The RenaissanceChapter 10

I. Introduction

Rinascimento- The Rebirth Spanned from the late 1300’s to late 1600’s

The Renaissance more or less began in Italy Spanned approximately between 1375-1527 Due to strategic placement on trade routes

The arts were funded by wealthy patrons De’ Medici Family

I. Introduction

The Renaissance was a revival of the arts, classical literature and a focus on the humanities. Humanities- study of the classics, language,

philosophy, law, visual arts and the performing arts

The Renaissance Man- well rounded and knowledgeable in humanities and science Leonardo Da Vinci was a prime example

II. The Arts

II. The Arts

Medieval art 1 dimensional Stiff, unrealistic Lack of depth Gold illumination (to

represent heaven) Predominantly religious

focus

The Crucifixion with Saints Clare and Francis of Assisi, ca. 1320

II. The Arts

Giotto (1266-1336) Father of Renaissance painting Worked on realism with depth

Chiaroscuro Light-dark Gave depth to painting Marriage at

Cana

II. The Arts

Donatello (1386-1466) first great master of Renaissance

sculpture David – first free standing nude since

antiquity First step in direction of Renaissance

imitation of Classical style

II. The Arts Leonardo da Vinci (1452 –1519)

Painter, Scientist/Engineer & inventor

Genius with a very short attention span

Had numerous inventions Weapons, vehicles, aircraft

Study anatomy and created detailed sketches

II. The Arts Michaelangelo Buonarroti (1475 –1564)

Sculptor and painter Designed the Pope’s bodyguard’s uniforms One of the most famous artist

II. The Arts

Raphael (1483 –1520) Painter and Architect

School of Athens

II. The Arts

Northern European Art Differing style than Italy

Colors and overall style Jan van Eyck (1395-1441) Albrecht Durer (1471-1528)

II. The Arts Jan van Eyck

Flemish painter Very detailed (single hair brushes)

II. The Arts

Albrecht Durer German Painter, printmaker, engraver and

mathematician

III. Political Change

Italy Declines (1497-1527) Italy consisted of independent city-states

Eventually gained territory Usually joined forces against invaders (Turks)

Divided Milan, Naples and Florence vs. Venice and Papal

States Peace with Treaty of Lodi but ended due to

Ludovico il Moro (Milan) Other states allied against Ludovico Ludovico asked for French help (Naples) France becomes threat Charles VIII marched through Italy- upset balance

III. Political Change

Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) Political Theorist The Prince

Satirical? End justifies means Patriotism

III. Political Change

Monarchies Rise of merchant classes and wealthy cities/towns More united states rather than feudalism

Stability important to business Pushed nobility from traditional roles

Conflict between nobility and monarchs Nobles did not want to pay tax Tax on lower classes Gabelle- salt tax (France) Alcabala- 10% sales tax (Spain)

III. Political Change

France Charles VII (r.1422-1461)

Successfully utilized administrative servants Professional army (Joan of Arc) Expanded territory- 100 Years’ War on

Conquered Burgundy France became a major world power

Fell apart by the mid 1500’s

III. Political Change

Spain Very divided until the marriage of Isabella of

Castile (r. 1474-1516) and Ferdinand of Aragon (r. 1479-1516) Son Charles I united Spain Reconquista- taking back Spanish land from

Muslims and Jews- Exiled Spanish Inquisition (1480-1834)- hunted

heretics- slowed reformation in Spain Christopher Columbus- Brought a lot of wealth

to Spain- started colonialism

III. Political Change

England War of the Roses (1455-1485)

Between the Lancaster (Red) and the Yorks (White)

Over Succession of the throne Ended with Henry Tudor (Henry VII-Lancaster)

Used the courts to his advantage Used laws to take noble land and did not have to

request money from parliament

III. Political Changes

Holy Roman Empire Neither Holy nor Roman

Germanic Very divided into cities and territories Charles IV and territorial leaders agreed on the

Golden Bull 7 member electoral college to elect new

emperors Offered some stability but only limited unity

IV. Education/Reforms

Johannes Gutenburg Printing Press(1440) Used moveable type First work printed was Bible

Allowed people to read the Bible and discuss it rather than blindly follow the church Increase in the focus of literacy

Allowed knowledge to be more readily

IV. Education/Reforms

Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536) Dutch Priest Supported himself through tutoring

Colloquies- Latin dialogues to teach Latin and ways to live well

Adages- Proverbs Where there is smoke, there is fire

Made use of printing press to spread his reforms Spoke out against Church’s vain ceremonies

and bullying

IV. Education/Reforms

Erasmus continued… Study of Classics and Bible

True forms Translated New Testament in Latin and had it

parallel to original Greek Used by Martin Luther to translate Bible into

German All of his works have been banned by the

Catholic Church

V. European Exploration Europeans saw the luxury goods of Asia as a

result of Crusades Lacked high valued goods to trade

Had to pay in gold

Colonialism Needed gold to pay for luxury goods Looked for ways to the Indies to cut out Muslim

middle- man and their Venetian trading partners

V. European Exploration

Exploration and Colonialism Needed gold for luxury goods

Had to go look for it Were afraid of Muslims who controlled trade

routes Looked for alternative routes to the Indies

Vasco Da Gama- 1st European to reach India by sea

Henry the Navigator- sponsored 1/3 of Portugal’s voyages

Columbus- “discovered” new world due to miscalculating the circumference of the world

V. European Exploration

Initial exploration dominated by Portuguese Mostly began with Prince Henry the Navigator

Captured Cueta- For wealth and for “religion” Progress in Africa continued and resulted in

Slave Trade African Tribes would sell captured members of

other tribes Da Gama found a path around Africa to India

(1499) Gave Portugal control of Oceanic trade with

India

V. European Exploration

Spain Was missing out on trade with India

Due to Portugal’s control of trade around Africa Columbus told Isabella and Ferdinand that he

could get to India by going West Maps of the World’s were very inaccurate Landed in the Caribbean rather than India Started Spanish domination of South and

Central Americas

V. European Exploration

Spain Continued Explorers and the Conquistadores virtually

wiped out most of the native people Started to exploit the land and surviving

people Haciendas- large Spanish farms Encomienda- grants to create plantations using

a specific number of slaves for labor (Natives) Later brought Africans

V. European Exploration

Impact on Europe Initially brought prosperity but…

Lots of projects and innovations Large shipments of goods and bullion resulted

in excessive inflation Wages remained the same Monopolies formed

VI. Conclusion

What were some of the far reaching problems that resulted from European exploration?

How did the Renaissance lead to Europe regaining its power and prosperity?