The reductionistic journey of the Y-chromosome the last 300 million years

Sigbritt Werner Professor in Endocrinology Karolinska Institutet

Levels of genus (lat) and gender (eng) chromosomal sexhormonal sexanatomical sexphenotypical sexsexual orientationsexual identitysexual rolesocial sex

peptidessteroidsionsgasesacidsbasestemperatureviscosity nutritional status

Hormones stimulatorsSignal substances inhibitors

Some gender differences in disease incidencefemale dominancemale dominance0thyroid cancerhypothyroidismhyperthyroidismgrowth hormone prod pituitary tumoursACTH prod pituitary tumoursschizophreniaLupoid hepatitis type 1 P Biliary Cirrhosis Scleroderma Sjgrens syndrome Systemic Lupus ErythematosusRheumathoid Arthritis Autoimmune diseases Mb ReiterMb Bechterew Pelvospondylitisepilepsymigraine subarachnoid hmorrhagemultiple sclerosisstroke pyloric stenosis adrenal aplasiaX-transduced recessive diseases Haemophilia Fabrys syndrome Adrenoleukodystrophia melanomaother skin cancers

Applying the sex ratio coefficient (i.e., -11.2422) from Table 1 to these values suggests that the males in Sweden's "least culled" birth cohort (i.e., 1910) lived, on average, 3 (i.e., 11.2422 x 12 x 0.0215 = 2.9) fewer months than expected from the lifespan of females in that cohort as well from historic trends unique to male cohort lifespan. Those in the most "most culled" cohort (i.e., 1784), on the other hand, lived 3.7 more months than was expected from history and from the lifespan of females in that cohort.

This improves the mothers chance of grandchildren since weak sons produce fewer offsprings than weak daughters