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The refurbishment, re-powering and re-purposing of existing obsolete power stations for Combined Heat and Power

(CHP) operations fueled by renewable, sustainable biomass.

subject #

Why we should utilize & repurpose existing coal power stations page 2

Coal to biomass fuel conversion Bluehawk example page 4

ecoTECH hot oil heat circulation/heat exchanger cooler circuit page 5

Coal fired power stations general description page 6

ecoTECH 12MWe/hr CHP & CCHP multi-fuel energy generation module page 7

ecoPHASER sublimation and pulsed oxidation systems page 8

FUELS MSW (garbage) combustion with ecoPHASERs page 12

Woody biomass for Polymeric Carbon Solid/ecoPHASER fuel operation page 13

Algaes & seaweeds for PCS fuel production page 14

High carbohydrate energy root closed loop energy page 16

Manures and animal wastes for PCS or ecoPHASER page 17

Giant reeds, canes and grasses multi-harvestable closed-loop energy page 18

VIASPACE Giant King Grass page 19

Peat: the geopolitics of sustainability page 20

ecoPOLYMER Industrial Partnership & PCS Pilot Plant - South Korea page 21

The problems with wood pellet co-firing in traditional coal operation page 22

Ubiquitous blended biomas fuels page 23

Summary page 24

Example Power Station Described in this documentThis booklet contains the actual information that was prepared by ecoTECH Energy Group Inc. for a project in Thompson Falls, Montana USA in 2010. The company purchased the power station complete and in operating condition at a little over scrap metal value because it could not meet the Montana Department of Environmental Quality, (DEQ) standard for air emissions and had failed to be able to convert from coal to wood fuel, due the the nature of the preparation of the wood. The wood fuel, when pulverised did not have the same friability of coal, which in this station’s fluidized bed combustion system needed to be <200 mesh (0.074mm) powder size to pass through the combustion injector nozzles. The wood, usually damp (having absorbed moisture in transit), did not crumble as required when pulverized, blocking the nozzles. As coal was not allowed to be burned in the regional airshed, the plant became obsolete.

ecoTECH’s engineers decided that, as the boiler was in good condition having been rebuilt for the wood combustion effort, all that was needed at this facility was to replace the fluidized bed system with an array of ecoPHASER biomass sublimation reactors (gasification units) and pulsed ecoTECH SSW combustion units. The coned base of the boilers was a good structure for conversion to a refractory lined firebox which was to take the highly radiant low velocity producer gas flames from the Sonic Standing Wave (SSW) pulsed thermal oxidation units. The other major changes were to be a fully modernised, computerized control room with a system of remote monitored actuators that would enable hands-free generation management, and a recirculating water system with heat take-off for drying timber in the neighbour’s drying kilns under a heat energy supply agreement. The cooling towers and other sperfluous equipment could be sold off.

The cost of a new power plant of this size and type would exceed one hundred million dollars. The plant was agreed for sale at $12 million and fully converted with higher efficiency than the original design, plus the heat sales ability, the project cost was $66 million. The project name was BlueHawk (local school team).

The BlueHawk plan included the full co-operation of the neighbouring sawmill. Under our mutual agreement, Thompson River Lumber (TRL) had an option to become a

minor equity partner in the project. TRL could (based on history) and upply 40% of the fuel necessary for the CHP plant. In return, the CHP plant will supply all of the heat necessary (via the ecoTECH Thermax hot oil circuit) for remote steam generators that feed the drying and wood conditioning kilns at the mill.

As the kilns (like the base-load power station) operate 24 hours per day, this is a very satisfactory arrangement. Wood residues from the mill were to be shredded to 3” minus and fed to the ecoPHASER systems by conveyor.

An Integrated Deal

With a highly polluting power system, the essential add-ons, scrubbing, limestones and other acid rain prevention additives, scrubbers for particulate, toxic fly ash, mercury and lead, not to mention the incomplete capture of sulphur dioxide, high nitrous oxide releases, the purchase of mitigating green credits to stay in business; all become financially burdensome to the point of crippling the viability on old paradigm coal stations.

With a clean burning fuel and a state-of-the-art oxidation system, all of the pollutants and the mitigation equipment are eliminated, as are their attendant costs. The system becomes simpler and far easier to manage in all aspects, so most of the revamp is removal of surplus coal paraphernalia.

Less Is More.....

ecoTECH Energy Group Inc. Thermax Heat Transfer Circuit DiagramThermal transfer fluids; (hot oil) - Shell Thermia C or D: DOW Dowtherm A

ecoTECH thermal torrefaction system

Inert gases tunnel with drying conveyor

Torrefaction (roasting) conveyor oven 340 oC

Heat recoveryabsorption chiller

Freezer & cooler

Greenhouse air heater system

Aquaponics water heating and cooling

Pump house

Molten salt energy storage

Ceramics kiln

Heat treatment kiln

Lumberdrying

kiln

Superheated steam to oil heat exchanger

340 oC 645 oF

heating transfer fluid 40 psi 0.3 MPa

195 oC zero oxygen power plant exhaust gases take-off

Multiple examples of uses serviced by a hot oil circuit.

The ecoTECH ThermaxR hot oil circuit pumps Shell Thermia or DowTherm thermal energy transfer oils through small bore pipes that can be buried easily 1.5 metres under the surface for safe transit to a wide variety of industrial process clients as illustrated above. The schematic CCHP energy generation facility illustrated is the standard ecoTECH 12 MW CHP or CCHP generation

module showing the twin 85 GJ/hr ecoPHASER systems. At blueHawk, the plan was to mount tose units to fire tangentially around the base conical firebox. The modular design facilitates multiple, interchangeable in service modules up to 108 MWe per contract that can be run in 6 or 12MWe mode, with the flexibility of being able to supply variable backup or topup firm energy to other, more intermittant non-firm energy systems for grid load balancing.

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DISTRICT HEATING:the ecoTECH Hot Oil Circuit

A typical coal fired power station schematic layout

• Coal is a major threat to our climate. Just one 150-megawatt coal-fired power plant can produce more than a million tonnes of greenhouse gas emissions per year. That’s about the same as 200,000 cars produce.

• Coal-fired power is the leading source of mercury emissions in North America, which are dangerous to people, fish and wildlife. Fish may have thousands of times more mercury in their systems than is found in the surrounding water due to bio-accumulation. Wildlife species that rely on fish, such as eagles and osprey, also have high levels of mercury. Mercury is known to affect learning ability and neuro-development in children.

• Burning coal also produces large quantities of sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter. The Canadian federal government has declared particulate matter to be a toxic substance because it can cause breathing and respiratory problems, irritation, inflammation, damage to the lungs, and premature death.

• Sulphur dioxide in the air can also form into sulphuric acid and mix with rain or snow, creating acid rain. Acid rain can have drastic ecological impacts on lakes by changing the water’s acidity, making the lakes uninhabitable for fish, plants and animals.

The problem: Why coal fired combustion must be phased out

A timely, less expensive solution is to re-purpose the obsolete plants: - (for re-purpose: read “re-fuel with a non polluting alternative”).

The plant depicted on the next page is a full ecoTECH 12 MWe/hour power generation module.

The plant is capable of consuming a variety of fuels, woody and giant grass/reed biomass, municipal solid waste (garbage), peat and, with PCS treatment (see PCS information following) manures and other solid animal wastes. However, to convert a coal fired plant, only a few of the components shown in the illustration need to be used to replace coal combustion systems.

If the boiler (steam generation system) is in good condition, only the obsolete furnace grates, fluidized bed combustors, and fuel feed systems will need to be remodelled. We change the combustion system for a state-of-the-art, near zero NOX ecoPHASER sublimation & sonic pulsed oxidation system (gasification & combustion), and use a biomass fuel preparation front end. Depending on the size of the boiler, a number of 80 Mbtu (84GJ)/hour ecoPHASERs may be arrayed around the base of the boiler, one ecoPHASER for each 6 MW of capacity. The rest of the refurbishment includes a coolant recirculation system inlieu of steam cooling towers a new computerized control room and replacement, electronically controlled actuators and valve gear throughout the plant, plus a repaint, having removed all the soot and grime. PLUS only a short window out of service for the rebuild!

The ecoTECH CHP (& CCHP) 12 MWe/hour generation module schematic

Steam Generatortangential firing

heat path

The energy conversion system consists of a number of chopped biomass-fuelled, thermal sublimation (solid to gas + superheated steam) phase reactors, each fitted to a secondary stage vortex carburetion chamber feeding an attached, tuned 440hz Sonic Standing Wave pulsed burner, (“The Phaser System”). Each twinned ecoPHASER module (2x80 Mbtu/85 GJ thermal reactors) has a separate boiler, energy take-off system, and exhaust system. A Phaser embodies a primary stage (starved air) low pressure coal or bio-gasification reactor and gas collection chamber fired in an oxygen-starved environment to create a smoky gas temperature circa 1100-1250 degrees Fahrenheit (590-680 degrees Celsius), a vortex catalytic carburetion tunnel and a second stage high temperature resonant combustion (SSW) pulsed burner. Each ecoPHASER unit has a flame face (Firebox) output of 80 Mbtu or 84.4 gigaJoules per hour. The twinned ecoPHASERs fire tangentially at an upward angle into a single thick walled ceramic refractory-lined high temperature steam generation system antechamber, (“Firebox”) which gives the radial flame and hot gases an upward spiral path through the once-through sub-critical steam generation system.. The pulsed, low percussuion thermal oxidizers each emit a radiant flame from opposite sites of the firebox, where gases temperature is circa 2325 oF, (1550 oC).

In the primary stage (Sublimation Reactor), the solid fuel is burned under starved air (sub-stoichiometric) conditions, so that it releases “smoke”, a mixture of combustible gases. Ash residue is minimal (circa 2% with woody biomass and 4.9% from garbage including plastics , rubber and other hydrocarbon formed products). The process is actually enhanced by the moisture content of the biomass fuel. (see formula below). A small portion of the water vapour molecules crack into simple elements at 2250 oF (1232 oC, releasing hydrogen that is oxidized with the other syngas produced by the primary reaction chamber. The operation of the ecoPHASER prevents the liberated elemental thermal reaction components combining to form undesirable long-chain hydrocarbons such as the dioxins formed from the standard incineration of mixed fuel contaminants found in garbage, (or other undesirable air pollutants from destruction of pesticides in biomass fuels etc).

Csolid+H2Osteam -> CO+H2 ** = per “Biomass Energy Systems & Technology (BEST) Project” research analysis by Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development - 1998.

This first stage process releases a combination of incomplete (unburned) combustion gases, (the combination plume of mixed gaseous molecules is termed “producer gas”), which includes, in the case of a wood waste fuel: Steam (65-70%), Carbon Monoxide (20%), Methane (8%) and other complex hydrocarbons [(7-2%), - no dioxins, no furans]. This process is called solid-to-gas direct phase conversion or sublimation. Due to the smouldering,almost air-less slow burn and the prolonged residence time of the combustion medium, complete reduction and disintigration of the fuel medium mass, down to a small ash volume, is achieved. The ash cascades from the outside lip of the circular cup-shaped combustion hearth into the lower, airless burnout funnel to be

auger-conveyed via a vacuum airlock for storage.

System Description : ecoTECH “ecoPHASER” thermal build or conversionsDefinition: A Solid Fuel-to Gas Phase Reactor Combustion System (Phaser) embodies a starved-air thermal primary

stage sublimation reactor, or solid fuel to syngas/biogas phase conversion reactor/generator (gasifier) and a second stage maelstrom-venturi air/gas carburetor coupled to a high temperature sonic pulse-flame burner.

In the mk VII (current model ecoPHASER for CHP & CCHP) unit and for power station re-purposing from coal to biomass use, the exclusive and proprietary Sonic Standing Wave (SSW) resonant combustion unit produces a high radiance, mushroom-head flame that pulses the gases that provide the heat flux at 400 Hz, with a resultant very short flame front that gives an extraordinarily long heat residence time for maximum possible energy transfer into the water and steam tubing of the boiler. The high frequency flame oscillation disrupts the recombination timing, (compilation of molecules), of the elements of combustion, giving a NEAR ZERO NOX emission profile!

The ‘PHASER’s secondary combustion chamber is connected via the SSW oxidizer to a tertiary heat absorption and transfer chamber (firebox) which acts as thermal reservoir and hot gases mix stabilizer, due to its high mass of super-insulated, reflective refractory. In some high temperature transfer requirement cases, the heat absorption receptacle (heat exchange unit) for a hot oil transmission system is sited within, servicing (by pipe circuit), remote heat radiators for process heat

via the high speed pumped oil pipe run or boilers that generate steam for power turbines, which power electricity generators; or boilers may be close-coupled to the firebox as with the ecoTECH power modules, depending on the system purpose and the emphasis on power, or process heat requirement.

Due to the intensely radiant characteristics of the second

stage SSW combustion zone of the Phaser, the intermediary ceramic firebox is used to balance expansion of the hot gases into the water tube boiler matrix the primary section of the supercritical steam generation unit, deflecting and blending hot spots to achieve a homogenized radiance, which heats the boiler tubes without zone shock. The firebox diffuses the drive energy in the flames from the SSW nozzle array of the Phaser, enhancing radiation and allowing enough hot zone residence time for thorough energy transfer to the various steam generation zones: (boiler, superheater, reheater & economizer in ecoTECH power generation modules) .

In ecoTECH power generation modules, the (serpentine gas path), once-through supercritical steam generator (a derivative of the Benson type, with an ecoTECH-exclusive intermediate reheater section), is of a pyramid design, with the firebox forming the heat injection zone. All of the steam generator heat zones are walled with highly reflective olivine/dunite and heavy foamed BlueWorld Crete or ceramic insulation.

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The reheater facilitates cascade steam reuse between the twinned high pressure and low pressure steam tubines for optimum efficiency, because heat is taken from the gas stream twice and transferred into the superctitical steam, once in the superheater section, and again in the reheater section; before the depleted heat energy gases travel on to the economizer (steam to air and input-feedwater heat exchanger) and then to the exhaust treatment system.

The second , (“low pressure”) steam turbine has an aft water condensing section, returning the steam to water at a pressure sufficient to complete the water circuit via the water conditioning unit. There the cooled water is filtered and treated with a high temperature water-soluble anti-microbial CID corrosion inhibitor to protect the boiler water and steam tubes from scaling and corrosion. Filtered, inhibited, oxygen scavenged and reheated to anti-shock temperature, the boiler water is recirculated.

The water storage (initial fill) system contains a total (including buffer storage) of 175,000 litres water that has the aforementioned high temperature microbial (staph) inhibitor to prevent corrosion. Of this amount, 50% is at any time deployed as steam and recovering saturated steam condensate. Loss to atmosphere by a closed loop system of this type is <0.5%. An allowance of of 25,000 litres per day

per 12 MegaWatt module should be made for water make-up.

The twin ecoPHASERs draw 140,000 kg of air per hour, usually adequate to trap, absorb and thermally destroy W2E odours. In environmentally sensitive areas, where a W2E CHP system is required, with MSW sorting and where manual combustible fractions fuel component (biomass, cardboard, plastics, rubber, demolition timber, etc.) separation is necessary, the processing building airflow system may not be adequate to guarantee pathogen and odour elimination

to protect working staff and neighbours. In those circumstances an optional steam cleanse system, (with heat take-off from the

hot oil thermal circuit of from the power system superheated steam), via a heat exchanger which boils fresh water, can be deployed to lay dust, quell odours and sterilize pathogenic waste.

For that kind of requirement, where an MSW W2E (Garbage to Energy) system is deployed, incoming mixed garbage is steam-treated from tapping the heat via steam to steam heat exchanger from the main reheater section steam return system (post #1 HP turbine, before #2 LP turbine with condenser), in smaller (<24 mW) systems depending on logistics. For larger systems and where the refuse-derived fuel (RDF) preparation system is remote, or the waste is

particularly odorous, a hot oil heat circulation system and steam generator (similar to an HRSG) is deployed for sterilizing garbage. Depending on the contaminant or organic fraction levels in the waste stream, the condensate from this cleansing may be utilized in an anaerobic digestor, prior to straining and returning to the water storage system via the high contaminant cleansing section of the hour glass filtration system that treats returns. Sediment is flocculated from the return feed and may be combined with bottom ash as a cementitious medium used for road sub-surfacing, etc. The pozzolanic characteristics of ecoPHASER ash make the ash a suitable ingredient for cement, in any event.

Where steam garbage cleansing is deployed, an allowance of 32,000 litres per day should be factored in for either the combined, or an independent MSW sterilizing system.

n.b. For planning and strategic purposes, it is critical to analyse the incoming waste

ecoTECH Power Modules processes stack schematic Detailed System Description

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Chewies Sprocket

ecoTECH’s ecoPHASER energy system, and biofuels also for the PCS system.As the ecoPHASER combustion system is so versatile, a range of fuels can be used in a repurposed power generation station.( coal fuel conversion to biomass or gleaned combusibles from garbage (MSW)

These include: “clean” emissions fuels -MSW - gleaned combustibles (biomass & plastics)LeonarditePeatChipped TyresStraw, hayWood Waste (demolition, discards, pallets)Landfill GasBarkPaperSawdust BagasseGiant Grasses & ReedsCroppings (agricultural residues)Forestry SlashNatural Gas* Manure (also see separate data on manure PCS briquettes)* Dried Sewage * = With other open fibre materials

ecoPHASER energy system coal conversion application

The versatility of the ecoPHASER solid fuel to energy system means that conversion of power stations usually involves retirement of the existing method of firing and combustion, cleaning and repairing where necessary in

situ boilers and converting the lower part of the boiler by installing a “firebox”, or refractory lined chamber with ports to accept the SSW burner nozzles from the ecoPHASER.

Larger boilers (over 12 MW) will often require an array of 84.4 GJ ( Mk VII) ecoPHASERs placed around the boiler strategically to achieve tangential firing so that heat transfer is uniform and complete. Tangential firing can be achieved with 2 ecoPHASERs, each producing enough heat to generate 6 MW, (as in the twin unit standard ecoTECH 12MWe + 40Mbtu CHP unit shown on page 7), but a large enough boiler could accommodate up to 8 units with the nozzles arrayed to

give a vortex firing pattern.

The images shown right show a 4 burner and 5 burner tangential array firing into a boiler. Due to the unique radiant heat pattern of the 480Hz.SSW (Standing Sonic Wave) pulsed burner (thermal oxidizer), the 12 MW module achieves full water tube heat absorption with 2 units.

The image on the left depicts a multi-burner mixed height combustion array that could be used for 36+ MW single boiler coal-fuelled plant conversions to biomass, although the preference is to convert smaller energy generation installations wherever possible. The most cost effective and smallest maintenance conversions will occur in 12 to 36 MW thermal energy plants where maintenance and power load balancing are more efficient with the modular heat unit approach. The best solution for large plants is a conversion to modular ecoTECH units in an array equivalent to the former large boiler setup.

Biomass gasification is the thermo-chemical conversion of biomass materials into a producer gas, which is a mixture of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen, nitrogen and water vapour. The gas forming reactions that take place in the reduction zone of the gasifier are as follows:

Boudouard reaction: CO2 + C +164.9kJ/mol 2COWater-gas reaction: C + H2O +122.6kJ/mol CO +H2 Water shift reaction: C+ H2 +42.3kJ/mol CO + H2O Methane production reaction: C + 2H2 CH4 + 75kJ/mol (C+3H2 CH4+ H2 O+205.9kJ/molThe Producer Gas is mixed with air @ 5.7 m3/kg of PG for a pressurized excess air super-stoichiometry in an exclusive pulse generator chamber that has an adjustable air nozzle aperture and throat system to tune for optimum sonic standing wave frequency of 480 Hz. to achieve a very short and broad (radiant) flame front for very low (<0%) NOX recombination of the elemental (released) products of combustion. This process is called SSW pulsed (oscillating) thermal oxidation.*-

Vibrating heavy chain

Chewies dr ive motor & gearbox

Sonic pulsed oxidizer

Producer Gas + Pulsed Air Carburetor

S u b l i m a t i o n Reactor

Fuel upfeed to hearth v e r t i c a l

auger

Horizontal feed auger

Ash delivery auger

See-throughview of starved-air(substoichiometric)sblimation reactor.

ecoTECH’s ecoPHASER, solid biofuels & MSW gasification & pulsed thermal oxidation system

Horizontal feed auger

Chewies

Ash delivery auger

Hearth

Sonic Standing Wave (SSW) thermal oxidizer

Producer Gas

Methane Injector(where fitted)

Carbureter &Pulse generator

Air or enhancedair + oxygen input

fuel path

The fuel components for renewable energy production: MSW gleaned combustible materials (biomass & plastics etc) suitable for gasification

MSW (Municipal Solid Waste) / garbage usually arrives at a transfer station, garbage dump, or structured sanitary landfill in mixed piles. Where modern landfills are deployed, usually schemes are in place for source

separation (Kerbside collection of recyclable MSW fractions), with the remainder non-saleable components usually sent to landfill for either composting or burial, depending on type. In third world or traditional dumps

or at transfer stations, everything is piled as mixed with some gleaning of marketable salvage. For gasification, the garbage is sorted with the solid biomass, leather and rubber waste, plastics plus combustible

Biomass (natural) fuel components for renewable energy production or for production of PCS Biofuels solid fuel (hydrophobic non-polluting) briquettes.

Leather & textiles can be gasified or briquetted with the PCS System

Fire damaged timber

Chopped forestry residues (culls)Abandoned log culls from clearing paths to marketable timber logs.

Trees felled for land clearing

Chipped/shredded forestry residues

Forestry mill waste: chipped or shredded residues - California USA

The biofuels for renewable energy production: raw materials Algae:

Algae, among the aquatic biomass feed-stocks, are targeted by ecoTECH as one of the best sources of biofuels due to their unique characteristics. In the

process of catalysing the algae in to high yield solid fuel, the farming industry-deposited synthetic crop treatments that caused the problem of uncontrolled blooms can be recovered for re-use. They can accumulate lipids that can be converted

into biofuels, present fast proliferation, have the ability to sequester CO2 from the atmosphere for growth and donot require agricultural land or freshwater for growth or higher water consumption, and also the whole plant

matter can be used in converting biofuels processes.

In a sewage treatment system, high-nutrient density ponds are characterized by having high algal biomass generation which is an undesirable by-product for the environment. Its presence in water

bodies decreases clean water recovery ability.

For turning the (usually toxic) Algae blooms into usable energy, the PCS Biofuels technology is deployed. The algae simply needs to be strained for excess water removal and the whole algae/residual water slurry is mixed with the PCS proprietary catalyst and is cooked under pressure to obtain densified hydrophobic dry fuel briquettes which have a very high energy rating, equivalent to bituminous coal and with the same handling, friability and thermal energy rating, but with none

of the heavy metal toxins, such as: uranium, lead, mercury, tin, nickel, cadmium, arsenic, antimony and isotopes of thorium and strontium that are found in coal.

Whether it is Sargassum seaweed washed up on Caribbean beaches or on Gulf waterfronts, there is an urgency to remove the pungent biomass as soon as possible.

Water borne biomass is a source for many types of fuel and pharmaceutical uses, including oil and natural chemical extraction but the disposal of the fibre component post treatment still remains to be dealt with.

The PCS catalytic process, which works with water that can be recovered as clean distilled water from the catalyst

recovery operation, once the wet biomass is transmuted into a hard, yet friable briquette for use in industrial

and domestic solid fuel applications in lieu of coal. Well over 10 million metric tonnes of Sargassum

seaweed alone is deposited on beaches each year. The seaweed surges that choke Qindao, eastern Shandong province on China’s Yellow Sea is a multi-million tonnes source of biomass for energy. Caused by excess chemical fertilizers,

the surges that grow in magnitude each year all over the globe can be a great contributor to the

efforts to replace fossil fuel use if used for bio-fuel, with fertilizer recovery and distilled water by-

products, solving a multitude of problems in one operation. The ecoTECH partnership in ecoPOLYMER with the licence for PCS is currently working on systems to handle this volume of biomass.

PCS briquettes

The photos on this page are of algae blooms, which odorously decay in coastal areas, triggered by excess farm fertilizer run-off or in some cases, spills of materials that cause the congestion of open water. From Red Tides, to Blue-Green algae proliferation, the problem is worldwide. Some are very toxic and some, like in the Chinese contamination shown in Qingdau are skin irritants or

worse.Sargassum and other sea weed blooms often over flow the confines of the Sargasso Sea to create smelly tidal piles of rotting biomass, damaging the interests of tourism and hotel accommodations in many Caribbean resorts.

Lake Erie algae bloom

A Red Tide algae bloom

Qindaou enteromorpha algae 11,158 square miles

CX-1 ENERGY SWEET POTATO ROOT CROP SUMMARY

Over the last fifteen (15) years, one of premier root crop breeders, Janice Ryan Bohac, has been performing selective breeding trials to arrive at one of the most unique high yielding carbohydrate root crops (CX-1 ESP) in the world. The CX-1 ESP energy sweet

potato root was bred utilizing germplasm from tropical and temperature climate localities to retain and enhance those attributes relative to insect and disease resistance required to prosper in tropical and temperate/hot zones. The cultural practices for the crop are similar to the planting and harvesting of sugar cane. The CX-1 ESP cultivar is a short growth crop that can be grown in drought environments with very low fertilizer and chemical inputs with complete maturity for harvest in one hundred fifty (150) days. The crop can yield @ 35-45 wet tons per acre with a dry matter percentage of @ 33%-35%. Approximately eighty percent (80%) of the dry matter are fermentable carbohydrates that can produce more than twice (2x) the amount of ethanol produced from the same area of an average Brazilian sugar cane plantation in one half the time period. The fibrous residue can be gasified or used for PCS briquettes. One pound of fermentable carbohydrate can be produced at a cost of @ $.045 per pound - $.060 per pound. The crop is far superior to cassava, which takes twelve to fourteen (12-14) months for a mature crop and unlike cassava, which breaks down immediately after harvest, can be stored in the ground for an extended period of time without degradation. The current biotechnology conversion platforms are very dependent on low cost carbohydrates substrates to achieve the proper profit margin. These technology platforms are capable of producing everything from low cost drop in biofuels to high value bio-chemicals and pharmaceuticals. The combination of low cost carbohydrates , novel biotechnology platforms and the natural resources of third world countries now make possible the transforming of their economies in a profound and expeditious manner.

Animal feces (manure) can be dried to under 40% total moiusture content to make

an excellent fuel for the ecoPHASER system, but when catalytically transformed into hard yet brittle PCS briquettes it becomes a super fuel for our energy generation system and a totally superior fuel fuel for traditional combustion too. As one of the oldest fuels on Earth, dung has provided heat for thousands of years.

The average cow or steer produces over 5 0 k g o f m a n u r e every day and some of today’s feedlots can have over 250 thousand cattle on them. A large feedlot producesabout ten thousand Tonnes o f a n i m a l w a s t e p e r d a y ! I f t h i s material is placed in ho ld ing tanks and storage ponds it can generate 144 Tonnes of Methane per day. Methane is a greenhouse gas that is 21 times more potent than CO2. So this amount of cattle manure will result in 1.1 Million tonnes ofCO2 equivalent of greenhouse gasses per year.

A stand of Miscanthus

Arundo Donax

Arundo Donax: 4 months growth

Wild Cana Brava CaneWild Cana Brava Cane

Arundo Donax

Arundo Donax

There are many kinds of giant grasses, reeds and canes. Several have been non-GMO hybridized to obtain higher yields, very fast growth and disease resistance. the extremely fast maturity can give 3 full harvests per year in tropical and semi-tropical conditions, giving them the reputation of being true “closed-loop” energy crops.

Arundo Donax

Giant King Grass

Giant King GrassProprietary Giant King Grass is the highest yielding biomass crop in the world. Bio-electricity, biogas, biofuels,

biochemicals, bio-plastics, and biomaterials all need biomass as feedstock, and Giant King Grass is suitable for these applications. Because of its high yield, it is a low-cost feedstock. Equally important, Giant King Grass provides the reliable and well-characterized feedstock that is required by banks and investors in order to provide financing for these bioenergy projects. Giant King Grass is a natural plant, and is not genetically modified and not an invasive species. www.viaspace.com

VIASPACE provides Giant King™ Grass seedlings and technical expertise to qualified bioenergy projects that need a low-cost and reliable fuel or feedstock. VIASPACE will also serve as a project developer or co-developer for power plant or pellet mill projects, together with local partners that have land and requirements for electricity, heat, pellets, biogas or biofuels.

Peat is a controversial biomass material in some countries, including a majority in Europe. Peat is of course the precursor of coal, usually not quite as old as coal deposits

and may or may not include the pressurized permeation of the contaminants found in coal, but usually not. In some countries it is viewed as a finite resource where there is no perennial lay-down of spent plant matter, but in many locales, the continual deposits of autumn plant die-offs, like with Sphagnum moss derived peat, are regular, seasonal and therefore sustainable as a fuel source.

Peat PCS treatment produces excellent combustible briquettes. Sustainable peat scalping, (shown top right), uses the recently deposited plant matter that has not been subjected to the extreme pressures and resultant carbonisation of coals and therefore avoids the infusion of undesirable metals and compounds, making that kind of peat usable for thermal solid fuels as it has been over the centuries in places like Ireland and Scotland.

The removal of the top layers only of peat fields does not expose the easy lift of methane produced by anaerobic microbes in the deeper substrate, but care should be taken to only take the most recent deposits, as in the mechanical harvesting system depicted top right of this page.Methane has a mass 55% of that of air.

P C S p e a t briquettes are a c c e p t a b l e in countr ies where peat is not classified as either a fossil fuel or as an unsustainable resource.

Islay, Scotland

Connemara, Galway, Ireland

Sphagnum moss peat piles

Friability is the tendency for a tablet or coal lump to chip, crumble or break following compression. This tendency is normally used with coal to crush or ball mill pieces to particle

sizes suitable for blowing in as powdered fuel to combustion chambers with piece sizes <200 mesh or .074 mm for old style combustion systems. Pulverized coal provides the thermal

energy which produces about 50% of the world’s electric supply.These systems rely on coal to be relatively dry and its extremely

low water absorption allows coal to be shipped in all weathers.

The hydrophobic and friable features of PCS briquettes or pucks give a direct equivalent to the above properties in coal, but usually with a higher energy to mass content than most standard coals (usually sub-bituminous rank), can deliver, except that PCS is free of the pollution components, tramp abrasives and energy reducing ash that plague coal burners.

Thus PCS briquettes can be used in traditional coal combustion systems as a direct replacement for coal, requiring no changes in burners, blow-in injectors or pulverization equipment. This is a great saving when converting from coal to biomass for the current worldwide “greening” mandates that are legislated. Whether burned in traditional systems or sublimated to producer gas and pulse oxidized in our state of the art ecoPHASER. PCS bio-fuel delivers clean air emissions, plus a high grade pozzolanic bottom ash by-product that is advantageous in cement production.

ecoPOLYMER Industrial Partnership has three corporations in a joint program to develop the PCS technology worldwide. The three corporate partners each have a role in energy

project development.

1. PCS Biofuels Inc. is the owner , developer and licensor of the catalytic polymeric carbon conversion process. The PCS process occurs in water, so there are no dangerous solvents or risk of fire during the conversion process. The high moisture biomass feedstock becomes a densified anhydrous and hydrophobic fuel upon compression or extrusion into briquettes (or pucks), when dried. with the moisture sublimated into a condenser for clean water and recyclable catalyst recovery.

2. ecoTECH Energy Group designs, develops and organizes CHP & CCHP electricity and industrial heat generation projects and is providing design engineering support to the partnership and its clients. ecoTECH is developing an continuous cycle manufacturing process for PCS fuel, so that the very large volumes of fuel consumed by existing coal fired plants can switch to biomass combustion in progressive and practical changeover programs.

3. Terra Commodities Traders provides marketing services for the sale of the fuel on contracts, which are synchronized

Why wood pellets are not the answer

Wood pellets absorb water ........ and when they do, they expand and crumble into soggy sawdust. For blown in furnaces, wood pellets have to be dry and be able

to emulate coal when blown into a furnace. Shipping increases the risk of water absorption bursting the pellets, as does outside storage in damp conditions. Humidity in the air is usually enough to begin degradation of form.

The expanded fibres of moisture ingested pellets will block the injection nozzles for the furnace and ball mill or grinding wheel pulverizing simply bruises the wood, as it is not truly friable.

You can see from the image bottom left that the energy content is not as high as we get with Polymeric Carbon

Solid (PCS) fuel.

PCS bio-fuel has a consistently high energy rating across a large spectrum of input sources such as those biomass feed-stocks pictured on the previous pages. With any of the biomass inputs, moisture content is not a detractor to processing.

Although the finished product is dry and holds together very well when transported and stored

in all weather conditions, PCS crumbles readily when pulverised for dust injector burner input. The only

criterion for this is the finished fuel dust particle size required for best nozzle clearance.

PCS has made and lab tested many of the biomass sources described in this brochure delivering an average energy yield circa 25 megaJoules per kilogram, with some fuels much higher than that.

Giant King Grass yield for example, tested August 2015 was 24 MJ/kg. The information from VIASPACE on that test can be found at: http://www.pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/2015/08/pcs-biofuels-converts-giant-king-grass-into-replacement-for-coal.html

The hot pressurized water process with the patented PCS catalyst is a clean method to produce clean fuel.

SUMMARY

For converting existing coal-fired power plants without the expense of new combustion and handling systems, we recommend a straight fuel swap from coal to PCS briquettes.

Where it is not possible to deploy PCS fuel supplies, as with MSW, or in conjunction with anaerobic waste digesters that produce methane, the answer is to change the boiler firing systems to ecoPHASER technology, a system that can utilize the widest range of inputs including raw biomass, (even high moisture content fuels up to 45% TMC continuous), high methane content digester gas (after membrane CO2 separation to input the combustible fraction), which is injected directly into the SSW Thermal Oxidation Unit, combustibles including plastics, leather and rubber gleaned from mixed garbage and PCS, or ecoTECH sono-chemically cleaned coal where systems can be built.

http://www.etwm.ca/pdf/017-Clean-Coal/Clean_Coal_CWM_Nano-emusion-Fuel_Web2.pdf

Where the existing boilers are serviceable and of standard power station types (once-through or fluidized bed or travelling gate with vertical tube stacks), they can be converted and retrofitted with ecoPHASER units saving millions in capital over new boilers.

Multiple parallel input ecoPHASERs can me deployed in arrays around very large boiler systems to fire tangentially into the thermal gallery.

Where inputs are in extremely wet slurries that cannot be digested, a drain/dry system may be needed, or the ecoPHASERs can be fed with whole PCS briquettes made from the wet slurries.

So it will be apparent that a wide range of circumstances can be accommodated with an ecoTECH system, making the recycling of power stations as cost-effective as possible.

AnilineAcenaphtheneAcenapthyleneAnthraceneBenzidineBenzo(a)anthraceneBenzo(a)pyreneBenzo(b)fluorantheneBenzo(ghi)peryleneBenzo(k)fluoroantheneBenzyl alcoholbis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalatebis(2-chloroethoxy)-methanebis(2-chloroethyl)etherbis(2-chloroisopropyl)etherButyl benzyl phthalateChrysene3-3’-DichlorobenzidineHexachloro-1,3-ButadieneHexa-Cl-1,3-Cyclopentadiene1,2,4-trichlorobenzene1,2-Dichlorobenzene1,3-Dichlorobenzene1,4-Dichlorobenzene2,4-Dinitrotoluene2,6-Dinitrotoluene2-Chloronaphtalene

Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene DibenzofuranDibutyl phtalateDiethyl phthalateDimethyl phthalateDioctylphthalateFluorantheneFluoreneHexachlorobenzeneHexachloroethaneIndeno(1,2,3-c,d)pyreneIsophoroneN-Nitrosodi-n-propylamineN-NitrosodiphenylamineNaphthaleneNitrobenzene3-Nitroaniline2-Methylnapthalene|2-Nitroaniline4-Bromophenyl phenyl ether4-Chloroaniline4-Chhlorophenyl phenyl ether4-NitroanilinePhenanthrenePyreneAcrylamide

Below is a list of some of the chemicals found in coal slurry and sludge:

www.ecotechenergygroup.com

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