The Renaissance as seen through Art, Artists, Architecture and

Literature (1400-1600CE)

A return to the lost stylization A return to the lost stylization of the classical worldof the classical world

The Intellectual Renaissance

• The The wealthywealthy who lived in Italy between who lived in Italy between 1350 – 1600 believed they were living 1350 – 1600 believed they were living in a unique period, witnessing a rebirth in a unique period, witnessing a rebirth of classical antiquity –the world of the of classical antiquity –the world of the Greeks and Romans.Greeks and Romans.

• To them, this marked a new age, which To them, this marked a new age, which historians later called the historians later called the Renaissance Renaissance (French for “rebirth”).(French for “rebirth”).

• This movement started in Italy and This movement started in Italy and eventually spread to the rest of Europe.eventually spread to the rest of Europe.

The Intellectual Renaissance

• A A new view of humansnew view of humans emerged as emerged as those affected by the Italian those affected by the Italian Renaissance began to Renaissance began to emphasize emphasize individual abilityindividual ability..

The Intellectual Renaissance

• This high regard for This high regard for human potential gave rise human potential gave rise to a new social ideal – that to a new social ideal – that of a well rounded (or of a well rounded (or “universal”) person that “universal”) person that was capable of was capable of achievements in many achievements in many fields (often known as a fields (often known as a ““Renaissance ManRenaissance Man” or ” or ““WomanWoman”).”).

The Intellectual Renaissance

• The most important intellectual The most important intellectual movement associated with the movement associated with the Renaissance was Renaissance was humanismhumanism. .

• Humanism was based on the study of the Humanism was based on the study of the classics, the literary works of Greece and classics, the literary works of Greece and Rome, to lead a moral and effective life.Rome, to lead a moral and effective life.

• Humanists studied the Humanists studied the liberal arts liberal arts – – history, grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, grammar, rhetoric, poetry, politics, and philosophy (ethics). Today politics, and philosophy (ethics). Today we call these the we call these the HumanitiesHumanities..

The Intellectual Renaissance

• During the Renaissance, to become During the Renaissance, to become wealthy and stay wealthy required a wealthy and stay wealthy required a high standard of education…one high standard of education…one could not be successful in commerce could not be successful in commerce or industry without knowing how to or industry without knowing how to read and write and being skillful with read and write and being skillful with numbers.numbers.

• Increased business meant more Increased business meant more partnership agreements, complicated partnership agreements, complicated wills, etc…i.e. more wills, etc…i.e. more lawlaw..

The Intellectual Renaissance

• Legal studies became the biggest Legal studies became the biggest draw at European universities and draw at European universities and professors of law were paid the professors of law were paid the highest academic salaries.highest academic salaries.

• As city-states grew and governments As city-states grew and governments became more complicated, there became more complicated, there was a greater demand for a well-was a greater demand for a well-educated secretariat at home and for educated secretariat at home and for diplomats who spoke with eloquence diplomats who spoke with eloquence abroad.abroad.

The Intellectual Renaissance

• The influence of the past was strengthened The influence of the past was strengthened by the fact that the Renaissance had no by the fact that the Renaissance had no conception of conception of progressprogress…until the …until the Renaissance men did not believe that Renaissance men did not believe that society could steadily improve itself by society could steadily improve itself by inventing new ways to exploit resources and inventing new ways to exploit resources and organize economies and governments.organize economies and governments.

• It seemed to Renaissance thinkers that the It seemed to Renaissance thinkers that the ancients had done nearly everything about ancients had done nearly everything about as well as it could be done.as well as it could be done.

The Intellectual Renaissance

• Early humanists (like Petrarch) Early humanists (like Petrarch) believed that the intellectual life believed that the intellectual life should be one of solitude and study.should be one of solitude and study.

• Later humanists, especially in Later humanists, especially in Florence, believed that Florence, believed that it was the it was the duty of an intellectual to live an active duty of an intellectual to live an active life for one’s community and country.life for one’s community and country.

• They also believed that their study of They also believed that their study of the humanities should be put to the the humanities should be put to the service of their community or country.service of their community or country.

The Intellectual Renaissance

• PetrarchPetrarch (1304-1374) is often (1304-1374) is often referred to as the “father of referred to as the “father of Renaissance humanism” because he Renaissance humanism” because he sought to find forgotten Latin sought to find forgotten Latin manuscripts and emphasized the use manuscripts and emphasized the use of classical Latin. of classical Latin.

The Intellectual Renaissance• Writers addressed more Writers addressed more

secular subjects like secular subjects like love and lust, valor, love and lust, valor, individualism, and pride individualism, and pride in human achievement.in human achievement.

• Humanist writers (like Humanist writers (like Dante) often criticized Dante) often criticized the Church (usually by the Church (usually by satirizing it) and began satirizing it) and began writing in Italian. writing in Italian.

The Artistic Renaissance

• Renaissance artists tried to imitate Renaissance artists tried to imitate nature and persuade onlookers of the nature and persuade onlookers of the reality of the object or event they reality of the object or event they were portraying.were portraying.

• Artistic standards also reflected a new Artistic standards also reflected a new attitude…that attitude…that humans became the humans became the focus of attentionfocus of attention, “the center and , “the center and measure of all things.” “God is measure of all things.” “God is supreme but life is human.”supreme but life is human.”

The Artistic Renaissance

• This focus was on more worldly This focus was on more worldly subjectssubjects or Greek/Roman classics—or Greek/Roman classics—including mythology, not just religion including mythology, not just religion (which reflected (which reflected humanismhumanism).).

• Painting style became Painting style became three three dimensionaldimensional (unlike earlier styles that (unlike earlier styles that were flat/two dimensional).were flat/two dimensional).

The Artistic Renaissance

• Artists wanted credit for their works and Artists wanted credit for their works and wanted to be knownwanted to be known (they sought (they sought prestige - a new sign of prestige - a new sign of individualismindividualism).).

• During the Middle Ages to praise man During the Middle Ages to praise man was to praise God (for man was a was to praise God (for man was a creation of God)…but Renaissance creation of God)…but Renaissance artists praised man himself as a creator.artists praised man himself as a creator.

The Artistic Renaissance

• Each generation of artists was praised Each generation of artists was praised for being “more modern” than the last…for being “more modern” than the last…but “more modern” during the but “more modern” during the Renaissance really meant closer to the Renaissance really meant closer to the precepts laid down by Classical Rome.precepts laid down by Classical Rome.

Medieval Art (typically two dimensional)

Medieval Art

Renaissance vs. Medieval

• The major difference between The major difference between Medieval and the Renaissance style Medieval and the Renaissance style of painting was the use of of painting was the use of linear linear perspective and light and shadow.perspective and light and shadow.

• These elements gave the figures in These elements gave the figures in Renaissance art Renaissance art form and volumeform and volume (three dimensional qualities).(three dimensional qualities).

Renaissance vs. Medieval• Many art historians credit the works Many art historians credit the works

of Giotto (1266-1337) as being the of Giotto (1266-1337) as being the first to lead art back to what was the first to lead art back to what was the “classical style.”“classical style.”

Masaccio• The Tribute MoneyThe Tribute Money (Florence c. 1427)(Florence c. 1427)• This is considered by some art This is considered by some art

historians as the first major work of historians as the first major work of the Renaissance.the Renaissance.

Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519)

Self Portraits

Leonardo da VinciThe Mona Lisa (La Giaconda c.1503-05)

Leonardo da VinciPortrait of a Young Woman

(Ginevra DeBenci c. 1474-78)

Leonardo da VinciLa belle Ferroniere (1490)

Leonardo da VinciLady with an Ermine

(Cecilia Gallerani 1483-90)

Leonardo da VinciThe Last Supper (1498)

Leonardo da VinciMadonna and Child with a Pomegranate

(1475)

Leonardo da VinciThe Annunciation (1472-75)

Leonardo da Vinci The Virgin and Child with St. Anne (1510)

Leonardo da VinciSt. John the Baptist (1509-12)

Leonardo da VinciCanon of Proportions

(commonly called Vetruvian Man c. 1485-90)

Leonardo da VinciMechanics (Machine gun and Tank)

Leonardo da VinciMilitary Mechanics

Leonardo da VinciFlying Machines

Leonardo da Vinci

• An example of Leonardo’s “mirror writing”:An example of Leonardo’s “mirror writing”:

Leonardo da Vinci

• People who were contemporaries of People who were contemporaries of Leonardo left records that they saw him Leonardo left records that they saw him write and paint left handed. He also made write and paint left handed. He also made sketches showing his own left hand at sketches showing his own left hand at work. work.

• Because people were superstitious (it was Because people were superstitious (it was considered a sign of the Devil), children considered a sign of the Devil), children who naturally started using their left hands who naturally started using their left hands to write or draw were forced to use their to write or draw were forced to use their right hands.right hands.

Leonardo da Vinci

Michelangelo (1475-1564)

MichelangloThe Creation of Man (Sistine Chapel)

Michelangelo Sistine Chapel (1508-12)

MichelangeloVault of the Sistine Chapel (Vatican)

Michelangelo• Michelangelo’s painting in the Sistine Michelangelo’s painting in the Sistine

Chapel has been recognized as a Chapel has been recognized as a masterpiece since its completion and is masterpiece since its completion and is a defining moment in artistic history.a defining moment in artistic history.

• He was just 33 years old when he He was just 33 years old when he signed a contract with the pope to paint signed a contract with the pope to paint the Sistine Chapel for about $500,000. the Sistine Chapel for about $500,000. But he wasn’t happy about the But he wasn’t happy about the commission, declaring himself a commission, declaring himself a sculptor rather than a painter and sculptor rather than a painter and preferring to work on an existing preferring to work on an existing commission for the pope’s tomb.commission for the pope’s tomb.

Michelangelo

• Michelangelo’s plan was to depict the Michelangelo’s plan was to depict the salvation of the human race by God as salvation of the human race by God as told through the allegory of the told through the allegory of the Old Old TestamentTestament..

• For Renaissance Christians, every For Renaissance Christians, every element and story in the element and story in the Old Testament Old Testament had both a literal and a mystical had both a literal and a mystical meaning.meaning.

• The The Old Testament Old Testament had been retained by had been retained by the Christian Church because it the Christian Church because it proclaimed the coming of Jesus in the proclaimed the coming of Jesus in the events of the history of Israel. events of the history of Israel.

Michelangelo

• The central themes on the great ceiling The central themes on the great ceiling are from the are from the Old TestamentOld Testament : the : the creation of the world, the creation of creation of the world, the creation of mankind, and the salvation of mankind mankind, and the salvation of mankind that came when Noah was rescued from that came when Noah was rescued from the flood.the flood.

• The ceiling has nine paintings, which The ceiling has nine paintings, which Michelangelo painted in reverse Michelangelo painted in reverse chronological order.chronological order.

Michelangelo

• In the three paintings depicting the In the three paintings depicting the creation, we see God’s hand moving creation, we see God’s hand moving across the waters, separating the across the waters, separating the darkness from the light, and creating the darkness from the light, and creating the sun and the moon.sun and the moon.

• The only picture of Christ on the ceiling is The only picture of Christ on the ceiling is the image of a baby poking out from the the image of a baby poking out from the cloak of God, assuring Christians of the cloak of God, assuring Christians of the existence of Christ and the Trinity from existence of Christ and the Trinity from the beginning.the beginning.

Michelangelo

• God Moving Across the Waters.

Michelangelo• God Creating the Sun and Moon.

Michelangelo

• The second set of three paintings The second set of three paintings depicts man. Here, we see the depicts man. Here, we see the creation of Adam, the creation of creation of Adam, the creation of Eve, and the fall of mankind.Eve, and the fall of mankind.

• The most famous painting, God The most famous painting, God reaching out to touch the finger of reaching out to touch the finger of Adam is meant to convey not just the Adam is meant to convey not just the giving of life but the giving of a giving of life but the giving of a divine spark—the essence of what it divine spark—the essence of what it is to be human.is to be human.

Michelangelo

• The Creation of Man (Adam).

Michelangelo

• The Creation of Woman (Eve).

Michelangelo

• The Fall of ManThe Fall of Man

Michelangelo

• The third set of paintings shows the story of Noah, The third set of paintings shows the story of Noah, the one man who touched God’s heart with his the one man who touched God’s heart with his righteousness and was saved from the flood.righteousness and was saved from the flood.

• The central scene depicts the terror of the coming The central scene depicts the terror of the coming flood.flood.

• In the other two scenes, first we see Noah offering In the other two scenes, first we see Noah offering a sacrifice to God, foreshadowing God’s own a sacrifice to God, foreshadowing God’s own sacrifice of his son.sacrifice of his son.

• Then we see Noah lying in the nude, having drunk Then we see Noah lying in the nude, having drunk the fruit of his vineyards. The covering up of Noah the fruit of his vineyards. The covering up of Noah by his sons was symbolic to Michelangelo that by his sons was symbolic to Michelangelo that Christ himself would be humiliated.Christ himself would be humiliated.

Michelangelo

• The Deluge (great flood).

Michelangelo• The Drunkenness of Noah.

MichelangeloIsaiah (Sistine Chapel)

MichelangeloThe Sibyl of Delphi (Sistine Chapel)

MichelangeloThe Cumaean Sibyl (Sistine Chapel)

MichelangeloThe Last Judgment (Sistine Chapel 1535)

• This was the largest This was the largest painting created painting created during the during the Renaissance.Renaissance.

• Michelangelo painted Michelangelo painted his own flayed skin his own flayed skin to represent St. to represent St. Bartholomew. Bartholomew.

MichelangeloThe Last Judgment (Sistine Chapel 1535)

Michelangelo

• In the years after his completion of the In the years after his completion of the Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo became ever Sistine Chapel, Michelangelo became ever more famous and filled commissions for more famous and filled commissions for later popes.later popes.

• His work in the Sistine Chapel, together His work in the Sistine Chapel, together with his painting of the Last Judgment and with his painting of the Last Judgment and the dome of St. Peter’s, stand as the dome of St. Peter’s, stand as exemplars of perfection in art down to our exemplars of perfection in art down to our own day.own day.

MichelangeloDavid (in Florence 1501-04)

Michelangelo’s The Pieta [Pity] (at the Vatican c. 1500)

MichelangeloMoses (c. 1515)

Michelangelo

• The dome of St. Peter’s BasilicaThe dome of St. Peter’s Basilica:

Botticelli (1444-1510)

Botticelli

• At the height of his fame, the Florentine At the height of his fame, the Florentine painter Sandro Botticelli was one of the painter Sandro Botticelli was one of the most esteemed artists in Italy.most esteemed artists in Italy.

• Such was his reputation that, in 1481, he Such was his reputation that, in 1481, he was summoned by the Pope to Rome to was summoned by the Pope to Rome to help decorate the walls of the recently help decorate the walls of the recently completed Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. completed Sistine Chapel in the Vatican. This was the only time he spent time away This was the only time he spent time away from Florence.from Florence.

BotticelliThe Birth of Venus (1486)

BotticelliPrimavera (Spring) 1482

BotticelliThe Three Graces

(close-up)The Three Graces were The Three Graces were

the daughters of Zeus.the daughters of Zeus.Left is the goddess ofLeft is the goddess of

splendorsplendor..Middle is the goddess ofMiddle is the goddess of

festivityfestivity..Right is the goddess ofRight is the goddess of

rejoicingrejoicing..

BotticelliVenus and Mars (1483)

BotticelliThe Adoration of the Magi (1475-76)

Raphael (1483-1520) Self Portrait

Raphael

• For centuries, Raphael was recognized as one of the most versatile and prolific painters of what became known as the “High Renaissance.”

• Artist and architect, he held commissions from popes (Julius II) and wealthy patrons alike.

• Though he died at 37, Raphael's example as a paragon of classicism dominated the academic tradition of European painting until the mid-19th century.

Raphael Sistine Madonna (1513-14)

RaphaelCherubini (Tiny Cherubs)

RaphaelSt. George and the Dragon (1505-06)

RaphaelSt. Michael (1504-05)

RaphaelThe Entombment (1507)

RaphaelWoman with a Unicorn (1506?)

RaphaelSt. Catherine of Alexandria (1507)

RaphaelMadonna and Child (1504 & 1505)

RaphaelThe Three Graces (1501-05)

RaphaelThe School of Athens (1508)

RaphaelSchool of Athens (da Vinci as Plato)

RaphaelYoung Man with an Apple

(Francesco Maria della Rovere 1505)

RaphaelBaldassare Castligione (1514)

Titian

• Titian was the greatest painter of 16th-Titian was the greatest painter of 16th-century Venice, and the first painter to have century Venice, and the first painter to have a mainly international clientele. a mainly international clientele.

• During his long career, he experimented During his long career, he experimented with many different styles of painting which with many different styles of painting which embody the development of art during his embody the development of art during his epoch.epoch.

• He became the court painter for Charles V He became the court painter for Charles V of Spain and his son Philip II.of Spain and his son Philip II.

TitianBacchus and Ariadne (1520-23)

TitianSacred and Profane Love (1515-16)

TitianFlora (1515)

TitianVenus with a mirror (1555)

TitianVenus and Adonis (1554)

TitianDiana and Actaeon (1559)

TitianCharles V (of Spain) 1548

TitianClarissa Strozzi (1542)

TitianAdam and Eve (c. 1550)

TitianPenitent Mary Magdalen (c. 1560s)

Titian (1485-1576)

Mino da Fiesole

• da Fiesole’s bust of Piero de’ Medici da Fiesole’s bust of Piero de’ Medici (1453) was the first portrait bust (1453) was the first portrait bust made since the fall of Rome.made since the fall of Rome.

Donatello (Sculptor)

David (in Bronze) c. 1430 This was the first major work of Renaissance sculpture and the first free-standing nude created

since ancient Rome.

DonatelloSt George (c.1417)

DonatelloMary Magdalen

St. John St. MarkDonatello

Donatello Equestrian monument of Commander

Gattamelata (Padua 1453)

Donatello (1386-1466)

Jan van Eyck

• Van Eyck was the most famous Flemish painter of the 15th century.

• For many years Jan van Eyck was wrongly credited with the ``discovery of painting in oil,'‘ but he did create a stable varnish that dried at a consistent rate.

• His oil/resin mixture (instead of egg tempura) created brilliant, translucent, and intense colors which had never been seen before on canvas.

Jan van Eyck (Flemish)

• The Virgin and Chancellor Rolin (1435)

Jan van Eyck The Arnolfini Marriage (1434)

Jan van EyckSt. Jerome in his Study (1441)

Jan van EyckSinging Angels (1427-29)

Jan van Eyck (1395-1441)

• Man in a Red Turban (thought to be a self-portrait 1433)

Pieter Bruegel

• Pieter Bruegel is generally considered the greatest Flemish painter of the 16th century.

• His paintings, including his landscapes and scenes of peasant life, stress the absurd and vulgar, yet are full of zest and fine detail. They also expose human weaknesses and follies.

• He was sometimes called the "peasant Bruegel" from such works as the Peasant Wedding Feast (1568).

Pieter Bruegel (Flemish)

The Tower of Babel (1563)

Pieter BruegelProverbs (1559)

Pieter BruegelThe Peasant Wedding Feast (1568)

Pieter Bruegel The Wedding Dance (1568)

Pieter BruegelWinter Landscape with Skaters (1565)

Pieter Bruegel(1525-1569)

Albrecht Durer (German)

• Durer was known as the “Leonardo of the North.”

• Durer was the leading

German artist of the

Renaissance.

• Adoration of the Trinity (1511)

Albrecht Durer

• Adoration of the Magi (1504)

Albrecht Durer• Rabbit in Winter (1502)

Albrecht Durer

• This engraving is

called Melancholia

(1514).

Albrecht DurerThe Four Riders of the Apocalypse

(1498)

Albrecht DurerThe Knight, Death, and the Devil (1513)

Albrecht Durer(1471- 1528)

• Self portrait at age 26.

An Architectural Renaissance

• Renaissance rulers used art and Renaissance rulers used art and architecturearchitecture to enhance the pomp and to enhance the pomp and ceremonial display of their courts ceremonial display of their courts as as symbols of their power.symbols of their power.

• Kings, nobles, and the wealthy Kings, nobles, and the wealthy commissioned portraits of themselves commissioned portraits of themselves (or of their families) as expressions of (or of their families) as expressions of their stature and wealth.their stature and wealth.

An Architectural Renaissance

• Before the dawn of Before the dawn of the Renaissance the Renaissance (i.e Late Medieval (i.e Late Medieval period 12period 12thth-14-14thth centuries), Europe centuries), Europe was dominated by was dominated by asymmetrical and asymmetrical and ornateornate GothicGothic architecture.architecture.

Gothic Architecture

Gothic Architecture

• Cathedral at Reims (France) and Cathedral at Reims (France) and Duomo (Milan).Duomo (Milan).

Gothic Architecture

• Cathedral de Notre Dame (Paris):Cathedral de Notre Dame (Paris):

Renaissance Architecture

• In the early 1400’s, architects In the early 1400’s, architects reverted back to the older styles of reverted back to the older styles of Romanesque and Greek. Romanesque and Greek.

• The architects of the Renaissance The architects of the Renaissance period refined Greek and Roman period refined Greek and Roman architecturearchitecture and used new materials and used new materials not usually associated with Greece, not usually associated with Greece, like brick. like brick.

• Arab influences are also evidentArab influences are also evident (like (like the curved arches).the curved arches).

Renaissance Architecture

• Architectural features included:Architectural features included:• Symmetrical arrangement of windows Symmetrical arrangement of windows

and doors;and doors;• Extensive use of classical columns and Extensive use of classical columns and

pilasters;pilasters;• Triangular pediments;Triangular pediments;• Square lintels;Square lintels;• Arches and domes;Arches and domes;• Niches with sculptures.Niches with sculptures.

Renaissance Architecture

• Cities were designed and planned Cities were designed and planned with order and harmony in mindwith order and harmony in mind. . (Not the haphazard Medieval way)(Not the haphazard Medieval way)

• Plazas (open squares), market Plazas (open squares), market squares, parks, play areas, and squares, parks, play areas, and grounds for military exercises were grounds for military exercises were incorporated.incorporated.

• Arches and porticos (covered Arches and porticos (covered walkways) became popular.walkways) became popular.

Renaissance Architecture

• The first major The first major example of example of Renaissance Renaissance architecture was architecture was the the Church of Church of San LorenzoSan Lorenzo (Florence), (Florence), created by created by Filippo Filippo Brunelleschi Brunelleschi (1377-1446).(1377-1446).

Renaissance Architecture• Among the first to Among the first to

break from the break from the Medieval Gothic style, Medieval Gothic style, Brunelleschi (and his Brunelleschi (and his close friend Donatello) close friend Donatello) were inspired by were inspired by classical Roman classical Roman models and ruins and models and ruins and created a more linear, created a more linear, humanistic style.humanistic style.

Renaissance Architecture

• The classical columns, rounded The classical columns, rounded arches, and coffered ceiling created arches, and coffered ceiling created a feeling that a feeling that didn’t overwhelm didn’t overwhelm worshippersworshippers (like Gothic cathedrals). (like Gothic cathedrals).

• The space was created to fit human The space was created to fit human proportions, not divine onesproportions, not divine ones. . Renaissance architects sought to Renaissance architects sought to reflect the human-centered world.reflect the human-centered world.

Renaissance Architecture• Brunelleschi’s most famous work is Brunelleschi’s most famous work is

the cathedral of Florence the cathedral of Florence Santa Maria Santa Maria del Fioredel Fiore (started 1296, completed in (started 1296, completed in 1436)1436)

Renaissance Architecture

• Santa Maria del FioreSanta Maria del Fiore in Florence. in Florence.

Renaissance Architecture• Dome of Dome of Santa Maria del FioreSanta Maria del Fiore by by

Brunelleschi (1420-36). Over Brunelleschi (1420-36). Over 4,000,000 bricks were used and a 4,000,000 bricks were used and a special hoisting machine was made to special hoisting machine was made to create the largest dome since create the largest dome since antiquity.antiquity.

Renaissance Architecture

• The The Ducal PalaceDucal Palace at Urbino at Urbino (completed (completed 1604)1604)

Renaissance Architecture

• The Ducal Palace’s courtyard and The Ducal Palace’s courtyard and portico:portico:

Renaissance ArchitectureThe Temple of St. PeterThe Temple of St. Peter (marks where he was (marks where he was

put to death by the Romans)put to death by the Romans)

Renaissance Architecture

• The The Sistine ChapelSistine Chapel ( (Cappella SistinaCappella Sistina) ) is part of the Pope’s official residence is part of the Pope’s official residence at the Vatican.at the Vatican.

• It was designed to look like Solomon’s It was designed to look like Solomon’s TempleTemple..

Renaissance Architecture

• The The VaticanVatican (Rome)(Rome)

Renaissance ArchitectureThe Vatican (The Vatican (St. Peter’s BasilicaSt. Peter’s Basilica in in

RomeRome started in 1506, completed in started in 1506, completed in 1626)1626)

The Vatican

• The Swiss guard uniform was designed by The Swiss guard uniform was designed by Michelangelo.Michelangelo.

Look Familiar?Look Familiar?

Guess where?Guess where?

Guess where?Guess where?

Renaissance ArchitectureRenaissance ArchitectureThe “leaning” The “leaning” Tower of Pisa Tower of Pisa (started (started

1173—completed 1173—completed 1372)

Renaissance Architecture

• The The Cathedral of PisaCathedral of Pisa.

Renaissance ArchitectureSanta Maria NovellaSanta Maria Novella

(Florence started 1246, completed in 1470)(Florence started 1246, completed in 1470)

Renaissance ArchitectureSanta Maria dellaSanta Maria della GrazieGrazie (Milan 1469-1490) (Milan 1469-1490)

This is the church that houses da Vinci’s This is the church that houses da Vinci’s Last Last SupperSupper

Renaissance ArchitectureThe Czech city of TelcThe Czech city of Telc

Renaissance Architecture• AntwerpAntwerp City Hall City Hall (1561, completed in (1561, completed in

1565)1565)

Renaissance Architecture

Renaissance Music

• Renaissance rulers spent as much as Renaissance rulers spent as much as 6% of their annual revenue to support 6% of their annual revenue to support musicians and composers.musicians and composers.

• Music added glamour and gloryMusic added glamour and glory to the to the courts and reputations of patrons.courts and reputations of patrons.

• Music was appreciated for its ability to Music was appreciated for its ability to express the innermost feelings of the express the innermost feelings of the individual.individual.

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=739R9G0qDH8

Renaissance Music• As a major sponsor of As a major sponsor of

music, the church needed music, the church needed choirs of singers, and choirs of singers, and many composers got their many composers got their start as choir boys.start as choir boys.

• The The Great SchismGreat Schism encouraged more musical encouraged more musical production as rival popes production as rival popes sought to outdo each sought to outdo each other. other.

The Renaissance: an Overview

• FirstFirst,, Renaissance Italy was Renaissance Italy was largely an largely an urbanurban society made up society made up of powerful city-statesof powerful city-states. These . These city-states became centers of city-states became centers of Italian political, economic, and Italian political, economic, and social life.social life.

The Renaissance: an Overview

•SecondSecond,, the Renaissance signaled the Renaissance signaled an age of recovery from the an age of recovery from the disasters at the end of the Post-disasters at the end of the Post-classical period, classical period, namely the social namely the social destruction caused by the Black destruction caused by the Black Plague, the political disorder that Plague, the political disorder that was caused by it, and the economic was caused by it, and the economic collapse of the first world system.collapse of the first world system.

The Renaissance: an Overview

• ThirdThird,, the leaders of the Renaissance the leaders of the Renaissance began to look at humans in a new way. began to look at humans in a new way.

• For the first time in over 1000 years, an For the first time in over 1000 years, an emphasis was placed on individual ability. emphasis was placed on individual ability.

• Individuals tried to achieve a new social Individuals tried to achieve a new social ideal: the well-rounded personality or ideal: the well-rounded personality or universal person who was capable of universal person who was capable of achievements in many areas of lifeachievements in many areas of life.