0
UDHS 2006 UDHS 2011 UDHS 2016
5.0
6.0 5.0
3.0
4.0
11.014.0
16.018.0
38.0
45.0
33.0
29.0
5.0
Wasted OverweightStunted Underweight
Thecountryhasmaintaineditscommitmenttoaddresschronicandacutemalnutrition,whichismeasuredbytwoindicators:therateofwastinginchildrenunderfiveyearsold,andtheproportionofunderweightchildreninthesameagecategory.Wastingdeclinedfrom5percentin2011to4percentin2016,whiletheproportionofunder-weightchildrendroppedfrom14percentto11percentduringthesameperiod.
AccordingtotheUNHS2016/17,manyUgandansconsumeapoorlydiversifieddiet,withstaples(cereals,rootsandtubers)forming55percentofDietaryEnergyConsumption(DEC)comparedwith36percentfromnutsandpulses,animaltissue(meat,fishandeggs),milk,andsugarcombined.Nevertheless,therehasbeenanimprove-mentinthequalityofdiets,asreflectedinadietarydiversityscore(numberoffoodgroupsconsumedovertime)thatgrewfrom7.6in2009/10to8.2in2015/16.Overall,Uganda’sDECof2,226kcal/person/day(withfemale-headedhouseholds consuming slightlymore calories thanmale-headed households (2,241 and 2,220 kcal/person/dayrespectively))wasabovetheminimumrequiredintakeof2,200kcalperpersonperday.
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However,significantregionaldisparitiesinmalnutritionpersistandfoodpovertyremainsabigchallenge.Overall,37percentofhouseholdsinUgandawerefoodpoorwiththehighestnumberofcasesrecordedinKaramoja(70percent)andBukedi(58percent),whileAnkole(14percent)hadthefewest.Ruralhouseholdswerenearlytwiceaslikelytobefoodpoorastheirurbancounterparts(40percentand26percentrespectively).
AlthoughrefugeesinUgandaaregivenlandandmobilityrights,foodsecurityremainsaseriousconcernwith7outof10refugeehouseholdsexperiencingseverefoodinsecurityin2018,comparedwith5outof10inthehostcommunity.22Accordingtothejointinter-agencyMultiSectorNeedsAssessment,70percentofrefugeesinUgandareportedaccesstoland,ofwhich89percentwereabletocultivatethankstoproductiveassetsandcashassis-tance.23LandisscarcefornewerrefugeesinWestNile,whereonly50percentofmorelong-termrefugeeshaveaccesstoland(comparedwith75percentinSouthWest).
BOX 4: BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE OF THE NATIONAL NUTRITION COORDINATION FRAMEWORKUganda’s National Nutrition Forum, chaired by the Prime Minister, is critical for nutrition programming and includes all key national and local nutrition stakeholders. The forum meets annually to review implementation of the nutrition policy and to provide policy advice and advocacy for nutrition. The Policy Coordination Committee (PCC) for Nutrition, also chaired by the Prime Minister and responsible for policy, is a sub-Cabinet committee composed of Cabinet Ministers and Chairpersons of Ministries, Departments and Agencies implementing nutrition interventions. The Implementation Coordination Steering Committee (ICSC) consists of Permanent Secretaries and Executive Directors of relevant MDAs and is chaired by the Permanent Secretary of the Office of the Prime Minister. This committee is responsible for technical oversight of policy implementation and technical direction. The Multi-Sectoral Nutrition Technical Coordination Committee (MSNTC) is chaired by Permanent Secretary Coordinates and is responsible for technical guidance for smooth implementation across ministries and sectors. At the sector level, nutrition coordination committees are chaired by respective Permanent Secretaries. These committees ensure joint planning and budgeting for nutrition activities within each sector, prepare quarterly monitoring reports for submission to the Multi-sectoral Nutrition Technical Committee within their area of responsibility. At district level, District Nutrition Coordination Committees are chaired by Chief Administrative Officers, with members from the technical planning committees of different departments.
Anaemiacausedbynutritionaldeficiencyremainsaseverepublichealthproblem,withthecountryexperiencingareversalintrendsin2011(Figure4).In2018/19,at6.9percent,anaemiawasrankedthethirdleadingcauseofdeathinhealthfacilitiesaftermalariaandpneumonia.24Duringthesameperiod,theconditionwasreportedasoneoftheleadingcausesofmaternaldeath.
FIGURE 4: PREVALENCE OF ANAEMIA AMONG WOMEN AGED 15–49 YEARS60
50
40
30
20
10
0UDHS 2006 UDHS 2011 UDHS 2016
49
23
32.9
22 WorldBank,InformingtheRefugeePolicyResponseinUganda,201923 https://data2.unhcr.org/en/documents/download/6965524 AnnualHealthSectorPerformancereport(2018/19)
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4.3 GOAL 3: ENSURE HEALTHY LIVES AND PROMOTE WELL-BEING FOR ALL AT ALL AGES
Indicators Reported on: 3.1.1Maternalmortalityratio3.1.2Proportionofbirthsattendedbyskilledhealthpersonnel3.2.1Under-fivemortalityrate3.2.2Neonatalmortalityrate3.3.1NumberofnewHIVinfectionsper1,000uninfectedpopulation3.3.2Tuberculosisincidenceper100,000population3.3.3Malariaincidenceper1,000population3.3.4HepatitisBincidenceper100,000population3.4.1Mortalityrateattributedtocardiovasculardisease,cancer,diabetesorchronicrespiratorydiseaseandIndicator
3.4.2Suicidemortalityrate3.6.1Deathrateduetoroadtrafficinjuries3.7.2Adolescentbirthrate(aged10–14years;aged15–19years)per1,000womeninthatagegroup
3.9.2Mortalityrateattributedtounsafewater,unsafesanitationandlackofhygiene3.9.3Mortalityrateattributedtounintentionalpoisoning3.a.1 Age-standardizedprevalenceofcurrenttobaccouseamongpersonsaged15yearsandolder
3.b.1 Proportionofthetargetpopulationcoveredbyallvaccinesincludedintheirnationalprogramme
TheMaternalMortalityRatio,NeonatalMortalityRate, InfantMortalityRate,TotalFertilityRate,andAdolescentPregnancyRatearethefivehealthimpactindicatorsintheHealthSectorDevelopmentPlanthattrackthesector’scontribution towards Universal Health Care by providing essential health and related services needed for thepromotionofahealthyandproductivelife.NationallyrepresentativedataontheseindicatorsaremeasuredeveryfiveyearsusingUgandaDemographicHealthSurvey(UDHS)data.SomeofthisanalysisusesproxyadministrativedataandprogrammaticreportstoestimateprogresstowardsthegoalofUniversalHealthCare.25
Ugandahascontinuedtoregistergainsinseveralhealthindicators,owinginparttoincreasinginvestmentinhealthinfrastructure,humanresourcesandaccesstomedicalservices.TheMaternalMortalityRate declinedfrom438deathsper100,000in2011to336deathsin2016(Figure5),surpassingtheNDPI(2010/11–2014/15)targetof394.However,theestimatedannualrateofdeclineof5.2percentisbelowthe7.5percentestablishedintheHealthSectorDevelopmentPlan(2015/16–2019/20) astheraterequiredtoachievetheSDGtargetof140by2030.Signif-icanteffortisalsorequiredtomeettheNDPIIItargetof211by2025.26
25 TheMinistryofHealthadministrativedataonhealthindicatorsiscapturedintheDHIS2.26 DraftNDPIIIresultsframeworkasat20March2020
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FIGURE 5: PREGNANCY-RELATED DEATH PER 100,000 LIVE BIRTHSFigure 5: Pregnancy-related death per 100,000 live births
418 438
336
1999-20060
100
200
300
400
500
2004-2011 2009-2016 NDP
Source: UDHS, 2016
Theleadingcausesofmaternaldeathsareobstetrichemorrhage,accountingfor46percent,hypertensivedisorders(11percent)andpuerperalsepsis(6percent).27
Improvingaccess tohigh-quality intrapartumcare is a key strategy toaddress the leading causesofmaternalmortality in Uganda.28 Between 2011 and 2016, the proportion of births attended by skilled health personnelincreasedfrom58percentto74percent.29However,delayinthemotherseekinghelp,lackoftransporttogettoahealthfacilityandthentoreferralwhenneeded,aswellaslackofbloodproducts,commodities,supplies,andabsenceofcriticalstaff,continuetoaffectthequalityofintrapartumcare.
FIGURE 6: TRENDS IN CHILDHOOD MORTALITY (1988-2016)Figure 6: Trends in Childhood Mortality (1988-2016)
9881 88
7154
43
8772 69
61
3822
177
147 151
128
90
64
0
20
40
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80
100
120
140
160
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200
UDHS 1988 UDHS 1995 UDHS 2000 UDHS 2006 UDHS 2011 UDHS 2016
Deat
hs Pe
r 1,00
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Infant mortality Child mortality Under-5 mortality
Source: UDHS, 2016
Enhancement in thequalityofcarehasalsoresulted inadecline inUnderFiveMortality from90 to64deathsper1,000livebirths,andininfantmortalityfrom54to43per1,000livebirthsbetween2011and2016(Figure6).However,advancementintheseindicatorshasbeenaffectedbypovertyandregionaldisparities.Only44percentofmothersinthepooresthouseholdsreceiveattentionfromaskilledattendantatbirth,comparedwith88percentintherichesthouseholds,andonly9percentofnewbornsinruralareasreceivepostnatalcarewithin2daysofbirth,comparedwith21percentinurbanareas.30
27 HealthSectorAnnualPerformancereport,2018/1928 MoH(2018).Mid-termReviewReportfortheHealthSectorDevelopmentPlan2015/16-2019/20..29 UDHS,201630 UNICEF (2020).Maternal andNewbornHealthDisparities inUganda, Available at https://data.unicef.org/wp-content/
uploads/country_profiles/Uganda/countrypercent20profile_UGA.pdf
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TheMinistry of Health and its partners have taken steps to implement disability prevention andmanagementinterventionsthroughroutine immunization,capacitybuilding,awarenessraising,assessmentandrehabilitation.AccordingtotheNCPD’sDisabilityStatusreport,2019,theMinistryofHealthdistributed300wheelchairsandotherassistivedevicestoPersonswithDisabilities.
BOX 5: BEST PRACTICE EXAMPLE: SAVING MOTHERS, GIVING LIFE (SMGL) INITIATIVESMGL was a multi-partner/multi-stakeholder initiative implemented from 2012 to 2017 to improve maternal and perinatal health in high-mortality settings, especially in northern Uganda. Through district system strengthening, integrated services, and community engagement interventions, the initiative increased emergency obstetric care coverage and access, and led to demand for improved quality of care that resulted in rapid declines in district maternal and perinatal mortality. As the country races towards 2030, it is critical that such initiatives are scaled up.31
WhilethecountryhasmadecommendablestridesinreducingHIV/AIDSinfectionsfrom7.3percentin2011to6.0percentin2016amongadultsaged15-49years,theabsolutenumberofinfectionsisstillhighatapproximately1.3million. Infection ratesarehigheramongwomen thanmen,at8.3percentand6.1percent, respectively. Inaddressingthesechallenges,theGovernmentsteppedupeffortsinimprovingcoverageofAnti-RetroviralTreat-ment (ARV).Among pregnantwomen,ARVaccess increased from91 percent in 2011 to 94 percent in 2016.In2016, theGovernment launched theTestandTreatguidelines thatenabled immediate treatmentofpersonsaftertestingpositive.EmphasishasalsobeenonimplementationofcomprehensiveHIVpreventiveinterventions,includingreactivationoftheAbstinence,BehaviourChangeandCondomuse(ABC)campaign,safemalecircumci-sion,andacampaignagainstteenagepregnancy,amongothers.However,thehighburdenofnewinfectionseachyear,over30percentofwhichareamongyoungpeople,remainamajorchallengeforARVcoverage.YoungpeopledisplaytheleastviralsuppressionandaretheleastlikelytoadheretoARVguidance.Theriseintheburdenofotherdiseases,suchasmalariaandtuberculosis,alsopresentsachallenge(Figure7).
FIGURE 7: TRENDS IN INCIDENCES OF MALARIAL, TUBERCULOSIS AND HEPATITIS B PER 100,000Figure 7: Trends in incidences of Malarial, Tuberculosis and Hepatitis B per 100,000
Tuberculosis Malaria Hepatitis B
500
106
193
54.4
20162015 2017 2018 2019
178
450
400
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Incid
ence
Per 1
00,00
0 Pop
ulatio
n 382
433
162
1.2 1
182
242
308340
0.80.6
Source: UBOS, 2019
31 SeeSerbanescuF1etal(2019)Impact of the Saving Mothers, Giving Life Approach on Decreasing Maternal and Perinatal Deaths in Uganda and Zambia,GlobHealthSciencePractice2019Mar13;7(Suppl1)
Distribution of assistive devices to Persons with Disabilities in Bunyoro Sub Region
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FIGURE 8: PATTERN OF DEATH DUE TO ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTSFigure 8: Pattern of death due to road tra�c accidents
28
31
1816 16
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Mor
talit
y Rat
e
Additionally,non-communicablediseasessuchascardiovascularillness,cancers,andchronicrespiratorycondi-tionsareemergingchallenges,reachingepidemiclevel.
RoadtrafficaccidentsareamajorthreattothehealthandsafetyofpeopleofUganda.Increasedroadinfrastruc-turehascontributedtoariseinroadfatalities,whichwentupfrom2,597in2015to3,503in2016,representinganincreaseof25.9percent.32Nationally,roadtrafficdeathsstandat53per100,000ofthepopulation(exceedingtheAfricanregionalaverageof18deathsper100,000),withfemalesmakingup7fatalitiesper100,000ofthepopu-lationandmales46per100,000.TheaccidentseverityindexforUgandais24peoplekilledper100roadtrafficcrashes.Onaverage,Ugandaloses10peopleperdayinroadtrafficcrashes,thehighestleveloffatalitiesinEastAfrica.
32 Analysisofannualtrafficandroadsafetyreports
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4.4 GOAL 4: ENSURE INCLUSIVE AND EQUITABLE QUALITY EDUCATION AND PROMOTE LIFELONG LEARNING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ALL
Indicators Reported on: 4.1.1 Proportion of children and young people: (a) in grades 2/3; (b) at the end of primary; and (c) at the end of lower secondary achieving at least a minimum proficiency level in (i) reading and (ii) mathematics, by sex4.2.1 Proportion of children under 5 years of age who are developmentally on track in health, learning and psychosocial well-being, by sex4.2.2 Participation rate in organized learning (one year before the official primary entry age), by sex4.a.1 Proportion of schools with access to: (a) electricity; (b) the Internet for pedagogical purposes; (c) computers for pedagogical purposes; (d) adapted infrastructure and materials for students with disabilities; (e) basic drinking water; (f) single-sex basic sanitation facilities; and (g) basic handwashing facilities (as per the WASH indicator definitions)4.c.1 Proportion of teachers with the minimum required qualifications, by education level.
Ugandarecognizesthateducationiscrucialforbothbuildinghumanempowerment,anddeliveringeconomicprog-ress.Infact,NDPIIInotesthatacountrythatdoesnotinvestinitshumancapitalmortgagesitsfuture.Awell-edu-catedandenlightenedpopulationisnecessarytofacilitatesustainabledevelopmentthroughincreasedproduction,productivityandtechnologicalgrowth.Tothisend,thecurrentEducationandSportsSectorPlan(2017/18–2019/20)recognizesthecriticalroletheeducationandsportssectorhastoplayintherealizationofthenationaldevelopmentagenda,articulatedintheNDPIIIandVision2040.Investmentandinterventionsinthesectoraregearedtowardsimprovingaccesstoqualityeducation,trainingandsportsinordertocreateanadequatelyskilledlabourforceandachievethedemographicdividend.Togetherwithitsdevelopmentpartners,theMinistryofEducationandSportshasalsoputinplaceinterventionstosupporttheinclusionoflearnerswithdisabilitiesineducationatalllevels.
Inordertoimproveaccesstoeducation,GovernmentintroducedUniversalPrimaryEducation(UPE)in1997,33 and hassincemadeeffortstogreatlyexpandresourcesandphysicalinputsintheeducationsector.Progressismani-festedin,forexample:primaryeducationenrolment–whichtripledfrom2.8millionin1997to8.8millionin2018;areductionininequalitiesinaccesstoeducationrelatedtoincome,locationandgender;areductioninPupil/Class-roomRatiofrom87:1in2003to55:1in2018;anincreaseinqualifiedprimaryschoolteachersfrom185,548in2013to207,238in2018;improvementintheGrossEnrolmentRatio(GER)andNetEnrolmentRatio(NER)inPrimarySchoolsfrom117percentand93percentin2015/16to111percentand94percentin2017/2018,respectively.34
FIGURE 9: LEARNING OUTCOMES (PRIMARY 3 PUPILS)Figure 9: Learning outcomes (primary 3 pupils)
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
2014/15 2015/16 2018/19
Literacy Numeracy
33 Initially,thepolicyentailedfreeprimaryschooltuitiontofourchildrenperhousehold,butin2000itwasextendedtoincludeeveryUgandanchildthatneededtoenrolinschool.Todate,parentsandguardiansretaintheresponsibilityforprovidingexercisebooks,pens,uniformsandschoolmeals,amongotherthings.
34 MinistryofEducationandSports(2019)EducationandSportsSectorAnnualPerformanceReport(ESSAPR)FY2018/19
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FIGURE 10: LEARNING OUTCOMES (PRIMARY 6 PUPILS)Figure 10: Learning outcomes (primary 6 pupils)
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
2014/15 2015/16 2018/19
Literacy Numeracy
Source: Ministry of Education and Sports (2019). Notes: Shows the proportion of pupils reaching the defined level of competency in literacy and numeracy
BuildingonUPE,theGovernmenthasextendedfreeaccesstosecondaryandpost-ordinaryleveleducationandtraining(USE/UPOLET).Asaresult,thenumberofsecondaryschoolshasincreasedby26percentfrom2,373in2007to3,000in2017,withmoregrowthregisteredintheprivatesector(34percent)overthesameperiod.Therewasanincreaseinsecondaryenrolmentfrom1.23millionin2009/10to1.37millionin2016/17;publicTechnicalVocationalEducationandTraining(TVET)institutionsincreasedfrom126in2012to152in2018;andenrolmentin formalTVETwentup from34,380 in2012 to95,841 in2018. In termsof tertiaryeducation,universitiesandotherdegree-awardinginstitutionsincreasedfrom34in2011to60in2017;anduniversityenrolmentwentupfrom139,683to162,299studentsoverthesameperiod.Theseeducationgainshaveledtoanoverallincreaseinthecountry’sliteracyratefrom70percentin2012/13to74percentin2016/17,andaverageyearsofschoolingfrom4.7to6.1inoverthesameperiod.
However, several challenges remain. These include: inadequate access to and poor quality of education; lowaccesstoandpoorqualityofEarlyChildhoodCareandEducation;poorqualityandefficiencyofprimaryeducation;andlimitedsystemiccapacityintheeducationsector.Additionally,bringingaboutbehaviouralchange,withinthepublicsectorandamongthegeneralpopulation,remainsadauntingchallenge.Regardlessoffundinglevels,stan-dardsareunlikelytoriseunlesspublicoversightmechanismsarestrengthened.Compliancewithservicedeliverystandardsmustimprove,aswellascoordinationwithnon‐stateactorssuchastheprivatesector,CSOs,themedia,developmentpartnersandacademia.
Thepoorqualityofeducationmanifests itselfatanearlystageofchildhooddevelopment,asevidencedby lowliteracyrates (49.9percentatP.3,and53.1percentatP.6), lownumeracyrates (55.2percentatP.3,and50.9percentatP.6)andlowprimaryschoolcompletionratesat38percentin2018,owinginpart,tohighdrop-outrates(Figures9and10).
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There is no major difference in literacy and numeracy between boys and girls in primary education (Figures 11 and 12).
FIGURE 11: PERCENTAGE OF P3 LEARNERS RATED PROFICIENT IN LITERACY AND NUMERACY, BY GENDER
Boys Girls
47%
54%
53%
56%
42%
44%
46%
48%
50%
52%
54%
56%
58%
Literacy Numeracy
FIGURE 12: PERCENTAGE OF P6 LEARNERS RATED PROFICIENT IN LITERACY AND NUMERACY, BY GENDER
Boys Girls
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
Literacy Numeracy
53%56%
54%
46%
Otherstudies(UwezoAssessments,2019)indicatethat,whilesmallminoritiesofchildrenhavealreadyachievedbasicliteracyandnumeracyskillsattheageof6or7,bytheageof14,onlyaminorityofchildrenhaveachievedP2readingcompetence(about40percentinEnglishand34percentinalocallanguage).Thegeneraltrendofchil-dren’sdelayedprogressionthroughprimarygradespersists(Figure10).Bythetimechildrenreachtheagesof12and13,onlysmallproportionshavereachedPrimary7orSenior1.FromPrimary2onwards,over-ageenrolmentdominatesthesystem.
Literacyandnumeracychallengesareexacerbatedbyamongotherthings:insufficientinfrastructureandlearningmaterials;weakschoolmanagement;limitedteachercapacity;absenceofschoolfeeding;limitedparental/commu-nityparticipation; lowfinancing;poorassessmentmethodsandweakcompliancewithsetservicedeliverystan-dards. AtthelowersecondaryandTVETlevels,challengesstillexist,including:lowGER(25percent)andNER(22percent);poorlearningoutcomesinsciencesubjectsduetofewscienceteachers,laboratoriesandinstructionmaterials;lowsecondarycompletionrates(Senior4)–34.8percentin2017(36.2percentboysand33.5percentgirls)andteenagepregnancies;earlymarriages;lackoffees;andgenderdisparitiesinenrolmentinfavourofboysatsecondary(GenderParityIndex(GPI)of0.88).TVETischaracterizedbylowenrolmentcomparedwithuniversity,mainlyduetothenegativeimageassociatedwithTVET;alowGPIof0.61;arigidsupply-drivencurriculum;weaklinkageswithindustry;unsustainablefinancing;limitedinternationalizationofTVETawards;weakqualityassurancesystems;andfragmentationofmandateswithintheTVETsystem,amongotherthings.
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Governmentremainscommittedtoenhancingaccesstoandqualityofeducation.TheCapitationandSchoolFacili-tiesGrantswererecentlyincreasedtoensurebettereffectivenessoftheUPEandUSE/UPOLETprogrammes,andanadditional293primaryschoolsareunderconstructionacrossthecountry.Governmentinvestmentinelectricityandwatersupplyhas increasedtheproportionofschoolswithaccesstobasicservices(Figure13).Ninety-fivepercentofteachersintheprimaryschoolsub-sectorhavetheminimumrequiredqualifications,thankstonumerouspolicy reformsaimedat improving thequalityofTeacherEducation.Someof these include: introductionof theTeacherDevelopmentandManagementSystem (TDMS);phasingoutofGrade II teachers; the introductionofon-sitetrainingprogrammes;theteachers’schemeofservice;therevisionoftheentryrequirementsintoprimaryteaching;andthereviewofqualificationsfortutoringatPrimaryTrainingColleges.35
FIGURE 13: PROPORTION OF SCHOOLS WITH ACCESS TO BASIC SERVICES
87.5%93.5% 90.0%
95.5%
40.9%
40.9%
PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY PRIMARY SECONDARY
BASIC DRINKING WATER SINGLE SEX SANITATION FACILITIES HAND WASHING FACILITIES
Despitechallenges,Ugandaissteadfastinitscommitmenttoimprovingearlychildhoodeducation.IthasdevelopedtheNationalIntegratedEarlyChildhoodDevelopmentPolicyandActionPlantoensureintegratedservicesforchil-drenfromconceptionto8yearsofage,coveringhealth,nutrition,education,protection,waterandsanitationandparentingsupportservices.Itrepresentsoneofthemostcost-effectivewaysforUgandatoachievemoresustain-ablesocio-economicgrowthinthefuture.Additionally,theNationalCurriculumDevelopmentCentrehasdevelopedtheLearningFrameworkforEarlyChildhoodandaCaregiversGuidetohelpimproveEarlyChildhoodEducation.36 ProvisionofPre-primaryeducationisguidedbythe2008Education(pre-primary,primaryandpost-primary)ActandtherecentNationalIntegratedSchoolEnrolmentandEarlyChildhoodDevelopmentPolicyofUganda,introducedbytheMoGLSD.AccordingtotheEducationSurveyreport2017,28percent(approximately1millioninabsolutenumbers)wereenrolledinpre-primaryschool.Pre-primaryenrolmentwashigherinurbanareas(42percent)thaninruralareas(24percent),andratesweresimilarformalesandfemales.Theproportionofthechildpopulationaged3–5yearsenrolledinschoolwashighinKampalasub-region(49percent)andlowestinKaramojasub-region.Earlychildhoodenrolment canbesignificantly enhanced ifCommunity-basedEarlyChildhoodDevelopment centres,normallymanagedbyuntrainedvolunteers,aresupportedintermsofstatefunding,theprovisionofequipmentandlearningaids,andbasicservicessuchascleanwaterandtoiletfacilities.Asacountry,Ugandaiscommittedtoimprovingaccesstoandthequalityofearlychildhoodeducation.Severalbestpracticemodelsarebeingrolledoutacrossthecountrywithpartnerstoensurethatchildrenages0–8yearsareprovidedwithnurtureandrelevantandqualitylearningopportunitiesatcoststheGovernment,familiesandcommunitiescanafford.
35 NPA(2018).ComprehensiveEvaluationofUniversalPrimaryEducation(UPE)Policy:ThematicReport 3.
36 Ibid,p.42
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BOX 6: EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT, THE MADRASA STORYThe Madrasa Early Childhood Programme Uganda (MECPU) is an initiative established by the Aga Khan Foundation in 1993. It focuses on the holistic development of the child by fostering rich learning environments that support girls and boys through their formative years. Through its Parenting Programme, working with village health teams and through pre-school teachers, MECPU has trained 20,000 parents on the importance of holistic childhood development, nurturing care and healthy child-rearing practices. In addition, through its School Readiness Programme, MECP has supported children aged 3–5 years and has worked with over 145 communities to set up quality ECD centres and train frontline workers, such as caregivers, teachers and health workers to deliver quality and sustainable ECD services to children. More than 433,000 children have benefited to date. MECPU children are able to learn in classrooms filled with a variety of locally-sourced materials (e.g. sticks, leaves, stones, soda cans, bottle caps, empty containers) or those made using local materials (e.g. dolls, toy cars, puppets, building blocks, books), which are organized into learning corner.
Availableevidenceontheproportionofchildrenunder5yearsofagewhoaredevelopmentallyontrackinlearningandpsychosocialwell-being,bysexindicatedthat63.3percentofyoungchildrenaged36–59monthslivingwiththeirmotheraredevelopmentallyontrackaccordingtotheEarlyChildhoodDevelopmentIndex.Ninety-onepercent ofchildrenareontrackinthephysicaldevelopmentdomain,86percentinthelearningdomain,68percentinthesocial-emotionaldomain,andonly26percent in the literacy-numeracydomain.According theUDHS2016, theproportionofchildrenwhoaredevelopmentallyontrackishighestinAnkole(84percent)andSouthCentral(82percent)regions.TheproportionislowestinLango(42percent),Teso(42percent),andKaramoja(43percent).Childrenwhoareattendingearlychildhoodeducationaremorelikelytobedevelopmentallyontrack(82percent)thanthosewhoarenotattending(53percent).
WhileUgandahaspromotedUniversalPrimaryEducation,we recognize thatwecannot reacheveryoneusingoneapproach.Theparticipationofyoungpeopleandadultsinformalandnon-formaleducationandtrainingiscrit-icaltomitigatingUganda’seducationchallenges.Non-FormalEducation(NFE)ispursuedtofulfiltheeducationalneedsofpeoplewhoarenotintheregulareducationsystembyusingtailor-madeapproachestocoverliteracy,lifeskills,continuingeducation,equityeducation,andincomegeneration.ThemajoractivitiesimplementedundertheNFEprogrammeareabasic literacy campaign, continuingeducation, community learning centres, equiva-lencyprogrammes,andnon-formalprimaryeducation.Currently,18percentofschool-agedchildrenareoutofschool.With7millionadultsbeingilliterate,andseveralnotbeingfunctionallyliterate,thevisionofbasiceduca-tionforallagegroupsisnotyetareality.Ugandaisthereforerollingoutinformaleducationthatfocusesonthosewhodidnotreceiveformaleducation.The informalsystemtargetsyoungadultsand/ordropoutsanddisadvan-tagedchildren.Underthissystem,arangeofpractical/hands-onskillsareimpartedtothosewhohavenotgone
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throughoronlypartiallygonethroughtheformaleducationsystem.TheAlternativeBasicEducationforKaramoja(ABEK)programmeisanexampleofinformaleducationthatprovidesbasiceducationaboutlivestock,cropproduc-tion,peaceandsecurity,humanhealth,andotherrelevantskillsandknowledgetochildrenandyoungpeopleinKaramoja.TheFunctionalAdultLiteracy(FAL)programmeundertheMoGLSDisanotherinitiativethattargetsolderpeopleacrossthecountrywhodidnotgetanopportunitytogothroughtheformaleducationprocess.
FIGURE 14: PERCENTAGE OF CHILDREN WHO ARE DEVELOPMENTALLY ON TRACK FOR INDICATED DOMAINSFigure 14: Percentage of children who are developmentally on track for indicated domains
28.4%24.2%
90.1% 92.1%
69.2%66.0%
85.6% 86.6%
Female
LITERACY PHYSICAL SOCIAL-EMOTIONAL LEARNING
Male Female Male Female Male Female Male
Marginalizedpeople,particularlythosewhoareunwillingorunabletoseekouteducationofanysortthemselves,areslippingthroughthecracks.Insuchcases,educationmustbetakentothestreetstoseeksuchpeopleout.37 Thisisbeingdoneacrosstheworldwithmobileschools,whichcanbewheeledaround,engagingpeoplewhoarelivingorworkingonthestreetwithfunandcreativelessons.38Theyprovideaneducationinbasiclifeskillssuchasnumeracyandliteracy,butalsoinhealth,entrepreneurshipandlanguagefluency,andcanbetailoredtomeetindi-vidualneeds.SomeNGOs39aretestingsuchinnovationstogreateffectinKampala,wherethereisahighnumberofextremelyvulnerableyoungpeoplewhoarenotattendingstationary,non-formaleducationprogrammes.
37 Thisideaistriedoutbyhttps://www.kidsclubkampala.org/38 Ibid,https://www.kidsclubkampala.org/39 See https://www.kidsclubkampala.org/blog/non-formal-educationforaninnovativeexample
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4.5 GOAL 5: ACHIEVE GENDER EQUALITY AND EMPOWER ALL WOMEN AND GIRLS
Indicators Reported on: 5.2.1 Proportion of ever-partnered women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to physical, sexual, or psychological violence by a current or former intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by form of violence and by age5.2.2 Proportion of women and girls aged 15 years and older subjected to sexual violence by persons other than an intimate partner in the previous 12 months, by age and place of occurrence5.3.1 Proportion of women aged 20–24 years who were married or in a union before age 15 and before age 185.3.2 Proportion of girls and women aged 15–49 years who have undergone female genital mutilation/cutting, by age 5.4.1 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care work, by sex, age and location.5.5.5 Proportion of seats held by (a) women in national parliaments and (b) local governments5.6.1 Proportion of women aged 15–49 years who make their own informed decisions regarding sexual relations, contraceptive use and reproductive health care5.a.1 (a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure5.b.1 Proportion of individuals who own a mobile telephone, by sex
Beingfreeofdiscriminationisnotonlyeverywomanandgirl’sbasichumanright,itiscrucialforacountry’sdevel-opmentandsustainablefuture.Itisproventhatempoweringwomenandgirlshelpseconomicgrowthanddevelop-ment.Providingwomenandgirlswithequalaccesstoeducation,healthcare,decentwork,andrepresentationinpoliticalandeconomicdecision-makingprocessesaswellaseliminationofviolenceandharmfulpracticesnotonlyfuelssustainableeconomiesbutalsobenefitssocietiesandhumanityatlarge.
Byearly2000,longbeforethe2030Agenda,Ugandahadestablishedpoliciesandlegislationtoadvancegenderequalityandwomenempowerement.Forinstance,Article33(6)ofthe1995Constitution“prohibitslaws,customsortraditionswhichareagainstthedignity,welfare,orinterestofwomen”.Inaddition,Governmenthasenactedseveralgood and well-articulated gender-sensitive laws and policies, prominent ones being the Prohibition of FemaleGenitalMutilationAct2010,theDomesticViolenceAct2010,andthePreventionofTraffickinginPersonsAct2009.TheNationalGenderPolicyisalsoinplacetoguidegendermainstreaminginthedifferentsectorsofgovernmentandtheNationalPolicyandactionplanoneliminationofGBV2016.SeveralMinistries,DepartmentsandAgencies(MDAs)havegenderpoliciestoguidegendermainstreamingintheirwork.
TheexistenceofgenderequalitypoliciesandlawshasincreasedopportunitiesforwomenandgirlsinUganda.To date,morefemalesareindecision-makingpositions,andparticipateinthelabourmarket,albeitwithsomeregionaldisparities,andwithwomensystematicallydeniedthesameworkrightsasmen.Sexualviolenceandexploitation,theunequaldivisionofunpaidcareanddomesticwork,anddiscriminationinpublicofficeremainhugebarriers.Climatechangeanddisastersalsocontinuetohaveadisproportionateimpactonwomenandchildren.
Theexistenceofgenderequalitypoliciesandlawshasincreasedopportunitiesforwomenandgirls inUganda.Womenlegislatorsaccountfor34.7%in2016against30%quotaprovidedfor intheconstitution.Todate,morefemalesareindecision-makingpositionsandschools,andparticipateinthelabourmarket,albeitwithsomeregionaldisparitiesandwomensystematicallydeniedthesameworkrightsasmen.Highratesofgender-basedviolence–,physicalviolence56%,sexualviolence(22%)andhighlevelsofsocialtoleranceat49%and41%bywomenandmenrespectively(UDHS2016includingsexualharassmentintheworkplaceandpublicspace,unequaldivisionofunpaidcareanddomesticwork,anddiscriminationinpublicofficeremainsignificantbarrierstogenderequalityinUganda.Shocks,climatechangeanddisasterscontinuetohaveadisproportionateeffectonwomenandchildren.
Toenhanceaccountabilityforgenderresponsivebudgetinginthenationalplanningandappropriationprocess,anyMDAseekingappropriationofthenationalbudgetmustfirstbeissuedaGenderandEquityComplianceCertificate.Thisrequirestheproposedbudgettomeetminimumrequirementsofgenderandequitybudgetingandscoreat
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least50percentintheassessment.ThecertificateisissuedtoMinistryofFinance,PlanningandEconomicDevel-opment(MoFPED),upontheadviceoftheEqualOpportunitiesCommission(EOC),whichundertakestheassess-ment.Thenationalbudgetcircularalsoincludesprovisionsongender,whichhaveinfluencedLocalGovernmentstobegintomainstreamgenderintheirplansandbudgets.AccordingtoEOC,theoverallcomplianceoftheNationalBudgetFrameworkPaperwithGenderandEquityrequirementsfortheFY2019/2020-2023/2024improvedto61percentwhileDLGsstandsat42%.However, there isnodataonactualexpendituresbysectorsandMDAsongenderandequity.
Despitesomeadvances,Ugandahasforthelasttwoyearsnotperformedwellonmostgendergapindices.Between2018and2020,itsrankingslidfromthe32ndpositionto35thin2020,withamajordeclineregisteredoneconomicempowermentindex(Table1).
TABLE 1: UGANDA GLOBAL GENDER GAP INDEX REPORT RANKINGS
PARAMETER 2018 2020GlobalIndex 43rd 65th
Economicempowerment 55th 82nd
EducationAttainment 126th 129th
Health&survival Amongthe1st Amongthe1st
Politicalempowerment 32nd 35th
Source: World Economic Forum, 2020
WhileUganda hasmade commendable effort in establishing national laws, policies, and strategies on genderequality.Mostoftheseprovideforissuesthataffectwomen,suchasaffirmativeaction,maternity/paternityleave,women’srights,andgender-basedviolence(Table2).However,manyotherlawsthathavegenderimplications,suchastheEducationActandthePreventionofTraffickinginPersonsAct,arelargelygenderblind.
TABLE 2: UGANDA’S GENDER EQUALITY -SPECIFIC NATIONAL LAWS AND POLICIES
NATIONAL LAW GENDER FOCUSThe Domestic Violence Act (2010) Domestic violence preventionThe Prohibition of female Genital Mutilation (2010) FGM preventionThe Public Finance Management Act (2015) Fiscal and Macroeconomic managementSexual Offenses Bill 2019 SGBV preventionSuccession (Amendment) Act (2018) Succession managementThe Employment (Amendment) Bill, 2019 Sexual harassment in the workplace Marriage Bill 2007 Marriage and sharing of propertyNational GBV Policy Elimination of GBVNational Male Engagement Strategy 2017, Male involvementPrevention of Trafficking in Persons Act (2009) Human trafficking preventionThe National Women’s Council Act (1993, amended 2010) Women’s empowermentEqual Opportunities Commission Act Equal opportunities for all
Source: Democratic Governance Facility (DGF), 2019
Althoughsteadilydeclining,ViolenceagainstwomenandgirlsremainsrampantinUganda.LifetimeprevalenceofexperiencinganyformofGBVinUgandaisestimatedat51percent40AccordingtotheUDHS2016,theproportionofwomenaged15-49whohaveeverexperiencedphysical,sexual,oremotionalviolencebytheircurrentormostrecenthusband/partnerdeclinedslightlyfrom60%in2011to56%in2016,whilethosewhoexperiencedspousalviolenceinthe12monthsbeforethesurveyalsodeclinedslightly,from43%in2011to39%in2016.
40 TheGlobalGenderGapReport(2017)
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withnearlytwoineveryfive(39.6percent)experiencingspousalviolenceinthepreceding12months–upfrom15.4percentin2011.
Thepercentageofwomenwhohaveexperiencedphysicalviolencesinceage15declinedfrom60%in2006to56%in2011and51%in2016.Similarly,women’sexperienceofphysicalviolenceinthe12monthsprecedingthesurveydeclinedfrom34%in2006to27%in2011andthento22%in2016.
Sexualviolencealso remainshigh–one ineveryfive (22percent)ofwomen (15–49years)haveexperiencedsexualviolenceinherlifetime,downfrom28%in2011with13% experiencing sexual violence in the preceding 12 months.4135%ofgirlsexperiencesexualviolenceand59%experiencephysicalviolenceduringchildhood.42 Theproportionofwomenandmenwhoagreewithoneormorejustificationsforwifebeatinghasdeclinedsteadilyovertimefrom77%ofwomenand64%ofmenin2000-01,to70%ofwomenand60%ofmenin2006,to58%ofwomenand44%ofmenin2011,andto49%ofwomenand41%ofmenin2016.
TABLE 3: GBV PREVALENCE STATISTICS IN UGANDA IN PRECEDING 12 MONTHS
CATEGORY SEXUAL VIOLENCE (%)
PHYSICAL VIOLENCE (%)
SEXUAL VIOLENCE BY SPOUSE/
PARTNER (%)
PHYSICAL VIOLENCE
BY SPOUSE/ PARTNER (%)
EMOTIONAL VIOLENCE
BY SPOUSE/ PARTNER (%)
AGE GROUP15 – 19 5.3 22.7 16.8 23.5 24.820 – 24 13.9 22 18.7 25.4 31.025 – 29 15.8 22.5 17.5 22.9 31.130 – 39 16.2 22.7 16.7 22.3 30.440 – 49 13.2 19.4 13.4 19.2 25.5RESIDENCEUrban 8.5 16.0 12.3 17.3 224.4Rural 14.2 24.1 18.0 24.4 30.8Total 12.7 22.0 16.6 22.5 29.3
Source: MoGLSD GBV Database, 2020
Inthepast10years,globaleffortshaveledtothepreventionof25millionchildmarriagesworldwide,butmorethan120millionmoregirlswillmarrybeforetheir18thbirthdayby2030ifprogressisnotaccelerated.43 Uganda hasthereforemadeeffortstoscaleupprogrammesandpoliciestoprotectchildrenandrecognizeschildmarriage(marriagebeforetheageof18)asahumanrightsviolation.Itoftenresultsinearlypregnancyandsocialisolation,interruptsschooling,limitsthegirl’sopportunitiesandincreasesherriskofexperiencingdomesticviolence.Itcanalsoleadtoalifetimeofsuffering,withstudiesshowingthatgirlswhomarrybeforetheyturn18arelesslikelytoremaininschool,andmorelikelytoexperiencedomesticviolence.Youngteenagegirlsarealsomorelikelytodieduetocomplicationsinpregnancyandchildbirththanwomenintheir20s,andtheirchildrenaremorelikelytobestillbornordieinthefirstmonthoflife.Endingchildmarriagetodaycouldgenerate$3billionperyearforUgandaby2030.Today,ifwomenwhohadmarriedasgirlshadbeenabletodelaytheirmarriage,theirannualearningscouldhavebeenhigherbyanestimatedat$500million.(WorldBank10thUgandaEconomicUpdate,Dec.2017).
Despitelawsagainstchildmarriage,itremainswidespreadinUganda,Theproportionofwomenaged20–24yearswhoweremarriedorinaunionbeforetheageof15hasreducedbylessthan3percent,from10percentin2011to7.3percentin2016.Thosemarriedorinaunionbeforetheageof18yearsalsoreducedslightly,from40percentto34percent,overthesameperiod(Table4)
41 UDHS,201642 UBOS,ViolenceAgainstChildrenSurvey(2018)43 UNICEF(2019)
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TABLE 4: PREVALENCE OF CHILD MARRIAGE IN UGANDA
CATEGORY 2011 (%) 2016 (%)Before age 15 10.0 7.3Before age 18 40.0 34.0
Source: MoGLSD GBV Database, 2020
Toaddresschildabuse(includingchildmarriages), in2015,Uganda launchedaNationalStrategytoendChildMarriage andTeenagePregnancy.Uganda established a toll-freeUganda (National)ChildHelpline (UCHL) toaddressthereportingandtrackingofchildabusecases,thishasrecentlybeenexpandedtoalsoincludeGBV.Theoutcomewasatotal200,185callsreceivedin2018/19alone,ofwhich107,871(98.8percent)wereresolvedandclosed.Theseincluded2percentchildmarriagecases.In2018,theMinistryofEducationrevisedtheguidelinesonschoolretentionandre-entryallowingpregnantgirlsatleastoneyearofmaternityleave.Someschoolheadshavenowembracedthispolicy.
TABLE 5: FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION PREVALENCE BY AGE GROUP
AGE GROUP 2011 (%) 2016 (%)15 – 19 1.0 0.120 – 24 1.0 0.325 – 29 2.0 0.230 – 34 2.0 0.435 – 39 1.0 0.540 – 44 2.0 0.7745 – 49 2.0 0.4TOTAL 1.4 0.3
Source: UBOS, UDHS 2016
Ugandarecognizes thatwomenare responsible formostof thecountry’sunpaiddomesticandcarework.Thismeansthat,intotal,theyareworkinglongerhoursthanmen.Ugandaalsorecognizesthatanunfairworkloadkeepswomeninpovertythroughgenerations.Therightpolicyandpracticeinterventionsareneededtoenablewomentoreachtheirfulleconomicpotentialandcontributetotransformingtheeconomythroughinitiativesandpoliciesthatrecognize,redistributeandreducetheimpactofunpaidcareworkonwomen.
It is estimated that only 22.4 percent of women in Uganda have opportunities inmodern waged employmentcomparedwith36.6percentofmenandthatmorewomen(17percent)engageinfamilyworkthanmen(11percent)(UNHS,2016/17).Inaddition,womenearnsignificantlylessthanmen,withthemedianmonthlywageforwomenexactlyhalfthatofmen(UGX110,000comparedwithUGX220,000)(UNHS,2016/17).Unpaiddomesticandcarework ispredominantlycarriedoutbywomenandgirls. If thesedimensionsarenotdistributedequallybetweenwomenandmenwithinandoutsidethehousehold,theheavyburdenofcareworkwillcontinuetonegativelyaffect,amongotherthings,womenandgirls’employmentandearnings,leisuretime,participationindevelopmentinitia-tivesandsleep.Accordingtoa2018reportbyUBOS/UNWomen/,44menspendmoretime(5.3hours)thenwomen(3.4hours)onproductivework,whilewomenspendmoretime(6.6hours)thanmen(5.1hours)onunpaidwork.
TABLE 6: AVERAGE TIME SPENT ON UNPAID DOMESTIC AND CARE WORK
SEX URBAN (HRS) RURAL (HRS) TOTAL (HRS)Female 6.5 6.7 7Male 4.7 5.4 5
44 GenderRolesAndTheCareEconomyInUgandanHouseholds–TheCaseOfKaabong,KabaleandKampalaDistricts–EconomicPolicyResearchCentre(EPRC),2017
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InUganda,careworkisnotaddressedexplicitlyinpolicyorserviceprovision.ThepassingoftheEarlyChildDevel-opmentPolicy(March2016)andtheSocialProtectionPolicy(November2015)isastepintherightdirectioninreducingtheburdenofunpaidcarework.Overall,13.3percentofthecountry’spopulationspendstimeonnonpro-ductivework.45TheGovernmenthasthereforemadeinterventions,suchas:theprovisionofaffordablechildcarefacilities,tosignificantlyreducethenumberofhoursspentonchildcare,allowingwomentoparticipatemoreinpaidworkactivities;investinginaffordabletechnology,includingwaterharvestingreservoirs/damstoimproveaccesstowaterforfamilyuse;women’sempowermentandfinancialsupportprogrammestoenablewomentostartupsmallbusinessortradingactivities;andenergy-efficientstovestoreducetheamountoftimewomenandgirlsspendonfuelcollection,foodpreparationandcleaning.
TheGovernmenthassetuppoliciesandprogrammestoensurewomen’sfullandeffectiveparticipationandequalleadershipopportunitiesinpolitical,economic,andpubliclife.By2015,theproportionofwomeninParliamenthasrisenovertheyearsfrom1womanlegislatoroutof126in1980,to18%in2000,35%inthe2011and34.7%in2016. It is important tonotehowever thatof the152womenin the10thParliament,19weredirectlyelectedcomparedto12inthe9thParliament.Whiletheprogressisveryslow,itisinthepositivedirection.AtthelocalGovernment level, representationofwomen isat45.7%ofalldistrictcouncilsalbeitwith1%ofdistrictcouncilsbeing ledbywomenChairpersons.Majorityof thewomencouncillors to thedistrictcouncilshavebeenelectedonaffirmativeactionseatswith1.6%electedondirectseatsatdistrictlevel,2%atmunicipalityleveland8%atsubcounty level.While representationatbothNationalandLocal level isabove the30%quotaprovided in theconstitution,thenumberofwomenelectedoncontestedseatsremainsverylowovertheyears,demonstratingthedeeprootedculturalandtraditionalprejudicesthatcontinuetorejectwomenasequalandrightfulleaders.
This level isattributableto the introductionofmandatory femaledistrictMPpositions.Unfortunately,communityperceptionsthatpoliticalofficesarethereserveofmenhavecontinuedtohinderwomen’sparticipationinelectedoffices. Inaddition,non-mandatorydirectrepresentation, forexampleaschairpersonsondistrict,municipalandSubCountycouncils,accountsforthelowrepresentationofwomeninthosepositions.
TABLE 7: WOMEN’S REPRESENTATION IN PARLIAMENT AND LG STRUCTURES SECTOR 2007(%) 2011(%) 2017(%)National Parliament 39 38 51Local Government (LC 5) 1 2 2
Source: Parliament of Uganda (2018).
Inthelastdecade,Ugandahasmadestridesinimprovingaccesstosexualandreproductivehealthservices.There is,however,adeclineintheproportionofwomenaged15–49yearsmakingtheirowninformeddecisionsregardingsexualrelations,contraceptiveuseandreproductivehealthcare,downfrom60percentin2011to58.5percentin2016.
Ugandahasalsocontinuedtoundertakereformstogivewomenequalrightstoeconomicresources,aswellasaccesstoownershipandcontroloverlandandotherformsofproperty,financialservices,inheritance,andnaturalresources, in accordancewith national laws.Secure tenure rights andwomen’s control over landwould boostproductivity, ruraldevelopmentandfoodsecurity.Althoughwomenmakeupa largerpercentageofagricultural-ists, theyhave limitedand inadequateaccess tosecureproperty rights,especially land (FAO-UN;GenderandLandStatistics).Only26.7percentofwomenownlandontheirowncomparedwith33.5percentofmen(UNHS,2016/17).Culturalbeliefsandpracticescontinuetohinderaccesstoproductiveassetsforwomen.AUNDPstudyin2015revealedthat60percentofthepopulationinUgandathinksthatlandparcelsshouldbetheresponsibilityofmen,andalmostoneinthreeUgandansbelievesthatwomenshouldnothavethesameaccesstolandasmen.
Onaverage,40percentofUganda’sadultpopulationisinagriculture,withsecureownershiporsecurerightsoverthelandtheyfarm(49percent,men,31percentwomen).Theproportionoftotalagriculturalpopulationwithowner-shiporsecurerightsoveragriculturalland(alltypes)stoodat41percentin2018,with40percentofthelandunderfreehold,37percentundermailotenure,and41percentundercustomaryownership,while35.5waspublicland.46
45 Self-careandmaintenanceincludessleeping,eating&drinking,personalhygiene&care,receivingpersonalhealthcareandtravelsrelatedtoself-care&maintenance
46 UBOS/MoLHUD(2018)
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FIGURE 15: PROPORTION OF POPULATION (18+) IN AGRICULTURE WITH OWNERSHIP OR SECURE RIGHTS OVER THE LAND
Figure 15: Proportion of population (18+) in Agriculture with ownership or secure rights over the lands
49%
31%
40%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Men Women Uganda
Withthegrowingtideofthefourthindustrialrevolution,Ugandahasexperiencedrobustgrowthinthetelecommu-nicationsindustryandhasenhancedadoptionanduseofinformationandcommunicationstechnology,topromotetheempowermentofwomen.By2018,55.7percentofUgandansownedamobiletelephone,withownershiphigherformenat65.8percentthanforwomenat45.5percent(UNHS,2016/17).Uganda foresees great potential in this areaasitwilldriveservicedeliveryandexpansionoftheeconomyeveninthepost-COVIDpandemicera.Thiswillbeespeciallyrelevantintheareasofproductionandtrade,andwillinturnimproveefficiencyinperformanceacrossallsectors.Inlightofdigitaltransformationchallenges,UgandahasdevelopedtheNationalDigitalVisionandstrengtheneditsinstitutionstominimizetheexclusionthatcouldfacesegmentsofthepopulation,particularlythevulnerableandmarginalized.
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4.6 GOAL 6: ENSURE AVAILABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT OF WATER AND SANITATION FOR ALL
IndicatorsReportedon:
6.1.1Proportionofpopulationusingsafelymanageddrinkingwater6.2.1Proportionofpopulationusingsafelymanagedsanitationservices,includingahand-washingfacilitywithsoapandwater
6.4.2Levelofwaterstress:freshwaterwithdrawalasaproportionofavailablefreshwaterresources
6.5.1Degreeofintegratedwaterresourcesmanagementimplementation(0–100)6.6.1Changeintheextentofwater-relatedecosystemsovertime6.a.1Amountofwater-andsanitation-relatedofficialdevelopmentassistancethatispartofagovernment-coordinatedspendingplan
6.b.1Proportionoflocaladministrativeunitswithestablishedandoperationalpoliciesandproceduresforparticipationoflocalcommunitiesinwaterandsanitationmanagement.
SDG6callsforcleanwaterandsanitationforallpeople.Achievingthisgoalrequirescorporateaction.Moreimpor-tantly,significantprogressonthisgoaldependsontheavailabilityofrobustdataonthecurrentlandscapeandwhatneedstochangetoensuretheenvironmentalsustainabilityofwater.
In2018,thecountrystartedimplementingtheWater&EnvironmentSectorPerformanceMeasurementFramework(2016), includingrevisionof its22goldenandplatinum indicators to incorporate theSDGsandotheremergingissues emanating frommore stringentwater quality requirements, human rights towater and sanitation, goodgovernanceandclimatechange.Ugandaisendowedwithwaterresources,butitfacesseveralchallenges.Thereareseasonablevariationsandvariations inqualityacrossregions,while98percentofwatersourcesaretrans-boundary.Watersourcesareunder threat from increasingpollutionandan increaseddemand forwater fromagrowingpopulation,industrialization,urbanization,agriculture,hydropower,theneedforwater-relatedecosystems,and the impactsofclimatechange.Availableevidencesuggests thatachievinguniversalaccess toevenbasicsanitationservicesby2030wouldrequiredoublingthecurrentannualrateofprogress.
Theefficientuseandmanagementofwateriscriticaltoaddressingthegrowingdemandforwater,threatstowatersecurityandtheincreasingfrequencyandseverityofdroughtsandfloodsresultingfromclimatechange.Therefore,safeandaffordabledrinkingwaterforallby2030requiresinvestmentsinadequateinfrastructure,theprovisionofsanitationfacilities,encouraginggoodhygienepractices,andprotectingandrestoringwater-relatedecosystems.
Currently,theproportionoftheurbanpopulationusinganimproveddrinkingwatersourcehasincreasedfrom71percentin2015/16to79percentin2018/19,whileinruralareasithasincreasedfrom65percentto69percentoverthesameperiod.Theaccessequitygapbetweendistrictsremainshigh,withratesvaryingbetween32percentinsomedistrictsand95percentinothers.Thepercentageofvillageswithasafewatersupplycontinuestorise,upfrom64percentin2016/17to66percentin2018/19.Onaverage31percentofsmalltownsarecoveredbypro-poorfacilitieswherepeoplepaylessorequaltothehouseconnectiontariffintheservicearea.Thisfigurerisesto83percentinlargeurbanserviceareas.
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT43
FIGURE 16: RURAL WATER SUPPLY (%)
Access Functionality
0
2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
100
80
60
40
20
Uganda’scontinuedinvestmentsinwaterandsanitationhaveledtopipedschemesto1,211villagesand132,358domesticwaterservingpoints, enablingmorethan27millionUgandans,themajority(82percent)inruralareas,toaccessclean,safewater.Theaveragefunctionalityrateforwatersupplypointsstandsat85percentforruralareas,comparedwith94.3percentforsmalltownsandruralgrowthcentres.However,therearestillleast-serveddistrictswithlessthan55percentcoverage.Mostoftheseareinthedrycattlecorridor,whichhaslowsurfaceandgroundwaterpotentialandrequiresexpensivetechnologieslikeabulkpipedwatersupply.Themajorchallengestoprovidingaccess tosafewatersupplyservices include: theexhaustionofsimpler technologicalwatersupplyoptions, requiringashift tomoreexpensive technologies;a limited resourceenvelope thatdoesnotmatch theever-increasingpopulationinruralareas;thenatureofsettlementsthatrequiremorewatersupplytechnologies.
TheGovernment’scurrentfocustowardsfast-trackingrealizationoftheSDG6targetsisonincreasingcoveragefortheleast-servedareas,operationalizingnon-functionalwaterpoints,andestablishingmorepro-poorfacilitieswherepeoplepaylessorequaltothehouseconnectiontariffintheservicearea.Governmentisalsoconsideringadoptinga“tripleR”approachofRecognizingcareatpolicy,community,andhouseholdlevels,Reducingdifficultcareworkthroughlabour-savingtechnology,andRedistributingthecareworkcostsandresponsibilitiesfromwomentomen.
By2018/19financialyear,accesstosomeformofsanitationwasat87.9percentinurbanareasand77.2percentinruralareas,withruralaccesshavingdeclinedfrom79percentin2018.Theproportionofthepopulationusinganimprovedsanitationfacilitynotsharedwithotherhouseholdswas16.6percentforruralareasand37.4percentforurbanareas;whiletheproportionofthepopulationusingsafely-managedsanitationserviceswasat7.1percentinruralareasand42.8percentinurbanareas47.ByJune2019,thenationalpupiltostanceratiohadreducedfrom73:1in2018to71:1,despiteanationalrecommendationof40:1.Thelevelofhandwashingfacilitieswithsoapandwaterathomeremainslowat36percentinruralareasand40percentinurbanareas,whiletheproportionofpupilsenrolled inschoolswithbasichandwashingfacilitieshasincreasedfrom34percent in2015/16to42percent in2018/19.
RefugeeslackadequateaccesstocleanwaterandsanitationservicesForexample,inDecember2018,35percentofSouthSudaneserefugeefamiliesdidnotownahouseholdlatrine,resultinginthemeithersharingwithneigh-bouringfamilies,usingcommunallatrinesorpractisingopendefecationinthebush.Waterisnotdistributedequi-tably,withrefugeesreceivingbetween12and28litresperpersonperday.In2018/19,theMinistryofWaterandEnvironment(MoWE)madeeffortstointegrateWASHinterventionsinrefugee-hostingareaswithitsownservicesandapproaches.InMarch2020,itlaunchedacomprehensiveWaterandEnvironmentResponseplanforrefugeeandhostcommunities,inadditiontoanoperationandmaintenanceframeworkforwaterschemesservingrefugeesandtheirhostcommunities.
47 SectorAnnualPerformanceReport2019;MinistryofWaterandEnvironment
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The Government has continued to make efforts to improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating dumping, and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials through compliance monitoring and enforcement.Thisiscarriedoutthroughcontinuousmonitoringof industrialfacilitiesthatdischargewaste-water,suchastanneries,dairies,drinksfactories,fishandsugarprocessingplants,andotherfoodprocessingandpharmaceuticalfactories.
FIGURE 17: COMPLIANCE OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENT TO STANDARDS
43
3227
22 21
404447
53 544851
Com
plia
nce (
%)
BOD 32 43
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
47 44 51 48
27 22 21 40 53 54TSS
2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
Source: NEMA Report 2019
Despitebettertreatmentofwastewaterbydrinksfactoriesandfishprocessingplants,whosecompliancestandsat80percentand64percentrespectively,compliancebysugarprocessingfactories,tanneriesanddairiesstandsat35percent,36percent,and40percent,respectively.Severalmeasureshavebeenputinplacetoincreasetheregulationofmajorpolluters.However,Ugandastillgrappleswiththeproblemofmanagingurbansolidwaste,withthepercentageofnon-managedwastegoingupfrom24percent to52percent in2017/18,andupfromthe65percentto70percentin2015/16.
Inrecentyears,Ugandahasexperiencedchangesintheextentofwater-relatedecosystems,whichin2017stoodat1percent,comparedwith0.88percent in2016.Wetlandsarevital forhumansurvivalandamongUganda’smostproductiveecosystems.Wetlandcoveragehasreducedto10.9percent(2016),downfrom15.6percentin1994.Thekeydriversofwetlanddegradationinclude:(i)humanpopulationpressureonwetlands;(ii)unplannedsettlementsandcultivation,especiallyby theurbanandruralpoor; (iii)over-exploitation formaterialgoods; (iv)agriculturalexpansionandintensification;(v)limitedinformation,fundingandtechnicalcapacity;and(vi)emergingnewchallengessuchasoilexploration,investmentsandclimatechangeimpacts.
In2010, theMinistryofWaterandEnvironmentdevelopedaFramework forcatchment-based integratedwaterresourcesmanagementwhichguidestheestablishmentofCatchmentManagementStructuresandpreparationofCatchmentManagementPlans.Inaddition,theGovernmenthascreatedfourregionalunitscalledWaterManage-mentZonestoimplementthisframework.
In 2017/18, 963.4 ha were restored, down from 1,063 ha in 2015/16. Through community empowerment andengagementprogrammes,communityparticipationinthemanagementofwaterinfrastructurecontinuestoimprove,with89percentofwaterpointsfoundtohavebeenfunctionalin2019,upfrom87percentin2015.Overall,womenholdkeypositionsin85percentofWaterSourceCommittees,whiletheproportionforCatchmentManagementCommitteeswentdownto35percentfrom53percentin2018.
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT45
FIGURE 18: TREND IN WETLAND RESTORATION BY FISCAL YEAR
2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17 2017/18 2018/19
1500
1945.3
758.3
210
431.5 476 487.4
734.4
2000
1000
500479.4
0
HACT
ARES
OF W
ETLA
NDS R
ESTO
RED
FISCAL YEAR
AlthoughUgandahasgreatpotentialforirrigation,withover15percentofitssurfaceareacoveredbyfreshwaterresources,thepresentutilizationrateofitsinternalrenewablewaterresourceislow(2.8percent).Currently,Ugan-da’sratioofcultivatedareaunderirrigationtotheirrigationpotentialisonly0.5percent,comparedwith3.6percentforTanzania,2.0percentforKenyaand1.6percentforBurundi(MoWE,2019).Ifthecountry’sfullirrigationpoten-tialwasexploited,waterproductionwouldincreasebyover400percentby2030tomeetthedemandforwaterforirrigation,Thishighlightstheneedtoincreaseaccesstoanduseofwaterforagriculturalproduction,whichisexpectedtoimprovefollowingthelaunchoftheNationalIrrigationMasterPlan.Thistakesintoaccounttheimpactsofclimatechangeandbuildsonthepublicprivatepartnershipmechanismforirrigationdevelopment.Forinstance,underthemasterplan,therewillbeafocusondevelopinginfrastructureandservicesforbulkwaterstorageandtransfer, includingwater abstraction systems, transmissionmains,water pumping systems, storage tanks, andwaterdistributionnetworks.
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4.7 GOAL 7: ENSURE ACCESS TO AFFORDABLE, RELIABLE, SUSTAINABLE AND MODERN ENERGY FOR ALL
IndicatorsReportedon:
7.1.1ProportionofthepopulationwithAccesstoElectricity7.1.2Proportionofthepopulationwithprimaryrelianceoncleanfuelsandtechnology7.2.1Renewableenergyshareinthetotalfinalenergyconsumption7.3.1EnergyintensitymeasuredintermsofprimaryenergyandGDP
In2010,NDPI(2010/11–2014/15)rebalancedthepolicyagendafromanarrowfocusonpovertyreductiontowardswealthcreationandtheproductivecapacityoftheeconomy.Thisshiftresultedintheprioritizationofpublicinvest-mentsinsectorssuchasenergytopropelgrowth.Overthemediumterm,focushasbeenon:increasingpowergenerationcapacitytodriveeconomicdevelopment;expandingtheelectricitytransmissiongridnetwork;increasingEnergyEfficiency;promotingtheuseofalternativesourcesofenergy;andstrengtheningthepolicy,legalandinsti-tutionalframework.
FIGURE 19: AERIAL VIEW OF RECENTLY COMMISSIONED ISIMBA HYDRO POWER PLANT (183MW)
Source: UEGCL, 2019
Thecountryhasincreaseditsinstalled capacityfrom899MWin2016to1,182.2MWin2019,48andisexpectedtoexpanditfurthertomorethan2,650MWby2027withtheplannedcommissioningofmorethan5powerplants.Duetoincreasedelectricitygeneration,therateofaccesstoelectricityhasincreasedfrom14.5percentin2015to28percentin2019(Figure20),withpeakelectricitydemandofapproximately650MW.TheGovernment’sruralelec-trificationprogrammehasincreasedconnectionstothenationalgridbyover60percentsince2009,atanannualgrowthrateof14percent.Supportofrenewableenergyisalsopickingupintermsofcontributiontothenationalenergymix,49andwillexpandwithcontinued implementationof theElectricityConnectionsPolicy2018–2027,50 whichaimstoachieve60percentaccesstoelectricityby2027.51
48 Hydro (932.45MW), Thermal (101.6MW), Cogeneration (96.2MW), Solar (50.83MW), Diesel (1.08MW) and Biomass(0.04MW)
49 Shareofrenewableenergyinthetotalfinalenergyconsumptionisat86percent,electricityat1.7percentandpetroleumat12.3percent.Source:EnergyandMineralDevelopmentSectorStatisticalAbstract,2018
50 RepublicofUganda (2018)ELECTRICITYCONNECTIONSPOLICY:Financingand Implementation forConnections–2018–2027,MinistryofEnergyandMineralDevelopment,Kampala
51 Ibid,p.18
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT47
FIGURE 20: PROPORTION OF THE POPULATION WITH ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY
14.5%
21%22.5%
28%
60%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
2015 2016 2017 2019 2027
POPU
LATI
ON W
ITH
ACCE
SS TO
ELEC
TRIC
ITY (
PERC
ENT)
TARGET
Households comprise the largest overall energy consumers, followedby industry and transportation.However,energyintensityasmeasuredbyconsumptionremainslow,andhasbeenindeclinesince2015.ConsumptionofprimaryenergydeclinedfromUS$743.3billionin2015toUS$576.5billionin2018(Figure21).Inaddition,elec-tricityconsumptionpercapitahasincreasedonlyfrom71kWhin2016to100kWhin2018/19,comparedwiththeNDPIIItargetof578kWh.Similarly,energyconsumptionpercapita(kgOE/capita)increasedmarginallyfrom376.7in 2016 to 389.2 in 2018.52
Despite theabovesignificantprogress inaccesstoenergy, theproportionof thepopulationthatreliesprimarilyoncleanfuelsandtechnologystandsatonly0.6percent(0.2percentfemalesand2.1percentmales).Thereislimitedproductiveuseofelectricity,especiallyinruralareas,whichnegativelyaffectsdemandgrowth,affordability,anduptake.Lowdemandgrowthcomparedtoplannedgenerationcapacityislikelytoexertpressureonconsumertariffs.53Affordability isalsoaffectedbyotherfactors includingpoverty,pricing, inflation,andtheperformanceofenergyserviceproviders.Additionally,thereislowaccesstomodernandefficientenergysourcesandservices,e.g.solarhomesystems,LiquefiedPetroleumGas,biogasandimprovedcookstoves,forlighting,heatingandcleancooking.
52 MinistryofEnergyandMineralDevelopment(2019)AnnualReportJuly2018–June201953 MinistryofEnergyandMineralDevelopment(2019)DraftNationalEnergyPolicy2019
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FIGURE 21: ENERGY CONSUMPTION PER GDP
743.3
624.2584.4 576.5
0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
600.0
700.0
800.0
2015 2016 2017 2018
US$ B
ILLI
ON
Accesstosustainableenergyforsufficientandcleancooking,lightingandpowerremainsakeychallengeintherefugeesettlementsandrefugee-hostingareas.Over75percentofrefugees arewithoutanyrenewablesourceofenergy,with93percentofrefugeeandhostcommunityhouseholdsdependingonfuelwoodenergyforcooking.Only45percentof refugeeand20percentofhostcommunityhouseholdsreportusingenergy-savingstoves.Refugeehouseholdsspendonaverage22percentoftheirincomeonenergy,withwomenandchildrenspending12–24hoursaweekcollectingfirewood.TheMinistryofEnergyandMineralDevelopmentiscurrentlydevelopingacomprehensiveSustainableEnergyResponsePlanforrefugeeandhostcommunities.
TheGovernmenthasput inplaceseveral interventionstoacceleratetheachievementofSDG7.Theseincludeplans tobringdownthecostofelectricity toUS5centsperunit toencourageelectricityconsumption,onceallmajorgeneration,transmission,anddistributionprojectsarecompleted.TheGovernmenthasalsoleveragedpart-nershipswithcivilsocietyandprivatesectorpartnerstoattractinvestmentinthemanufactureanduseofimprovedstoves,suchastheRocketLorenaStoves,forhouseholdsandinstitutions.
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4.8 GOAL 8: PROMOTE SUSTAINED, INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE ECONOMIC GROWTH, FULL AND PRODUCTIVE EMPLOYMENT AND DECENT WORK FOR ALL
IndicatorsReportedon:
8.1.1AnnualgrowthrateofrealGDPpercapita8.3.1Informalemployment8.5.2Unemploymentrate,bysex,ageandpersonswithdisabilities8.6.1Proportionofyouth(aged15–24years)notineducation,employmentortraining8.7.1Proportionandnumberofchildrenaged5–17yearsengagedinchildlabour,bysexandage
8.10.1Numberof(a)commercialbankbranchesper100,000adults,(b)numberofautomatedtellermachines(ATMs)per100,000adults.
8.10.2Proportionofadults(15yearsandolder)withanaccountatabankorotherfinancialinstitutionorwithamobile-money-serviceprovider
Ugandahasmadeimpressivegainsinsocialandeconomictransformation,keepinginsightitsambitiontotrans-form toamodernandprosperoussocietyasespousedbyVision2040,aswellas itscommitment to the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment.Overthelast10years,progressineconomicgrowthhaslargelymanifestedinthedoublingofGDPfromUS$17.2billionin2009/1054toUS$34.4billionin2019.55Inaddition,theGDPgrowthratehasincreasedfrom4.8percentin2015/16to6.5percentin2018/19.Similarly,GDPpercapitaincreasedfromUS$807toUS$878overthesameperiod.Thedriversofthisdevelopmentareincreasedprivateandpublicsectoractivity,supportedbyamoderatelysteadyworldwideeconomicenvironmentandprudenteconomicmanagement.Theservicesectorremains the leadingcontributor toGDP,accounting for43.5percent in2016/17, followedbyindustryat26.0percentandagricultureat23.5percentrespectively.Taxeslesssubsidiesonproductscontributedonly7.0percent.
Despiteimpressiveeconomicgrowth,theslowpaceofstructuraltransformation,highunemployment(especiallyamongyoungpeople),andhighinformalityoftheeconomyconstraineffortstoaccelerateprogressonSDG8.Theslowprogressofhigh-impactsectorssuchasagriculture,manufacturingand tourism,coupledwithweakvaluechains,hashinderedtheeconomyfromoptimizinggainsinproductivity,jobcreation,povertyreductionandstruc-turalchange.Thishasresultedin85percent(86percentfemale,85percentmale)ofthepopulationbeingengagedininformalemployment.Moreover,almost90percentofyoungpeopleaged18–30yearsareininformalemploy-mentoutsideofagriculture,withmales (91percent)and females (90percent)affected inequalmeasure.HighlevelsofinformalemploymentincreasevulnerabilitytoshockssuchastheCOVID-19virus,asearningsarelesssecure,andoccupationalhealthandsafetyandworkingconditionsareunregulated.
Therefugeepopulationisexcludedfromeconomicgrowthandonlybenefits ina limitedwayfromdecentwork.Employmentamong refugees is28percent,and theirwagesare35percent to45percent lower than thehostcommunity.InSouthWest,forexample,refugeesearnhalfthatofnationals(523UGXperdaycomparedwith1,079UGXperday),mainlyinsmall-scaleagriculture.Althoughthereisaneedforskillsandjobtrainingamongrefugees,only8percentreportreceivingit.56
Highinformalemploymentisamanifestationofalackofproductiveemploymentanddecentwork,especiallyforthe bulging youth population.However, according to theNational LabourForceSurvey 20016/17, the nationalUnemploymentRatehasdeclinedsignificantlyfrom33.8percentin2013to9.7percentin2017.Thefemaleunem-ploymentrate(11percent)ishigherthanthatofmales(8percent),whiletheunemploymentrateoftheworking-agepopulation in rural and urban areas is almost the same (10 percent and 9 percent, respectively). The declineinunemployment ispartlyattributed togrowth in thenumberofemployees in the formalsector,aswellas thecontinuedimplementationofanumberoflabour-basedinstitutionalinterventionsandreformsaimedatprovidingequitableaccesstosafe,healthyanddecentemployment,whileincreasingemploymentandproductivity.
54 UgandaBureauofStatistics(2019).RebasedGDPEstimates–2016/17ReferencePeriod55 DraftThirdNationalDevelopmentPlan,Version4,asatApril17,202056 WorldBank,InformingtheRefugeePolicyResponseinUganda,2019
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 50
Nationally,theproportionofyoungpeople(aged15–24years)notineducation,employment,ortraining(NEET)was40.7percentin2016/17andwashighestamongmales(46.9percent)comparedtofemales(27.2percent).
Childlabourremainshighat15.1percent(female,13.5percent;male,16.8percent)nationally,57 with regional varia-tions.InBusogasub-regiontherateis53percent,owinginparttothefactthatmostchildreninthatsub-regionworkonsugarcaneplantations.Childlabourviolateschildren’srightsandhinderstherealizationofdevelopmentgoals.Moreover,prematurelyengagingchildreninworkaschildlabourershasadverseeffectsontheireducation.ThroughtheMoGLSD,UgandaiscommittedtoreducingchildlabourpracticesthroughimplementationoftheNationalChildLabourPolicyandotherinterventions,58suchasthedraftNationalActionPlanonChildLabour.Allthisisbeingdonetoensurethatthecountryeliminateschildlabour.
Uganda’sVision2040attributeslimitedaccesstofinance(orcredit)tolackofavailability.59Tothisend,theGovern-menthasstrengthenedthecapacityofdomesticfinancialinstitutionstoencourageandexpandaccesstobanking,insuranceandotherfinancialservicesforall.Accesstofinancialservicesenablesindividualsandfirmstomanagechanges in income, dealwith fluctuating cash flows, accumulate assets, andmake productive investments. Inaddition,improvedfinancialservicesincreaseeconomicgrowthandhelpinreducingpovertyandincomeinequality.
FIGURE 22: NUMBER OF COMMERCIAL BANK BRANCHES AND ATMS PER 100,000 ADULTS, 2015–2019
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Commercial Bank Branches 3.0 2.9 2.7 2.6 3.1
ATMs 4.7 4.6 4.2 4.2 4.7
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
NUM
BER
OF B
ANK
BRAN
CHES
AN
DATM
S PER
100,
000
Statelesspersons(thosewhodonothaveanationality)areofteninvisibleandfacehighlevelsofdiscriminationandsocialexclusion.Thenumberofstatelessandthereforeat-riskpeopleinUgandaiscurrentlyunknown,althoughthephenomenonisreportedamongsomemarginalizedtribesandsegmentsoftheundocumentedpopulation.ChildrenborninUgandawillbestatelessiftheirparentsarestatelessoriftheparentsareunabletoconfertheirnationalitytotheirchildrenunderthelawsoftheirState.In2015,theGovernmentofUgandapledgedtoregularizethestatusofsome15,000long-stayingrefugeeswhohavedevelopedstrongsocialtiesinUgandaandispreparingtoaccedetothe1961UNConventionontheReductionofStatelessness.
57 UgandaBureauofStatistics(2018),NationalLabourForce2017/18,UBOS,Kampala58 For instance, in2018, theMoGSLD, inpartnershipwithKampalaCapitalCityAuthority, removed283childrenfromthe
streetsofKampalaCityandprovidedthemwithsocialservices.59 EPRC(2013).Uganda2013FINSCOPEIIISurveyreportfindings.Unlockingbarrierstofinancialinclusion
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4.9 GOAL 9: BUILD RESILIENT INFRASTRUCTURE, PROMOTE INCLUSIVE AND SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIALIZATION AND FOSTER INNOVATION.
IndicatorsReportedon:
9.1.1Proportionoftheruralpopulationwholivewithin2kmofanall-seasonroad9.1.2Passengerandfreightvolumes,bymodeoftransport9.2.1ManufacturingvalueaddedasaproportionofGDPandpercapita9.2.2ManufacturingemploymentasaproportionoftotalemploymentIndicator
9.a.1Totalofficialinternationalsupport(officialdevelopmentassistanceplusotherofficialflows)toinfrastructure
Uganda is working to return to higher growth rates and move the country towards middle-in-come status. The development strategy is focusedon addressing infrastructure bottlenecks by buildinghydropowerplants,amodernroadnetwork,andrail-ways.Inaddition,Ugandaisdevelopingoilfieldswithan international consortium of oil companies. Thecrudeoilwill be transported to internationalmarketsviaapipelinethroughTanzaniaandsupplyaplanneddomestic refinery. The Government also recognizestherelevanceofsustainablewaterinfrastructureandhowitwillimprovepeople’slivesbyprovidingaccessto water and help managing scarce resources in asustainable manner. To strengthen the regulatoryenvironment,anumberoflegalandpolicyinstrumentshavebeenreviewed:theTollingPolicy2017,RoadsAct,2019,CivilAviationAct(Amended),2019,TrafficandRoadSafetyAct(Amended)2020.(MinistryofWorksandTransportProgressReport,2020).
Over the lastfiveyears, theGovernmenthascommittedto: increasethepavednational roadnetwork; improvetheconditionofpavedandunpavedroads; improve thesafetyof transportservices; increase thevolumeofairpassengerandcargotraffic;andincreasetheproportionoffreightcargoandpassengertrafficbyrail.Uganda’stotalroadnetworkstandsat159,364km,60ofwhich20,854kmarenationalroadsundertheUgandaNationalRoadsAuthority(UNRA),38,603kmaredistrictroads,79,947kmarecommunityaccessroads,and19,959kmareundertheUrbanMunicipal,TownCouncilsandKCCA.Of the totalnational roadnetwork,4,971km(23.8percent)arepaved.
Since2015, severalprojectshavebeen implementedunder thesector,especially in theupgradingof roads totarmac.
60 WorksandTransportAnnualSectorPerformanceReportFY2018/19
H.E. The President commissioning the road equipment procured from Japan
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Notwithstanding theerraticclimatechangesaffectingmost infrastructureprojects,most roadshavebeenmain-tainedingoodcondition,upfrom78.5percentinFY2015/16to93percentinFY2018/19.
FIGURE 23: PROPORTION OF NATIONAL ROADS IN FAIR TO GOOD CONDITION FYS 2015/16-2018/19
78.5% 80%
97% 93%85%
71% 70%
83%75%
80%
0.0%
20.0%
40.0%
60.0%
80.0%
100.0%
FY 2015/16 FY 2016/17 FY 2017/18 FY 2018/19 NDP II 2020 Target
% of Paved Roads % of Unpaved Roads
Source: Sector Annual Performance Report FY 2017/18 & UNRA Q4 Report FY 2018/19
TheGovernmentisimplementingseveralprojectstorehabilitate,upgradeandmaintainroadsacrossthecountry.Inaddition,ithasprocuredroadequipmentfromJapananddistributedittoallLocalGovernmentswiththeaimofmaintainingalldistrictsroads.Itisalsocommittedtomaintainingover2,500kmofpavedand10,000kmofunpavedroadsannually,whichisbeingimplementedbyUgandaNationalRoadsAuthority.
Intheaviationsector,thenumberofairtraffic(international,transitanddomestic)passengershasincreasedsteadilysince2015,from1.5millionto1.94millioninFY2018/19.Airtrafficcargohasalsoincreasedoverthesameperiod,from56,465tonsinFY2015/16to62,127tonsinFY2018/19.Uganda’stargetistoincreasethevolumeofinterna-tionalairpassengertrafficto2.16millionandaircargoto77,875tons,whichcouldbeachievedwiththeongoingrehabilitationofEntebbeInternationalAirport.61Figure24belowshowsthegrowthinairtrafficovertheyears.
FIGURE 24: AIR TRANSPORT PASSENGERS AND FREIGHT CARGO TRAFFIC 2015/16-2018/19
No. of Passengers Cargo (Tonnes) Linear (No. of Passengers)
1,505,5051,607,628
1,727,314
1,949,2732,160,000
56,465 59,556 62,093 62,127 77,875
FY 2015/16 FY 2016/17 FY 2017/18 FY 2018/19 NDP II 2020 Target
Source: UBOS Statistical Abstract, 2017
61 GAPR2019,p.130
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RenovationworktoEntebbe–Uganda’sinternationalairport–isisnearingcompletionandincludesanewcargocentrecomplex,newpassengerterminalandrehabilitationworkstorunwaysandtaxiways.Newairports are also under construction.Phase1 ofKabaaleairportiscompletedanditisplannedtocommenceoper-ationsin2021.TwoBombardierCRJ900aircraftsweredeliveredtotheNationalcarrierandbegancommercialoperationsinAugust2019.62
Revitalizationand re-equippingof theEastAfricanCivilAviationAcademy,Soroti isunderway,whiledevelopmentandupgradingofArua,Gulu, Jinja,Kasese andSoroti airfields is alsomakingprogress,whichwillboostdomesticflights.
Water transport has long contributed to Uganda’s growth. TheGovernment is in the process of constructing a new Port andmodernizing and rehabilitating existing ones. By March 2020,Government had operationalized new ferries and developed 5landingsites–Namasale-Zengebe(MV-Kyoga2),Wanseko-Pa-nyimur,Namasale-Lwampanga,SiguluIsland,andKumi–KatakwiFerry(LakeBisina).
In NDPIII, the Government has prioritized the rejuvenation ofrailwaytransport.FeasibilitystudiesforStandardGaugeRailwayhavebeen completed, rehabilitation of theMeter gauge railwaylineisunderway,andRailwayPassengerServicesarealsobeingrevived. In Greater Kampala Metropolitan Areas, the averagenumber of passengers per month is 40,000,(i.e. 480,000 perannum).(MinistryofWorksandTransport,2020)
On road transport, the Government undertook construction ofOneStopBorderPosts(OSBPs)tofacilitatefasterbordercrossingandclearanceprocesses, improvecross-bordertrade,andeasethemovementofgoodsandpassengers.Malaba,Busia,MiramaHills,MutukulaandEleguOSBPswerecompletedandareoper-ational.Katuna,Goli,NtorokoPortLandingSiteOSBPsareunderconstruction,andBunaganaandMpondweOSBPsareplannedforconstruction.
Uganda is also realizing an increase in the value added as aproportionofGDPandpercapita.Manufacturingactivitiesgrewby7.1percentin2018/19comparedwith4.6percentin2017/18.Thisgrowthwasattributedtogoodperformanceinthemanufactureofdairyproducts(27.1percent);theprocessingandpreservationoffish(24.3percent);theprocessingandpreservationofmeat(21.0percent);andthemanufactureofgoodsmadeofconcrete,cementandplaster (20.3percent).However, over thesameperiod, themanufactureofcoffee registeredadeclineof26.3percent.Thebiggest contributors to the manufacturing industry were grainmillingandstarchproducts(11.6percent),furniture(11.1percent),pharmaceutical products (8.5 percent) and the processing andpreservationofmeat(7.0percent),whichtogethercontributed40percenttototalmanufacturingin2018/19.
62 SeeGAPR,2018,p.131
Malaba one stop border post
Launch of Uganda airlines by H.E. the President
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 54
Employmentinindustryaccountedfor7.527percentoftotalemploymentin2019.SeeTable8forthepercentageofemployeesindifferentindustriesandservices.
TABLE 8: SHARE OF UGANDAN EMPLOYEES BY MAIN ACTIVITY OF ESTABLISHMENT AND YEAR (%)
YEARUGANDAN EMPLOYEES
MAIN ACTIVITY OF ESTABLISHMENT 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015Manufacturing 7.1 7.1 7.3 8.1 7.7 7.9Trade & Repairs 3.0 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.7Transportation & Storage 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.6Accommodation & Food service Activities 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.3 3.4 3.6Financial & Insurance Activities 1.4 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.7 1.7Professional, Scientific & Technical Activities 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.7 0.8Administrative & Support Service Activities 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.8Public Administration 4.7 4.8 4.5 4.4 8.8 8.5Education 73.1 73.3 73.2 71.5 67.5 66.7Human Health & Social Work Activities 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.2Arts, Entertainment & Recreation 2.0 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.3 1.2Other Service Activities 0.9 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.3 1.4Total 100 100 100 100 100 100Number 698,800 732,900 761,700 820,900 918,400 1,011,600
Source: Manpower Survey, 2018
Overall,manufacturingproduction is largely for thedomesticmarket,withmanufacturedexportscontributinganaverageofabout11percentoftotalexports.TheimprovementinexportperformanceislargelytheresultofnewmarketopportunitiesintheDemocraticRepublicofCongo,Sudan,andRwanda.63
Thetotalofficialdevelopmentassistance toUganda(grantsand loans forallprojects/interventions)grewby83percentfromUS$798.8millionin2015toUS$1,438.9millionin2019.Overthelastfiveyears,loansacquisitionbyGovernmenthasgrownby145percentfromUS$531.3millionin2015toUS$1,301.6millionin2019,whilegrantsreducedby49percentfromUS$267.5millionandUS$137.3million.SeeFigure25below.
FIGURE 25: OFFICIAL DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE TO UGANDA 2015–2019
267.
5
272.
0
201.
4
206.
5
137.
3
531.
3
1,00
3.9
1,00
3.0
1,29
8.9
1,30
1.6
798.
8
1,27
6.0
1,20
4.4
1,50
5.5
1,43
8.9
0
200.0
400.0
600.0
800.0
1,000.0
1,200.0
1,400.0
1,600.0
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Grants (US$ m) Loans (US$ m) Total (US$ m)
Source: MoFPED, 2020
63 MariosObwonaetal.(2008)The evolution of industry in Uganda,BrookingsInstitute,WashingtonD.C.
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT55
TheUgandaneconomyhasreceivedaboostfromthetelecommunicationssectorwithgrowthinthemobilenetwork. Theproportionofthepopulationwithmobilenetworksubscriptionsgrewfrom57percentin2015to63.5percentin2019.SeeFigure26below.
FIGURE 26: PROPORTION OF POPULATION COVERED BY A MOBILE NETWORK, BY TECHNOLOGY
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
57.2%
62.6%
66.1%
62.7%
63.5%0.93%
1.01%
0.69%
0.48%0.36%
0.00%
0.20%
0.40%
0.60%
0.80%
1.00%
1.20%
52.0%
54.0%
56.0%
58.0%
60.0%
62.0%
64.0%
66.0%
68.0%
PERC
ENT F
IXED
LINE
S SUB
CRIP
TION
S
PERC
ENT M
OBIL
E NET
WOR
KSU
BSCR
IPTI
ONS
% mobile subscriptions % �xed lines subcriptions
Source: Uganda Communication Commission (2015-2019)
Therewere25.6millionmobilenetworksubscriptionsin2019comparedwith20.2millionin2015.Areductionin2018wasattributedtothedeactivationofunregisteredSIMsinthedifferentnetworksaspartofadeliberategovern-mentefforttocleanuptheindustryandreducetelecom-relatedcrimes.Theproportionofthepopulationsubscribingtofixedlinescontinuedtodropfrom0.93percentin2015to0.36percentin2019.
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4.10 GOAL 10: REDUCE INEQUALITY WITHIN AND AMONG COUNTRIES
Indicators reported on
NoSDGindicatorshavedatapointscurrently
Thereisgrowingconsensusthateconomicgrowthisnotsufficienttoreducepovertyifitisnotinclusiveandifitdoesnotinvolvethethreedimensionsofsustainabledevelopment–economic,social,andenvironmental.Indeed,SDG10enjoinscountriestoreduceinequalitywithinandamongcountries.ItisimperativefordevelopingcountrieslikeUgandatobuildfairerandmoreinclusiveeconomies.InUganda,aswellasintheEAC,thereareframeworksforsupportingtheachievementofSDG10.Forinstance,Uganda’sVision2040emphasizesbalanceddevelopmentthroughensuringthatallregionsofthecountrybenefitfromgrowthofthenationaleconomy.ThegoaloftheEAC’sVision2050(Chapter2section2.4)istohaveadeveloped,stableandcompetitiveregionalblocthatwillensure“enhancedinclusivenessindevelopmentandsocio-economictransformation”.
AtthestartoftheSDGperiod,Ugandaenjoyedabuoyanteconomicgrowthrateof7percentperannumoverthetwodecadesspanning the late1990sand theearly2000s.Thiswas inpartdue toprudentmacro-stabilizationpoliciesandarapidworkforceexpansionintheearly2000s,andmodestfactorproductivity.However,Uganda’seconomicgrowthhasbeenlowerinrecentyears,averagingjust5.1percentin2016and2019.64 This growth trend isalso2–3percentbelowthe7percentgrowthtrendperceivedasnecessaryfortheattainmentofSDG8.1,whichfocuseson increasingeconomicgrowth.Thedifferencebetweenactualandpotential (outputgap)hasnegativeimplicationsforUganda’sambitiousmiddle-incometargetby2040.
Despitetheeconomicgrowthachievedsofar,Uganda’smarket-drivengrowthhasseenonlyafewpeoplebene-fitingfromthecountry’seconomicgrowth.EvidencefromtheUNHS2016/17indicatesthattherichest10percentofUganda’spopulationenjoyoverone-third(33.5percent)ofnationalincome.Thisproportionhasgrownbynearly20percentoverthepasttwodecades.Thebottom40percenttakelessthanone-fifth(16.4percent)ofthenationalincome,andtheproportionhasfallenbyover10percentoverthelasttwodecades.TheGini-coefficientrosefrom0.365in1992to0.42in2016.Between2006and2016,theGinicoefficientgrewatanannualrateof0.2percent,implyingthatundercurrentcircumstances,inequalitywillcontinuetoriseandisexpectedtoreach0.429in2030.Ifinequalitycontinuestorise,morepeoplewillbeexcludedfromhumandevelopmentgains.Accordingtothe2019HumanDevelopmentreport,inequalityreducedUganda’shumandevelopmentvaluebyover27percentin2018.InequalityisabigobstacletoachievingSDG10asitaffectscriticaldevelopmentdimensionsandincreasesvulner-abilitytopoverty.Undercurrentcircumstances,thevulnerablepopulationisprojectedtoincreaseto30.6millionby2030.Accompanyingtherecentriseinpovertyisgrowingincomeinequality.
Highinequalityhasindeedweakenedthegrowthpovertylinkage.Forexample,aswellastheshareofagriculturetoGDPdeclining,itsgrowthratehasalsobeendeclining,growingbyjust4percentin2015andhavingnegativegrowthof-0.3percentin2016.Giventhelargenumberofpeoplethesectoremploys,andahighpopulationgrowthrate,thisdeclininggrowthrateinagriculturehasimplicationsforpovertyandinequality.Forinstance,therecentreversal inpoverty trends, especially in the sub-regionsofBukedi,Busoga,TesoandBunyoro, is attributed toheavy relianceonsubsistence rain-fedagricultureas theonlyeconomicactivity.Significantnumbersofpeoplein thesesub-regionsdependonsubsistenceagricultureas theirmainsourceof livelihood, forexample:Bukedi(73.5percent),Busoga(71.1percent),andTeso(81.7percent).Inaddition,povertyinBukediregionisattributedtolowfarmoutputduetopestsanddiseases.InBusogaandBunyororegions,thesmallsizeoffarmsforsugar-canegrowingishighlylikelytobecontributingtotheincreaseinpoverty.ThehighpovertylevelsinKaramojaareattributedtoharshweatherconditions,aswellaspooragriculturalandculturalpractices.65
64 UBOS(2019).RebasedGDPEstimates-2016/17ReferencePeriod.65 UNHS2016/17
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Uganda also recognizes gender inequality and its significance in disadvantage.Whilemorewomen thanmenareemployedintheagriculturalsector,constitutingover70percentoftheagriculturalworkforce,theyownonly7percentoftheland.Inwagedjobsinthepublicsector,theaveragepayforwomenis40percentlessthanitisformen.66
Thesewidegenderdisparitiespresentamajorchallengeforthecountryandrequiresoundpoliciestoempowerlower-incomeearners,andpromoteeconomic inclusionofall regardlessof sex, raceorethnicity.Someof thesuggested actions relate to implementing programmes that support social protection, and investing in regionaldevelopmenttoaccelerateequitable,regionaleconomicgrowthanddevelopment.Inaddition,theGovernmentwillenactlegislationthatsupportswomen’sownershipofcriticalproductionfactorssuchasland,andalsoaccesstotechnologiesthatimproveagriculturalproductivityandreducelabourintensivework.Itwillalsofocusonpoliciesthatpromoteinclusivegrowthandcreatejobsforthelowersegmentsofsociety.
66 UgandaNationalHouseholdSurvey2016/17
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4.11 GOAL 11: MAKE CITIES AND HUMAN SETTLEMENTS INCLUSIVE, SAFE, RESILIENT AND SUSTAINABLE
Indicators Reported on: 11.1.1Proportionofurbanpopulationlivinginslums,informalsettlementsorinadequatehousing
Ugandaisundergoingrapidpopulationgrowthand,likemanyothercountries,isexperiencingrapidurbanization.Thecountryhasapopulationof42millionandahighpopulationgrowthrateof3.2percent–makingitoneofthefastest-growingpopulationsinAfrica.Thisrapidpopulationgrowthhasseriousimplicationsintermsofdemandforland,housing,water,health,education,jobsandurbanservices,aswellasimpactsontheenvironment.
Most of this growthhasbeen in secondary towns suchasHoima–10.7percent,Mbarara–8.6percent, andMukono–10.4percent.67TheGreaterKampalaMetropolitanAreahasthehighesturbanpopulation,representingover50percentofUganda’stotalurbandwellers.It isprojectedthatbytheyear2035,Uganda’spopulationwillhavegrownto68.4million,30percentofwhichwillbe inurbanareas.Currently,Uganda’surbanpopulation is24.4percentofthetotalpopulation,withurbanizationoccurringatarateof5.7percentannually.68ItisthesecriticalmetricsthatmakeGoal11importantfortheattainmentoftheSDGs.
Ahighproportionoftheurbanpopulationlivesinslumsandinformalsettlementsorinadequatehousing.In2014,theproportionofpeoplelivinginslumsstoodat53percent.Kampalahasremainedtheprimaryurbancentre,butsmallerurbanareasaregrowingfaster,withtheproportionofKampalacitytothetotalurbanpopulationdecliningfrom41percentin1991to25percentin2014.69Between2002and2014,Wakisotowncouncilshowedthehighestgrowth rate (11.9 percent), followedbyHoima (10.7 percent),Mukono (10.4percent),Masindimunicipality (8.9percent),Mbarara(8.6percent)andKasese(5.3percent).70
Well-managedurbanizationcanstimulateeconomicgrowthandproductivejobsforUganda’syoungandrapidly-ex-pandingpopulation.71Theurbancentresandcitiesaredrivingtheexpansionofproductivebusinessesbyreducingthedistancebetweensuppliersandmarkets.72Urbanizationisalsocontributingpositivelytotheprovisionofsocialservicesandinfrastructurethrougheconomiesofscale.Thesepositiveeffectsofurbanizationarealreadyvisible,withpovertylevels7percentlowerinurbanareasthantheyareinruralareas.73
Uganda’shousingpolicy ispremisedon theprincipleofpartnership, involvingallstakeholders– theMinistryofHousingonbehalfofGovernment,theprivatesector,landowners,financialinstitutions,cooperatives,andindivid-uals–toworkprogressivelytoprovideadequatehousingforall.Inits2016NationalHousingPolicy,theGovern-mentestimatesthatUgandahasabout7.3millionhouseholdslivingin6.2millionhousingunitswithanaveragehouseholdsizeof4.7persons.Thenationaloccupancydensity isestimatedat1.1householdperhousingunit,givingatotalbacklogof710,000housingunits.Thereisalsoanestimatedbacklogof900,000housingunitsasaresultofsub-standardhousesandstructuresthatwerenevermeantforhumanhabitation.74Theannualneedfornewhousingfortheentirecountryisestimatedat200,000units,ofwhich135,000areinruraland65,000inurbanareas,resultingfromthepopulationgrowthof3.0percentand5.7percenturbanizationperyear.Theestimatedconstructionrateofreasonablygoodhousesisestimatedat40,000housingunitsinruralareasand20,000inurban
67 UBOS,201668 See https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ug.html69 KampalaCityCouncilAuthority(2014)Strategic Plan 2014/15-2018/19: Laying a Foundation for Kampala City Trans-
formation,KCCA,Kampala70 MLHUD(2016)71 SeeWorldBankEconomicUpdates(variousyears)72 UNHabitat(2006),Situation Analysis of Informal Settlements in Kampala;UN-Habitat,Nairobi73 UBOSStatisticalAbstract,201874 MinistryofLands,HousingandUrbanDevelopment(2016)TheUgandaNationalHousingPolicy,Adequate Housing for All:
MLHUD,Kampala
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areas.Thiscreatesadeficitof140,000housesnationallyofwhich95,000areinruralareasand45,000inurbanareas.Thisshortagedoesnotincludethebacklogof1,600,000housingunitscarriedforward.75
AccesstoPublicTransportplaysacrucialroleinconnectingpeopletogoods,servicesandopportunitiesforsocialand economic advancement, and in fostering development. In relation to the proportion of the populationwithconvenientaccesstopublictransport,bysex,ageandpersonswithdisabilities(PWDs),householdswithnoPWDshadslightlyhigherownershipratesofmotorvehiclesandmotorcyclesthanthosewithPWDs.Theproportionofhouseholdsthatreportedowningamotorvehicleamonghouseholdsheadedbynon-PWDs(4.3percent)wasmorethantwicethatofthoseheadedbypersonswithmultipledisabilities(1.8percent).Relatedly,differencesexistedwhenownershipofamotorcyclewasconsidered,withsome10percentofhouseholdsheadedbypersonswithoutadisabilityhavingaccesstoamotorcyclecomparedwith6percentofothercounterparts.Nomajordifferencesexisted,however,inbicycleownershipandwheelchairownership,probablybecauseofthelowpriceoftheseformsof transport.76
Citizens’ participation in urban planning.Although Indicator 11.3.2 on the proportion ofcities with a structure enabling civil society toparticipate democratically in urban planningandmanagement is not tracked specifically inUganda, a good practice example was imple-mented in the development of the KampalaCity Strategic Plan. The priority concerns ofcitizensandvisitorstoKampalawerecollectedat various strategy development engagementsandformedthefoundationofthestrategy.Thestrategyindicatedthattheseissueswouldgoontoformthebasisforthedevelopmentofaciti-zens’ charter. The strategy alsomentions thatservicedeliverywillbeamongthekeyparame-terstobeassessedaspartofacitizens’satis-factionsurvey.
Ugandaappreciates that the conditions that haveallowed the challengesof urbanization toexist have seriouspolicyimplicationsthatrequireintervention. Thesechallengesinclude:uncoordinatedplanninganddevelopmentleadingtouncontrolledsprawlingofthemajortowns;ayouthbulgeinurbanareas;thegrowthofslumsandinformalsettlements,dilapidatedhousing,andpoorsanitation;privatizationofurbandevelopmentwithoutprovidingpublicspace and connectivity; andweaknesses in administration, institutions, legal normative framework and overallplanning.Uganda’sVision2040has thereforesetout tocontrolurbansprawling through legislation, integratedphysicalplanningandstrictdevelopmentcontrol.Overtime,theGovernmentwillincreasethedensityofsettlementbyconstructinghighrisebuildings.Thiswillinvolveadoptingwell-planned,high-densitysettlementforKampalaandmedium-densitysettlementfortheregionalandstrategiccities.77
FollowingtheNewUrbanAgendaadoptedatthe68thPlenaryMeetingofthe71stSessionoftheGeneralAssembly,heldon23December2016insupportoftheSDG11thatcallsforcitiestobeinclusive,safe,resilientandsustain-able.TheSafeCitiesFreeofViolenceagainstWomenandGirls,discrimination was initiated inKampalaandsurroundingtowncouncilsthatsufferedtheeffectsofthewomenmurders.TheSafeCitiesandPublicspacesaimstoensurethat;womenandgirlsaresocially,economicallyandpoliticallyempoweredinpublicspaceswhicharefreefromsexualharassmentandotherformsofsexualviolence,areprotectedsocially,economicallyandpoliticallybyimplementingGender-Responsivelocallyownedinterventions,adoptionandenforcementoflaws&policestopreventandrespondtoVAWG,investinginSafety&economicviabilityofSafeCitiesandSafePublicspacesandchangingsocialattitudesandbehaviorsthatfuelsexualharassmentandviolenceagainstwomeninpublicspaces.
75 Ibid,p.1076 UBOS(2019)The National Population and Housing Census 2014 – National Analytical Report on persons with disabilities,
UBOS,Kampala.77 Vision2040,p.51
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 60
4.12 GOAL 12: ENSURE SUSTAINABLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION
Indicators Reported 12.1.1 Numberofcountrieswithsustainableconsumptionandproductionnationalactionplansorsustainableconsumptionandproductionmainstreamedasapriorityoratargetintonationalpolicies
12.b.1 Implementationofstandardaccountingtoolstomonitortheeconomicandenvironmentalaspectsoftourismsustainability
12.3.1 Globalfoodlossindex12.6.1 Numberofcompaniespublishingsustainabilityreports
Tooperationalizetheprinciplesofgreengrowth78espousedinthe2030Agenda,Uganda’sVision2040andNDPII,theGovernmentdevelopedtheUgandaGreenGrowthDevelopmentStrategy(2017/18–2030/31)anditsimple-mentationroadmap.79Thestrategyidentifiescatalyticinvestmentareasforprioritizationinthetransitiontowardsa green economy. These include sustainable agriculture production; natural capital management with a focuson tourismdevelopment; sustainable forestry,wetlands, andoptimalwater resourcemanagement; green cities(planned urbanization); and sustainable transport and energy for green growth. Investment in green economyinterventions isexpectedtocontributetoeradicatingpovertyaswellassustainingeconomicgrowth,enhancingsocialinclusion,improvinghumanwelfare,andcreatingopportunitiesforemploymentanddecentworkforall,whilemaintainingthehealthyfunctioningoftheecosystems.80
Uganda is party to Multilateral EnvironmentAgreements (MEAs). These include the Convention on BiologicalDiversity,StockholmConvention,BaselConvention,MinamataConvention,andtheViennaConvention/MontrealProtocol.TheMEAsaremainstreamed/integratedintotheGovernment’smedium-termandannualplansandareimplementedthroughKeyPerformanceAreas.81
UgandahasalsodevelopedandadoptedtheGreenGrowthDevelopmentStrategy(UGGDS).Threeprogrammesinthecurrentstrategicplanfocusonconservation,notablyresourceconservationandmanagement,researchandecologicalmonitoringandcommunityconservation.Thegovernmenthassupportedtheprivatesectortoensureenvironmental complianceandsustainability throughcomplianceassistanceandenforcement.This reflects theincreaseddemandfornaturalresourcesthathasdefinedthepastdecades,resultinginanundueburdenonenvi-ronmentalresources.82Thisimpliesthaturgentactionisneededbyallcountriesaroundtheworld.
Toimplementthestandardaccountingtoolstomonitortheeconomicandenvironmentalaspectsoftourismsustain-ability,theUgandaWildlifeAuthorityadoptednewfinancialreformsthatincludeanintegratedFinancialManage-mentandRevenuecollectionsystemunderthebroaderGovernmentIntegratedFinancialManagementSystem.StatisticsonWildlifePopulationwereupdatedanddisseminatedintheStatusofUgandaWildlifeResourcereportinJune2019.Thisisamajorfactorinenablingthetrackingandprotectionoftheprimatepopulation.TheUgandaWildlifeAuthorityhasbalanceditsfocustoavoidconcentrationonlyonrevenuecollectionandincludetheconser-vationof tourismfor futuregenerations.Outof thesixstrategicprogrammes in thecurrentstrategicplan, threeare focusedon conservation, notably: resource conservation andmanagement; researchandecologicalmoni-toring;andcommunityconservation.Tourismdevelopmentandfinancialsustainabilityistheonlyprogrammethatisfocusedoneconomicandrevenueactivities.
78 IntheUgandacontext,asasystemordevelopmentparadigmthataimsatcatalyzingeconomicgrowththroughtheefficientuseofthecountry’snatural,human,andphysicalcapital inaninclusivemanneralongalowcarbonemissions,climateresilientdevelopmentpathway(UGGDS).
79 NPA(2018)UgandaGreenGrowthStrategy80 GoU(2010)UgandaVision204081 NEMAAnnualReport,201982 SeeSecretaryGeneralSDGProgressReport,2019
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT61
2007
: RE
NEW
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POLI
CY
2010
: NA
TION
AL D
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NT
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(201
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2013
: UG
ANDA
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Source: UGGDS: Implementation Roadmap
TheGovernment isbuildingcapacity inpostharvesthandling. In2019,farmerswere trained inpost-harvest technologies. Inaddition,apesti-cideresiduemonitoringplanwasdeveloped,outofwhichtwoheattreat-mentplantstomitigateaflatoxinsinsimsim,chiaseedsandcocoabeforeshipmentwereconstructedinMukono(PIRT,2020).
Asameansofreducingrelianceonrain-fedagricultureandmitigatingtheimpactofclimatechange,theGovernmentispromotingandfacilitatingirrigation, including solar powered irrigation and rainwater harvesting.Through the National Environment ManagementAuthority (NEMA), ithasengagedtheprivatesectorandcivilsocietywiththeaimofensuringthatenvironmentalconcernsare integrated in theirdevelopmentplanstofostersustainableenvironmentmanagementpractices.NEMA,LocalGovernmentsandCSOs/NGOshavebeenempoweredtofollow-uponthePresidentialdirectiveon theevictionofabusers,and tooperation-alizetheenvironmentaltribunalsthathandleenvironmentaldegradation.
Next steps • Investmentinthetourismsectortoenhanceresearchandthe
marketingofUganda’stourismpotentialaswellasconservation.
• Effectiveintegrationandmainstreamingofbiodiversityatbothnationalandlocalgovernmentlevelsduringdevelopmentplanningandbudgetingprocesses.
• Fasttrackingimplementationofpolicyandlegalreformsforbiodi-versityconservationinUganda,forexampletheNationalEnviron-mentManagementPolicyandtheNationalEnvironmentAct2019,andotherrelevantsectorpoliciesandlawssuchastheNationalGeneticEngineeringAct,2019.
• UnderNDPIII,theGovernmentwillundertakeappliedresearchandinnovationonsustainableconsumptionandproductiontoensureresource-useefficiencytoreducedomesticmaterialconsumptionpercapita.
Government has supported the private sector to ensure environmental compliance and sustainability through compliance assistance and enforcement.
This has led to the establishment of effective systems and mechanisms for environmental compliance and sustainability with industries, including:• Sugar Corporation of Uganda
Limited (SCOUL) and Kakira Sugar Works Cement (Tororo and Hima,)
• Nile and Uganda breweries
• Food processing (Britannia and Harris International)
• Oil and gas
• Uganda Battery Limited.
Internal regulatory policies and systems have been developed and new technologies acquired, e.g. effluent treatment plants (ETPs) to ensure environmental compliance. (NEMA Annual Report, 2019)
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 62
4.13 GOAL 13: CLIMATE ACTION
Indicators Reported on:13.1.2 Number of deaths, missing persons and persons affected by disaster per 100,000 people13.2.1 Establishment or operationalization of an integrated policy/strategy/plan which increases their ability to adapt to the adverse impacts of climate change, and foster climate resilience and low greenhouse gas emissions development in a manner that does not threaten food production (including a national adaptation plan, nationally determined contribution, national communication, biennial update report or other)13.3.1 Level of integrated mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning into primary, secondary, and tertiary curricula13.3.2 Strengthening of institutional, systemic, and individual capacity building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions.
SDG13focusesmainlyonaddressingtheneedsofdevelopingcountriestobothadapttoclimatechangeandinvestinlow-carbondevelopmentandtoimproveawarenessraising,educationandinstitutionalandhumancapacityonmitigation,impactreduction,earlywarning,andadaptationtoclimatechange.
TheGovernmentofUgandaacknowledgestheneedforrisk-informeddevelopmentasaprocessandnotanevent.Indeed, the development process considers climate changeas oneof the potential risks to sustainable devel-opment.Likemanyothercountries,Ugandahasnotbeensparedfromtheincreasingfrequencyandintensityofextremeweathereventssuchasheatwaves,droughts,floods,andtropicalcyclones.Thishasaggravatedwatermanagementproblems,reducingagriculturalproductionandfoodsecurity,increasinghealthrisks,damagingcrit-icalinfrastructure,interruptingtheprovisionofbasicservicesincludingwaterandsanitation,education,energy,andtransport,andincreasingpovertyandinequality.
Uganda is ranked the15thmostvulnerableand49th least readycountry,particularly tohydro-meteorologicalhazards,83 impedingthe country’s capacity to realize its full development potential.About 7 percent and 40 percent of the country are highly andmoderately susceptible to drought, respectively. As a result, in2016 Uganda experienced prolonged droughts that have beenlargely blamed for an increase in poverty from 19.7 percent in2012/13 to 21.4 percent in 2016/17. In 2019–2020, the countryisexperiencingextremeweatherconditionsthathaveresultedinfloodingand lossof lifeandsourcesof livelihood,especially forpeople living in themountainous areas of Bududa, Bundibugyoand Kasese. The 2016 drought left over 5 million people foodinsecurewhiledivertingasignificantamountof resourcesawayfromdevelopment interventions.However, riskmanagement practices (before it happens) are scanty,with lowlevelsofriskmanagementcapacitiesatalllevels.Thecountryneedstoimproveitsadaptivecapacitiesandresil-ience.Riskandevidence-basedplanningcanbestrengthened.Effectiveinstitutionalstructuresandframeworksformanagingdisastersandrecoveryneedtobeinplaceandbackedwithproactiveinvestmentinadaptationandmitigationmeasures.Climatechangeanddisasterriskreductionconsiderationscanalsobebetterintegratedintothemanagementoftheenvironmentandnaturalresources.
83 HazardsthatUgandaisexposedtoinclude:drought,floods,landslides,earthquakes,lightening,hailstorms,windstorms,fires, conflicts, bothhumanand livestockepidemics, croppest infestations, etc– source https://gain.nd.edu/our-work/country-index/2019
During the U-report VNR survey May 2020; 7 in every 10 young people reported having experienced at least one range of climate-related effects over the last two years, the most common being: excess rain that damaged crops (29%), prolonged drought (25%) and floods and mud slides (15%). Only 47% of the young people said they were engaged in climate mitigation activities
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Basedon the preamble ofAgenda2030 for sustainable development,which focuseson the plan of action forpeople, planet and prosperitythroughpeace and partnership,theGovernmentofUgandahasintegratedenviron-mentandnatural resourcesmanagement,adaptationandmitigationofclimatechange in itsNationalDevelop-mentFramework.Measuresincludetherestorationofdegradedfragileecosystemsandthepromotionofclimateactionsforecosystemandsocietyresilience(adaptationmeasures),emissionreduction(mitigationmeasures),anddisasterriskreductionandmanagement.
Whiletherearepositivestepsintermsofclimatefinanceflowsandthedevelopmentofnationallydeterminedcontri-butions, farmoreambitiousplansandacceleratedactionareneededonmitigationandadaptation.Theannualaverageeconomic losses fromclimate-relateddisastersare in thehundredsofbillionsofdollars.This isnot tomentionthehumanimpactofgeo-physicaldisasters,whichare91percentclimaterelated.SupportingvulnerableregionswilldirectlycontributenotonlytoGoal13butalsototheotherSDGs.Theseactionsmustalsogohandinhandwitheffortstointegratedisasterriskmeasures,sustainablenaturalresourcemanagementandhumansecurityinnationaldevelopmentstrategies.
Insomefragileecosystems,suchasmountainslopescoupledwithpoorlandusepractices,heavyrainsleadtolandslidesandmudslides,causinglossoflifeandlivestock,damagetoproperty,anddisruptiontotheeconomy.Forexample,in2010thelandslidesonthedeforestedslopesofMt.ElgonhadanemergencycostofUS$1.2million.By2019,anaverageof150deaths,missingpersonsanddirectlyaffectedpersonsper100,000peoplewereattributedtodisasters(OPM,2019).Itisestimatedthattherateofwetlanddegradationis70timestherestorationrate,trans-latingintodegradationof75,210ha(2–2.5percent)ofcriticalwetlandecosystemsperyear.Itisalsoprojectedthatby2040,thecountrywillhaveonly374,470ha(1.6percent)ofwetlandsleftifnoradicalmeasuresareputinplacetorestoretheir integrity.Deliberateinterventionshavebeenintroducedaimedat increasingthecountry’srapidlydecliningstockofwetlandsfromthecurrent10.9percentto12percentby2030throughtherestorationanddemar-cationofgazettedwetlands.
WhileUgandahasoneofthelowestpercapitacarbonemissions,estimatedat1.39tCO2e–farbelowtheglobalaverageofapproximately7.99tCO2e–andwithitscontributiontotheworld’stotalcarbonemissionestimatedatjust0.099percent,84 itshighvulnerability toglobalwarmingandclimatechange impacts justifies itsshort-andmedium-termfocusonmakingitsdevelopmentclimateresilient,whileatthesametimecontributingtoglobalmiti-gationefforts,anapproachthatisfullyreflectedintheStrategicProgrammeforClimateResilience.TheGovern-mentofUgandaisapartytomost internationalenvironmentalandclimatechangeagreementssuchastheUNFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC),KyotoProtocol,UNConventiononBiologicalDiversity,theConventiontoCombatDesertificationandMontrealProtocol.It isalsopartytoseveralrelevantregionaltreatieswhichthatvaluetotheintegrationofclimatechangeindevelopmentplanning.
To date, government investments in environment and naturalmanagement, and climate change adaption/miti-gation,haveresulted inbiodiversityaccountingforUS$63.9billionperyearaspartofUganda’snaturalcapital.Between2016and2019,theforestrysub-sectorcontributed3.5percentofGDPperannum,wetlandscontinuedtoprovidedomesticwaterestimatedatUS$34millionperannum,andrain-fedagriculturecontinuedtoaccountfor75percentofemployment(withwomenprovidingover50percentoflabour).In2017/18,mainlyduetobiodiversityconservation,tourismcontributedUS$1.3billiontonationalrevenue.TheNDPIIIpredictsthistorisetoUS$2.5–3.0billionby2025.
84 MinistryofWaterandEnvironment,CCD(2015).Uganda’s IntendedNationallyDeterminedContribution (INDC,2015):SubmittedtotheConferenceofParties2015(COP21)oftheUNFCCC
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Accordingtoavailablemeteorologicaldata,meancountrywideannualtemperatureshaverisenby1.3ºCsince1960,averaginga0.28ºCincreaseperdecade.Thenumberofaveragehotdaysandhotnightshasincreasedsignifi-cantly,whilethatofcolddayshasdecreased.Rainfallhasalsobecomemoreunpredictableandpoorlydistributed.Onsetsandcessationsofrainfallseasonshavebecomemoreerraticandrainfallhasbeenheavierandmoreviolentinrecentyears.Extremeweathereventssuchasdroughts,floodsandlandslidesareincreasinginfrequencyandintensity.TheimpactsofclimatechangecanthereforealreadybefeltinUganda,intheagriculture,waterandenvi-ronmentsectors(UgandaNationalActionPlan–AgricultureReport,2017).Themeteorologicalobservationnetworkcoverageimprovedfrom24percentin2015/16to56percentin2017/18.ForthepurposesofbeingISOcompliant,thecountry’srecentfocushasbeenonaeronauticalmeteorologyinordertoservetheaviationindustry,whileanadditional12synopticweatherstationshavebeenestablishedinthe16climatologicalzonesacrossthecountrytostrengthennationalearlywarningsystems.
The functionalityofweatherobservationstationshas improved,with60percentof stationscountrywideopera-tionalandsubmittingdatathroughout2018/19.Also,48percentofdistrictshadfunctioningearlywarningsystemsin2018/19,upfrom28percentin2016/17.AsthecountrypreparestoenactaClimateChangeBill,theNationalDeterminedConditionsforclimatechangeadaptationandmitigationhavefocusedonagriculture(sustainablelandmanagement, climate-smart agriculture and livestock breeding), forestrywater, energy efficiency, infrastructureresilienceandsustainability,health,riskmanagement,disasterriskreductionandmanagement,andanincreaseinwetlandcoveragefrom10.9percentin2016to12percentby2030.Notably,Uganda’sambitiousNationallyDeter-minedContribution(NDC)emissionreductiontargetis22percentby2030.
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4.14 GOAL 14: CONSERVE AND SUSTAINABLY USE THE OCEANS, SEAS, AND MARINE RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Indicators Reported on:14.4.1Proportionoffishstockswithinbiologicallysustainablelevels14.b.1Degreeofapplicationofalegal/regulatory/policy/institutionalframeworkwhichrecognizesandprotectsaccessrightsforsmall-scalefisheries.
Overall,15.3percentofUganda’slandareaiscoveredbyopenfreshwatersources(rivers, lakes,streamsandswamps).The country’s total renewablewater resources (TRWR)amount to 66 cu kms.Fisheriesplaya veryimportantroleasafoundationforsubsistenceandcommerciallivelihoods.LakeVictoriaisbyfarthelargestandmosteconomicallysignificantof thenationalfisheries.However,other large lakes– includingGeorge,Edward,Albert,andKyoga,alongwith theRiverNileandagreatvarietyofminor lakesaround the large lakes (usuallyreferredtoas‘satellitelakes’),swampsandstreams–alsocontributesubstantiallytotheannualnationalcatch.ItisthereforeimperativethatUgandamanagesthesewaterbodiesinamannerthatpromotesthesustainableuseoftheseresources.Fisherieslegislationandregulationhasbeenharmonized,andaBilateralAgreementbetweenUgandaandtheDemocraticRepublicofCongo(DRC)onFisheriesManagementandDevelopmentwassignedduringthe7thUganda–DRCJointPermanentCommission(20October2018).
Overall,fisheryactivitiesalongthevaluechaincontribute3percenttonationalGDPand12percenttoUganda’sagriculturalGDP.Fisheriesplayacritical role in thesubsistenceand livelihoodsofmanyUgandanhouseholds,employingupto1.7millionpeopledirectlyandover3.5millionindirectly.Fishisasourceoffoodfor69percentofthetotalpopulation,andaccountsforover50percentofanimalproteinfood,withpercapitaconsumptionof10kg.
It is projected that capture fisheriesproductionwill increaseby530,000metric tonsby theendof 2020,whileaquacultureproductionisprojectedto300,000metrictons.Whilefishcontinuestocontributetoforeignexchange,theMinistryofAgriculture,AnimalIndustryandFisherieshasreportedacontinueddeclineinfishproductionfrom396,205metrictonsin2015to389,244metrictonsin2016.ThisisdueinparttoincreasedenforcementbytheFisheriesProtectionUnit.
Smallpelagicfishcontinuetomakeupthemaincatch,whilethechiefcommercialspeciescaughtonallthemainwaterbodiesincludeNileperch,TilapiaandMukene .85
A2018studyofUganda’snationalgenderprofileofagricultureandrurallivelihoodsindicatesthatfishingcontinuestobethepreserveofmen,whilewomendominatefishprocessingandtradinginmostpartsofthecountry.86AroundLakeVictoria,morethanhalf(57percent)ofwomenearnanincomepurelyfromthefishtrade,while43percentcombinefishtradingwithothersmallbusinessessuchasfoodvending.Thesepercentagescontrastsharplywiththose ofmen, though the trend is the same: three-quarters (74 percent) survive purely from fishing, while 24percentearnalivingbycombiningfishingwithotherbusinesses.87Despitewomen’simportanceandcontributiontotheartisanalfishingindustry,womenhavereceivedlittleattentionfrombothgovernmentandnon-governmentalorganizations.
85 MAAIF,2017,7386 FoodandAgriculturalOrganization(2018)National Gender Profile of Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods, FAO, Kampala87 Ibid,p.15
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TheGovernmentrecognizesthatadequatewaterresourcesarepivotalintheindustrializationofUgandaandthecreationofjobs,especiallyinthefrontlinesectorsofthenationaleconomy.88Ugandacontinuestofacechallengesrelatingtowaterqualityandpollution.Theseincludewaterbornediseases,increasesinsomeformsofcancer,theincreasedcostoftreatingdrinkingwater,theemergenceofweedssuchaswaterhyacinth,reducedfisheriesandimpairedwatertransport.89TheGovernmentisthereforeworkingontheregulationofwaterandsanitationservicestoensureabalancebetweenthecommercialobjectivesofefficientandsustainableserviceprovision,andthesocialobjectiveofprovidingaccessibleandaffordablewaterandsewerageservicesinruralandurbanareas.
Currentgovernmenteffortsfocuson:decreasingthelevelofpollutioninthelargewaterbodies;developingandimplementingecosystemmanagementandrestorationplans;andrestorationofthedegradedfragileecosystems(riverbanks,barehills,rangelandsandlakeshores).
Overthelast23years,wetlandscoveragehasdeclinedasaresultofincreasedpressurescausedbypopulationexplosion,industrialization,waterstressandclimatechangeeffects.Itisestimatedthatthecountryloses846km2ofitswetlandsannually,90andthattherateofwetlanddegradationis70timestherestorationrate,translatingintodegradationof75,210ha(2–2.5%)ofcriticalwetlandecosystemsperyear.Itisprojectedthatby2040,thecountrywillhavewithonly374,470ha(1.6%)ofwetlandsifnoradicalmeasuresareputinplacetorestoretheirintegrity.91
Someoftheinterventionsaimedat increasingthecountry’srapidlydecliningstockofwetlandsfromthecurrent10.9percentto12percentby2030andachievingSDG14includethedemarcation,restorationandgazettingofwetlands,andimplementinglegalandgovernancemechanismsforsustainablewetlandsmanagement.
Keyachievementsreportedin2019include:restorationof293.28haofdegradedwetlandsin9districts;demar-cationof185.4kmofwetlandboundariesdemarcatedin8districts;restorationof150haofdegradedriverbanksinMabiraCFRandbetweenIsimbaandOwenFalls;surveyinganddemarcationof42.7kmoftheExtendedKala-galaFallsShoreline;ongoingconstructionof5irrigationschemesinDoho-II(58.9%),Ngenge(64.8%),Mubuku-II(36.5%),Tochi(72.3%)andWadelai(29%);andthedistributionof4,293,404treeseedlingsinthe5irrigationcatch-mentsunderconstruction,tofacilitaterestorationofapproximately4,293haand120kmsofriverbanks.92
88 GAPR2019,p.8289 GAPR2019,p.8490 Ibid,p.1591 Ibid,p.1692 Seevariousagencypresentationsatthe2018JointSectorReviewathttps://www.mwe.go.ug/library/jsr-2019-presentations
andtheGAPR2019fordetailsofthesereportednumbers.
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4.15 GOAL 15: PROTECT, RESTORE AND PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE USE OF TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS, SUSTAINABLY MANAGE FORESTS, COMBAT DESERTIFICATION, HALT AND REVERSE LAND DEGRADATION AND HALT BIODIVERSITY LOSS
IndicatorsReportedon:
15.1.1Forestareaasaproportionoftotallandarea15.7.1Proportionoftradedwildlifethatwaspoachedorillicitlytrafficked
Thetotal forest reservearea inUganda isestimatedat1,277,684hectares,ofwhich99.6percent is located in506CentralForestReserveswhile therest isonLocalForestReserves.Between2016and2019, the forestrysub-sectorcontributed3.5percentofGDPperannum.Uganda’sforestsprovide88percentofthecountry’senergy,61percentoftourismincome,andjobsforabout1millionpeople.93
Thecountryisfacingasignificantthreattoitsforestcover,whichhasdeclinedfrom24percent(or4.9millionha)in1990to9percent(1.83millionha)in2018,accountingforalossof(lossof3millionha)injust25years.Studiesindicatethattherewillbenoforestsleftin40yearsifcurrenttrendscontinue.94
Thisextentofdegradationislargelyattributedtooverrelianceonbiomassforenergy.Evidencefromthe2016/17NationalHouseholdSurveyindicatesthatfirewoodandcharcoalconstitutethemainfuelforcookingfor94percentofhouseholds–64percentfirewoodand29.8percentcharcoal.95
Otherdriversofdegradationinclude,butarenotlimitedto,thegrowingdemandforagricultural land,populationpressure,urbanization,andincomepoverty.Additionally,existingpenaltiesandenforcementmechanismsareinad-equatetoaddressincreasingdeforestation.
Toavertdegradation,theGovernmenthasputinplaceseveralpolicies,legalandinstitutionalbodiestopromotetheconservationandsustainableuseofforestresources.Theseinclude:theNationalForestryPolicy2001;NationalForestryandTreePlantingAct2003; theForestrySectorSupportDepartment; theNationalForestryAuthority;DistrictForestryServices;andenforcementmeasures through theEnvironmentalProtectionPoliceUnit.About3,500haofdegradednaturalforestshavebeenrestored,about5,400haofthe60,000allocatedtocommercialtreeplantationsestablished,and950kmofexternalboundariesresurveyedandmarked.However,restorationhasnotkeptpacewiththeannuallossofforestcoverandlossofindividualtrees.Theseeffortswerecombinedwiththeaimtoreach6.5millionhouseholdswithefficientcharcoalandwoodstovesby2017,toreducetheamountofwoodandcharcoalusedforcooking.
93 GAPR,201994 See http://envalert.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/ENR-CSO-Network-Engagements-31July2019.pdf95 Firewood and charcoal combined constitute themain fuel for cooking for over 94 percent of households in Uganda.
Three-quartersofhouseholds(75percent)usefirewoodforcookingwhileoneineveryfivehouseholds(21percent)usecharcoal.
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4.16 GOAL 16: PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS
IndicatorsReportedon:
16.1.1Numberofvictimsofintentionalhomicideper100,000population,bysexandage16.1.4Proportionofpopulationthatfeelsafewalkingalonearoundtheareatheylive
16.2.1Proportionofchildrenaged1–17yearswhoexperiencedanyphysicalpunishmentand/orpsychologicalaggressionbycaregiversinthepastmonth
16.2.2Numberofvictimsofhumantraffickingper100,000population,bysex,ageandformofexploitation
16.2.3Proportionofyoungwomenandmenaged18‐29yearswhoexperiencedsexualviolencebyage18
16.3.1Proportionofvictimsofviolenceintheprevious12monthswhoreportedtheirvictimizationtocompetentauthoritiesorotherofficiallyrecognizedconflictresolutionmechanisms
16.3.2Unsentenceddetaineesasaproportionofoverallprisonpopulation16.5.1Proportionofpersonswhohadatleastonecontactwithapublicofficialandwhopaidabribetoapublicofficial,orwereaskedforabribebythosepublicofficials,duringtheprevious12months
16.6.1Primarygovernmentexpendituresasaproportionoforiginalapprovedbudget,bysector(orbybudgetcodesorsimilar)
16.6.2Proportionofthepopulationsatisfiedwiththeirlastexperienceofpublicservices16.7.1Proportionsofpositions(bysex,age,personswithdisabilitiesandpopulationgroups)inpublicinstitutions(nationalandlocallegislatures,publicservice,andjudiciary)comparedtonationaldistributions
16.7.2Proportionofpopulationwhobelievedecision-makingisinclusiveandresponsive,bysex,age,disabilityandpopulationgroup
16.9.1Proportionofchildrenunder5yearsofagewhosebirthshavebeenregisteredwithacivilauthority,byage
16.b.1Proportionofpopulationreportinghavingpersonallyfeltdiscriminatedagainstorharassedintheprevious12monthsonthebasisofagroundofdiscriminationprohibitedunderinternationalhumanrightslaw
Uganda’seffortstowardsachievingSDG16havecentredon:consolidatingthepeaceandsafetyofpeopleandproperty;wideninganddeepeningaccesstojustice,lawandorderservices;thedevelopmentandfundingofspecialprogrammestargetinggender,age,povertyandother formsofvulnerability;andtacklingcorruptionandhumanrights violations.
Whilethehomicideratestagnatedatabout12per100,000between2014and2019,thecountryhasregisteredimprovementsinseveralareas.Forinstance,overthesameperiodtherewasa4.7percentdecreaseinmurderbyshooting,a12.3percentdropincasesofpoisoning,andasmall(0.5percent)reductionincasesofdomesticviolence.96
Feelings of safety during the daytime improved from 51 percent in 2013 to 94.3 percent 201797 but, despitesome improvement, remained lower for nighttime (60.6percent) over the sameperiod.98 The proportion of the population that feels safe walking alone around the area where they live increased to 61 percent in 2017.99
Performanceonthisindicatorwashigherformen(65percent)thanitwasforwomen(55percent).Forbothcate-gories,feelingsafewasmorepronouncedduringdaytimethannighttime.
96 AnnualCrimeReport201997 UBOS(2017)ReportoftheNationalGovernancePeaceandSecuritySurvey2017,UBOSandUNWomen,Kampala98 Ibid,p.9799 NationalGovernance,PeaceandSecuritySurvey(NGPSS,2017)
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Overall,reportedcasesofchild-relatedoffences100declinedfrom 18,140 in 2015 to 10,596 in 2019.The proportion ofchildrenwho experienced any physical punishment and/orpsychologicalaggressionbycaregiversstoodat84.9percentin2016.About32percentofgirlsand41.9percentofboyswhoencounteredviolencewereawareofavailableservices.However,only10.2percentofgirlsand11.8percentofboysinthiscategorysoughthelp,andonly8.2percentofgirlsand10.8percentofboysreceivedservices.101
In 2016, about 25 percent of girls and 11 percent of boysaged 13–17 years reported that they had been subjectedtosexual violence in thepast year, largelyperpetuatedbyneighboursandstrangers.102Thefrequencyofsexualviolencewashighestonroads,followedbyownhomeandschool.Amongwomenandmenaged15–49whoexperiencedphysicalorsexualviolenceandsoughthelp,themostcommonsourceofsupportwastheirownfamily(57percentwomen,40percentmen),husband’s/partner’sfamily(31percentwomen),andpolice(23percentmen,16percentwomen).Menaremorelikelythanwomentoseekhelpfrommedicalpersonnel(18percentversus5percent)orafriend(18percentversus8percent).
Aroundone-third(35percentofthepopulation–32percentwomen,39percentmen)reportedhavingfeltdiscrim-inated against or harassed.103Overall,itisestimatedthatapproximately48percentofvictimsofviolencein2016reportedtocompetentauthoritiesorotherofficiallyrecognizedconflictresolutionmechanisms.JusticeinstitutionscontinuetostrengthentheircapacitytohandlecasesofGBVandtoensureperpetratorsareheldaccountable.TheproportionofGBVcases(Rape,defilementandDomesticViolence)takentocourtincreasedby5.8%from7,376in2018to7,810in2019,whilea0.5%declinewasregisteredinthenumberofcasespendingincourtfrom5,510in2018to5,537in2019.Similarly,GBVcasespendinginvestigationdecreasedby13.5%from12,467in2018to10,776in2019.
Refugeescontinuedtofacesignificantchallengesinaccessingjustice,especiallyinremoteareaswherethepresenceofthejudiciaryandpolice is limitedornon-existent. In2018,some64,539individualsincludingthoseforSGBVreceivedsupporttoaccess legalassistanceand legal remedies,although trialdelays occurred, especially for cases before theHighCourtandtheChiefMagistratesCourt.
Thecountrystillfaceschallengesinhumantrafficking.Victimsof trafficking inhumansper100,000persons increased from0.3in2014to1.2in2019.Ofthe455casesregisteredin2019,71wereinvolvedininternaltrafficking(54femalejuveniles,13malejuveniles,4femaleadults)while384weretransnational(42femalejuveniles,2malejuveniles,314femaleadults,26maleadults).104
Whilethecountrystill facessignificantchallengesinclearinga backlog of cases, the implementation of plea bargainingandotherexpeditedcourtproceedings ishelping toaddressthe problem. Between 2017/18 and 2018/19, the proportionofprisonersonremandreducedfrom51.4percentinto47.7percent, respectively.Theaverage lengthofstayon remandalsoreducedslightlyfrom19.5monthsto18monthsduringthesameperiod.
100 UgandaPoliceForcecategorizeschildrelatedoffencesas:childneglect,childdesertion,childstealing,childtrafficking,kidnap,childabuse/torture,infanticide,andabortion
101 VACS,2018102 UDHS 2016103 UBOS(2017)Report of The National Governance Peace and Security Survey2017,UBOSandUNWomen,Kampala104 Uganda Police Force, Annual Crime Reports 2014 -2019
Local Council Court (LCCs), forming a part of the local government machinery operate as the court of first instance for matters arising out of land disputes, civil matters and matters of juvenile justice… If LCCs are adequately capacitated… they can prove fundamental in ensuring access to justice, reduce pressure and mitigate issues of case backlog in higher courts. Citizen’s voice
Currently, state funded legal aid is only dispensed at a few Justice Centres housed within a few Magistrate Courts and one High Court that only offer legal aid for criminal matters. Magistrate courts are not easily accessible as only 18.2 percent of the people in rural areas have access to a Magistrate Court within a 5 km distance and the scope of legal aid provided is insufficient as civil matters are not included. While some non-state actors and non-governmental organizations also offer legal aid, rural communities are often left outside the radius of service. Passing of the Legal Aid Act or a Legal Aid policy is imperative to reach the farthest behind. Citizen’s voice
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TheGovernmenthasremainedsteadfastinitsfightagainstcorruption,butthisfightrequiresthecommitmentofcitizensaswell.In2016,16percentofpeople(13percentwomen,21percentmen)reportedthattheyhadpaidorwereaskedtopayabribebyapublicofficial.105Mostpaidbribestohealthandpolicepublicinstitutions,mainlytospeedupaccesstoservicesortoclearoffences.
TABLE 9: EXTRACT ON INDICATOR 16.5 FROM THE NATIONAL GOVERNANCE PEACE AND SECURITY SURVEY (NGPSS) 2017
SDG TARGET 16.5: SUSTAINABILITY AND BRIBERY IN ALL FORMS16.5.1 – Proportion of persons who had at least one contact with a public official and who paid a bribe to a public official, or were asked for a bribe by those public officials, during the previous 12 months
16% 21% 13% 21% 15%
Bribery happens most often with: 1.Healthcare system 43% 35% 54% 42% 44%2. Police 41% 49% 29% 41% 40%3. Education system 6% 5% 7% 7% 5%
Source: NGPSS, 2017
AsseeninTable9,severalrespondentsreportedthatbriberyhappensmostlyinhealthcaresystems(43percent–35percentmen,54percentwomen,42percentinurbanareas,44percentinrural).Withthepolice,thenumberwashighestformeninurbanareas(49percentmen,29percentwomen).Itisclearthatbriberyisstillrampant.Otherstudies indicate thatbriberyexists inplaceswhere thecriminal justicesystemandgovernment isweak,wheredecisionmakingisunaccountable,andwhereaccesstodecisionmakersdependsonsocialcontacts.Theexistenceofbriberyandcorruption,particularly inpublic institutions, implies that theservicespeopleshouldbegettingforfreeoratsubsidizedpricesarebeingpaidfor,whetherincashorinkind.Thismeansthatonlythosewhoarefinanciallyablecanaccesstheservicesofferedbytheseinstitutions,denyingpeopletheirhumanrights.Asaresult,thepubliclosestrustintheinstitutionswhichgreatlyaffectstheirperformance.Itplacesthemopentotheaccusationofnotbeingtransparentandaccountabletothepeopleundertheirjurisdiction.ThiswillnegativelyaffecttheattainmentofSDG16andallSDGs,becausesomepeoplewillbeleftbehindanddiscriminatedagainst.
SincetheRegistrationofPersonsAct(2015),106whichrequiresallchildrentoberegisteredimmediatelyaftertheyareborn,andthecreationoftheNationalIdentificationandRegistrationAuthority,birthregistrationofchildrenagedunder5yearshasgoneupfrom18percentfemaleand17.3percentmalein2013to32.2percentforbothfemalesandmalesin2016.107Nofeesarechargedforregistration.WithinthecontextofnationalplanningandstrategiesforachievingtheSDGs,awell-developedandfunctioningcivilregistrationsystemforallvitalevents,includingbirths,marriagesanddeaths,andtheissuingofrelevantcertificatesasproofofsuchregistration,iscritical.Uganda’scivilregistrationprocesswillpromoteefficientgovernmentplanning,effectiveresourceuse,andaccuratemonitoringofprogresstowardsachievingtheSDGsandNationalDevelopmentGoalsandTargets.
Ugandauses theGPS-SHaSA108questionasproxy forSDG indicator16.6.2:How well do you think your local council is handling the following: delivering local services? Results fromtheNGPSSindicatethatnationally66percentfeltlocalcouncilsweredoingwell(women67percent,men65percent).The2015NationalServiceDeliverySurvey(NSDS)collectsdataonhouseholds’experienceswithwhatisreferredtoas‘resourcemanagement’.Thevariablesindicatehowpeopleratedthemselvesintermsofparticipatinginselectedpublicserviceareas,asshowninthetablebelow.
105 UBOS(2017)Report of the National Governance Peace and Security Survey 2017106 ThefullActishere107 See UDHS 2013 and 2016108 GPS-SHaSAreferstoGovernance,PeaceandSecurity(GPS)StrategyfortheHarmonizationofStatisticsinAfrica(SHaSA
2).ThisisapioneeringefforttoincludethedomainofGovernance,PeaceandSecurityinofficialstatistics.Themethod-ologyhasbeenpilot-testedin16countriesandmoduleswillmonitorprogressinmeetingAspirations3(onGoodGover-nance)and4(onPeaceandSecurity)oftheAU’sAgenda2063andtheUN’sSDG16.Formoreinformationvisitwww.austat.org
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TABLE 10: HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS’ INVOLVEMENT IN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (%)
Involved Fairly Involved Not Involved
Monit
oring
and
evalu
ation
20154 5 91
20085 6 89
Value
for
Mone
yAu
dits
20153 3 94
20083 4 92
Plan
ning f
or
Deve
lopme
nt Pr
ojects
20157 6 86
20088 9 83
Prac
ticing
the
Deve
lopme
nt Pr
ojects
20158 8 84
200810 12 78
Identi
fying
the
Deve
lopme
nt Pr
ojects
201511 10 79
200812 16 72
Source: NSDS, 2015
Table10aboveshowsthat11percentofhouseholdsreportedthattheyhadparticipatedinidentifyingdevelopmentprojects;8percentinprioritizingthedevelopmentprojects;4percentinthemonitoringandevaluationofdevelop-mentprojects;and3percentin“valueformoneyaudits”.Thisindicatesthateveninareaswhichrelatetogeneraldevelopment,thelevelofparticipationneedstobeimprovedifUgandaistobeontrackfortheattainmentofSDG16.
Onthe“proportionofpopulationwhobelievedecision-makingisinclusiveandresponsive,bysex,ageanddisability,thestatisticsindicatethat29percentbelievedecisionmakingisinclusive(30percentwomen,28percentmen).Thesefiguressuggestthatthemajorityofpeopledonothaveconfidenceinthedecision-makingprocesses.Thesefindings can be related to the analysis that has beenmade by theworld values surveywhich concluded thatpeople’sprioritiesshift fromsurvival toself-expressionvaluesas theirsenseof individualagency increases (orbackwardsfromself-expressionvaluestosurvivalasthesenseofindividualagencydecreases).109 The low levels ofbeliefthattheyarepartofthedecision-makingprocesscouldbeattributedtothehighlevelsofdeprivationandneedasdiscussedearlierunderSDG2.
Uganda’sinstitutionalframeworksemphasizeinclusivityintheplanningandimplementationofgovernmentpriori-ties,butmoreeffortisrequiredtoensurethatcitizensfullyparticipateandfeelpartofallprocesses.About29percentofthepopulation(30percentfemale,28percentmale)believethatdecisionmakingisinclusiveandresponsive.AsFigure27belowindicates,nationally,20percentofthepopulationaged18yearsandabovehadparticipatedinplanningmeetingsforservicedeliveryatvillagelevelinthe12monthsprecedingthesurvey(men24percent,women16percent).Participationinplanningmeetingswaslowerinruralareas(22percent)thaninurbanareas(25percent),andhighestinWesternregion(25percent)andlowestinKampala(15percent).Thedataavailabledoesnotdisaggregatetheissuesatthelevelofdisability,thereforeitisnotpossibletoseetheextentthat“themarginal-izedorofthoseleftfurthestbehind”areexcluded.
109 SeeanalysisofthefindingoftheWorldValuesSurveyhere:http://www.worldvaluessurvey.org/WVSContents.jspaccessed20November2019
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FIGURE 27: PARTICIPATION IN PLANNING MEETINGS FOR SERVICE DELIVERY AT VILLAGE LEVEL (%)
Figure 27: Participation in planning meetings for Service Delivery at village level
25 24.3
15.8
Male Female 31-59 60+ Urban Rural Kampala Central Eastern Nothern Western18-30
SEX
PERC
ENTA
GE
AGE RESIDENCE REGION UGANDA
15.8
21.2
24.922.3
14.6
24.1
15.213.9
25.0
19.720
15
10
5
0
Source: NGPSS, 2017
According to the 2017NGPSS, 66 percent of the populationwas satisfiedwith their last experience of publicservices(67percentfemale,and65percentmale).However,35percentofrespondentsfeltdiscriminatedagainst(32percentwomen,39percentmen).110Thetablebelowshowsthetypesofdiscriminationasreportedbyvariousindividualsbysexandareaofresidence.
TABLE 11: PERCEPTION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF DISCRIMINATION BY SEX AND AREA OF RESIDENCE
CHARACTERISTIC OF RESPONDENTTYPE OF DISCRIMINATION MALE FEMALE URBAN RURAL UGANDAPoverty or wealth 74.1 71.8 77.3 71.1 72.9Political affiliation 64.4 58.2 66.8 58.8 61.1Ethnicity/Language 60.4 56.1 65.6 55.1 58.1Regional origin 46.3 43.3 51.5 42.0 44.7Religion 44.6 42.5 49.1 41.2 43.4Disability 42.6 41.8 48.5 39.7 42.2Sex 39.5 40.3 44.1 38.3 40.0Nationality 35.8 34.2 38.1 33.7 34.9Any discrimination 83.0 79.0 85.6 78.9 80.8No discrimination 17.0 21.0 14.4 21.1 19.2
Source: NGPSS 2017
TwoaspectsofdiscriminationstandoutinTable11–povertyandpoliticalaffiliation.Morethanthree-quarters((77percent)ofurbandwellerscitedpoverty-relateddiscrimination,whileintheareasitwasslightlyless(71percent).Politicalaffiliationandethnicityalso rankedveryhighat66.8percent inurbanand58.8percent in ruralareas.Therewerenotrendsdataavailable,thereforewecannotreportprogressinanyoftheseindicators.Butthedataclearlyindicatestheneedformoreworktobedonetoensurethatcitizensdonotfeeldiscriminatedagainstwithinthecontextofthe“leavenoonebehind”principleoftheSDGs.In2016,UgandawasreviewedforthesecondtimeundertheUniversalPeriodicReview,apeermechanismundertheHumanRightsCouncil.Ugandareceived226recommendations,outofwhich148wereacceptedand78noted.TheSDGHumanRightsDataExplorer gives usefulanalysisthatindicatesthatduringtheUniversalPeriodicReviewUgandaagreedtocreateaparliamentaryprocesstoensurethatitslawsconformwiththecountry’sinternationalcommitmentsinthefieldofhumanrights.111 SinceeveryStateispartytoahumanrightstreatyprohibitingdiscriminationonthebasisofsexand/orprotectingequality betweenmen andwomen,Uganda needs to continue on its journey of ensuring that citizens are notdiscriminatedagainstonanybasis.
110 UBOS(2017)Report of The National Governance Peace and Security Survey 2017,UBOSandUNWomen,Kampala111 SeeanalysisofUniversalPeriodicReviewandSDGsintheSDGHumanRightsDataExplorerhere
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4.17 GOAL 17: STRENGTHEN THE MEANS OF IMPLEMENTATION AND REVITALIZE THE GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Indicators Reported on: 17.1.1TotalgovernmentrevenueasaproportionofGDP17.1.2ProportionofDomesticBudgetFundedbyDomesticTaxes17.3.2VolumeofremittancesasaproportionoftotalGDP17.4.1Debtserviceasaproportionofexportsofgoodsandservices17.8.1ProportionofindividualsusingtheInternet
Effective development cooperation remains important in supporting Uganda’s long-term development progress.Thepoliticaleconomyandrecentevolutionof thepartnershipandcoordinationstructures inUgandaarecloselytiedtothreeapproximateperiods,theBudgetSupportperiod(1998–2012),theNDPIperiod(2010/11–2014/15)andtheNDPIIperiod(2014/15–2019/20).
UgandaneedsmoresubstantialdevelopmentfinanceasitmovesintoimplementationofNDPIII,withmorefocusonacceleratingprogressonthe2030Agenda.Inthemediumterm,thisislikelytobeprovidedbyamixofdomesticrevenue,internationalfinancialsupportfromtraditionaloverseasdevelopmentassistance(ODA)andbeyond,theprivatesector,andcivilsociety,amongothers.
Thecountryhasregisteredgainsindomesticrevenuemobilization,manifestedbytheincreaseintheTax-to-GDPratio from11.1percent in2016 to12.6percent in2018/19 (Figure28),andprojected increase to16.5percentin2024/25.TheDomesticRevenueMobilizationStrategy (2019/20–2023/24) isguidingGovernmentonhow toleveragedifferentsourcesoffinancingtoexpandonitsresourcemobilization.
TheGovernment’scontinuedeffortstomobilizedomesticresourceshaveledtoanincreaseintheproportionofdomesticbudget fundedbydomestic taxes from87.8percent in2016 to88.9percent in2019,albeitstill lowerthanthe92.5percentrecordedin2018(seeFigure28).Despitethisprogress,significantbudgetarychallengespersist.Between2015/16and2017/18,fiscaldeficitasapercentageofGDPwasabout4.8percent,112resultingintheexpansionofdomesticborrowing,theshorttimematurityofwhichplacesadditionalpressureonthebudget.Includingexternal financing,Uganda’s debt-to-GDP ratio rose from26.2 percent in 2014/15 to 36.1 percent in2018/19.
FIGURE 28: PROPORTION OF DOMESTIC BUDGET FUNDED BY DOMESTIC TAXESFigure 28: Proportion of domestic budget funded by domestic taxes
88.2% 87.8% 88.9% 92.5% 88.9%
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
90.0%
100.0%
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
112 Domesticrevenuein2018wasUS$4.133billioncomparedwithgovernmentspendingofUS$5.99billion,basedontheaverageof2017/18expectedoutturnsand2018/19projectedoutturns.Source:2018/19ApprovedBudgetEstimates -seepage1,Table1FiscalFrameworkofhttp://budget.go.ug/budget/sites/default/files/Nationalpercent20Budgetpercent20docs/Approvedpercent20Budgetpercent20Estimatespercent202018-19percent20Volumepercent201..pdf
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Theincreaseinexternaldebttofinancekeyflagshipprojects113hascreatedabigdebtserviceburden.Debtserviceas a percentageof domestic revenuehas increased from11.1 percent in 2015 to about 16.9 percent in 2019andisprojectedtoaccountfor23percentoftheNDPIIIbudgetby2024/25.However,overall,Ugandaisatlowdebtrisk,owinginparttothestrongdebtpolicyframeworks.Governmentborrowingisguidedbythe2013PublicDebtManagementFrameworkthatisoperationalizedbytheMedium-TermDebtStrategy.Theframeworkseekstoensurethatthecountry’spublicdebtstockiswithinthemanageablerate.
Progressontheproportionofthepopulationwithaccesstotheinternethasbeenslow.In2016,15.6percentofthepopulationusedtheinternet,andtheratesweredisproportionatelylowerforfemales(8.6percent)thanmales (22.5percent),114 signifyinga largedigitaldivide.Overall, four inevery ten people cited lack of confidence, knowledge, or skills as themajor reason for not using the internet. Limitation of access to digitalconnectivityiscompoundedbylowlevelsofownershipofmobilephones,at52percentofadults.Menaresignificantlymorelikelytohavemobilephones(58percent)andaccesstotheinternet(13percent)thanwomen(phone:46percent;internet:8percent).
Intheareaofdomesticresourcemobilization,Uganda’sdataonindicator17.1.1–totalgovernmentrevenueasaproportionofGDP,bysource–significantprogresshasbeenachieved.Studiesshowthatoverthelast7yearsthetaxrevenuetoGDPratiohasimprovedfrom11.7percentinFY1999/00to14.3percentin2018/19.115However,domesticrevenuetoGDPratioremainslowat14.4percentcomparedtothe21percentaverageforsub-SaharanAfrica.116Studiesalsoreportsignificantweaknessesintaxadministrationandcompliance,withtheWorldBankesti-matingrevenuelossesof2.5percentofGDPduetoVATexemptions.117ItisarguedthatifVATexemptionsweretobeabolished,theNDPIIrevenuetoGDPtargetof16percentwouldhavebeenachievedevenwithintheNDPIIperiod.Efforts to increasedomestic revenuecollectionare furtherunderminedby the largesizeof the informalsector,whichexpertsestimatedtobemorethan35percentofGDP.118Theincrementalimprovementsintheperiod2017to2019aretheresultofalargesetofsmallertaxmeasures,includingtaxrateincreasesandtheintroductionofnewtaxmeasuressuchasthemobilemoneylevy,ataxonsocialmediause(OTTtax),andadutyoncookingoil.119Studiesindicatethat,fromarevenuegeneratingperspective,themobilemoneylevyandthedutyoncookingoilwere successful.TheOTT tax, however, generated far less revenue than expected, due to implementationissues.120
Intermsoftaxperformance,thereisaclearpositiveimpactcreatedbythegrowthofVATandexciseduty.Incometaxandcorporatetaxarealsogrowingbutveryminimallybecauseofchallengesrelatedtocomplianceandenforce-mentaswellasdisputesresolution.Theinternationaltrade-relatedtaxesaregoingdownbecauseoftheloweringoftariffsandrelatedtradebarriersrelatedtoregionalintegrationintheEastAfricanCommunity(EAC)andCommonMarketforEasternandSouthernAfrica(COMESA).121
113 Forexample,IsimbaHydroPowerproject,theJinjaNilebridge,andKampala-EntebbeExpresshighwayamongothers,114 UNHS,2016/17115 NPA,2019116 Ibid,p.20117 See https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/uganda/overview118 UKAIDandCitiesAlliance(2013)Uganda:TheRoleoftheInformalEconomyinCityGrowth,PolicyBrief,Universityof
Westminster,London119 ChristianHiddink,JonathanWolsey,GeraldTwijukyeandCorradoMinardi(2019)Development Finance Assessment of
Uganda,UNDP,Kampala120 Ibid,p.48121 Ibid,50
However, access to internet among the youth aged 15–30 is still highest (70%) in Kampala with a national average of 66% and lower (57%) in Teso region. U-report VNR survey, May 2020
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FIGURE 29: GOVERNMENT REVENUE BREAKDOWN (% GDP)Figure 29: Government Revenue Breakdown (% GDP)
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16* 2016/17* 0
Income Tax (individuals)VATOther taxes on international trade
Excise TaxOther
Corporate Tax
Total
Source: Development Finance Assessment of Uganda Report, 2017
DataonODAinUgandashowsanupwardtrendasashareofGDP.Thisismostlyattributedtoinflowsrelatedtorefugeehostingcostsbythecountry.122OtherpartnersprovidingsignificantODAfinancingincludetheWorldBank,DFID,USAIDandGlobalFundinthesectorsofeducationandhealth.Overall,Uganda’smaindonorsinclude:theUSA,WorldBank,UK,AfDB,EU,andtheUNasshowninFigure30below.
FIGURE 30: MAIN DONORS TO UGANDA (US$ MILLIONS)Figure 30: Main Donors to Uganda (US$ millions)
800
600
400
200
02008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
United StatesUnited KingdomAfrican Development Bank, TotalUnited Nations, TotalNorway
World Bank Group, TotalEU InstitutionsJapanDenmarkGermany
Source: Development Finance Assessment of Uganda Report, 2017
TheofficialdevelopmentassistanceandSouth-Southcooperationasaproportionoftotaldomesticbudgetshowscontinuedprogressandgrowth.Studiesindicatethat,Ugandaisoneofthecountriesthatattractthemostforeigndirectinvestment(FDI)inEastAfrica.FDIflowstoUgandaaccountedforUS$1.3billionin2018,anincreasefromUS$803millionin2017.FDIstockalsogrewtoUS$13.333billionin2018(estimatedat47.4percentoftheGDP).123 Currently,10countriesdominatetheFDIinflowsandtheyprovide85.5percentofthetotalFDIstockinthecountry.
122 DFA,2019123 See https://www.nordeatrade.com/dk/explore-new-market/uganda/investment
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ThelargestvolumeofinvestmentscomesfromtheNetherlands,UK,FranceandSwitzerland.124Themining,quar-rying,oilandgassectorhasalsoattractedseveralinvestorsfromFrance,theUnitedStates,BritainandChina.125 Theseinvestmentsareclusteredintheminingandquarrying,andoilandgassectors.126
Overthepast20years,remittanceinflowsinUgandahavebeenincreasingsteadilywhileoutflowshaveremainedrelativelystable.UgandahadoverUS$1billionflowingintothecountryin2016.Itisthesixth-highestrecipientofremittancesinAfrica.127Especiallyoverthepastthreeyears,inflowshaverisensharplywithanaverageincreaseof13percentperyear–almostdoublethegrowthininflowsintoneighbouringKenya.Inflowsin2016addedtheequivalentofaround4percenttoUganda’sGDP,makingremittancesavitalsourceofcapitalforeconomicgrowthanddevelopment.128Figure31 belowsummarizestheremittancetrendsforUganda.
FIGURE 31: REMITTANCE INFLOWS TO UGANDA
REM
ITTA
NCE V
ALUE
IN M
ILLI
ON U
SD
1998
199 9
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
1,600
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
In�ows
Out�ows
No Data
0
Source: FDS Africa, 2018
Uganda’spublicsectordebthasgrownfromUS$8.4billioninFY2015/16toUS$9.4billioninFY2016/17.Thiswaslargelydrivenbyanincreaseinexternaldebt.ExternaldebtincreasedfromUS$5.2billioninFY2015/16toUS$6.2billioninFY2016/17,whilethestockofdomesticdebtinUSdollarsremainedunchangedatUS$3.2billion.129 Analyticalreportspointoutthatsignificantrisksareapparent,especiallyrelatedtonon-debtvariables,particularlyinterestratesandtheexchangerate.ThisimpliesthatUgandaneedstocontinueborrowingonconcessionaltermsasmuchaspossible.TheslowgrowthinexportswillbeachallengebecausethisisanimportantsourceofforeignexchangewhichGovernmentusestoservicedebtobligations.Figure32showstrendsintheevolutionofexternaldebtinUganda.
124 DFA,2019125 BankofUganda(2017)Private Sector Investment Survey 2017,BoU,Kampala126 Ibid,p.87127 FDSAfricaandUKAID(2018)Exploring barriers to remittances in sub Saharan Africa series: Volume 3: Remittances in
Uganda,FDSAfrica,Bellville,SouthAfrica128 WorldDevelopmentIndicators,2016129 MinistryofFinance,PlanningandEconomicDevelopment(2017)Debt Sustainability Analysis Report 2016/17,MoFPED,
Kampala
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FIGURE 32: EVOLUTION OF EXTERNAL DEBT
2005
/6
2006
/7
2007
/8
2008
/9
2016
/17
2009
/10
2013
/14
2010
/11
2011
/12
2012
/13
2014
/15
2015
/16
US$ B
ILLI
ONS
% O
F GDP
10.5
9.5
8.5
7.5
60
50
40
30
20
10
6.5
5.5
4.5
3.5
2.5
1.5
0.5
External Debt Domestic Debt Norminal Debt/GDP
Source: Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development
Ugandahascontinuedtoharnessthedigitaltransformationoftheeconomy.
AsurveybyFinScope2018,revealedthat52percentofadults(9.7million)havemobilephonesand10percent(1.9million)haveaccesstotheinternet.Maleadultsaresignificantlymorelikelytohavemobilephones(58percent;5million)thanfemaleadults(46percent;4.6million).Maleadultsarealsomorelikelytohaveaccesstotheinternet(13%;1.1million)thanfemaleadults(8%;0.8million).Adultslivinginruralareasaresignificantlylesslikelytohavemobilephonesandaccesstotheinternetthanadultslivinginurbanareas.Figure33belowsummarizesthefindingsbasedonthe2018Survey.
FIGURE 33: MOBILE PHONE OWNERSHIP AND INTERNET ACCESS
Mobile Phone Ownership
46%
70%
52%
5%
25%
10%
Internet Access
% Of Rural Adults % Urban Adults % All Adults
Source: FinScope, 2018
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ThereissignificantprogressreportedinUgandaonthedollarvalueoffinancialandtechnicalassistance(includingthroughNorth-South,South-Southandtriangularcooperation)committedtodevelopingcountries.Conceptually,studies indicate thatSouth-SouthDevelopmentCooperation (SSDC) isan importantdimensionof internationaldevelopmentcooperation.ItcomplementsNorth-Southcooperationandisrootedinthecontextofcommonstruggleforgenuinedevelopment.130SSDCisseenasanexpressionofsolidarityamongpeoplesandcountriesoftheSouth,basedontheirshareddevelopmentexperiencesandobjectives.It isguidedbyprinciplesofrespectfornationalsovereignty,nationalownershipandindependence,equality,non-conditionality,non-interferenceindomesticaffairsandmutualbenefit.131Therise inquantum,geographicalreach,anddiversity inapproaches inSSDCmakeitacrucialadditionalresourcetosupportSoutherncountries’developmentobjectives.
South-South cooperation in Uganda is largely dominated by China, which provides about 91.3 percent of allsouth-south funds, according to data compiledbyUNDP.SouthKorea,SaudiArabia, andKuwait are thenextmostimportantsouth-southpartners,providingabout4.3percent,3.6percent,and0.7percentrespectively.Theremaining16partnercountriesprovidealtogetherabout0.2percentofallsouth-southflows.Between2000and2014,91percentofChinesesupportcame in the formof loans(81percent)andgrants (10percent) tosupportinfrastructuredevelopmentprojects,someofwhicharecoreprojectsunderNDPII.132Figure34belowprovidesanoverviewofthemainprovidersofSSDCtoUganda.
FIGURE 34: SSDC PROVIDERS TO UGANDA
3.6%
0.7%0.2%
4.3%
91.3% China
Korea, Republic of
Saudi Arabia
Kuwait
Other
Source: Department of Foreign Affairs 2019
WhileSSDCmaybemotivatedbyprinciplesofsolidarityinpursuingpartnerships,leftunprotected,itmayslowlyevolveintonewformsofinequalitiesandunderdevelopment.133Itthusbecomesimperativetoenhancetheaccount-abilityandmonitoringofSSDCpoliciesandpracticesaccordingtothewidelyacceptedSSDCprinciples,ifitistoeffectivelycontributetotheeradicationofpovertyandinequalitiesaswellassustainabledevelopmentindevelopingcountries.
130 CSOPartnershipforDevelopmentEffectiveness(2019)ConceptNotefortheDevelopmentCooperationForum,Unpub-lished,Manila
131 Ibid,p.3132 DFA,2019133 CPDE,2019,p.1
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Ugandahasmadeprogressrelatedtoputtingmechanismsinplacetoenhancethepolicycoherenceofsustain-abledevelopment.StudiesindicatethatoneofthegreatstrengthsoftheSDGframeworkinitscurrentformisitsrecognitionoftheintimatelinksbetweenhumanwell-being,economicprosperityandahealthyenvironment.134Aclearmessagehasemergedthatrestoringandmaintainingthehealthofthenaturalresourcebaseisanecessaryconditionforeradicatingpovertyandsustainingeconomicprogressforall.135
As ameans of implementing this undertaking,Uganda developed aPartnershipPolicy in 2013 and a Frame-workforthePartnershipDialoguetoprovideanewframeworkforrelationshipsbetweenGovernmentanddonorsduringtheimplementationoftheNDPII.136ThePartnershipPolicyidentifiedthePolicyCoordinationCommittee,theImplementationCoordinationSteeringCommitteeandtheTechnicalImplementationCoordinationCommitteeasbi-annual,quarterlyandmonthlymeetingsdesignedasareplacementfortheJointBudgetSupportFramework,butexpandedtocoverissuesfromstrategicpriorities,toaideffectivenessandGovernmentPerformanceAnnualReporting.137TheFrameworkforthePartnershipDialoguealsointroducedtheNationalPartnershipForum(NPF)asthehighestlevelofconsultationwithfewerlinkstogovernmentprocessesandlessfrequentmeetings,butcoveringsimilar topics.Everythreeyears, theGovernmentpresentsanannualreportonthe implementationof thePart-nershipPolicytoParliamenttofacilitateanindependentevaluationofthePartnershipPolicy,andtheperformanceofGovernmentandeachdonoristobereviewedtwiceannuallywithdevelopmentpartnersandtheresultsmadepublic.138Anidentifiedareaforimprovementinthestudiesisbetterdifferentiationbetweenfinancertypesandbetterintegrationoftheprivatesector,SSDCandtriangularcooperationastheprivatesectorrolesarecurrentlycombinedwithCSOs,andalldonorsaremanagedtogetherasonesupposedlycohesivegroup.Allnon-LocalDevelopmentPartnerGroupmembersalsoneedtheirownforaatthesamelevelasLocalDevelopmentPartnerGroup(LDPG).Thesearemeasurestowardsimprovingpolicycoherenceforsustainabledevelopment.
Ontheextentofuseofcountry-ownedresultsframeworksandplanningtoolsbyprovidersofdevelopmentcooper-ation–theGlobalPartnershipforEffectiveDevelopmentCooperationmonitoringsurvey2016givesaninsightintotheprogressonthisindicator.In2016,Ugandareportedhavingasingleresultsframeworkwithdonorstoassessbudgetsupport,and92percentofaidprojectobjectivesarealignedwiththeNDP(85percentin2018).However,only 46 percent of aid used the nationalmonitoring framework, and only 35 percent used nationalmonitoringsystemsand/ordata.139Nearlyallaidprojects(96percent)wereevaluatedbyGovernment,butonly47percentoftheseevaluationsaredonejointlywithdonors–withsignificantvariationbetweendonors.SincetheJointAssis-tanceFrameworkendedin2014,theresultsframeworkreferredtoin2018istheoneintegratedintotheNDP.140 Figure35belowpresentsacomparisonwithothercountriesintheregion.Thecomparatorcountriesareusedsothatthenumericscorescanbecontextualized.
134 UNEP(2015)Policy Coherence of the Sustainable Development Goals: A Natural Resource Perspective,AnInternationalResourcePanelReport,UNEP,NewYork
135 Ibid,p.5136 GermanFDRetal(2019)137 Ibid,p.30138 GermanFDRetal(2019)139 Ibid,p.24140 Ibid,p.24
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FIGURE 35: UGANDA AND EAST AFRICAN COUNTRIES 2016 GPEDC SCORES ON RESULTS FRAMEWORKSFigure 35: Uganda and East African Countries 2016 GPEDC scores on Results Frameworks
Uganda Kenya Rwanda
South Sudan Ethiopia United Republic of Tanzania
Objectives from nationalresults framework
Indicators from nationalresults framework
Indicators usenational results data
Projects that plan jointevaluation
100
9080706050
4030
2010
o
Source:General Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation
Uganda has continued to make progress by adoptingmulti-stakeholder development effectivenessmonitoringframeworksthatsupporttheachievementoftheSDGs.Thecountryhasalonghistoryofevaluationthatsupportsresultsmanagement.In2003,theCabinetoftheGovernmentofUgandaapprovedacoordinationframeworktoensurethatallgovernmentprogrammesworkinarationalandsynchronizedmanner.Thiscoordinationframeworkissupportedbyanintegratedmonitoring,evaluationandinformationmanagementsystem.141Thesubsequentinte-gratedprocessrepresentedaconglomerationofalleffortsaimedatdatacollectionandinformationgatheringanddisseminationwithrespecttothedeliveryofGovernment’sintendedgoalsandpolicyobjectives,aslaidoutintheNDPandsectoralframeworks.ThishistoryiswhatledtothedevelopmentoftheNationalIntegratedMonitoringandEvaluationStrategy(NIMES).142OneofthecornerstonefunctionsofNIMESwastoensurethattherearecontin-uousobservationsofinputs,activities/processes,outputs,reachandoutcomesattheconstituentsystems’level,withfeedbackbetweenandwithineachsystemtobringtogetherinformationfromthevariousgovernmentsystems.NIMESwasthereforeenvisagedtobeacoordinationmechanismthatwouldcoverallexistingmonitoringandeval-uationsystemsfromacountry-wide,sector-wideandLocalGovernmentperspective.TheseGovernmentinitiativesandprocesseswereputinplacetoensurethattheGovernment’scommitmenttoeradicatingmasspovertyandachievingsustainabledevelopment.
Atthenationallevel,theperformanceofgovernmentprogrammesaswellasthewelfareofthepopulationhas,sincetheearly1990s,beenmonitoredthroughmulti-stakeholderdatacollectioninitiativessuchas:theUgandaNationalHouseholdSurveys(UNHS),UgandaDemographicandHealthSurveys(UDHS),NationalServiceDeliverySurveys(NSDS)andUgandaPopulationandHouseholdCensus,allconductedbytheUgandaBureauofStatistics(UBOS)butwithelementsthatpromotepartnershipsundertheuser-producergroups.ThesewerecomplementedbyrelatedinitiativessuchastheUgandaParticipatoryPovertyAssessmentsProcess(UPPAP),PovertyStatusReportsandotheranalyticalreportsproducedbytheMinistryofFinance,PlanningandEconomicDevelopment(MFPED)thatalsoemphasizedmulti-stakeholderpartnerships.143
141 SsewakiryangaRichard(2008)For a Consultancy on Setting up an Evaluative Research Fund for the National Monitoring and Evaluation Working Group,OfficeofthePrimeMinister,Kampala
142 SsentongoMukisaPeter(2004)The National Integrated Monitoring and Evaluation Strategy,paperpresentedattheAfricanEvaluationAssociationConference,December1-4,2004,CapeTown,SouthAfrica
143 Ssewakiryanga(2008)
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Further,forthelastsevenyears,GovernmenthasbeenproducingtheGovernmentAnnualPerformanceReport(GAPR).ThisreportprovidesacomprehensiveassessmentofGovernment’sperformanceandtheresultsofpublicspendingof thatFinancialYear.TheReport focuseson theperformanceofMinistries,DepartmentsandAgen-cies(MDAs)againstoutput targetsacrossallsectorsofGovernmentandprogressmade in the implementationofkeyactionsagreedduring the lastgovernmentperformanceretreats.144Theaimof thereport is toprovideabasisforaccountabilityoftheuseofresourcesandtheresultsachieved;toprovideabasisforpolicydiscussionswithinGovernmentandtoguidedecisionsonresourceallocationsintheFinancialYear.Theseareinitiativesthatcontributetomulti-stakeholderengagementsinUganda.
Inrelationtoindicatorsthatrelateto‘data,monitoringandaccountability’145,Ugandahasalongtraditionofenhancingdataqualityanduse.TheUgandaBureauofStatisticsAct1998providesforthedevelopmentandmaintenanceoftheNationalStatisticalSystem(NSS)toensurecollection,analysisandproductionofintegrated,relevant,reliableandtimelystatisticalinformation.TheUgandaBureauofStatistics(UBOS)isthereforeestablishedasacoordi-nating,monitoringandsupervisorybodyfortheNSS,andforothermattersincidentaltotheforegoing.146
To effectively implement this mandate, UBOS in collaboration with selected MDAs and Local Governments,developsandimplementsaPlanforNationalStatisticalDevelopment(PNSD)torespondtotheevolvingdemandsandrequirementsoftheNationalStatisticalSystem.
UnderthePNSDframework,MDAsanddevelopandimplementSectorStrategicPlansforStatistics(SSPS)thatprovideaframeworkforstreamliningstatisticsdevelopmentandthebasisforimprovingsectorstatisticsproductionwithintheMDAs.LocalGovernmentsalsodevelopandimplementLocalGovernmentStrategicPlansforStatistics(LGSPS)thatprovideaframeworkforstrengtheningtheproductionanduseofstatistics.Theseimproveevidence-baseddecisionmaking,planningandmanagementattheLocalGovernmentsaswellasenhancingtheflowanduseofinformationfromthelowestadministrativeunittotheCentre.147
Inaddition,Ugandahasdeveloped theNationalStandard indicatorFrameworkasa comprehensive system toguideharmonisationofplanning,monitoring,reportingandresourceallocation.Ugandahasundertakenfivepopu-lationcensusesinthepost-independenceperiodsince1962themostrecentbeingtheNationalPopulationandHousingCensus2014tosupportinclusiveevidencebasedprogramming,reportinganddecisionmaking.148
144 See https://opm.go.ug/government-annual-performance-report/145 Seeindicators-17.18.1,17.18.2,17.18.3,17.19.1,17.19.2146 UgandaBureauofStatistics(1998)StatisticsAct,GovernmentPrinter,Kampala147 See https://www.uneca.org/sites/default/files/uploaded-documents/ACS/SGD-Indicators-2017/15-session2.pdf148 See https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/03_20182014_National_Census_Main_Report.pdf
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 82
CONCLUSIONS AND NEXT STEPS ThisVNRhasbeenadeeplyconsultativeprocess.Ithasreviewedover300hundreddocumentsrelatedtothe17SDGsinUganda.IthasbeeninformedbyconsultationwithvariousstakeholdersinGovernment,civilsociety,theprivatesector,academia,culturalandreligiousinstitutions,youngpeople’sorganizations,schoolchildren,personswithdisabilitiesandmanyothers.Asthereportindicates,therearemanythingsUgandashouldbeproudofandseveral others that require urgent attention.WhenUganda participated in the first VNR process in 2016, thatprocessfocusedontheSDGreadinessofthecountry.Thisreportbuildsonthatreadinesstopresentapictureofthestatusandprogressmadeonvariousindicators.ThereareseveraloverarchingareasandthemesthatUgandawillcontinuetopaycloseattentiontoinadditiontothegoal-specificactionsthatwillbeundertakenbyvariousstake-holders.Theoverarchingthemesinclude:
5.1 STRONGER PARTNERSHIPS, COORDINATION, AND COLLABORATION Ugandahasbuiltarobustsystemofcoordinationthatincludesboththepoliticalandtechnicalarmsofgovernmentaswellaspartnersandstakeholdersincivilsocietyandbusiness.TheTechnicalWorkingGroupsprovideaveryclearcoordinationsystemthatrequiresadditionalsharpeningtoensurestrongersynergyandcolorationbetweenthecoremandatesofthegroupsandtheassignmentofdepartmentswithininstitutions.A“processevaluation”ofthetechnicalworkinggroupswillbeconductedtoensurethatlessonsarelearnedabouthowtheyareworkingandinwhichwaystheycanbestrengthenedaspartoftheGovernment’sroutinemonitoringandreportingmechanismsonSDGsthatareresults-focused.Further, thecollaborationofpartnersoutsideGovernmentrequiresadditionalreflectiononthebestwaystoensuredeepercollaborationwithallpartnerssothatGovernmentcancollectbothcriticalandconstructiveinputfromadiversityofpartners.
5.2 DEEPER LOCALIZATION AND POPULARIZATION OF THE SDG AGENDA TheSDGagendaisstrongeriflocalizationisstronger.Ugandaisadeeplydecentralizedcountrywithseveralpolit-icalleadersatvariouslevelsplayingveryimportantrolesintheimplementationofgovernmentpolicy.ItisimportantthatatalllevelsSDGfocalpersonsandagenciesareidentifiedsothatthereisfurthersynergybetweennationalandlocallevelprocesses,butalsodeeperlocalizationoftheSDGagenda.SDGchampionsneedtobeidentifiedatalllevelsfromcommunitytonationallevel.ForeachSDG,differentpromotioninitiativeswillneedtobepromotedandbuilt.Governmentwillhavetodomoretostrengthencollaborationwithcivilsocietyactorsacrossthecountry,includingyoungpeople,whoshouldbeencouragedtoinnovateactivitiestoimplementtheSDGagendaaswellaspopularizeit.Atcommunitylevel,theGovernmentshouldadoptaruraldevelopmentstrategy–thenewinclu-sivesustainablecommunitymodelinspiredbytheSaemaulUdongmodel149forlocalizingtheSDGs.Thismodelpromotesself-help,communityempowermentandparticipation.
5.3 BUILDING A LEADERSHIP CULTURE FOR THE SDG AGENDA AT ALL LEVELSBeyondthelocalizationagenda,itisnowcommonknowledgethattheSDG“war”willbewonandlostinthearenaofleadership.Wherethereisdecisive,citizen-basedandinclusiveleadership,theSDGswillthrive.ButtheleadershiprequiredforthesuccessofSDGsinUgandawillnotbeleadershipthatiscopiedfromaglobaltemplate.Itwillhavetobehome-grownandrespondtoUganda’suniquecircumstances,learningandadaptingfromthesolutionsfromelsewhere.ItwillthereforebeimperativeforUgandatoquicklyensurethatisworksverycloselywithpartnersinandoutsidethecountrytobuildstrong“leadershipfortheSDGs”.ThisagendawillberolledouttoallfocalagenciesandstakeholderssothatthedecadeofactioncanrecruitfrontrunnersthatwilldeliverstrongSDGprogressforUganda.
149 https://www.gc-council.org/international/index.php/news-analysis/66-learning-from-korea-s-saemaul-undong-to-achieve-sdgs
CHAPTER 5
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT83
5.4 PROMOTING SDG-FOCUSED INNOVATION BY ALL CITIZENS, ESPECIALLY YOUNG PEOPLE
WeallappreciatethattheSDGsbroughttoourlives17goals,169targetsand231indicatorstoimplement,monitor,measure,andreporton.Thisisanoverwhelmingsetoftargetsatanylevel.Forcountrieswithmeagreresourcesandwhoaresomeofthefurthestbehind,itistemptingtothinkthatthesolutionwillbetolookatwhathasworkedelsewhereandcustomizethesetoourlocalconditions.Butwealsoknowthatsolutionsarefarandwide.WhatisrequiredfortheSDGstosucceedistothinkcreatively,innovativelyandinaninterconnectedmannertorepresentthetrueSDGnexusofeconomy,environment,andsociety.Todeliverthisprocesswell,wemustfindwaysofexper-imentingwithnewmethodsofbuildingpartnershipstodriveinnovativeandintegratedapproaches.Thisshouldbedoneatalllevelsandtheseinnovativeapproachesshouldbetested,piloted,andshared.
5.5 FOCUSING ON FINANCING FOR THE SDGS – HARNESSING UGANDA’S POTENTIAL Globallytherearetectonicshiftsinglobaltradeandhealth–accompaniednowbythetwincrisesofCovid-19andtheglobaleconomic recession.Weareseeingallkindsofchallengesamongstrongeconomies,withcountriesleavingeconomicblocs,moreunilateralismratherthanmultilateralism,andprotectionistmeasures.ForcountrieslikeUgandaatthelowendoftheladder,theseglobaldevelopmentsmeanthereislessexternalfinancingathand.Coupledwiththisisthehostiletradeenvironment,withexportvolumesfallingformanycountries,includingUganda.TheAfricanContinentalFreeTradeArea(AfCFTA)isstillinitsinfantstagesandAfricamuststilllookoutwards.Theimplicationofallthisisthatthelevelsofexternalindebtednessareatanall-timehighinmanydevelopingcountries,includingUganda,anddebtsustainabilityisarealchallenge.Thehugeanddiverseinformalsectorofoureconomydoesnotimprovemattersastherearefewerresourcesavailableinthenationalcoffersbecauseoflowdomesticrevenuemobilization.Corruptionandpatronagebecomeoffshootsofthesestrainedeconomictimes.Itwillthere-forebeimperativethatthediscussiononfinancingtheSDGsinUgandabecomesapriorityasthecountryexploreshowtoensurethatfinancingfortheSDGsismobilized–harnessinglocalresourcesinnovatively.
5.6 STRENGTHENING TECHNOLOGY AND INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN SDG IMPLEMENTATION
In the 21stcentury,digitalizationisapreconditionforgrowth,povertyreductionandjobcreation,anditisadriverof transformationinthepublicandprivatesector.AroundtheworldandinUganda,advancesintechnologyarecreatingdataat unprecedented levels of detail and speed. It is evident that traditional sectors (manufacturing,services,andagriculture)growfasterwithdigitalization.TheCOVID-19pandemichasawakenedmanycountriestothefactthatitispossibletodeliverhigh-qualityservicesusingtechnologyatasmallfractionofthecostofconven-tionalmeans.Whiletheremaybeadigitaldivideglobally,thereisnodatadivide.However,asacountry,duetoresourceconstraintsUgandastillreliesondatathatareoutofdate,withtoomanypeoplemissingfromthenumberscollected.WeneedmoretimelyandrelevantdatatoachievetheSDGs,andtomakethebestuseofthevariousformsofdataaroundus.Inordernottobeleftbehindinthedatarevolution,weneedtobuildastrongcultureofdataconsumptionandproduction,workingwithallrelevantpartnersacrosstheworld.
VOLUNTARY NATIONAL REVIEW REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE 2030 AGENDA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 84
ANNEXINDICATOR PROGRESS MATRIX /SDG DASHBOARD
SDG
INDI
CATO
R MA
TRIX
150
SDGI
OF
FICI
AL
CODE
PROX
Y IN
DICA
TORS
SOUR
CE
PROD
UCER
DA
TA P
OINT
S20
1520
1620
1720
1820
19
1.2.1
UNHS
UBOS
21.4%
1.3.1
Prop
ortio
n of p
opula
tion w
ith
acce
ss to
socia
l insu
ranc
e; he
alth
insur
ance
, rec
eiving
dire
ct inc
ome
and a
cces
s to s
ocial
care
servi
ces
NDP
IIINP
A
So
cial in
sura
nce -
5%
healt
h ins
uran
ce 2%
dir
ect in
come
- 0.5
%;
1.4.1
Prop
ortio
n of c
ommu
nities
with
be
tter li
ving c
ondit
ions i
nclud
ing
drink
ing w
ater, s
anita
tion a
nd
hygie
ne, e
nerg
y (co
oking
and
lighti
ng),
trans
port
(nea
rest
feede
r ro
ad),
healt
h car
e, ed
ucati
on an
d inf
orma
tion t
echn
ologie
s
UNHS
UBOS
Wate
r (18
%) R
oads
(20%
), Int
erne
t acc
ess (
20%
) ,
Peac
eful e
nviro
nmen
t - (1
7%),
Socia
l ame
nities
(17
%),
Acce
ss to
elec
tricity
(10%
)
1.4.2
Prop
ortio
n of ti
tled l
and (
by se
x and
re
gion)
, %tag
e cov
erag
e of la
nd
infor
matio
n sys
tem,
Prop
ortio
n of la
nd tit
les is
sued
by
type (
regio
n, ge
nder,
and r
ural/
urba
n and
perce
ntage
chan
ge in
the
numb
er of
land
titles
regis
tered
(se
x, re
gion a
nd ru
ral/u
rban
)
LISML
HUD
21
.7%36
%
1.5.1
Numb
er of
victi
ms of
natur
al dis
aster
NDP
IIIOP
M
150
1.b.1
Perce
ntage
of ho
useh
olds
infor
med o
f gov
ernm
ent S
afety
Net
Prog
rams
UNHS
UBOS
, MFP
ED
SA
GE: 7
6.9%
OW
C: 92
.2%
YLP:
88.6%
YV
LF: 5
9.2%
2.2.1
Prev
alenc
e of s
tuntin
g (low
heigh
t for
age)
in ch
ildre
n und
er 5
year
s of
age
UDHS
2016
UBOS
/ MOH
F:
26.9%
M: 3
0.9%
T:
28.9%
2.2.2
UD
HS 20
16UB
OS/ M
OH
M: 8.
9%
F: 5.
6%
T:
7.3%
2.2.3
UD
HS 20
16UB
OS, M
oH
38.2%
2.a
.1
GFS
UBOS
0.17
0.16
0.22
0.16
0.16
3.1.1
UD
HS 20
16UB
OS
336/1
0000
0 live
birth
s
3.1.2
UD
HS 20
16UB
OS
74.2%
3.2
.1
UDHS
2016
UBOS
F:
56/10
00 M
: 72/1
000
T: 64
/1000
150
http://uganda.opendataforafrica.org/sdg
VOLU
NTAR
Y NA
TION
AL R
EVIE
W R
EPOR
T ON
THE
IMPL
EMEN
TATI
ON O
F TH
E 20
30 A
GEND
A FO
R SU
STAI
NABL
E DE
VELO
PMEN
T86SD
GI
OFFI
CIAL
CO
DE
PROX
Y IN
DICA
TORS
SOUR
CE
PROD
UCER
DA
TA P
OINT
S20
1520
1620
1720
1820
19
3.2.2
UD
HS 20
16UB
OS
F: 23
/1000
M: 3
1/100
0 T:
27/10
00
3.3.1
Ug
anda
Pop
ulatio
n-Ba
sed
HIV
Impa
ct As
sess
ment
MOH
F: 8.
3
M: 6
.1
T: 7
.3
73/10
00 ne
w ca
ses o
f HIV
amon
g ad
ults (
15-6
4 yrs)
3.3.2
TB
Sur
vey
MOH
106
178
162
182
308
3.3.3
HM
IS M
OH19
343
338
224
234
03.3
.4
HMIS
MOH
54.4
1.21
0.60.8
3.4.1
Morta
lity ra
te att
ribute
d to
card
iovas
cular
dise
ase,
canc
er,
diabe
tes or
chro
nic re
spira
tory
disea
se (1
000 p
opula
tion)
HMIS
MOH
3836
3737
45
3.4.2
Suici
de m
ortal
ity ra
te (1
00,00
0 po
pulat
ion)
Repo
rted C
rime d
ataMO
H, U
PF,
UBOS
4274
105
6085
3.6.1
An
nual
Crim
e Rep
ort
Ma
les 79
% (
n=2,5
34)
Fema
les 21
% (
n= 69
0)
Male
79%
(n=2
,920)
; Fe
male
21%
(n=7
69)
Male=
76%
(n
=296
2)
Fema
le=24
%
(n=9
18)
3.7.1
UD
HS 20
16UB
OS
53.9%
3.7
.2
UDHS
2016
UBOS
2/1
000 w
omen
(10-
14)
13
2/100
0 wom
en (1
5-19
)
3.8.1
Prop
ortio
n of th
e pop
ulatio
n with
ac
cess
to un
iversa
l hea
lth ca
re %
NDP
IIIUB
OS/M
OH
44%
3.9.2
Morta
lity ra
te att
ribute
d to u
nsafe
wa
ter, u
nsafe
sanit
ation
and l
ack
of hy
giene
(exp
osur
e to u
nsafe
W
ater, S
anita
tion a
nd H
ygien
e for
Al
l (WAS
H) se
rvice
s) pe
r 100
0 po
pulat
ion
HMIS
MOH
2831
1816
16
3.9.3
HM
ISMO
H8
78
97
3.a.1
UD
HSUB
OS
M: 9.
4
F: 0.
8
T: 5.1
3.b
.1
UDHS
UBOS
M:
36.5
F: 3
5.0 T
: 35.8
SDGI
OF
FICI
AL
CODE
PROX
Y IN
DICA
TORS
SOUR
CE
PROD
UCER
DA
TA P
OINT
S20
1520
1620
1720
1820
19
4.1.1
(N
APE)
UNEB
/MoE
S
Grad
e 3
Nume
racy
; 55.2
%
Boys
; 54.3
%
Girls
; 56.1
%;
Liter
acy;
49.9%
B
oys;
47.4%
G
irls; 5
2.5%
Gr
ade 6
Nu
mera
cy; 5
0.9%
Bo
ys; 5
6.2%
G
irls; 4
5.9%
; Lit
erac
y; 53
.1%
Boys
; 52.7
%
Girls
; 53.5
%
4.2.1
UD
HSUB
OS
F: 64
.6
M: 6
2 T
: 63.3
4.2
.2
Educ
ation
surve
yMo
ES/ U
BOS
Pa
rticipa
tion r
ate: 1
5.4%
Bo
ys; 1
5.0%
Gi
rls; 1
5.7%
4.a.1
Ed
ucati
on su
rvey
MoES
/ UBO
S
Ba
sic d
rinkin
g wa
ter
Prim
ary;
87.5%
Se
cond
ary;
93.85
Si
ngle
sex s
anita
tion
facil
ities
Pr
imar
y: 90
%
Seco
ndar
y; 95
.5%
Basic
han
d wa
shin
g fa
ciliti
es
Prim
ary;
40.9%
Se
cond
ary;
56.8%
4.c.1
E
duca
tion s
urve
yMo
ES/ N
CHE/
UB
OS
Pr
e-pr
imar
y; 60
.0%
Prim
ary;
79.6%
Se
cond
ary;
83.5%
5.2.1
UD
HSUB
OS
Natio
nal: (
39.6%
) Ty
pes P
hysic
al Vi
olenc
e:22.5
Sexu
al Vi
olenc
e:16.6
; P.V
: 29.3
RE
GION
S - S
outhe
rn
Centr
al: 31
.5; N
orth
Centr
al:
32.7;
Kam
pala:
22.4
; Bu
soga
: 32.1
; Buk
edi:
58.9;
Bu
gisu:
37.2;
Teso
: 39.2
; Ka
ramo
ja: 5
4.1; L
ango
: 40
.9; A
choli
: 38.6
; Wes
t Nile
: 43
.4; To
ro: 4
3.9; B
unyo
ro:
33.6;
Kige
zi: 4
2.1; A
nkole
: 56
.2
VOLU
NTAR
Y NA
TION
AL R
EVIE
W R
EPOR
T ON
THE
IMPL
EMEN
TATI
ON O
F TH
E 20
30 A
GEND
A FO
R SU
STAI
NABL
E DE
VELO
PMEN
T88SD
GI
OFFI
CIAL
CO
DE
PROX
Y IN
DICA
TORS
SOUR
CE
PROD
UCER
DA
TA P
OINT
S20
1520
1620
1720
1820
19
5.2.2
UD
HSUB
OS
5.6%
5.3
.1
UDHS
UBOS
Be
fore a
ge 15
: 7.3
perce
nt,
befor
e 18:
34%
5.3.2
UD
HSUB
OS
0.30%
5.4
.1Pe
rcenta
ge of
the p
opula
tion t
hat
spen
ds tim
e on n
onpr
oduc
tive
works
by se
x
TUS
UBOS
M: 13
.5%,
F: 13
.1%
T: 13
.3%
5.5.1
Ad
min d
ataPa
rliame
nt (2
018)
UB
OS(2
018)
34.9%
NP
45.7%
LGs
5.6.1
UD
HSUB
OS
58.5%
5.a
.1
AAS
2018
UBOS
, MLH
UD
All T
enur
e: 40
%
Free
hold:
40%
Ma
ilo: 3
5%
Custo
mary:
41%
Pu
blic l
and:
34%
5.b.1
UN
HS, U
DHS
UBOS
F:
45.5
M: 6
5.8 T
: 55.7
6.1
.1Pr
opor
tion o
f hou
seho
lds w
ith
acce
ss to
safe
drink
ing w
ater
servi
ces
UNHS
UBOS
F:
74.2
M: 9
0.8 T
: 77.9
6.2.1
UN
HSUB
OS
F: 17
.7 M
: 31.7
T:
20.8
6.3
.1
MW
E
79
%6.4
.2
MWE
MWE
1.67%
1.72%
6.5
.1
Indica
tor 6.
5.1 th
emati
c re
port
2017
MWE/
DW
RM
45%
59%
6.5.2
Ind
icator
6.5.2
them
atic
repo
rt 20
17MW
E/DW
RM
84
%
6.6.1
Ind
icator
6.6.1
them
atic
repo
rt 20
17MW
E/Re
lated
Ag
encie
s
-0.88
%1%
6.a.1
UN
Wate
r data
porta
lMW
E
155.1
7
6.b.1
Prop
ortio
n of w
ater p
oints
with
functi
onal
user
comm
ittee
MW
E/ M
oLG
87
%88
%89
%89
%
7.1.1
ER
T III
2018
UBOS
F:
23.9
M: 2
4.2
T: 51
.0
7.1.2
UD
HS 20
16UB
OS
F: 0.
2 M
: 2.1
T: 0
.6
7.2.1
Spec
ific E
nerg
y Con
sump
tion
(SEC
)Co
ntribu
tion o
f Ren
ewab
le En
ergy
to
the N
ation
al En
ergy
Mix
Ener
gy B
alanc
e, 20
17 S
heet
MEMD
Ener
gy co
nsum
ption
by so
urce
: Pe
troleu
m 12
.3%, E
lectric
ity 1.
7%,
Rene
wable
Ene
rgy 8
6.0%
7.3.1
Ener
gy co
nsum
ption
per G
DPEn
ergy
Bala
nce
MEMD
743
624.2
584.3
657
6.5
SDGI
OF
FICI
AL
CODE
PROX
Y IN
DICA
TORS
SOUR
CE
PROD
UCER
DA
TA P
OINT
S20
1520
1620
1720
1820
19
8.1.1
Na
tiona
l Acc
ounts
Stat
istics
UBOS
4.8
3.9
8.3
.1
NLFS
UBOS
F:
85.6
M: 8
4.5 T
: 84.9
8.5
.2
NLFS
UBOS
F:
11.4
M:
8.2
T:
9.7
Di
sabil
ity:
F: 9.
5 M
: 8.6
T
: 9.0
8.6.1
NL
FSUB
OS
F: 27
.2 M
: 46.9
T: 4
0.7
8.7.1
NL
FSUB
OS
F: 13
.5 M
: 16.8
T:
15.1
8.1
0.1
NLFS
BOU
(a) 3
.0
(b)
4.7
(a) 2
.9
(b)
4.6
(a) 2
.7
(b
) 4.2
(a) 2
.6
(b)
4.2
(a) 3
.1
(b)
4.7
8.10.2
NL
FSUB
OS
F: 12
.9 M
: 21.9
T: 1
7.4
9.1.1
Impr
oved
tran
spor
tation
servi
ces i
n ru
ral a
reas
UNHS
UBOS
b) 31
.1
9.1.2
Numb
er of
Pas
seng
er by
air
Fr
eight
volum
es by
air
Nu
mber
of P
asse
nger
by W
ater
Freig
ht vo
lumes
by W
ater
Nu
mber
of P
asse
nger
by R
oad
Freig
ht vo
lumes
by R
oad
Mo
WTC
, CAA
, UN
RA
No. o
f pas
seng
ers b
y air
2,008
,238,
Freig
ht vo
lumes
by ai
r 64
,731,
Numb
er of
pass
enge
rs by
wa
ter 4,
275,1
12, F
reigh
t vo
lumes
by w
ater 8
6914
9.2.1
Manu
factur
ing V
alue A
dded
in
shar
e of to
tal va
lue ad
ded
Natio
nal A
ccou
nts S
tatist
icsUB
OS
8.68.3
9.2.2
NL
FSUB
OS
F: 8.
1 M
: 10.2
T:
9.4
F: 3.
4 M
: 6.2
9.a.1
Mo
FPED
MoFP
EDGr
ants
(USD
)267
4969
79.35
8371
Loan
s (US
D)
5312
8333
5.106
789
Total
(USD
) 79
8780
314.4
6516
Gran
ts (U
SD) 2
7202
4145
.85
8887
Lo
ans (
USD)
1003
9385
73.77
782
To
tal (U
SD)
1275
9627
19.63
671
Gran
ts (U
SD) 2
0140
4234
.6454
46
Loan
s (US
D) 10
0295
3478
.7059
2
Total
(USD
) 120
4357
713.3
5136
Gran
ts (U
SD)
2065
3314
6.838
878
Lo
ans (
USD)
12
9892
6003
.6762
9
Total
(USD
) 15
0545
9150
.5151
6
Gran
ts (U
SD) 1
373
2383
3.933
563
Loan
s (US
D) 13
0156
3790
.4420
8
To
tal (U
SD)
1438
8876
24.37
564
11.1.
1
NDP
IIIMo
LHUD
60
13
.1.1
ND
P III
OPM
15
0
13.2.
2Av
erag
e ann
ual c
hang
e in
gree
nhou
se ga
sND
P III
MWE
1.3
9
15.1.
1
MWE
Secto
r rep
ort (
2018
)MW
E10
-11%
10-11
%9%
9%
15.7.
1(P
IKE)
Pro
portio
n of il
legall
y kille
d ele
phan
ts UW
A Re
cord
sUW
A0.4
00.3
60.2
50.3
20.3
3
16.1.
1
Crim
e Data
UPF
M: 22
F:
2 T
: 12
M: 27
F:
12 T
: 19
M: 21
F:
5 T
: 12.9
6M:
20
F
: 5
T:
12
16.1.
4
NGPS
SUB
OS
M:
65%
F:55
% T
:61%
16.2.
1
UDHS
UBOS
F:
84.6
M: 8
5.2
T: 84
.9
16.2.
2Nu
mber
of re
gister
ed vi
ctims
of
traffic
king
Annu
al Cr
ime R
epor
tUP
F10
828
335
5b)
650
VOLU
NTAR
Y NA
TION
AL R
EVIE
W R
EPOR
T ON
THE
IMPL
EMEN
TATI
ON O
F TH
E 20
30 A
GEND
A FO
R SU
STAI
NABL
E DE
VELO
PMEN
T90SD
GI
OFFI
CIAL
CO
DE
PROX
Y IN
DICA
TORS
SOUR
CE
PROD
UCER
DA
TA P
OINT
S20
1520
1620
1720
1820
19
16.2.
3
UDHS
UBOS
F:
5.2%
M:
1.3%
16
.3.1
Cr
ime V
ictim
s Sur
vey
UBOS
M:44
% F
: 52%
N:
48%
16.3.
2Re
mand
priso
ners
as a
prop
ortio
n of
over
all pr
ison p
opula
tion
UPS
Stati
stica
l Abs
tracts
UPS
54.9
55.1
51.8
51.8
48.1
16.5.
1
NGPS
SUB
OS
F:
13%
M: 2
1%
16
.6.1
MT
EFMo
FPED
100%
16.6.
2
NGPS
SUB
OS
F:
67%
M
: 65%
T:
66%
16.7.
1
NGPS
SUB
OS,
Parlia
ment,
Mo
LG, E
C,
MoPS
, Jud
icial
Servi
ce
Comm
ission
F: 35
% M
: 65%
. 41
% of
MPs
40 ye
ars o
r you
nger
16.7.
2
NGPS
SUB
OS,
Parlia
ment,
Mo
LG, E
C,
MoPS
, Jud
icial
Servi
ce
Comm
ission
F: 30
%
M: 2
8%
T: 29
%
16.9.
1
UDHS
UBOS
, URS
B
F: 32
.2 M
: 32.2
T: 3
2.2
16.b
.1
NGPS
SUB
OS
F:
32%
M
: 39%
T
: 35%
17.1.
1 T
ax R
even
ue to
GDP
Rati
oMo
FPED
MoFP
ED10
.8%11
.1%11
.5%11
.7%12
.6%17
.1.2
Mo
FPED
MoFP
ED88
.2%87
.8%88
.9%92
.5%88
.9%17
.3.2
BOU,
MoF
PED
3.64.1
3.93.9
4.117
.4.1
Mo
FPED
MoFP
ED11
.1%12
.6%15
.6%15
.6%16
.9%17
.6.1
UCC
0.36
17.8.
1
UDHS
UBOS
, UCC
F:
8.6
M: 2
2.5 T
: 15.6
17
.15.1
GP
EDC
Dash
boar
dOP
M
88%
The SDG SecretariatOffice of the Prime Minister,Level 3, Postel Building Clement Hill Road, KampalaEmail: [email protected] Website: www.sdgs.opm.go.ug
MINISTRY OF HEALTHTHE REPUBLIC OF UGANDA