the rapid growth of industry 1840-1860 obj: to understand how technological improvements increased...
TRANSCRIPT
THE RAPID GROWTH OF INDUSTRY1840-1860
Obj: To understand how technological improvements increased industrial productivity
by looking at the factors that encouraged industrial growth.
THE INDUSTRIAL NORTHTECHNOLOGY: application of science to improving
conveniences of life - 1829
• NORTHEAST RESPONSIBLE FOR ½ OF U.S. PRODUCTION ON EVE OF CIVIL WAR
• SHIFT IN ENERGY SOURCE LEADS TO CHANGE IN FACTORY SYSTEM
• H20 TO COAL• COAL: TRANSPORTED CHEAPLY,
HEAT FOR SMELTING & METALWORKING, STEAMPOWER –FACTORIES NOW CAN BE BUILT ANYWHERE
• FACTORIES OPERATE 24/7• EMBRACING TECHNOLOGICAL
CHANGE GREATEST TRIUMPH • SANDUSKY WHEEL WORKS, OHIO
TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE• RESOURCEFULNESS REQUIRED
DUE TO DEMANDS OF SOCIETY IN FLUX
• MORE SOPHISTICATED & RELIABLE TOOLS
• SHORTAGE OF LABOR SO NEED LABOR SAVING DEVICES
• IMPROVE OLD MACHINES & DESIGN NEW ONES
• USE OF INTERCHANGEABLE PARTS – Whitney first for musket parts
• NEW DISCOVERIES OF NATURAL RESOURCES AS MIGRATE WEST
LABOR: SKILLED & UNSKILLED• PRODUCTION EXPANDS & DIVISION
OF LABOR MORE COMPLEX• SOCIAL DIVISIONS MORE APPARENT• SKILLED LABOR ALWAYS IN DEMAND
BUT CREATIVITY A MUST DUE TO INCREASE IN TECHNOLOGY
• UNSKILLED LABOR ALWAYS HAS WORK BUT NEVER ENOUGH PAY
• NEW WAY OF PRODUCTION:• EXPAND ON LOWELL & WALTHAM • WAGE WORK BECOMES END IN
ITSELF• CONTINUOUS MANUFACTURING
PROCESS BUT NOT YET MASS PRODUCTION
IMMIGRATION • WESTERN EUROPE PUSH – POTATO FAMINE IN IRELAND & REVOLUTION
IN GERMANY • 1820 to 1860, 1,956,557 IRISH ARRIVED; 75% OF THESE AFTER THE GREAT
FAMINE 1840-1852• BETWEEN 1840-1880 GERMANS LARGEST IMMIGRANT GROUP• LANGUAGE HELD THEM TOGETHER & CREATED SELF SUFFICIENT GERMAN
COMMUNITIES (LEVI STRAUSS, STEINWAY)• 5 MILLION 1815-1860; 4.2 MILL 1840-60; 3 MILL 1845-52• LOWELL & WALTHAM SYSTEMS AT LEAST 50% IRISH IMMIGRANTS BY
1850• CHEAP LABOR, WILLING TO WORK LONG HOURS, HARSH CONDITIONS &
YOUNG WOMEN & THEIR FAMILIES NOT WILLING (MIDDLE CLASS)• POOR WHITE WOMEN & THEIR CHILDREN WILL FIND PAID WORK TO HELP
THEIR HOUSEHOLD INCOME• LABOR DEMANDS INCREASE AS ESTABLISHED FOLKS MOVE WEST• GERMANS MOVE BECAUSE MANY HAVE MONEY, IRISH STAY IN BOSTON,
NY & PHILLY BECAUSE THEY HAVE NO MONEY• OLD IMMIGRANTS AS OPPOSED TO NEW IMMIGRANTS OF EARLY 19TH C.
*CITIES SEEN AS MOST DEMOCRATIC OF PLACES*AVERAGE ANNUAL SALARY $300
*BIRTHRATE FOR POOR INCREASES*ECONOMIC GAP WIDENS
*SOCIETY MORE STRATIFIED*INDUSTRIALIZATION BROUGHT POVERTY
*STILL BELIEVE IN IDEOLOGY OF DEMOCRATICEGALITARIANISM
CITY LIVING & URBAN PROBLEMS• HOUSES CHANGE: ROW BRICK HOUSES FOR M.C. & TENEMENTS FOR POOR• FURNITURE MFG. INCREASES, PRICE DECLINES & M.C. TAKES ADVANTAGE OF THIS• RURAL AREAS HOUSING DEPENDED ON SETTLEMENT DATE & SOCIAL CLASS: LOG
CABINS, FRAME HOUSES• EVERYDAY LIFE PRIMITIVE FOR MOST BUT IMPROVING DAILY• TRANSPORTATION & INDUSTRY IMPROVE HEATING, COOKING, DIET, WATER WORKS
SYSTEMS IN CITIES• SALT FOR PRESERVATION OF FOOD, ONLY RICH COULD AFFORD SUGAR FOR FRUIT• SANITATION, RUNNING H2O, HOGS & HORSES IN THE STREETS CREATED SEVER
CHALLENGES: DISEASE & HEALTH ISSUES – YELLOW FEVER, CHOLERA NEW ORLEANS 1832-33, ST. LOUIS 10% POPULATION DIES FROM CHOLERA 1849, LIFE EXPECTANCY IN PHILLY & NY 24 DURING THE 30’S & 40’S
• CITIES UNPREPARED FOR MASSIVE INFLUX OF IMMIGRANTS• CITIES DIVERSE AND THEREFORE DEMOCRATIC• F. L. OLMSTEAD & CENTRAL PARK, NY 1852 – REALLY FOR THE RICH, REMOVED • SENECA VILLAGE – COMMUNITY OF FREE BLACKS
AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS• WESTERN FARMING DEVELOPING• FARMING BECOMES MECHANIZED
WITH JOHN DEERE TRACTOR & MC-CORMICK REAPER
• TOWNS SETTLE ALONG EAST/WEST TRADE ROUTES
• 1851 11K REAPERS MANUFACTURED• DEERE ALLOWS FOR PLOWING &
TILLING OF PRARIE SOIL (DUSTBOWL IN THE ‘30’S) 1852 4k A YEAR
• COTTON STILL MOST VALUABLE EXPORT & WITH MORE COTTON DEMAND FOR COTTON GOODS INCREASE
2ND PHASE OF TRANSPORTATION REVOLUTION RAILROAD 1ST MODERN BUSINESS ENTERPRISE
• SHIFT IN INTERNAL COMMERCE – NOW FRESHNESS VALUE IMPORTANT
• B&O 1830; 1840 3K MILES 1860 30,500• 4 COMPANIES CONTROL LINES FROM
EAST TO INTERIOR• SOUTHERN CITIES DEVELOP; ATLANTA
CHATTANOOGA BUT CITIES SLOW TO DEVELOP,
• RISE OF INVESTMENT BANKER TO FINANCE RR BUT WITH 1837 PANIC FUNDS DRY UP; PANIC DOESN’T HIT SOUTH AS HARD
• FINANCING PRIVATE INVESTORS, EURO-PEANS, GOVERNMENT BONDS
• MISSISSIPPI RIVER LOSES IMPORTANCE; SOUTH ISOLATED, SCATTERED POPULATION, LACK OF RR, SLAVERY