the representative elements: groups 5a through 8a chapter 19
TRANSCRIPT
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The Representative Elements:The Representative Elements:Groups 5A Through 8AGroups 5A Through 8A
Chapter 19
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19_404MoleculeType
Molecularstructure
Hybridizationof M
MX3
MX5
MX6
Pyramidal
Trigonalbipyramidal
Octahedral
MX
XX
M
X
X
XX
X
X
X
X
XX
XM
M
Lone pair
sp3
M
M
dsp3
d2sp3
Types of molecules formed by Group VA elements.
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NitrogenNitrogen
The great stability of the NN bond means that most binary compounds containing nitrogen decompose exothermically to the elements.
NO2(g) 1/2N2(g) + O2(g) H = 34 kJ
N2H4(g) N2(g) + 2H2(g) H = 95 kJ
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Nitrogen FixationNitrogen Fixation
. . . the process of transforming N2 to other nitrogen-containing compounds.
The Haber Process
N2(g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) H = 92 kJ
P = 250 atm
T = 400C
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Unr
eac
ted
N2,
H2
ImpureN2, H2
Unwanted tracegases removed
PureN2, H2
Catalyticreactors
NH3
Coolingchamber
Liquid NH3
(yield 20%on eachcycle)
Schematic diagram of the Haber Process for the maufactureof ammonia.
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NitratesPlant andanimalprotein
Ammonia Nitrites
N2 in the atmosphere
N-fixingbacteria
Bacteria
BacteriaDecayprocesses
Denitrifyingbacteria
Lightning
The nitrogen cycle. To be used by plants and animals, nitrogenmust be converted from N2 to nitrogen-containing compounds.
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Nitrogen HydridesNitrogen Hydrides
Ammonia, NH3
Hydrazine, N2H4
Monomethylhydrazine, N2H3(CH3)
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Nitrogen OxidesNitrogen Oxides
Compound Oxidation State of N
N2O +1
NO +2
N2O3 +3
NO2 +4
HNO3 +5
Nitrogen in its oxides has an oxidation state Nitrogen in its oxides has an oxidation state from +1 to +5from +1 to +5
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NO
byp
rodu
ct
NH3
Oxidation at900C withPt – Rh catalyst
NO
Oxidation withO2 at 25 C
NO2
Dissolvedin H2O
HNO3
Schematic for the production of HNO3 by the Ostwald Process.
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Allotropes of Phosphorus - PAllotropes of Phosphorus - P44
- White Phosphorus (WP) = tetrahedra - very reactive
- Black Phosphorus (BP) = crystalline structure much less reactive
- Red Phosphorus (RP) = amorphous with P4 chains.
WP RP
WP or RP BP
heat atm no air
high pressure
, ,1
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(a) (b)
(c)
a) the P4 molecule. b) crystalline network structure of blackphosphorus c) chain structure of red phosphorus.
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P
P PP
P
P
PP
O
OO
O
OO
P
P
PP
O
OO
O
OO
O
O
O
O
LimitedO2
ExcessO2
P4O6 P4O10
The structure of P4O6 and P4O10.
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H
H
H
O
P O
H
H
H
O
P OO
(a) (b)
The structure of phosphorous acid and hypophosphorous acid.
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(a) (b)
X
P
X
X
X
XP X
X
X
a) Structure of PX3 compounds. b) Structure of PX5 compounds.
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Air
Superheatedwater
Moltensulfur
Moltensulfur
The Frasch Method for recovering sulfur from undergrounddeposits.
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OzoneOzone
OO
O OO
O
3O3O22((gg) ) 2O 2O33((gg) ) KK 10 105757
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Sulfur Oxide ReactionsSulfur Oxide Reactions
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
SO2(g) + H2O(l) H2SO3(aq)
SO3(g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)
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Preparation of Hydrogen Preparation of Hydrogen HalidesHalides
H2(g) + X2(g) 2HX(g)
OR
Treating halide salts with acid:
CaF2(s) + H2SO4(aq) CaSO4(s) + 2HF(g)
2NaCl(s) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(s) + 2HCl(g)
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Hypochlorite ion,OCl
Chlorate ion,ClO3
Chlorite ion, ClO2 Perchlorate ion, ClO4
Cl O
The structures of the oxychloro anions.
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Noble GasesNoble Gases
He, Ne and Ar form no compounds.
Kr and Xe have been observed to form chemical compounds:
Xe(g) + 2F2(g) XeF4(s) [6 atm, 400C]
XeF6(s) + 3H2O(l) XeO3(aq) + 6HF(aq)
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F
Xe
F
F
Xe
F
O
O
F
Xe
FO
O
O
OO
O
Xe XeO
O
O
O
F
F
Xe
F
F F
F
Xe
F
F
O
O
XeF2Linear
XeO2F2Distorted tetrahedron
XeO3Pyramidal
XeO4Tetrahedral
XeO2F4Octahedral
XeO3F2Trigonal bipyramid
XeF4Square planar
The structure of several known xenon compounds.