The Reformation

1. Excommunication = act depriving a person from belonging to a church body or group

2. Hierarchy = a ranking of clergy, each subordinate to the rank above it :

* Pope* Cardinal* Archbishop* Bishop* Priest

3. Dogma = something held as established opinion (but not necessarily correct)

4. Papacy= the office of the pope

5. Celibacy= avoidance of all sexual relations

6. Concubinage = people living together who are not legally married

7. Pilgrimage = a journey to a sacred place

8. Relic = an object that remains behind but is valued because of its connection with a saint or a martyr

9. Penance = show sorrow for committing a sin

10. Simony = the practice of selling Church positions to the highest bidder

11. Indulgence = a Church pardon that removes punishment for sinful acts

12. Purgatory = state where souls that are not insured of salvation reside awaiting a final destination in heaven or hell.

• Church Corruption

• Desire for Political Power

• Wealth and Nationalism

• Intellectual Changes

• Advances in Technology

• Breaking vows of celibacy• Illegitimate children• Extravagant lifestyles• Unethical practices

– Simony– Selling of relics– Selling of indulgences– Abuses of excommunication

• Scandals– The Babylonian Captivity– The Great Schism

The Babylonian Captivity (1305-1375)

Philip IV (France) quarreled with pope overpower to tax clergy

Pope Boniface kidnapped in 1296 and replaced with French pope, Clement V

7 popes ruled Church from Avignon, France

Many thought these popes were only puppets of French king

The Great Schism (1378-1417)

Begins with Avignon Papacy

• Papacy moved back to Rome in 1376

• French cardinals elected a new pope, Clement VII

• Now 2 popes: both Urban VI and Clement VII claimed to be rightful pope

• Caused Christians to question integrity and honesty of pope’s authority

Monarchs stood to gain power if they could “get out from under the Pope’s thumb”

3. Wealth and Nationalism

Monarchs could take Church’s lands People’s money would not leave

country to go to Rome

The Renaissance encouraged people to think in new, critical ways:HumanismSecularismScientific Method

This caused people to think for themselves and begin questioning the Church’s practices

Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press in 1440 allowed new ideas of Reformation to spread throughout Europe

Church Corruption(Social)

Political Power

Economic Reasons

Technology

Immoral behavior

Worldly Lifestyle

Corrupt Practices

Monarchs” desire to be free from Pope

Monarchs could take Church’s lands

Money would stay in home country

Invention of printing press