the red list of magnoliaceaearbnet.org/sites/arbnet/files/magnoliaceae_redlist_2016... · 2016. 3....

Malin Rivers, Emily Beech, Lydia Murphy & Sara Oldfield

revised and extended

The Red List of

Magnoliaceae

BOTANIC GARDENS CONSERVATION INTERNATIONAL (BGCI)is a membership organization linking botanic gardens in over 100

countries in a shared commitment to biodiversity conservation,

sustainable use and environmental education. BGCI aims to mobilize

botanic gardens and work with partners to secure plant diversity for the

well-being of people and the planet. BGCI provides the Secretariat for

the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group.

FAUNA & FLORA INTERNATIONAL (FFI), founded in 1903 and theworld’s oldest international conservation organization, acts to conserve

threatened species and ecosystems worldwide, choosing solutions that

are sustainable, are based on sound science and take account of

human needs.

THE GLOBAL TREES CAMPAIGN (GTC) is undertaken through apartnership between BGCI and FFI. GTC’s mission is to prevent all tree

species extinctions in the wild, ensuring their benefits for people, wildlife

and the wider environment. GTC does this through provision of

information, delivery of conservation action and support of sustainable

use, working with partner organisations around the world.

THE IUCN/SSC GLOBAL TREE SPECIALIST GROUP (GTSG)forms part of the Species Survival Commission’s network of over 7,000

volunteers working to stop the loss of plants, animals and their habitats.

SSC is the largest of the six Commissions of IUCN – The International

Union for Conservation of Nature. It serves as the main source of advice

to the Union and its members on the technical aspects of species

conservation. The aims of the IUCN/SSC Global Tree Specialist Group

are to promote and implement global red listing for trees and to act in

an advisory capacity to the Global Trees Campaign.

Published by Botanic Gardens Conservation

International Descanso House, 199 Kew Road,

Richmond, Surrey, TW9 3BW, UK.

© 2016 Botanic Gardens Conservation International

ISBN-10: 1-905164-64-5

ISBN-13: 978-1-905164-64-6

Reproduction of any part of the publication for

educational, conservation and other non-profit

purposes is authorized without prior permission from

the copyright holder, provided that the source is fully

acknowledged.

Reproduction for resale or other commercial purposes

is prohibited without prior written permission from the

copyright holder. Recommended citation: Rivers, M.,

Beech, E., Murphy, L. and Oldfield, S. (2016). The Red

List of Magnoliaceae - revised and extended. BGCI.

Richmond, UK.

AUTHORS

Malin Rivers is the Red List Manager at BGCI.

Emily Beech is a Conservation Assistant at BGCI.

Lydia Murphy is the Global Trees Campaign Intern

at BGCI.

Sara Oldfield is the co-chair of the Global Tree

Specialist Group.

The opinion of the individual authors does not

necessarily reflect the opinion of either the authors or

Botanic Gardens Conservation International.

The authors and Botanic Gardens Conservation

International take no responsibility for any

misrepresentation of material from translation of this

document into any other language.

COVER PHOTOS

Front cover: Magnolia ventii in South China BotanicalGarden by Yang KemingBack cover: Magnolia coriacea by Weibang Sun

DESIGN

Seascape. www.seascapedesign.co.uk

Printed on 75% recycled, 25% Mixed Credit FSC

certified paper.

The Red List of

Magnoliaceae

Malin Rivers, Emily Beech, Lydia Murphy & Sara Oldfield

revised and extended

March 2016

PART 2

Globally threatened Magnoliaceae species . . . . . . . . . . 21

Magnoliaceae species evaluated as near Threatened . . 42

Magnoliaceae species evaluated as Data Deficient . . . . 43

Magnoliaceae species evaluated as Least concern. . . . 46

APPEnDIX 1Full list of evaluated Magnoliaceae species and their number of ex situ collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

APPEnDIX 2number of Magnoliaceae species in each country . . . 53

APPEnDIX 3Additional Magnoliaceae taxa (not included in analysis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

APPEnDIX 4Participating institutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

APPEnDIX 5IUcn Red List categories and criteria (version 3.1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

The Red List of Magnoliaceae

2

Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Acronyms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Executive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

PART 1

Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Taxonomic scope and concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7conservation assessment methodology . . . . . . . . . . 7Review and evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Red List report format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

case studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Red List results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Threat status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12criteria used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12Geographical analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Major threats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Population trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15comparisons with the 2007 Red List of Magnoliaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Ex situ survey of Magnoliaceae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Species in ex situ collections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16number of ex situ collections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17comparison with 2008 ex situ survey . . . . . . . . . . . 18

conclusions and Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Policy relevance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

cOnTEnTS

Monitoring of Magnolia in the wild

the colombian assessments, cnc FloraBrazil for the Brazilian assessments,Álvaro Pérez castañeda for hiscontributions on the Ecuadorianassessments, Frank Arroyo forcontributions towards the Peruvianassessments, and the cuban PlantSpecialist Group for the cubanassessments. In addition, highly valuableinformation was sourced at theInternational Symposium on neotropicalMagnoliaceae in Puyo, Ecuador in July2015.

At BGcI, in addition to the authors, LisaWheeler, Sonia khela and Franculverhouse provided valuable help insourcing reference material, collatinginformation and producing conservationassessments and maps. Initial work andoriginal maps produced by Danielecicuzza are also acknowledged.

The authors are extremely grateful toFondation Franklinia for supporting BGcI’sred listing work. IUcn kindly providedfinancial assistant for this publication,support that was made possible by theEnvironment Agency – Abu Dhabi.

Special thanks also go to all the botanicgardens that shared their Magnoliaceaecollection information and published theirdata on BGcI’s PlantSearch database.Pam Hayward (of the RHS Rhododendron,camellia and Magnolia Group) providedinvaluable assistance in securing ex situcollection information and photographs.The Magnolia Society has also providedvaluable contacts.

The provision of beautiful photographs bya wide range of talented photographers isgratefully acknowledged with creditsgiven alongside each image.

3


AcknOWLEDGEMEnTS

To achieve a complete evaluation ofconservation assessments forMagnoliaceae, a wide range ofpeople have shared their knowledge andexpertise about this fascinating group ofspecies and the habitats in which theygrow. Without their generous assistance,this global Red List of Magnoliaceaewould not have been possible, andeveryone’s contributions are gratefullyacknowledged.

Members of the IUcn/SSc Global Tree Specialist Group and the BGcInetwork were especially helpful inproviding information and facilitating theinvolvement of additional experts.Particular thanks go to: Marie-StéphanieSamain and Esteban Martínez Salas fortheir contributions towards the Mexicanassessments; Eduardo calderón, Alvarezcogollo and Marcela Serna-González for

BGCI Botanic Gardens conservation InternationalCBD convention on Biological Diversity

FFI Fauna & Flora International GSPC Global Strategy for Plant conservation

GTA Global Tree AssessmentGTC Global Trees campaign

GTSG Global Tree Specialist GroupIUCN International Union for conservation of natureSSC Species Survival commission

LIST OF AcROnyMS IUcn RED LIST cATEGORIES

EX ExtinctEW Extinct in the WildCR critically EndangeredEN EndangeredVU VulnerableNT near ThreatenedDD Data DeficientLC Least concernNE not Evaluated

Magnolias indeed are a plant‘passion’ of mine and I havebeen extoling their virtues eversince seeing the magnificent Asiatic treemagnolias in the Valley Gardens atWindsor in the late 1960’s. Being askedto write this Foreword for the Red List isboth an honour and a pleasure as this willhighlight how much is known about thefamily, its taxonomy, distribution andthreats thus building on the informationfound in the first Red List printed in 2007.But it also highlights the world-widewealth of knowledge and expertise thereis out there in organisations, societiesand private collectors who are passionateabout this plant family.

This updated Red List highlights a numberof important facts. 48% of all Magnoliaspecies are threatened in the wild, withhabitat loss due to logging and agriculture

being identified as the main threats. chinaand Latin America (neotropics) are thetwo botanical ‘hotspots’ with manyorganisations involved with specificconservation projects.

This was demonstrated when the ‘WorldMagnolia center’ was established in theSouth china Botanical Garden (ScBG) in partnership with Botanic Gardensconservation International (BGcI) and theMagnolia Society International (MSI) in2009. Such partnerships are key given theimportance of both in and ex situconservation work that is currently beingundertaken around the world. TheMagnolia Society International also plays akey role with conservation initiativesinvolving threatened species primarilyfrom the neotropics. This is importantparticularly as c.100 species have beendiscovered over the past 15 years. An example of this is funding of the conservation, Propagation andRestoration of costa Rican species. In addition, the First InternationalSymposium on neotropical Magnoliaceaeheld in Ecuador (2015) and co-running theThird International Symposium in cuba in2016 are key features of the MSI’s work.

Ex situ conservation too is of significantimportance: 50% of species are found inex situ collections, while 22 species notincluded in 2007 are now safeguarded.As well as ScBG, there are manycollections of note in china including thekunming Institute of Botany andkunming Botanical Garden. ProfessorSun Wei-Bang has been successfullypropagating several species that arecritically Endangered or Endangeredenabling the reintroduction of Magnoliadecidua and Magnolia sinica in particularback into their native habitats.


4

FOREWORD

Magnolia sieboldii (Arboretum Wespelaar)

In the Uk, organisations including theRoyal Horticultural Society, PlantHeritage, RBG kew, The Rhododendron,camellia and Magnolia Group and theInternational Dendrology Society all havesubstantial collections in their own or theirmembers’ gardens that are open to thepublic. In mainland Europe, both theArboretum Wespelaar in Belgium andParco Botanico del Gambarogno(ParcoEisenhut) in Switzerland holdsignificant collections, while the latter isone of the world’s major suppliers ofcultivated magnolias. Substantial ex situcollections are also found in new Zealandand north America while the MSI holdsthe registration page for the Internationalcultivar Registration Authority.

This Red List of Magnoliaceae ablybrought together by BGcI highlights thehuge amount of work that is being carriedout around the world. At the same time, itprovides a focus on how many habitatsare ‘vulnerable’ as magnolias are keyconstituents of forest habitats. Bypublishing this, it will publicise thesignificant amount of work that is beingundertaken around the world bypassionate people yet at the same timestimulate a wider audience to support this.

Jim GardinerExecutive Vice President-

Royal Horticultural SocietyPresident Emeritus-

Magnolia Society International

The evaluation of the conservationstatus of all species in theMagnoliaceae has long been aglobal conservation priority recognised by Botanic Gardens conservationInternational (BGcI). Since the publicationof The Red List of Magnoliaceae in 2007,93 new Magnolia species have beendescribed, additional information onexisting species has been published inbotanical literature, and new threats tospecies have emerged. In light of this newinformation, and with 93 new speciesrequiring conservation assessments, wehave compiled an updated and extendedversion of The Red List of Magnoliaceae.

The new Red List of Magnoliaceaecontains conservation assessments for304 Magnoliaceae species. Allassessments are also submitted forpublication on the IUcn Red List ofThreatened Species. These assessmentsshow that a large proportion ofMagnoliaceae species are threatenedwith extinction in the wild (at least 48%).nearly one third of all species are still toopoorly known to make a conservationassessment. Overall, only one in fivespecies of Magnoliaceae is considerednot threatened.

The main centre of species diversity forMagnoliaceae is in china, however thereis a second centre of diversity in theneotropics where a large number of newspecies have been recently described andpublished. The neotropics has the highestproportion of threatened Magnoliaspecies; 75% of the neotropical Magnoliaare under threat.

The main threats to Magnolia areextensive logging, both selective andmore general, together with habitat loss

due to agriculture and livestock farming.Sustainable forestry practices and moreprotected areas are urgently needed toconserve Magnolia in the wild.

A survey of ex situ Magnoliaceaecollections was also carried out as partof this conservation assessment. Atpresent, only 43% of threatenedMagnolia species are represented in exsitu collections, falling significantly shortof requirements under Target 8 of theGlobal Strategy for Plant conservation.The majority of threatened Magnoliaspecies are only found in a very smallnumber of collections (fewer than five).However, considerable progress hasbeen made since the last ex situ survey ofMagnoliaceae in 2008, with 22 speciesthat were then absent from ex situcollections now safeguarded in botanicgardens and arboreta worldwide.

The Red List of Magnoliaceae aims tostimulate conservation action forMagnolia species under threat. BGcI andthe Global Trees campaign work withbotanic gardens and other conservationpartners to enhance ex situ conservationfor globally threatened Magnolia taxawhere appropriate and to promote in situconservation planning, ecologicalrestoration and sustainable use.

5


EXEcUTIVE SUMMARy

Magnolia biondii (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia sprengeri (Arboretum Wespelaar)

The magnolia family, Magnoliaceae, isfound in temperate and tropical regions ofEastern and Southeast Asia, and theAmericas. The Magnoliaceae consists ofover 300 species in two genera –Magnolia L. and Liriodendron L. They areevergreen or deciduous trees and shrubs.Many species are widely appreciatedaround the world as ornamental trees dueto their attractive flowers and foliage. In thewild, these plants are also widelyappreciated, and used for timber andmedicines by local communities as well asin international trade. There areconservation concerns for many of thespecies in the wild due to threats such ashabitat destruction, overharvesting fortimber and medicinal uses, and lownatural regeneration. In order to assessthe impact of these threats on the world’sMagnoliaceae species, there is a need fora global assessment of their conservationstatus to guide conservation action.

The evaluation of the conservation status of trees has long been a global conservation priority recognised by Botanic Gardens conservationInternational (BGcI). BGcI, in partnershipwith Fauna & Flora International,coordinates the Global Trees campaign(GTc). GTc is a joint initiative to safeguardthe world’s threatened tree species fromextinction. Part of the task of GTc is toassess the conservation status of trees inthe wild and in ex situ collections – and insuch a way prioritise species in need ofconservation action. BGcI, working withthe IUcn/SSc Global Tree Specialist Group(GTSG), has for the last eight years beenworking towards this goal, producing globalconservation assessments of trees bothwith taxonomic and regional foci (Table 1).These tree conservation assessmentscontribute directly to the Global TreeAssessment (GTA), which aims to haveconservation assessments for all trees by2020 (Box 1, newton et al. 2015).

The first of such Red Lists was The RedList of Magnoliaceae produced in 2007(cicuzza et al. 2007). Since thispublication, new information on existingtaxa has been published and new threatshave emerged. In addition, since 2007,93 new Magnolia species have beendescribed and published (IPnI 2015).

The majority of these are from theneotropical region. In the light of this newinformation and new taxa, it is now timeto produce an updated and extendedversion of The Red List of Magnoliaceae.


6

BAckGROUnD

PART 1

Global Tree Assessment (GTA)

Despite the importance of trees, many arethreatened by over-exploitation and habitatdestruction, as well as by pests, diseases,drought and their interaction with global climate change. In order to estimate theimpact of such threats to trees there is an urgent need to conduct a completeassessment of the conservation status of the world’s tree species – the GlobalTree Assessment.

The Global Tree Assessment aims to provide conservation assessments of allthe world’s tree species by 2020. The assessment will identify those tree speciesthat are at greatest risk of extinction. The goal of the Global Tree Assessmentis to provide prioritization information to ensure that conservation efforts aredirected at the right species so that no tree species becomes extinct.

The Global Tree Assessment is an initiative led by BGcI and the IUcn/SScGlobal Tree Specialist Group. Work is ongoing to develop an even moreextensive global collaborative partnership, involving the coordinated effort ofmany institutions and individuals. These steps will enable the Global TreeAssessment to achieve its 2020 target.

Table 1. Summary of Red Lists produced by Botanic Gardens ConservationInternational in partnership with Fauna & Flora International and the Global TreeSpecialist Group.

Red List Year published

The Red List of Magnoliaceae 2007*The Red List of Oaks 2007* The Red List of Maples 2009The Red List of Trees of central Asia 2009The Red List of Mexican cloud Forest Trees 2011The Red List of Rhododendrons 2011A Regional Red List of Montane Tree Species of the Tropical Andes 2014

The Red List of Betulaceae 2014

*Published by Fauna & Flora International

TAXoNomIC SCoPE ANDCoNCEPTS

All species in the family Magnoliaceaethat were published prior to December2015 were included in this assessment.We focused on species-levelassessments, as the IUcn Red List ofThreatened Species only acceptsinfraspecific conservation assessmentsonce a species-level assessment hasbeen carried out. Infraspecific taxa werenot included, unless the taxonomicconcept was unresolved and there weredata indicating that the taxon might beconsidered an accepted species. Hybridswithin Magnoliaceae were not assessed.

The taxonomic concepts followed arethose reflected in The Plant List version1.1 (The Plant List 2013); new speciesdescribed since then as well as taxonomicupdates since 2013 were includedfollowing the World checklist of SelectedPlant Families (WcSP 2016) and afterconsultation with taxonomic experts.

Plant authority names followed thosefrom The International Plant names Index(IPnI 2015).

CoNSERVATIoN ASSESSmENTmEThoDoLoGY

conservation assessments wereconducted following the IUcn Red List ofThreatened Species categories andcriteria version 3.1 (IUcn 2001, Appendix5). Assessments were compiled using theIUcn’s Species Information Service (SIS),which is a web-based database forstoring and managing IUcn conservationassessments. Information for eachspecies was assembled for a range ofareas including:

• Distribution • Population • Habitat and ecology • Threats • Uses • conservation • References

A wide range of resources were consultedto gather all the required information.Sources include: national and regionalfloras, taxonomic databases, scientificpapers, published and unpublishedreports, expert knowledge, herbariumrecords and national red lists. In addition,expert opinions were consulted at the 1stInternational Symposium on NeotropicalMagnoliaceae held in Puyo, Ecuador inJuly 2015.

Using all the available information, aconservation category was assigned.Species were assigned one of ninecategories: Extinct (EX), Extinct in theWild (EW), critically Endangered (cR),Endangered (En), Vulnerable (VU), nearThreatened (nT), Least concern (Lc),Data Deficient (DD) and not Evaluated(nE) (Figure 1). cR, En and VU are thethree threatened categories. Taxa that didnot qualify for a threatened category, butwere close to qualifying for, or are likelyto qualify for, a threatened category in thenear future, were assigned to thecategory nT. Lc was used for speciesthat are assessed but are not consideredthreatened including widespread speciesand rare but stable species. The use ofthe category DD is discouraged, but maybe assigned to poorly known taxa.Species not yet evaluated were classifiedas nE. In this report nT and Lc taxa wereconsidered “not threatened”.

7


METHODOLOGy

Figure 1. Structure of the IUCN Red List Categories (version 3.1) (Credit: IUCN)

Magnolia jardinensis (Marcela Serna)

In order to assess whether a speciesbelongs to a threatened category (cR, En,VU), the species were evaluated in relationto five criteria: A) Population reduction; B)Geographic range; c) Small populationsize and decline; D) Very small or restrictedpopulation; and E) Quantitative analysis.The criteria are based on a set ofthresholds and subcriteria. Extensiveguidelines available to facilitate theprocess for the conservation assessorswere consulted (IUcn Standards andPetitions Subcommittee 2014). Inpractice, most assessments were basedon population size and/or range size,either observed, estimated, projected,inferred or suspected. Assessors areencouraged to evaluate taxa using all fivecriteria, but a taxon only needs to fulfil oneof the five criteria to qualify for athreatened category. When several criteriawere met resulting in different statusassessments, the precautionary principlewas applied and the most threatenedcategory was assigned (IUcn 2001).Once completed and reviewed, theassessments were sent for publication tothe IUcn Red List of Threatened Species(IUcn 2015).

All assessments in this report wereassessed on a global scale. Assessmentscarried out by national red list efforts,were only included if species werecountry endemics (i.e. the nationalassessment covered the full geographicaldistribution).

REVIEW AND EVALUATIoNWherever possible, expert opinions weresought for all species assessed.Sometimes experts carried out theconservation assessment for their ownspecies (assessors), and sometimes theycontributed data for the conservationassessment to be carried out(contributors). In accordance with IUcnRed List regulations, all assessmentswere also reviewed by a member of theGTSG (reviewer).

RED LIST REPoRT FoRmATThis report lists all species with theirauthors, country distribution andconservation assessment ratings. Thethreatened species are also listed with therationale for the conservation assessment.

All other information (including synonyms,full distribution information, habitat,ecology, conservation measures, threatsand uses) can be found on the website forthe IUcn Red List of Threatened Species(IUcn 2015, www.iucnredlist.org).Distribution maps have also beensubmitted to IUcn.

The threatened (cR, En, VU) species arelisted in alphabetical order in Part 2,followed by the near Threatened species,the Data Deficient species and the Leastconcern species.

In this report assessors are only listed forthe threatened species, and when theassessors were not the authors of this report, BGcI staff or interns. For full details of the assessors, contributorsand reviewers, see the IUcn Red List of Threatened Species website(www.iucnredlist.org).

A full list of species with their ex situcollections is found in Appendix 1.


8

Magnolia macrophylla (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia dawsoniana (Arboretum Wespelaar)

CASE STUDY 1: INTEGRATEDCoNSERVATIoN ACTIoN FoR

Magnolia wolfii IN CoLomBIA

nearly all of colombia’s 33 Magnoliaspecies, many of which are endemic, arethreatened with extinction, as a result ofhabitat loss and extraction for their high-quality timber. BGcI has been workingwith in-country partners Jardín Botánicode Medellín Joaquín Antonio Uribe(JAUM) and Jardín Botánico UniversidadTecnológica de Pereira (JBUTP) tocounteract the impact of these threatsthrough a series of integrated in situ andex situ conservation measures.

Since 2013, work has focused onMagnolia hernandezii, Magnolia gilbertoi,Magnolia jardinensis, Magnolia silvioi andMagnolia wolfii. All these species haverestricted distributions and extremelysmall populations, but none more so than

M. wolfii. This species is only known froma single location, in the Risaraldadepartment in west colombia, where thepopulation is down to fewer than tenmature trees.

Despite its critically Endangeredconservation status, however, workcarried out by BGcI and its in-countrypartners is ensuring that M. wolfii will havea more secure future. Propagationmaterial collected from the wild populationhas been used to establish ex situ seedand living plant collections of M. wolfii atfive botanic gardens in colombia. Duringthese surveys, project staff discoveredanother three mature M. wolfii trees – avital boost to the species’ tiny population.

In addition to building up ex situcollections, work has been underway toreinforce existing wild populations of M.wolfii. In 2013, 400 nursery-grown

seedlings were transferred to MarcellaBotanical Garden which is close to thelocation of the only known wildpopulation. Botanists have carried outrepopulation trials to evaluate the species'growth responses under different habitatand light conditions. This work hasinvolved the cooperation of local farmers,with 5,000 saplings of M. wolfii and otherMagnolia species planted on their land.During the trial plantings, farmers andprotected area staff participated inworkshops providing vital training incollection, propagation and recoverytechniques for Magnolia species. Abroader education campaign at JBUTPcommunicated colombia’s uniqueMagnoliaceae diversity and the need forits conservation to the 10,000 visitors itreceives at its botanic garden each year.

At the same time, JAUM succeeded insecuring the inclusion of a 140ha area oftropical forest, located on the easternslopes of colombia’s Western cordillera,within the colombian Association of civilSociety natural Reserves. This area wasidentified during field surveys as ahotspot for Magnolia species, and it ishoped that its designation will continue to encourage local participation indeveloping and implementingconservation measures for M. wolfii andcolombia’s other threatened Magnolia.

9


Fruit of Magnolia wolfii

cASE STUDIES

CASE STUDY 2: CONSERVATION OF THREATENED Magnoliasinostellata IN ZHEJIANGPROVINCE, CHINA

Since Magnolia sinostellata was firstdescribed in 1989, this highly attractivespecies has become a popularhorticultural plant. Its popularity hasproved to be its undoing, however, aswidespread harvesting of specimensfrom wild populations for use incommercial nurseries has seen thespecies rapidly decline. Today only threesmall populations of M. sinostellataremain in the wild, in the mountains ofZhejiang province, south-east china.These populations are all showing signsof poor reproductive performance, whichis further accelerating the species’decline and limiting the genetic diversityof each population.

In 2015, BGcI and staff from Fairy LakeBotanical Garden, Shenzen, initiated aproject to bring M. sinostellata back fromthe brink. The project is taking anintegrated approach, with plans toestablish ex situ living collections and toreinforce wild populations of the species.By the end of 2015, project staff hadalready successfully propagated 2,800M. sinostellata individuals, bolstering thespecies’ limited seed output with graftingand cutting techniques.

A key part of the project is to continueenabling local people to harness thehorticultural and economic value of M.sinostellata without further endangeringwild populations. To this end, 2015 sawthe launch of a series of workshops andtraining courses designed to train localpeople and forest agency staff inpropagation and cultivation techniquesfor M. sinostellata, with more workshopsplanned for 2016. Work is also underwayto develop two cultivars of M. sinostellata

specifically for cultivation purposes.Building local capacity in horticulturaltechniques will reduce their dependenceon wild populations of M. sinostellata,and allow the species to recover.

As well as reducing human pressure on M.sinostellata, plans are also in place toreinforce wild populations with individualsgrown in ex situ collections. Efforts willfocus on a population located on Mountyandang in the south-east of Zheijangprovince. This population has been singled

out as requiring the most urgentconservation action as it currentlycomprises just 3-5 individuals, and is themost genetically distinct population of thethree. Mount yandang is also a populartourist destination, and provides an idealopportunity to publicise the project andraise awareness of M. sinostellataconservation. Meanwhile, monitoring of thehealth and status of all three wildpopulations will continue, along withsurveys to identify any new, as yetundocumented populations of this species.


10

Magnolia sinostellata sapling in a nursery (Shouzhou Zhang)

CASE STUDY 3: MAGNOLIACUBENSIS SSP. ACUNAE: A FLAGShIP SPECIES FoR ThE

RESToRATIoN oF CUBAN CLoUD

FoRESTS

Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae isendemic to the montane rainforests ofcuba’s Guamuhaya mountains. Forestclearance has destroyed much of itshabitat, with most of its former range nowoccupied by coffee plantations, shadedby non-native invasive tree species. Allremaining populations of M. cubensisssp. acunae are located in highlyfragmented or degraded habitat. Thelargest population lies outside anyprotected area boundaries, which puts itat permanent risk of clearing for furthercoffee plantations.

The rapid decline of M. cubensis ssp.acunae and other local trees also has widerrepercussions for local ecosystems and thecommunities living within them. TheGuamuhaya cloud forests, of which M.cubensis ssp. acunae was once a majorcomponent, play an important regulatingrole, capturing rainwater and humid air andthus controlling soil erosion, run-off andflooding further down the watershed. This

ecosystem service is vital to thesustainability of the local coffee industry,but with the disappearance of much of thenative cloud forest, such systems are atrisk of breaking down altogether.

Since 2009, BGcI has been working within-country partners the national BotanicGardens Havana and the cubanBotanical Society to address the declinein coverage and quality of the cloudforests in Guamuhaya. As a previouslydominant structural cloud forest specieswhich is classified as criticallyEndangered, and a highly attractive treevalued locally for its timber, M. cubensisssp. acunae acts as a strong flagshipspecies for this project.

Extensive field surveys have been carriedout to map the full distribution of M.cubensis ssp. acunae and to collectpropagation material for establishing thefirst ex situ collections for the species. Amajor challenge in establishing ex situcollections of cloud forest species suchas M. cubensis ssp. acunae is that theyrequire very different conditions to thosefound in established botanic gardens incuba. However, the project partnerscame up with a way of establishing exsitu collections of M. cubensis ssp.acunae that also facilitated the species’conservation in the wild.

With the cooperation of local farmers,native plant nurseries have beenestablished on coffee farms, with traininggiven to coffee farmers and farm workersto enable them to propagate and growM. cubensis ssp. acunae and otherthreatened native trees. The programmehas expanded rapidly, and by 2013,propagation efforts of 12 local nurserieshad raised over 1,500 individuals of M.cubensis ssp. acunae. Having started theprocess of controlling and eradicatingnon-native invasive trees from coffee

plantations, project staff and local farmershave been able to reinforce wildpopulations of M. cubensis ssp. acunaethrough planting out nursery-grown treeson the coffee plantations, in place of thenon-native tree species.

In addition to practical interventions torestore M. cubensis ssp. acunae, projectpartners have worked hard to raiseawareness among local communities ofthe benefits of conserving native treespecies and cloud forest habitats. InAugust 2013, an environmental festival“Del Monte Soy” was held in Topes decollantes to celebrate the relationshipbetween humans and plants, highlight thevalue of the local flora, and tocommunicate the threatened conservationstatus of many native plants in the region,including M. cubensis ssp. acunae. Oneof the key focuses of the trainingworkshops held with coffee farmers wasalso the importance of native tree speciesand habitats for local communities.

Work to conserve M. cubensis ssp.acunae and its native habitat is set tocontinue into the future. One of the latestdevelopments has been the provision oftoolkits to coffee farmers to help them tomanage their native tree nurseriesindependently. Two project workerscontinue to be available to provide advice,but it is the farmers and their communitieswho will lead the work to conserve M.cubensis ssp. acunae into the future.

11


Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae

Magnolia cubensis ssp. acunae

ThREAT STATUS All species in the family Magnoliaceaepublished prior to December 2015 areincluded in this Red List assessment,totalling 304 species, which makes this Red List of Magnoliaceae the mostcomprehensive analysis of the family.

Globally, 147 species were consideredthreatened. Sixty species wereconsidered not threatened (Leastconcern and near Threatened). Theremaining species, (97) were DataDeficient (Figure 2). Data Deficientspecies may be either threatened or notthreatened when a full assessment is possible. The recommendation forreporting this uncertainty is to give a range,which means that the proportion ofthreatened species is between 48-80%.

More detailed summary results are foundin Table 2. none of the species wereconsidered Extinct, although two specieswere considered possibly extinct (Magnoliadixonii and Magnolia emarginata). Amongthe 60 not threatened species, there were

13 species assessed as near Threatened(nT), these were species that nearly fall intoa threatened category. One example isLiriodendron chinense this species is underpressure across its range from acombination of factors including habitatdecline, degradation and fragmentation, aswell as issues resulting from hybridisationand poor regeneration, with subsequentpopulation reduction.

Eleven infraspecific taxa were alsoassessed, but not included in thespecies-level analysis (Appendix 3a).More information on these can be foundon the IUcn Red List of ThreatenedSpecies website (www.iucnredlist.org).

Ten species, published recently were notevaluated (nE), as no information onthese species (including the paperswhere the species were described) couldbe accessed (Appendix 3b).

CRITERIA USED In order to list a species as threatened allfive criteria should be used, although onlya single criterion needs to be met for aspecies to be considered threatened.However, for many plant species thereare not sufficient data available to allowall the criteria to be used. Most (77%)threatened species were assessed usingcriterion B, i.e. listed as threatened dueto their restricted geographic range (Table3). A quarter (26%) of threatened speciesused criteria c and D, which are basedon small or restricted population size.Only 9% of threatened species werelisted using criterion A, which shows thatpopulation reductions (and generationlength) are difficult to calculate for theselong-lived taxa. no species wereevaluated using criterion E (quantitativeanalysis of extinction risk).

Most species were listed using a singlecriterion, but 16 (11%) threatenedspecies had multiple criteria applied.


12

RED LIST RESULTS

20%

48%

32%

Figure 2. Summary of the threatened,Data Deficient and not threatenedspecies of Magnoliaceae.

Table 3. The number of threatenedMagnoliaceae conservation assessmentsusing the five different Red List criteria,and the percentage of threatened speciesassessed under each criterion.

Table 2. Summary of conservationassessments for species of Magnoliaceae.

Liriodendron chinense (Philippe de Spoelberch)

ThreatenedData Deficientnot Threatened

IUCN Red NumberList category of species

Extinct 0critically Endangered 37Endangered 84Vulnerable 26Data Deficient 97near Threatened 13Least concern 47not Evaluated 10Total 314

criterion A 13 (9%)criterion B 113 (77%)criterion c 14 (10%)criterion D 24 (16%)criterion E 0Total 164 (147 species)

GEoGRAPhICAL ANALYSIS

Magnoliaceae species were found in 47countries (Figure 3, Appendix 2). Thecountry with the most species was chinawith 108 species (33 threatened),followed by Vietnam with 45 species (14 threatened). Seven of the ten mostspecies-rich countries were located in East and Southeast Asia. Anothercentre of diversity was in the neotropics,with colombia, Mexico and Ecuador

having a very high number of Magnoliaspecies. nearly two thirds (198) ofspecies were single country endemics.

When comparing the proportion ofthreatened species, the neotropics(Mexico, colombia and many of thecaribbean islands) showed a very highproportion of threatened species (Figure4). For most countries in the neotropics,with only a few exceptions (Brazil,

Panama, El Salvador and nicaragua),more than 50% of their Magnolia specieswere considered threatened.

As a whole, 75% of the neotropicalMagnolia were considered under threat;and the neotropics have more than twothirds of the world’s most threatenedMagnolia species – those found incategories critically Endangered andEndangered.

13


Figure 3. Magnoliaceae species richness per country.

Figure 4. The percentage of Magnoliaceae species for each country that are threatened (excluding Data Deficient species)

mAjoR ThREATS The majority of Magnoliaceae specieswere found in subtropical or tropicalforests, with a few species found intemperate climates. A range of threatshave been recorded, associated bothwith the species as well as the habitat inwhich they grow. The threats wererecorded using the IUcn threatclassification scheme (IUcn 2012).

The most common threats toMagnoliaceae are shown in Figure 5.Logging/wood harvesting was the mostsignificant threat to all Magnoliaceaespecies, both threatened and notthreatened. It impacted nearly half (44%)of all species. Impacts from agriculture(annual and perennial non-timber crops)accounted for the second biggest threatand was identified as a significant factorin over one third of all species (36%).Habitat loss due to livestock farming andhuman development were also significantfactors. Other threats included collectionsof wild plant material and climate change.


14

Logging & wood harvesting

Annual & perennial non-timber crops

Livestock farming & ranching

Housing & urban areas

Wild plant collection

climate change & severe weather

Roads & railroads

Mining & quarrying

Fire & fire suppression

Wood & pulp plantations

commercial & industrial areas

Problematic species/disease of unknown origin

Tourism & recreation areas

Ecosystem modification

Dams & water management/use

200 40 60 80 100 120 140

number of threatened species

number of non-threatened species

Figure 5. Major threats to threatened and non-threatened Magnoliaceae species, usingthe IUCN threat classification system.

Magnolia grandiflora (Peter Timmermans)

Magnolia obovata (Arboretum Wespelaar)

PoPULATIoN TRENDSThe population trend for each assessedMagnoliaceae species was also recordedas part of the conservation assessmentprocess. These data showed that less than5% of species have a stable or increasingpopulation; 42% of species have adocumented decreasing population (Figure6). For more than half of the speciesassessed, the population trend was notknown. This lack of information onpopulation trends can lead to speciesbeing assessed as Data Deficient.

ComPARISoNS WITh ThE 2007RED LIST oF mAGNoLIACEAE

The Red List of Magnoliaceae (cicuzza etal. 2007) included 151 Magnoliaceaetaxa, of which 120 were species-levelassessments (Table 4). This new Red Listupdate contains 304 species. 107species from the original publication wereassessed again. The 13 species whichwere not evaluated again are nowconsidered synonyms, and the acceptedname has been listed instead.

Of the 107 reassessed species, most (78species) had the same conservationassessment category. However, 29 hada different rating: 12 species were given ahigher category of threat, while tenspecies were moved from Data Deficientto another conservation rating. Sevenspecies were categorised as lessthreatened (i.e. a lower category ofthreat), but none of these species fell outof a threatened category.

compared to the 2007 publication, the2016 Red List of Magnoliaceae lists 52additional species that have beenidentified as at risk of extinction. Thereare also 44 additional species that havebeen identified as not at risk of extinction,and, worryingly, 88 species that haveinsufficient information to assess theirconservation status.

15


Decreasing

Stable/Increasing

Unknown

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180

Figure 6. Population trends of Magnoliaceae species.

Table 4. Comparison of conservation assessments in The Red List of Magnoliaceae in2016 and 2007. Numbers in brackets include infraspecific taxa.

128

163

13

2016 2007

Threatened 147 species (152) 95 species (112)Data Deficient 97 species (92) 9 species (10)not threatened 60 species (62) 16 species (29)Total species evaluated 304 species (315) 120 species (151)

Magnolia laevifolia

In addition to the conservationassessments, we also carried out an exsitu survey to assess the representationof Magnoliaceae species in ex situcollections of botanic gardens, arboretaand seed banks around the world.

All Magnoliaceae records weredownloaded from BGcI’s globaldatabase of plants in cultivation -PlantSearch (Box 2) (as of 26 January2016). In addition, lists of ex situ Magnoliacollections sent to us from specialistcollections not on PlantSearch and thechinese checklist of ex situ cultivatedflora (Huang 2014) were consulted.

The ex situ survey identified 9,918 recordsof Magnoliaceae from 490 institutions(Table 5). This number represents thepresence of a single taxon in a collectionwithin an institution and does not take intoaccount the number of accessions orindividuals. Only species records wereincluded in the analysis; records ofcultivars or infraspecific taxa wereexcluded. In total 4,476 records matchedwith Magnoliaceae species included inthis Red List or with synonyms.

SPECIES IN EX SITU CoLLECTIoNSExactly half of all Magnoliaceae species(152 of 304 species) are found in ex situcollections. However, species in ex situcollections are often (82 of 152) thoselisted as Least concern or Data Deficient(Figure 8). Only 43% (63 of 147) ofthreatened Magnolia species (criticallyEndangered, Endangered and Vulnerable)are found in ex situ collections (Figure 7),well below Target 8 of the Global Strategyfor Plant conservation which calls for 75%of threatened plants to be held in ex situcollections (cBD 2012).

Fifty-nine percent of the criticallyEndangered and Endangered Magnoliaspecies (71 out of 121 species) are not


16

Ex situ SURVEy OF MAGnOLIAcEAE

PlantSearch

BGcI’s PlantSearch database is the only global database of plants in cultivation.It is available online, and it is free to contribute to and access. PlantSearchconnects around 2,000 researchers and horticulturists to collections every year.Locations and gardens are not publicly revealed and requests can be made viablind email messages. PlantSearch is an easy way for ex situ collection holdersto contribute to broader ex situ assessments, such as this survey. By uploadinga taxa list to PlantSearch, collection holders can connect their collections to theglobal botanical community and find out the conservation value of their taxa,including the number of locations each taxon is known from globally and itscurrent global conservation status. It is important for institutions with ex situcollections to share accurate data and keep it updated, and PlantSearch relieson collection holders to upload up-to-date taxa lists on an annual basis toensure accuracy and enhance usability of the data.

www.bgci.org/plant_search.php

num

ber

of s

pec

ies

cR

Figure 7. Presence and absence of Magnoliaceae species in ex situ collections perIUCN Red List Category.

Table 5. Summary statistics for theex situ survey of Magnoliaceae.

14

0

20

10

30

40

50

60

23

En

36

48

Species reported in ex situ collections Species not reported in ex situ collections

VU

13 13

nT

7 6

Lc

40

7

DD

42

55

2016 ex situ survey

number of records 9918number of institutions 490number of countries 61

reported in ex situ collections and theseshould be prioritised to be brought intocollections. Species that are not in an ex situ collection have no safeguard in the event their wild populations are lost. Twenty-three critically Endangeredspecies not found in collections are listedin Table 6 together with their country ofoccurrence; of these, 20 are endemic tothe neotropics. Successful efforts havebeen made by BGcI to target threatenedMagnolia species in these regionspreviously (See case Studies 1 and 3).Further efforts should be made to bring theremaining critically Endangered speciesinto collections as soon as possible.

NUmBER oF ex situCoLLECTIoNS

Sixty-two percent (39 of 63 species) ofthreatened Magnolia species are found ina very small number of collections (fewerthan five collections), with the majorityonly found in a single collection (Figure 8).Species found in only a few collectionsdo not have sufficient protection againststochastic events or loss from naturalcauses. Furthermore, small collectionnumbers are unlikely to capture sufficientgenetic diversity to enable the collectionsto be used in restoration or reintroductionprogrammes.

17


1 2-5 6-10 11-20 21-30 31-50 51-100 100+ 200+

Figure 8. Number of collections of Magnoliaceae species.

0

10

5

15

20

25

30

35

non threatened Threatened

Species

Magnolia calimaensisMagnolia canandeanaMagnolia cararensisMagnolia cespedesiiMagnolia chimantensisMagnolia coronataMagnolia dixoniiMagnolia domingensisMagnolia ekmaniiMagnolia emarginataMagnolia faustinomirandaeMagnolia gustaviiMagnolia lacandonicaMagnolia manguilloMagnolia mayaeMagnolia narinensisMagnolia ofeliaeMagnolia pleiocarpaMagnolia sanchez-vegaeMagnolia tiepiiMagnolia vallartensisMagnolia virolinensisMagnolia wendtii

Country

colombiaEcuadorcolombiacolombiacolombiacolombiaEcuadorHaiti, Dominican RepublicHaitiHaitiMexicoIndia, Myanmar, ThailandMexicoPeruMexicocolombiaMexicoIndiaPeruVietnamMexicocolombiaMexico

Magnolia sprengeri (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Table 6. Critically Endangered Magnolia species not in ex situ collections.

In contrast, some species arewidespread among botanic gardens andarboreta around the world (Table 7).These species are generally considerednot threatened, one exception beingMagnolia stellata, which is listed asEndangered in the wild and is present inover 200 ex situ collections and is alsowidespread in general horticulture. Thequality of ex situ Magnolia collections, interms of size of collections and geneticdiversity, is not included in the remit ofthis survey. It will be important to considerthese two factors when bringing newspecies into collections, to maximise theconservation value of the ex situcollection. Further work on the geneticcomponents and relevance of ex situcollections have been carried out forMagnoliaceae (cires et al. 2013), and inmore detail for other groups (i.e. Griffithet al. 2015).

ComPARISoN WITh 2008 ex situSURVEY oF mAGNoLIACEAE

A comparison of the results from thissurvey with those of an ex situ survey ofMagnoliaceae carried out in 2008 (BGcI2008) show an increase in the number ofrecords of Magnoliaceae in ex situcollections of 7,644. This is due in part todata being provided from a further 252institutions from 14 additional countries.But importantly Magnoliaceae speciesare now better conserved in ex situcollections. In addition, there are 22species that were not present incultivation in 2008 that are now availablein ex situ collections (Table 8). This showsthe impact and importance of the RedList assessments and the subsequent exsitu survey highlighting and prioritisingconservation action.


18

Species

Liriodendron tulipiferaMagnolia grandifloraMagnolia kobusMagnolia stellataMagnolia tripetalaMagnolia acuminataMagnolia virginianaMagnolia sieboldiiMagnolia denudataMagnolia obovataLiriodendron chinenseMagnolia macrophyllaMagnolia wilsoniiMagnolia figoMagnolia campbellii

Red List Category

LcLcDDEnLcLcLcLcLcLcnTLcnTLcLc

ex situ collections

255225211206159157152148145136134121111103103

Table 7. Species in over 100 ex situ collections.

Taxon Names

Magnolia colombianaMagnolia dandyiMagnolia duperreanaMagnolia espinaliiMagnolia henaoiMagnolia katiorumMagnolia lanuginosaMagnolia lenticellataMagnolia longipedunculataMagnolia macclureiMagnolia mahechaeMagnolia nilagiricaMagnolia pallescensMagnolia platyphyllaMagnolia puganaMagnolia rajanianaMagnolia sabahensisMagnolia sambuensisMagnolia striatifoliaMagnolia urraoensisMagnolia utilisMagnolia vrieseana

Red List Category

cRLcDDcREncRDDEncRLcEnVUEnDDEnVULcnTEnEnDDDD

ex situ collections

1151111

1311

20111111191111

Table 8. Species unreported from ex situ collections in 2008 now present in ex situcollections.

PoLICY RELEVANCEThis new Red List of Magnoliaceaecontributes directly to Target 2 of theGlobal Strategy for Plant conservation ofthe convention on Biological Diversity,which calls for “an assessment of theconservation status of all known plantspecies, as far as possible, to guideconservation action” by 2020 (cBD 2012).In addition, an assessment of threatenedspecies is also needed to ensure thatTarget 8 of the Global Strategy for Plantconservation is met. This target calls for“at least 75 per cent of threatened plantspecies in ex situ collections, preferably inthe country of origin, and at least 20 percent available for recovery and restorationprogrammes” (cBD 2012).

The Red List of Magnoliaceae aims tostimulate conservation action forMagnolia species under threat. The aimis for these conservation assessments forMagnoliaceae to guide conservationaction and policy decisions for the veryrare and threatened species. The priorityis to protect Magnolia in their naturalhabitats. Many of the most threatenedspecies are still absent from ex situcollections, and should also be prioritisedfor targeted collection efforts.

BGcI and the Global Trees campaignwork with botanic gardens to enhance exsitu conservation for globally threatenedMagnolia taxa where appropriate and topromote in situ conservation planning,ecological restoration and sustainableuse. More information about theseprojects are available online(www.globaltrees.org/projects).

RECommENDATIoNSThe Red List of Magnoliaceae is a steptowards the Global Tree Assessment (GTA)which will provide information on the threatstatus of all the world’s trees. In order toachieve the GTA and, more specifically,

improve the conservation status forMagnoliaceae, a number of conservationmeasures are recommended:

Collect more information on Data

Deficient species:

• More information is needed on thelarge proportion of species for whichthere was not enough data to assesstheir conservation status (listed asData Deficient).

• Report any known information onthese species to [email protected] toallow a full assessment to take place.

• Target fieldwork and data collectionfor priority regions where thesespecies occur.

Ensure threatened species of

magnoliaceae are conserved in situand ex situ:• Develop ex situ conservation

collections for the threatenedMagnoliaceae species not yetrepresented in any ex situ collections.

• Wherever possible, house ex situcollections in more than oneinstitution and location.

• Ensure genetic diversity is taken intoaccount when building ex situcollections.

• Assess the extent to which speciesare included in protected areas.

• Develop integrated conservationaction plans for the most threatenedspecies.

Raise awareness and build capacity

locally and internationally:

• Empower and inform communitiesabout the uniqueness andimportance of the Magnoliaceaespecies found in their localenvironment.

• Use local plant nurseries and plantingschemes to enhance the status ofthe most threatened Magnoliaspecies in the wild.

• Build horticultural capacity of in-country partners and localcommunities, including protocols forcollection, propagation and cultivation.

There has been significant progress sincethe last Red List of Magnoliaceae wasproduced in 2007: more Magnoliaspecies have been discovered anddescribed, more Magnolia species have aconservation assessment, and moreMagnolia species are now conserved inex situ collections. nevertheless, muchmore needs to be done in order to savemany Magnolia species from extinction.Future work should focus on therecommendations above, and use theinformation gathered in this publication toeffectively prioritise conservation action.

19


cOncLUSIOnS AnD REcOMMEnDATIOnS

Magnolia acuminata (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia equatorialis (Alvaro Perez)


20

BGCI (2008) Global Survey of Ex situMagnoliaceae Collections. BotanicGardens conservation International.Richmond, Uk. Available from:http://www.bgci.org/files/Worldwide/global_survey_of_ex_situ_magnoliaceae_collections.pdf (accessed: 18 September2015).

Cicuzza, D., Newton, A. & oldfield, S.

(2007) The Red List of Magnoliaceae.Fauna & Flora International. cambridge,Uk.

Cires, E., De Smet, Y., Cuesta, C.

Goetghebeur, P. Sharrock, S., Gibbs,

D., oldfield, S., Kramer, A. & Samain,

m-S. (2013) Gap analyses to support exsitu conservation of genetic diversity inMagnolia, a flagship group. Biodiversityand Conservation 22(3): 567-590.

CBD (2012) Global Strategy for Plantconservation: 2011-2020. BotanicGardens conservation International.Richmond, Uk.

Griffith, m.P., Calonje, m., meerow,

A.W., Tut, F., Kramer, A.T., hird, A.,

magellan, T.m. & husby, C.E. (2015)

can a Botanic Garden cycad collectioncapture the Genetic Diversity in a WildPopulation?. International Journal ofPlant Sciences, 176(1): 1–10.

huang, hongwen (2014) A checklist ofex situ cultivated flora of China. SciencePress, Beijing.

IPNI (2015) The International PlantNames Index. Royal Botanic Gardens,kew, Uk. Available from:http://www.ipni.org/ (accessed: 20August 2015).

IUCN (2001) IUCN Red List Categoriesand Criteria: Version 3.1. IUcn SpeciesSurvival commission. IUcn. Gland,Switzerland and cambridge, Uk.

IUCN (2012) IUCN –CMP UnifiedClassification of Direct Threats.International Union for conservation ofnature and natural Resources. Availablefrom: http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/Dec_2012_Guidance_Threats_classification_Scheme.pdf(accessed: 3 February 2016).

IUCN (2013) Rules of Procedures IUCNRed List Assessment Process 2013-2016. International Union forconservation of nature and naturalResources. Available from:http://cmsdocs.s3.amazonaws.com/keydocuments/Rules%20of%20Procedure%20for%20Red%20List_2013-2016.pdf(accessed: 18 September 2015).

IUCN Standards and Petitions

Subcommittee (2014) Guidelines forUsing the IUCN Red List Categoriesand Criteria. Version 11. Prepared bythe Standards and PetitionsSubcommittee. Available from:http://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf (accessed: 20August 2015).

IUCN (2015) The IUCN Red List ofThreatened Species, version 2015.4.International Union for conservation ofnature and natural Resource. Availablefrom: http://www.iucnredlist.org/(accessed: December 2015).

Newton, A., oldfield, S., Rivers, m.,

mark, j., Schatz, G., Tejedor

Garavito, N., Cantarello, E., Golicher,

D., Cayuela, L. & miles, L. (2015)

Towards a Global Tree Assessment.Oryx, 49: 410-415.doi:10.1017/S0030605315000137.

The Plant List (2013) The Plant Listversion 1.1. Royal Botanic Gardens,kew, Uk. Available from:http://www.theplantlist.org/ (accessed:20 August 2015).

WCSP (2016) World Checklist ofSelected Plant Families. Facilitated bythe Royal Botanic Gardens, kew.Available from:http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/ (accessed:28 January 2016).

REFEREncES

Trunk of Magnolia (Lou Jost)

Magnolia wilsonii (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia albosericea chun &c.H.TsoongVU D1+2China, VietnamAlthough little is known about Magnoliaalbosericea there are thought to be veryfew mature individuals (fewer than 1,000),across its range of evergreenbroadleaved forests of southern chinaand northern Vietnam. It is only known tooccur in three to five locations, whereland use change is a plausible threat.Therefore, it is assessed as Vulnerable.

Magnolia allenii Standl. En B1ab(iii)PanamaLocally frequent in dense forests, thisspecies is restricted to one area ofwestern Panama at about 1,000 m asl.The extent of occurrence (EOO) isestimated to 1,142 km2 and the habitatis inferred to be declining in extent andquality. The primary threat isdeforestation, which has causedsignificant declines in the past. Thisspecies is Endangered.

Magnolia amoena W.c.chengVU B1ab(iii,iv)ChinaMagnolia amoena is found only in chinabut is scattered across many provinces.The population is highly fragmented andcollection of flower buds for medicinalpurposes is believed to be reducing itsability to regenerate. It occurs in smallscattered stands in hilly lowland mixedforest so the extent of occurrence is likelyto be much less than the forest extent of24,769 km2 and is estimated at less than20,000 km2. It is listed as Vulnerable.

Magnolia angustioblonga (y.W.Law &y.F.Wu) FiglarEn DChinaThis species has a very limiteddistribution within the Maolan naturalReserve, Guizhou. It has an area ofsuitable forest habitat (extent ofoccurrence), based on remote sensingimagery and distribution data, of 4,713km2 and an estimated 100-200 matureindividuals remaining. The Endangeredcategory is based on the small populationsize. The threats and cause of decline arenot fully understood.

Magnolia annamensis DandyVU B1ab(iii,v)VietnamThis species is classified as Vulnerable asthe extent of occurrence (EOO) is 13,949km2, it occurs at four locations and,although it remains common in protectedareas, its range is relatively restricted andsubpopulations are declining outsideprotected areas as a result ofdeforestation. The species may bereassessed as more threatened withfurther research.

Magnolia arcabucoana (Lozano)GovaertsEn B1ab(ii,iii,v)ColombiaThis species is considered to beEndangered due to its restricted range. Itis only known from three locations in theeastern mountain range betweenSantander and Boyaca and the east ofcundinamarca, colombia with an extentof occurrence (EOO) of 2,385 km2.Further surveying is needed to determinewhether the species occurs in lessaccessible areas. The remainingpopulations are under pressure fromhabitat conversion and logging.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia argyrothricha (Lozano)GovaertsEn B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)+2ab(i,ii,iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia argyrothricha is considered tobe Endangered as it has a restricteddistribution in colombia. It is known fromjust four locations in the Easternmountain range between southernSantander (Virolin and El Taladro) andcentral-north Boyaca (Togui andArcabuco), with an extent of occurrence(EOO) of 357 km2 and an area ofoccupancy (AOO) of 135 km2. Theforests in the region are highly disturbedand fragmented.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

21


Magnolia amoena (Don Mahoney)

GLOBALLy THREATEnED MAGnOLIAcEAE SPEcIES

PART 2

Magnolia aromatica (Dandy)V.S.kumarEn c2a(i)ChinaMagnolia aromatica is classified asEndangered as only a few scatteredstands of this important timber treeremain. Several subpopulations arereported to have become extinct inchinese provinces, largely as a result of over-exploitation of the timber. Similar pressure affects the potentialsubpopulations in Vietnam. The speciesis also threatened by habitat loss due toagricultural expansion. There are fewerthan 2,500 mature individuals remainingwith each subpopulation consisting offewer than 250 mature individuals. Ex situconservation collections have been madeand reintroduction trials are taking place.

Magnolia bankardiorum M.O.Dillon &Sánchez VegaVU B1ab(iii)Ecuador, PeruMagnolia bankardiorum is thought to berare but more research is needed todetermine the population size and trendof this species. This species’ estimatedextent of occurrence (EOO) is 14,250 km2

and it is present in three to four locations.The forests near Aguas Verdes where thetype specimen of this species was foundhave been felled for coffee plantations. Itis likely that this species has beenextirpated in this area, but is thought tostill be present further south in the RioAlto Mayo watershed. The rest of thehabitat of this species is severelydeforested which is causing a continuingdecline in both area and quality of habitat.Therefore, Magnolia bankardiorum hasbeen assessed as Vulnerable.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Arroyo, F. &Pérez castañeda, Á.

Magnolia bidoupensis Q.n.VuEn B1ab(iii)VietnamMagnolia bidoupensis is endemic to theBidoup-nuiba national Park in southVietnam. This species has an estimatedextent of occurrence (EOO) of 700 km2

and occurs in fewer than five locations.continuing decline in the area and qualityof habitat has been reported due toencroachment, fire and illegal logging.Therefore, this species is listed asEndangered.

Magnolia blaoensis (Gagnep.) DandyVU B1ab(iii)VietnamThis species is classified as Vulnerable asthe potential forest distribution is 12,537km2, its range is severely fragmented,and its habitat is continuing to decline inarea and quality.

Magnolia boliviana (M.nee) GovaertsEn B2ab(iii)Bolivia Magnolia boliviana occurs in very fewlocalities in Bolivia and is predominantlyfound in the Amboro and Madidi nationalParks. The forest habitat is threatened byongoing deforestation, and thepopulation is likely to be fragmented butpopulation data are not available. Theextent of occurrence (EOO) is around48,709 km2. However, given that it hasbeen recorded in low densities the areaof occupancy (AOO) is estimated to bemuch less than 100 km2. There are fewerthan five locations. Therefore, this speciesis Endangered. The population is underpressure outside of protected areas bydeforestation and needs to be monitored.

Magnolia calimaensis (Lozano)GovaertscR B1ab(i,ii,iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia calimaensis is only known froma single location, where its extent ofoccurrence is less than 100 km2, in theBajo calima in the western part of theValle del cauca in the choco region. Itshabitat is declining in extent and qualitydue to logging and the number of matureindividuals is also declining as it is atargeted timber species.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.


22

Magnolia aromatica (Ouyang Zhiqin)

Magnolia bankardiorum (Alvaro Perez)

Magnolia calophylla (Lozano) GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia calophylla has a very restricteddistribution and is only known from threelocations at low altitude in the chocoregion, with an extent of occurrence(EOO) of less than 5,000 km2. Loggingand clearance for cultivation take place inthe lowland forests where this speciesoccurs causing a continuing decline inthe area and quality of habitat andreducing the number of matureindividuals of this species. Therefore, thisspecies is assessed as Endangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,Garcia, n & Rivers, M.c.

Magnolia canandeana F.ArroyocR B1ab(iii)Ecuador Magnolia canandeana is a tree endemicto Ecuador. The type collection of thisspecies comes from a private protectedarea (Reserva Río canandé) with anextent of occurrence (EOO) of 18 km2.Outside this area, the forest is beingcompletely cleared by a logging company,through a Government concession.cleared areas are later used foragricultural and pasture land. Moreresearch is needed on the conservationstatus of the species inside and outsidethe protected area as it is unlikely that thereserve can provide for a secure andviable reproductive population. Thisspecies has been assessed as criticallyEndangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérezcastañeda, Á.

Magnolia cararensis (Lozano)GovaertscR B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia cararensis is only known froma single population in a strip of matureforest no more than 20 km long and 600metres wide. In addition to beingexploited for its timber for roundwoodand sawlogs in the Tama region, theforests in the region have been subject toland clearance for livestock andagriculture. The extent of occurrence isless than 100 km2, the area of occupancyis less than 10 km2 and it is known froma single location.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia caricifragrans (Lozano)GovaertsEn A2acd+4acdColombiaThis is an endemic species found in justa few sites in colombia. The population isfragmented with few individuals at eachlocality, and it is estimated that the overallpopulation has decreased by over 50%in the last 50 years and the decline iscontinuing. Logging is a major ongoingthreat for this species and this decline isexpected to carry on into the future.Therefore, this species is assessed asEndangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,Garcia, n., Wheeler, L. & Rivers, M.c.

Magnolia cattienensis Q.n.VuEn B1ab(iii); DVietnamMagnolia cattienensis is only found in thecat Tien national Park in Vietnam. Theextent of occurrence (EOO) is less than750 km2. It is known from a singlelocation with fewer than 250 matureindividuals. The habitat is declining inquality and extent due to illegal loggingand agriculture encroachment, a trendthat is likely to continue with a growinghuman population. Due to a very smalland restricted population, Magnoliacattienensis is listed as Endangered.

Magnolia cespedesii (Triana & Planch.)GovaertscR B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaThis is a restricted-range species, knownfrom a single location on the western sideof the eastern mountain range of the Magdalena valley, cundinamarcadepartment, thought to have an extent ofoccurrence (EOO) of less than 100 km2.The forest areas of the region have beenfragmented due to land clearance foragriculture and logging. Magnoliacespedesii has been specifically targetedfor its timber. This species is criticallyEndangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia chimantensis Steyerm. &MaguirecR c2a(i); DColombia, VenezuelaMagnolia chimantensis is reported fromonly two localities, one in colombia andone in Venezuela. In colombia thisspecies is located in one strip of matureforest. It is considered to be criticallyEndangered as the total number ofmature individuals, as well as the numberin the largest subpopulation, is fewer than50 and there is a continuing decline. It isalso range-restricted with an area ofoccupancy (AOO) less than 500 km2 andthe habitat is declining due to expansionof agriculture. This species has also beenexploited for charcoal extraction andtimber. The natural regeneration of thisspecies is limited and it does not exist inany ex situ collection.Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Serna-Gonzalez, M.

23


Magnolia chocoensis (Lozano)GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaThis species is only known from threelocations in the western mountain rangebetween the choco and Risaraldadepartments, has a restricted extent ofoccurrence (EOO) of less than 5,000 km2,and occurs in an area where the foresthabitats are declining due to pressurefrom logging activities.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia cochranei A.VázquezEn B1ab(iii)HondurasThis is a tree endemic to Honduras whereit is only known from a few localities in thedepartments of comayagua, cortés andyoro. Deforestation rates are high in theregion which is estimated to be causing adecline in area and quality of habitat ofthis species. The estimated extent ofoccurrence (EOO) is less than 5,000 km2

and it is found in three to five locations.Therefore, this species is assessed asEndangered.

Magnolia colombiana (Little) GovaertscR B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia colombiana is listed as criticallyEndangered as a result of its severelyfragmented and restricted distribution(EOO estimated to be 77 km2), as it isknown only from three locations, and asthere is a continuing decline in the qualityof the habitat and number of matureindividuals. The population is also underdirect pressure from logging.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia coriacea (Hung T.chang &B.L.chen) FiglarEn B1ab(iii,v)China, VietnamMagnolia coriacea is restricted tosoutheast yunnan and north Vietnamwith a remaining forest area of 4,190 km2

in fewer than five locations. Within thisarea there were 300-500 scatteredindividuals recorded in 2005, which islikely to have reduced recently as they aremainly outside reserves; this needs to beconfirmed by another field survey. Giventhe small area it is likely that there are oneor two subpopulations, with the majorityof the recorded individuals being in onesubpopulation surveyed in china.

Magnolia coronata M.Serna,c.Velásquez & cogollocR A2acdColombiaMagnolia coronata is a canopy treeendemic to colombia. It occurs in smallisolated fragments of secondary forestsgenerally located on mountain peaks. Itspopulation has declined by over 80% (overthree generations) due to thefragmentation of habitat resulting from landclearance for agriculture and livestockfarming in addition to direct pressure onthe species from charcoal production androundwood. It has a restricted distributionand has an extent of occurrence (EOO) ofless than 1,345 km2 which continues todecline in area and quality.Assessors: Serna-Gonzalez, M. & Rivers,M.c.

Magnolia costaricensis A.VázquezVU B1ab(iii)Costa RicaThis scarce species with a scattereddistribution is endemic to costa Ricawhere it occurs in lowland tropical wetforest of Heredia and Limón provincesand on the border of Alajuela andGuanacaste provinces. It may also occurin cartago province. clearance foragriculture is a threat causing acontinuing decline in area and quality ofhabitat. Its extent of occurrence is lessthan 15,000 km2 and it occurs in fewerthan ten locations. Therefore, this speciesis assessed as Vulnerable.

Magnolia crassifolia F.Arroyo &Á.J.PérezcR B1ab(iii)+2ab(iii); DEcuadorMagnolia crassifolia is a large tree onlyknown from the type locality in Ecuador.A total of six individuals (including thetype specimen and two resproutingstumps) were seen in a forested hilly areaof less than 10 km2 subjected to clearingfor agricultural land and included in plansfor mining exploitation (Arroyo and Pérezpers. obs.). Efforts of conservation in thisarea, as well as exploration of nearbyareas to find more individuals, areurgently needed. Increased ex situconservation with research intopropagation techniques is also an urgentpriority. This species is assessed ascritically Endangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Wheeler, L. &Pérez castañeda, Á.

Magnolia crassipes (y.W.Law)V.S.kumarEn B2ab(iii,v); c2a(ii)ChinaMagnolia crassipes is classified asEndangered as it is known from onelocation in Guangxi, china. It has an areaof occupancy less than 100 km2. Thepopulation is thought to be fewer than1,000 individuals in a singlesubpopulation. The causes of its declineneed to be fully determined, but forestfires and general deforestation areimpacting the species’ habitat.


24

Magnolia coriacea (Weibang Sun)

Magnolia cristalensis BisseEn B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v)CubaMagnolia cristalensis is endemic to cuba.It is considered Endangered as itspopulation is very small and severelyfragmented, it is known from fivelocations and it has declined due toexploitation for its timber and habitat lossand degradation. The extent ofoccurrence (EOO) is 4,700 km2 and thearea of occupancy (AOO) is estimatedbetween 350 and 500 km2.

Magnolia cubensis Urb.VU B2ab(iii,v)CubaMagnolia cubensis is an endemic tree tocuba. It is considered to be Vulnerable asit is found in fewer than ten locations andhas an area of occupancy (AOO) below2,000 km2. It is threatened bydeforestation, land conversion andhabitat degradation. Further research isrequired on how best to ensure thesurvival of this species.

Magnolia cylindrica E.H.WilsonVU B2ab(iii)ChinaMagnolia cylindrica is classified asVulnerable as it has an area of occupancyestimated to be between 500 km2 and2,000 km2, its range is severely fragmented,it is known from only ten locations, andthere is a decline in the area, extent andquality of its habitat.

Magnolia dawsoniana Rehder &E.H.WilsonEn B2ab(iii)ChinaThe subpopulations of this species arescattered and severely fragmented over two(or possibly three) provinces in china within aforest area of c. 200 km2. The area ofoccupancy is thought to be above 10 km2

(but less than 200 km2) and there is acontinuing decline in the extent of forest coverand the habitat quality. Magnolia dawsonianais therefore classified as Endangered.

Magnolia decastroi A.Vázquez &Muñiz-castroEn B1ab(iii)MexicoMagnolia decastroi is only known fromthe type locality in the lowlands ofchinantla Baja, Oaxaca. This area isthreatened by deforestation and habitatalterations due to plantation andpastures. climate change is alsoprojected to alter the forest habitathere. Although there is little informationon the distribution and population size,the extent of occurrence (EOO) isrestricted and estimated to be lessthan 5,000 km2. The number oflocations is five or fewer. This species istherefore listed as EndangeredAssessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S.& Martínez Salas, E.

Magnolia decidua (Q.y.Zheng)V.S.kumarEn B1ab(iii,v)+2ab(iii,v); c2a(ii)ChinaMagnolia decidua is classified asEndangered because it is known onlyfrom one subpopulation (representingone location) which is thought to havefewer than 500 individuals, with anextent of occurrence of less than 4,000km2 and area of occupancy less than500 km2. Its habitat is also declining inextent and quality due to exploitationof timber.

25


Magnolia cylindrica (Arboretum Wespelaar)

Magnolia cubensis (Luis Roberto Gonzalez Torres)

Magnolia decidua (Daniel Mosquin)

Magnolia dixonii (Little) Govaerts cR (Possibly Extinct) B1ab(iii,v)Ecuador?Magnolia dixonii is a large tree endemicto Ecuador and restricted to lowelevations. It has a highly restricted extentof occurrence (EOO), which is less than100 km2, and is known from a singlelocation. This species is also underpressure from a continuing decline in areaand quality of habitat due to agriculturalexpansion and the opening of roads. Inaddition, this species was recorded asused for its timber. It is only known fromthe type collection and has not beenrediscovered for 50 years. It is thereforelisted here as critically Endangered(Possibly Extinct).Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Pérezcastañeda, Á.

Magnolia dodecapetala (Lam.)GovaertsVU B1ab(iii)Dominica, Guadeloupe, Martinique, SaintVincent and the Grenadines; Trinidad andTobago?Although there are limited data availableon this species, it is suspected to be inrapid decline due to deforestation andhabitat conversion. The total area ofsuitable forest type on all five islands isestimated to be around 6,975 km2 butthe area of occupancy (AOO) is unknown.In addition to loss of habitat, Magnoliadodecapetala is also at risk fromhurricanes and tropical cyclones,especially if these increase in severityand/or frequency as a result of climatechange. It is classified as Vulnerable dueto its restricted distribution, small extentof occurrence and the threats thisspecies is likely to face in the future aswell as existing pressures fromdeforestation on subpopulations whichare inferred to be declining.

Magnolia domingensis Urb.cR A2acDominican Republic, Haiti?Magnolia domingensis may possibly beextinct in Haiti where forest cover hasdeclined by 98% over the last 300 yearsand only 2% of forests still remain. Itoccurs in a national park in the DominicanRepublic but it is suspected to beundergoing a rapid and ongoing decline,owing to habitat loss and degradation. Ithas been assessed as criticallyEndangered as the population hasdeclined by at least 80% over the lastthree generations due to deforestation andit is likely that the area of occupancy (AOO)of 30-35 km2 has also been reduced.

Magnolia ekmanii Urb.cR A2acHaitiMagnolia ekmanii is endemic to Haiti. Inthe past 100 years there has been areduction in forest area cover in Haiti of97% causing a decline in quality andextent of habitat. The total area ofremaining forest in Haiti was reduced to3-4% total land area by 2010. Magnoliaekmanii does occur in a key BiodiversityArea of Massif de la Hotte. This species isalso not known in any ex situ collections.This species has been assessed ascritically Endangered due to the declinein forest cover in Haiti. It is inferred thatthis species population has gone througha similar decline in the last threegenerations.

Magnolia emarginata Urb. & Ekman cR (Possibly Extinct) A2acHaiti?Magnolia emarginata is endemic tonorthern Haiti. Given the extremely highdeforestation rates in Haiti, combinedwith no recent confirmed records ofindividuals, the continued survival of thisspecies has to be questioned. A majorstorm destroyed forest in one area fromwhich the species was collected and it isnot certain whether this species survived.It is not known to in any ex situ collectionsor to have been cultivated in the past.Further surveys are urgently required todetermine if this species still exists in thewild. This species has been assessed ascritically Endangered due to a decline inforest cover in Haiti of 97% over threegenerations. It is inferred that this speciespopulation has gone through a similardecline of 80-100% in the last threegenerations. There is a continued declinein the population and degradation of thehabitat due to continued deforestationand storm damage. Any significant futureevent of this kind could reduce anyregeneration of this species if it still existsin the wild.


26

Magnolia domingensis (Emily Veltjen)

Magnolia ekmanii (Emily Veltjen)

Magnolia espinalii (Lozano) GovaertscR c2a(i); DColombiaThe distribution of Magnolia espinalii isseverely fragmented. This species isrestricted to approximately ten localitieswith only a few mature individualsremaining in each locality. There are anestimated 50 known mature individualsremaining and there has been an overallpopulation reduction of over 50% overthree generations, due to habitatconversion and loss, which is continuing.Therefore, this species is assessed ascritically Endangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,Garcia, n. & Rivers, M.c.

Magnolia fansipanensis c.B.callaghan& Png cR DVietnamMagnolia fansipanensis is a tree foundonly at a single locality in the Hoang Liennational Park, Vietnam. The populationsize is very small, with fewer than 50mature individuals. It is assessed here ascritically Endangered.Assessors: Q.n.Vu & Rivers, M.c.

Magnolia faustinomirandae

A.VázquezcR B1ab(iii)MexicoMagnolia faustinomirandae is a treeendemic to chiapas, where it is onlyknown from the municipality of Jitotol. Forthe last three decades no other localitieshave been identified. The known extentof occurrence (EOO) is less than 100km2. Deforestation rates are very high,with the habitat declining continuously.The habitat is also threatened by climatechange in the future. This species isconsidered critically Endangered.Research into the distribution and legalprotection for this species is urgentlyneeded.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S. &Martínez Salas, E.

Magnolia gentryi A.VázquezEn B1ab(iii); DPeruMagnolia gentryi is a small tree, onlyknown from a restricted range nearPasco, Peru. It is known from fewer than200 mature individuals with the largestsubpopulation having 15 individuals. Theextent of occurrence (EOO) is 1,703 km2

and the number of locations is two tofour. The species’ habitat is threatened bycattle ranching and slash and burnagriculture. This species is assessed asEndangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c. & Arroyo, F.

Magnolia georgii (Lozano) GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia georgii is a range-restrictedspecies, with extent of occurrence (EOO)of less than 5,000 km2. It is known fromtwo locations in forests that arefragmented due to pressure from habitatconversion for agriculture and roads. It hasa very restricted altitudinal distribution. Thisspecies has experienced a continuingdecline in area and quality of habitat due todeforestation for agriculture andinfrastructure. The number of matureindividuals is also likely to be declining asthis species is used for timber. Therefore,this species is assessed as Endangered.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia gilbertoi (Lozano) GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia gilbertoi is Endangered basedon its extent of occurrence (EOO) of amaximum of 1,752 km2 and its existenceat a limited number of locations (five). Theforest habitat is fragmented anddeclining. The number of individualscontinues to decline with deforestationand use for timber.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.& Garcia, n.

Magnolia grandis (Hu & W.c.cheng)V.S.kumarcR B2ab(i,ii,iii,v); DChinaMagnolia grandis was previouslyassessed as Vulnerable in 1998, but asurvey in 2005 revealed this species ishighly threatened and has sufferedsubstantial population declines due tohabitat loss, primarily for agriculturalexpansion and logging. Althoughpreviously recorded from two provinces,the few remaining known individuals existin one location and are threatened by acontinuing decline in the area, extent andquality of habitat. The area of occupancyis less than 10 km2 and the population isfewer than 50 individuals.

Magnolia guanacastensis A.VázquezEn B1ab(iii)Costa RicaMagnolia guanacastensis is a rarespecies distributed in the northwesternpart of costa Rica. The total extent ofoccurrence is less than 1,500 km2 and itoccurs in fewer than five locations. Thereare high rates of deforestation threateningthe habitat quality and extent of thespecies. Therefore, this species has beenassessed as Endangered.

27


Magnolia grandis (Weibang Sun)

Magnolia guatapensis (Lozano)GovaertsEn B1ab(iii,v)ColombiaMagnolia guatapensis is endemic tocolombia. The species is listed asEndangered based on its extent ofoccurrence (EOO) measuring 2,800 km2.There is evidence that a large abundantsubpopulation once existed but it is nowlimited to just two or three locations inAntioquia. It is found in relict forestpatches which have survived generalhabitat conversion, logging and floodingfollowing hydrological projects.Assessors: calderon, E., cogollo, A.,Velasquez-Rua, c., Serna-Gonzalez, M.,Garcia, n. & Rivers, M.c.

Magnolia guerrerensis J.JiménezRam., k.Vega & cruz DuránEn B1ab(iii)MexicoThis species is classified as Endangeredas it is only known from cloud forest inGuerrero. The extent of occurrence(EOO) is estimated to be less than 4,000km2 and it occurs in four locations. Thisspecies is threatened by currentdeforestation and future climate change,which is expected to cause a decline inthe area and quality of habitat. Therefore,this species is assessed as Endangered.Assessors: Rivers, M.c., Samain, M.S.,Martínez Salas, E. & Wheeler, L.

Magnolia gustavii kingcR c2a(i)India, ThailandMagnolia gustavii was classified asVulnerable in 1998 when the populationwas believed to be fewer than 1,000individuals. Since then the area of forestcover has decreased and the number ofindividuals has declined substantially, andthere are believed to be fewer than 50individuals in India. Subpopulations inThai

the red list of magnoliaceaearbnet.org/sites/arbnet/files/magnoliaceae_redlist_2016... · 2016. 3....

Documents