the questions of history of georgia
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Some questions of history of Georgia in the Georgian emigrant literature.TRANSCRIPT
The Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology (Tbilisi, Rep. of Georgia) With the rights of a manuscript LEVAN Z. URUSHADZE The Questions of History of Georgia and the Caucasus of the XVIII-XX centuries in the Georgian Emigrant Literature Authors abstract of the Dissertation Thesis for thescientific degree of Doctor of Historical Sciences (Dr. Habil.) Tbilisi 2006
The General Characterization of the Work Urgency of the problem Despite the fact that several works have beenpublished recently in Georgia on the distinguished representatives of theGeorgian political emigration, research of different issues reflected in theliterature of emigrants have remained as "white spots" until today. How theissue of the Georgian and Caucasian history have been reviewed in theemigrant literature is one of the abovementioned questions. Research of thisand other questions from this point of view is extremely significant for theGeorgian historical science. Namely, it will contribute to the correction ofthose gross "mistakes" which had been made by the so-called "Soviethistoriography" during 70 years of the soviet domination. All the more, suchdistinguished scholars as Mikheil (Mikhako) Tsereteli, Zurab Avalishvili,Shalva Beridze, Grigol Peradze, Michael Tarkhnishvili, Kalistrate Salia,Markoz Tugushi, Alexsandre Manvelishvili, Mikheil Mouskheli(Muskhelishvili), etc. lived in emigration. The objective of the presentwork is to fill the existed gap. Namely, we have studied how the questionsof the history of Georgia and the Caucasus of the XVIII-XX centuries were
presented in the Georgian emigrant literature. Objective, impartial representation of the abovementioned topicis extremely important especially today, when Georgia has entered theirreversible path of strengthening of the national statehood again, whenobjective representation of 200 years history of the Georgian nationalliberation movement should play a crucial role in bringing up of the futuregenerations with patriotic aspiration. The objective and goals of the research
The objective of the presentedwork is to study how some important questions of the history of Georgia andthe Caucasus of the XVIII-XX centuries have been reflected in the Georgianemigrant literature. Besides the basis of the source studies used by theemigrant authors is given as well. For this purpose we have studied a numberof works of the foreign authors as well as the documentary sources. Besides, how the Georgian emigrant authors reviewed the notionof a nation, the nations rights and the question of the nation's self-determination is shown in the work. These topics are presented on theexamples of Georgia and the Caucasus. Significant attention is paid to the aspects of the history of relations between the Europe and Georgia. Scientific novelty of the work In 1990 when we were on official businesstrip in France we have collected the emigrant periodicals and scientificpublications that had been unknown or less known in Georgia before with thesupport of the Georgian Diaspora in France and the
administration of the Georgian estate Leville. Very important works of the noted western political annalistsand lawyers as well as the distinguished representatives of the Azerbaijanand the north-Caucasian political emigration that had been translated by theGeorgian emigrants into Georgian and published in the Georgian emigrantperiodicals is given in the present work. The Russian language Caucasianemigrant journals "Kavkaz" and "Obyedinionny Kavkaz" deserve some attentionas the articles of the Georgian emigrants used to be published very often in them. Material presented in the work contains significant informationand considerations about history of the XVIII-XX centuries of Georgia andthe Caucasus. Particularly often such questions are discussed as relationsof Georgia and other Caucasian nations with Russia and Turkey, the Caucasianpeoples' genocide, the attempts of creation of anti-Bolshevik block by theCaucasian political emigration, the question of the Caucasian autochthonicnation's unity, the historical-legal evaluation of the Georgievsk Treaty(1738) and the Russian - Georgian treaty of 1920, the legal evaluation of the Kars treaty, etc. The presented work is the first monographic research, whichimplies the survey of how the significant questions of the history ofGeorgia and the Caucasus of the XVIII-XX centuries is presented in theGeorgian emigrant literature, how the Georgian emigrant authors evaluateso-called "Georgievsk Tractate" of 1783, the
Russian-Georgian treaty of 1920and violation of both of them by Russia, the Russia-Turkey so-called KarsTreaty, the Russian-Georgian and Turkey-Georgian relations and many other burning issues. It is also very important that many works of emigrant authorsare important primary sources as the authors are eyewitnesses andparticipants of the described events. As to those representatives of the Georgian political emigrationpresented in this work, it is necessary to state that: we have concentratedour attention on those persons whose activity was unknown or less known forthe Georgian public at large, or on those aspects of the activity ofwell-known emigrants which are unknown or less known as well. Of course wehave materials on many other Georgian emigrants too, but we do not writeconcerning their activity, as their life is quite well known in Georgia. Theoretical and practical importance of the work The material and theresults of the research given in this work create a certain scientific basisthat should be taken into consideration while creating the textbooks of thehistory of Georgia and the Caucasus of the XVIII-XX centuries and whilestudying the history of the Georgian political emigration. Besides, theresults of the research could be used for conducting the special courses andseminars at the Institutes or Universities as well. Publications 10 scientific-research works, among them 1 monograph have beenpublished on the basis of material of the presented thesis.
Approbation of the thesis material On 1993-1994 we were elaborating thefollowing topic: "For the history of the Caucasian peoples' unity (On thebasis of emigrant literature)" and 4 reports have been presented to thesession of the Department of Source Studies of the Ivane JavakhishviliInstitute of History and Ethnology of the Georgian Academy of Sciences.Besides, in 1998 we organized the International Scientific Conference"Genocide of the Caucasian peoples" on which we presented the report"Genocide of the Chechen people and Georgian political emigration". Structure and volume of the work. The thesis consists of: 1.. Introduction; 2.. Sources and references overview; 3.. The source studies methods of the Georgian emigrant authors; 4.. A nation, the nations rights and self-determination of the nations asa basis of the national statehood; 5.. Some unknown aspects of the Georgian emigrants' activity (EkvtimeTakaishvili and Grigol Robakidze); 6.. The problems of the history of the Georgian-Caucasian relations; 7.. Some questions of the history of the Russian-Georgian relations in theXVIII-XIX centuries and in the first quarter of the XX century; 8.. Some questions of the history of the Turkey-Georgian relations in thefirst quarter of the XX century; 9.. Some questions of the history of the XX century of Georgia and the Caucasus; 10.. Some questions of the history of the European-Georgian relations; 11.. Conclusions.
The work is done on 312 printed pages; The List of references is attached (275 titles). Contents of the work . The material we studied includes: 1.. The complete sets of the emigrant magazines and newspapers:"Tavisupali Sakartvelo", "Kavkasioni", "Samshoblo", "Kartlosi", "Sakartvelo","Kartveli Eri", "Sakartvelos Damoukidebloba", "Sakhalkho Sakme","Damoukidebeli Sakartvelo", "Bedi Kartlisa", "Ornati", "Mkhedari", "Iveria","Akhali Iveria", "Tavisuplebis Tribuna", "Gushagi", "Tetri Giorgi","Momavali", "Mebrdzoli Sakartvelo", "Kartuli Azri"; 2.. The works of the distinguished figures of the Georgian politicalemigration: Ekvtime Takaishvili, Zurab Avalishvili, Mikheil (Mikhako)Tsereteli, Grigol Robakidze, Giorgi Gvazava, Victor Nozadze, Shalva Beridze,Kalistrate Salia, Rapiel Ivantski-Ingilo, David (Data) Vachnadze,Konstantine Kandelaki, Petre Surguladze, Ivane Zurabishvili, Vlasa Mgeladze,Giorgi Kvinitadze, Solomon Zaldastanishvili, Ivane (Vano) Nanuashvili,Grigol Uratadze, Elise Pataridze, Markoz Tugushi, Tamar Papava, SamsonPirtskhalava, Isidore Mantskava, Alexandre Nikuradze (A. Sanders), AlexandreManvelishvili, Revaz (Rezo) Gabashvili, Karlo Inasaridze, etc. Introduction. It includes urgency of the topic, the objectives and goals of the research. Chapter I - "Overview of the basic sources and references". The sources and
special references used in the dissertation are reviewed in it.Specifically, the works of such distinguished representatives of theGeorgian political emigration as: Zurab Avalishvili, Ekvtime Takaishvili,Mikheil (Mikhako) Tsereteli, Grigol Robakidze, Samson Pirtskhalava, VarlamCherkezishvili, Ivane Zurabishvili, Revaz Gabashvili, Konstantine Kandelaki,Giorgi Kvinitadze, David (Data) Vachnadze, Shalva Amirejibi, AlexandreAsatiani, Tamar and Akaki Papavas, Vlasa Mgeladze, Victor Nozadze, ElisePataridze, Markoz Tugushi, Alexandre Tsomaia, Grigol Uratadze, Ivane (Vano)Nanuashvili, Kalistrate Salia, Alexandre Manvelishvili, Mikheil Mouskheli(Muskhelishvili), Isidore Mantskava, Solomon Zaldastanishvili, RapielIvanitski-Ingilo, Ilia Kuchukhidze (the same Mindia Lashauri), GiviGabliani, Karlo Inasaridze. We have considered those historical written(documentary) sources that had been used by the Georgian emigrant authors.The sources that had been included in the collection compiled by P. Butkov(P. Butkov 1869) and by Al. Tsagareli (1891), in the collections: "Documentsand Materials of the history of the Foreign Policy of the Trans-Caucasus andGeorgia" (1919) also in "The Acts of the Archeological Commission of theCaucasus (1868-1870)"and "The Legal Acts of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921)". Different works of the following foreign authors that had beenused in the dissertation are presented in the chapter as well: R. Duguet, L.Le Four, Von List, I. Marten, A. D. Smith, B. Anderson, E. Gellner, P.Manchini, E. Niss, O. Nipold, G. Gotlieb, M. Hroch, T. Eriksen, D. Miller,E. Renan, O. Bauer, A. Pechei, I. Ortega Y Grasset,
S. Telbot, R. Konstanza,R. Gattrey. Works of the following Georgian authors have been used as well:Iv. Javakhishvili, S. Kakabadze, A. Bendianishvili, A. Menteshashvili, L.Toidze, P. Lomashvili, N Jorjikia, V. Itonishvili, I. Inaneishvili, M.Sioridze, G. Tskhovrebadze, Z. Davitashvili, V. Guruli, M. Vachnadze, D.Shvelidze, N. kirtadze, A. Tsotskolauri, P. Piranishvili, N. Javakhishvili,L. Javakhishvili, M. Svanidze, Sh. Goginashvili, R. Grdzelidze, G. Mamulia,A. Surguladze, K. Surguladze, A. Aslanishvili, P. Sikharulidze, M. Dgvilava,E. Narimanidze, L. Saralidze, R. Tsukhishvili, D. Jojua, N. Tevzadze, E. Antia, R. Kavrelishvili, D. Chumburidze. Chapter II - "Methods of source studies of Georgian emigrants". The methods of source studies of the Georgian emigrant authors and the basis of theirsource studies are considered in this chapter. Specifically for this purposeworks of the following authors have been studied: Mikhako Tsereteli, ZurabAvalishvili, Samson Pirtskhalava, Ivane Zurabishvili, Alexandre Asatiani,Kalistrate Salia, Shalva Amirejibi, Alexandre Manvelishvili, PetreSurguladze, Tamar Papava, Data Vachnadze, Konstantine Kandelaki, MarkozTugushi, Victor Nozadze, Elise Pataridze, Isidore Mantskava, Ivane Nanuashvili, Karlo Inasaridze, etc. Several major issues are emphasized while considering of methodsof source studies and the basis of it: 1. The notion of a nation, nation'srights and self-determination issues; 2. The questions of the history of theXVIII-XIX centuries of Georgia and the Caucasus, 3. The questions of thehistory of Georgia and the Caucasus of the XX centuries.
The Georgian emigrant authors use the following sources whileconsideration of the first topic: Chronicles of the Collection of old Georgian historical chronicles "Kartlis Tskhovreba" ("Life of Georgia"), thework of Ioane-Zosime "Kebay da Didebay Kartulisa Enisa" ("Praise and gloryof the Georgian language". The X century), the work of Giorgi Merchule "Lifeof Grigol from Khandztda" (VIII century), the correspondence of the lastKing of Kartl-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia) Giorgi the XII (1798-1800) with theRussian military figures. Among modern Georgian and foreign authors they useworks of Ilia Chavchavadze, Niko Marr, Ivane Javakhishvili, GiorgiJavakhishvili, Alexandre Javakhishvili, Ivane Jabadari, Giorgi Zdanovich(Maiashvili), Niko Khizanishvili, A. Bergson, O. Bauer, E. Nyss, E. Reclus,W. Zombardt, P.Manchini, R. Springer, W. von Freigangs, H. De. Mann, A.Bailly, H. Spenser, I. Leconte, C. Huysmans, K. Renner, L.Le Four, J.-J.Rousseau, F. von List, Von Ulmann, etc. When reviewing the history of Georgia and the Caucasus, theemigrant authors referred to the works of M. Brosset, Vakhushti Bagrationi,Al. Tsagareli, To "Georgievsk Tractate" of 1783, Russian-Georgian Treaty of1920, Kars Treaty of 1921, the "Acts of the Caucasian ArcheographicalCommission" in many volumes, the collection published by B. Butkov, travelnotes of E. Spenser, the scientific works of Ivane Javakhishvili, SimonEsadze, Giorgi Gozalishvili, Mikheil Tamarashvili. Chapter III - "A nation, nation's rights and self-determination of thenations as the basis of the national statehood". In
accordance to the modernunderstanding the nations, people rights are the indivisible part of humanrights and basic freedoms. It is an extremely important questionparticularly for those nations, which are fighting for freedom today.Besides it is directly connected with such concept as "Nationalism". Theobvious, unvarnished presentation of this problem is very important for the Caucasian peoples. First of all, definition of the concept "nationalism" is given,what is particularly important for deliberating on the Rights of theNations, especially in current, post Soviet society. During the previous 70years we used to be convinced that "Nationalism" is something verydestructive and is equal to chauvinism and isolationism. They have evennamed it as "Fighting Nationalism" and have given a label of "Bourgeois" "Reactionary" ideology to it. In the present chapter of the work considerations of thefollowing distinguished representatives of the Georgian emigration aregiven: Vakhtang Tsitsishvili (1937), Mikheil (Mikhako) Tsereteli (1910,1956), Grigol Robakidze (1954), Victor Nozadze (1934), Vladimer Emukhvari(1937), Isidore Mantskava (1934, 1944), Spiridon Kedia (1932), MarkozTugushi (1952), Alexandre Manvelishvili (1935, 1955, 1970) and thedistinguished foreign scholars: E. Renan, D. Miller, B. Anderson, P.Manchini, D. Korn, P. Trenor, R. Gattrey, E. Gallner, M. Hroch, A.D. Smith,G. Gotlieb, T. Eriksen, etc. It is very notable how the sense of a nation
was defined by therepresentatives of the Georgian political emigration and how they saw thenational statehood and the ways of its development. It was especiallyconspicuous the reflection of Mikhako Tsereteli, Alexandre Manvelishvili,Mikheil Muskhelishvili (Mouskheli), Victor Nozadze, and Kalistrate Salia. M. Tsereteli offers us his own definition of a nation, based onhis historical and sociological research: "A nation is a socialsuper-organism or a hyper-organism consisting of a homogeneous or aheterogeneous ethnic and social material, which is able in a certain periodof history to create one outwardly organized common life with its elements,the single society with all of its organs: language, religion, morals, lawand politics, - the society with its special history, type and self-awareness, with the full individuality" ("Nation and Mankind" 1910).
The works of Alexandre Manvelishvili "National Formation ofGeorgians" (1955) also implies a very interesting definition of a nation: "Anation is the society of individuals as a result of a prolonged historicalprocess, ended and fastened together with the united common spiritual lifeand aspirations, with the common territory and the common politicalorganization. A series of the spiritual values have been created on the baseof a common life, which used to promote rallying and strengthening of thenation for their part." Then the author underlines the main factors of a nation's existence:
1.. Common origin, 2.. Common language, 3.. Common religion, 4.. Common culture, 5.. Common territory, 6.. Relations with other peoples.A. Manvelishvili denies possibility of creation of "the one common to allmankind organism" as this contradicts to the evolution of a man and society.
On the basis of research implemented in this chapter we have elaborated ourown definition of the nation: A nation is community of the people united bymeans of unity of common origin, common territory, history, tradition,statehood, culture, literary language, having the characteristic, uniquefeatures. Assembly of nations of the whole world forms the internationalcommunity while the union of the national cultures forms the world civilization
Chapter IV - "Some unknown sides of activity of the Georgian emigrants". Some aspects of the activity of distinguished representatives of the Georgianpolitical emigration Ekvtime Takhaishvili and Grigol Robakidze are discussedin the present chapter, the aspects, which are unknown for the general public. 4.1 "The activity of the "Fund of Edition of the Georgian Archaeological andCultural Materials" (1937-1939)". "The Fund of the Georgian Archaeologicaland Cultural Materials" was founded by the distinguished Georgian historianand public figure, professor Ekvtime Takaishvili in Paris in the second half of 1930-es.
The Fund undertook to carry out a very important mission: tobring to light and to publish the old Georgian relics and monuments dispersed abroad.
Ekvtime Takaishvili published the "Address to Georgianemigration" in the first issue of the Georgian emigrant magazine "Kartlosi"in Paris In 1937, where main objectives of creation and activity of theabove-mentioned fund are formulated very clearly. Actually creation of thisfund served to the same mission, which had been undertaken previously by the"Historical and Ethnographic Society of Georgia" and even before that by"The Society for Spreading of literacy among Georgians".
The Fund's activity was reviewed in its periodical reports,which had been published in the different issues of the emigrant's newspaper"Damoukidebeli Sakartvelo" of 1937-1939 in Paris.
Using the donated sums the fund published the following works:"Archaeological Expedition in Lechkhum-Svaneti in 1910" (Paris, 1937, 440pages.); "Archaeological Expedition in Kola-Oltisi and Changle in 1907(Paris 1938, 87 pages.); "The Chronicle of the Kings' and the Catholicos'souls in the manuscript of Ninotsminda" (Paris, 1939, 16 pages.) And otherimportant works published in the western periodic scientific publications.The author of all these works was Ekvtime Takaishvili himself.
In 1929 E. Takaishvili was one of the founders of the St. NinoGeorgian Orthodox church in Paris.
4.2 "Grigol Robakidze as the Public and Political figure" . The portrait ofthe great Georgian writer and patriot Grigol Robakidze (1882-1962) as apolitical and public benefactor is represented on the basis of thepublications of distinguished representatives of the Georgian politicalemigration: Ioseb Gogolashvili (1964), Severian Chirakadze (1964),Kalistrate Salia (1953), Karlo Inasaridze (1984) and letters and works ofGrigol Robakidze himself ("The letter to Irakli Abashidze", "The ruined soul", "The history of Lamara's creation", "Appeal to the Georgian people"). Particularly, his role in the activity of the parliamentarydelegation of the democratic Republic of Georgia at the Paris PeacefulConference in 1918 and in the foundation of the Georgian Legation inIstanbul in the same year is ahown.
S. Chirakadze recalleced the active struggle of Grigol Robakidzeagainst the anti-Georgian activity of the Bolshevik Russia after theoccupation and actual annexation of Georgia in 1921. ("The fate of Kartli"Kartli-means Georgia N 47, 1964)
Gr. Robakidze recalleced himself how had he greeted the nationalrebellion in Georgia in 1924. ("The fate of Kartli" Kartli-means Georgia N 17, 1954)
The writer was the member of the editorial board of the newspaper "Sakartvelo" and the magazine "Kartveli Eri" issued in Germany inthe early 1940-es. He used to publish different articles on the nationalpolitical issues under the pen-name "Givi Gollend".
The role of Grigol Robakidze was very considerable in theactivity of the "Georgian Allied Staff" in liberating the Georgian prisonersof war from the German concentration camps. Besides, it has been shown thatacting for liberation of his motherland, he had never been the member ofNazi party or served the Nazi ideology as it had been presented by the so-called "Soviet historiography"
Gr. Robakidze was the distinguished representative and one ofthe founders (in 1942) of "The Union of the Georgian Traditionalists",headed by the Head of the Georgian Bagrationi Royal House in Europe, H.R.H.,Prince Irakli Bagration-Mukhraneli (1909-1977) in emigration.
Chapter V - "Problems of the History of Georgia-Caucasus Relations ". Different important issues of Georgian-Caucasian relations are given in thepresent chapter on the basis of Georgian emigrant literature and other sources and publications.
5.1 "The question of the unity of the Caucasian peoples for the history" .The history of the idea of unity of the Caucasian autochthonic peoples and
the importance of this unity for the development of this region from thestandpoint of the emigrants is presented on the basis of the emigrantperiodical publications: "Obyedinionny Kavkaz", "Kavkaz", "Kavkasioni","Tetri Giorgi", "Ornati", "Damoukidebeli Sakartvelo", "Samshoblo","Sakartvelo", "Momavali" and the works of the Georgian emigrants: AlexandreManvelishvili, Revaz Gabashvili and Samson Pirtskhalava. This importantquestion has always been a burning problem for the Caucasus as Russia andTurkey always declared their claims on this region. If at present theTurkish-Georgian relations has become more civilized and some indications ofequal partnership are obvious in different fields, the danger from Russiastill exists and is as great as it was before.
The history of the movement for the unity of the Caucasianpeoples from the end of the XIX century up to the middle of the XX centuryas well as considerations of the Georgian emigrant authors on this problemare successively presented in the present chapter on the basis of the Georgian emigrant literature.
Unfortunately, the historical past of the Caucasus obviouslyshows that the unity of the Caucasian peoples was possible only when Georgiaobtained a zenith of its power. In other cases some contradictions andconflicts used to occur among the Caucasian peoples that used to make theaccomplishment of that goal impossible.
5.2 "Some questions of the history of the liberation movement of the
Caucasus in the XVIII-XIX centuries in the Georgian emigrant literature" .The subchapter consists of three parts: 1. The liberation movement of theautochthonic peoples of the Northern Caucasus against Russia headed bySheikh Mansur (the second part of the 18th century), 2. The Kakhetianrebellion of 1802 and 3. The activity of Prince Alexandre Bagrationi(1770-1844), one of the leaders of the national-liberation movement ofGeorgia and the Caucasus in 1800-1832. The material is fully based onpublications of the distinguished representatives of the Georgian politicalemigration: Alexandre Manvelishvili, Giorgi Magalashvili, David (Data)Vachnadze, Shalva Amirejibi, Tamar and Akaki Papavas.
5.3 "The questions of the history of Georgia and the Caucasus on the pagesof the Georgian emigrant magazine "Kavkasioni" . In 1929"Kavkasioni" -emigrant literature and scientific magazine was created by thenoted Georgian scholar, public and political figure, Doctor Victor Nozadzecreated in Paris. He has been its editor-in-chief and publisher until hisdeath (1976). The first issue of the magazine was published in 1929 and thelast one the 21 st. issue - in 1986. The fiction as well as differentscientific works used to be published in the magazine.
Survey of different works on history of Georgia and the Caucasuspublished in "Kavkasioni" are reviwed in the present subchapter.We intentionally review this magazine as in
spite of its importance it's still less known to the Georgian readers.
Different articles published in the abovementioned magazine bythe following distinguished representatives of the Georgian politicalemigration are reviewed in the present subchapter: Stephane Kasradze,Ekvtime Takaishvili, Shalva Amirejibi, Eduard Papava, Victor Nozadze,Alexandre Shatirishvili, Tamar and Akaki Papavas, Isidore Mantskava, RaphielIvanitski-Ingilo, Giorgi Nozadze, Razhden Arsenidze, Markoz Tugushi,Alexandre Manvelishvili, Akaki Kvitaishvili, Givi Kobakhidze, ShalvaBeridze, Sosipatre Asatiani, Vakhtang Gambashidze, David Vachnadze, ElizbarMakashvili, Severian Chirakadze, Archil Donauri, Alexandre Tatishvili,Nikoloz Tokhadze, Dimitri Shalikashvili (Father of the distinguishedgenerals of the US Army Otar and John-Malkhaz Shalikashvili), IliaKuchukhidze (the same Mindia Lashauri), David Vashadze, Mikheil Kavtaradze,Giorgi Sharashidze, Karlo Inasaridze.
Chapter VI - "Some questions of the history of Russian-Georgian relations ofthe XVIII-XIX centuries and I quarter of the XX century". Significant attantion was paid to different aspects of some questions of the history ofRussian-Georgian relations of the XVIII-XIX centuries and the I quarter ofthe XX century in the publications and works of the following distinguishedrepresentatives of the Georgian political emigration: Ekvtime Takaishvili,Zurab Avalishvili, Mikhako Tsereteli, Alexandre
Manvelishvili, DavidVachnadze, Victor Nozadze, Alexandre Tatishvili, Ivane Nanuashvili, GrigolUratadze, Markoz Tugushi, Samson Pirtskhalava, Karlo Inasaridze, etc.
We have basically reviewed the legal aspects of the Russian-Georgian treaties of 1783 and 1920 years, violation of thesetreaties by Russia, which twice annexed and occupied Georgia; unknown andless known information proving the genocide implemented against the Georgian people, etc.
As to legal evaluation of the "Georgievsk Tractate" of 1783 in accordancewith the standards of International Law, different works of the Georgianauthors Z. Avalishvili, K. Inasaridze, Gr. Veshapeli, M. Tsereteli, Al.Manvelishvili as well as the views of the distinguished foreign scholars inthe field of International Law of those times Louis Le Four, Otfrid Nipold,Ernest Niss and Vattel are presented in this chapter.
As to the 1783 treaties, the majority of the authors used toobserve that the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia) had not lost itsstatus of the subject of International Law by means of the abovementionedtreaty, but due to this treaty a certain regime of the limited protectoratehad been established between Russia and Georgia. The famous Europeanscholars in the field of the International Law, professors Otfrid Nipold andLouis Le Four, the member of the French Academy of Sciences and othersconfirmed the same. But Dr. Karlo Inasaridze did not agree with them.
According to his view the regime of full protectorate was establishedbetween Russia and Eastern Georgia and the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti did lostthe status of the subject of International Law.
Most of the works of the Georgian emigrant authors as well as ofthe above-mentioned European scholars enable us to conclude that by means ofthe Georgievsk Treaty of 1783 the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti had not lost itsstatus of the subject of International Law. The analogous situation tookplace in February-March, 1921, when the Bolshevik Russia had occupied andactually annexed the Democratic Republic of Georgia (1918-1921) roughlyviolating the standards of International Law.
Chapter VII - "Some questions of history of the Turkish-Georgian relationsin the Ist quarter of the XX century" . We have reviewed in this chapterhow different aspects of the Turkish-Georgian relations of 1918-1920 hadbeen reviewed in the Georgian emigrant literature. There are someconsiderations on the well-known Kars Treaty on the basis of which the lastGeorgian-Turkish Treaty (of 1992) had been concluded, the treaty that causedquite natural resentment of considerable part of the Georgian society.
From the point of view of relations with Turkey, the very firstyear of the independence after liberation of Georgia from 117 years of theRussian domination (1918) turned out to be the gravest for the country, whenin May-June, 1918, the Turkish-Georgian Treaty
was concluded in Batumi(Administrative center of the Ajarian Autonomy of Georgia). According tothis treaty the border between Georgia and Turkey was defined in accordancewith the Russian-Turkish border identified in the Adrianopol Treatise.
We should mention the Brest-Litowsk Treaty, which was made on March 3, 1918.During preparation process of this treaty the perfidious character of theRussian foreign policy as well as complete unreadiness of theSocial-Democratic government of the Democratic Republic of Georgia has become obvious.
The Brest-Litowsk peaceful negotiations and Treaty were reviewedby V. Nozadze, Gr.Uratadze, A. Donauri and other Georgian emigrant authors.
On March 1921 the Bolshevik Russia passed on Turkey about 13thousand square kilometers of the historical Georgian territory: A part ofBatumi district and the territories of Artvin and Artaani (Ardagani)districts behind the Georgian people's back.
Thus, it's quite obvious that making of a new agreement withTurkey on the basis of the Kars Treaty gives Turkey possibility to interveneroughly in any field of life of the Ajarian Autonomy, its religious economicand cultural life. That is equal to intervention in internal affairs of thesovereign Georgian state-that is, absolutely inadmissible. Moreover, Actingthis way Georgia acknowledges itself as legal successor of so-called
"Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" in the field of the relation with Turkey that is evident nonsense.
Chapter VIII - "The questions of history of the XX Century of Georgia andthe Caucasus" . Some important topics of history of the XX Century Georgiaand the Caucasus are reviwed in the present chapter.
8.1 "Bolshevizm-Menshevizm and the Democratic Republic of Georgia(1918-1921)". The fact that policy of both the Bolshevik Russia and,unfortunately, the governing Georgian Social-Democratic Party wasanti-Georgian is shown in the present chapter on the basis of verynoteworthy data of the Georgian emigrant literature and the documentarysources reflecting the history of the Democratic Republic of Georgia(1918-1921). Besides the anti-Caucasian policy of Turkey and Russia, whichhad been coordinated between them, should be mentioned as well. All theabovementioned circumstances as a whole stipulated collapse of theDemocratic Republic of Georgia in February-March, 1921, when the BolshevikRussia had occupied and actually annexed Georgia.
The fact that Georgian Social-democrats continued their anti-national activity even in the emigration is reviewed in this chapter.
A clear example of which was their participation in thenegotiations with the representatives of the Russian and non-Russian
(national minorities) emigration in Wiesbaden and than in Munich. Finally,the results of the abovementioned negotiations have been officiallylegalized in the resolution signed on October 16, 1953 in Munich.
"The Coordinating Centre of the Anti-Bolshevik Peoples" was established.They signed the Statute of the centre, in accordance with it the"anti-Bolshevik peoples" which had been the part of the former TsaristEmpire, would have given up the part of their sovereignty to Russia in caseof victory of the movement.
The distinguished lawyer, Professor of the StrasbourgUniversity, famous representative of the Georgian Political EmigrationMikheil Mouskheli (Muskhelishvili) wrote in 1954 concerning this issue:"Signing of this statute by the Georgians meant of course that Georgia hadlost the status of the sovereign state, which Georgia had gained in1918-1921. It means that Georgia will not be able to demand its sovereignty,and independence as its right, which had been taken away by the illegalaction. Consequently, this means that we should not speak about restorationof this right, now we have to speak about regaining it from the verybeginning" (A magazine "Bedi Kartlisa", No: 16, 1954).
8.2 "Some questions of history of Georgia and the Caucasus of the I half ofXX century" . Some significant questions of the history of Georgia and theCaucasus of the XX century are reviewed in the present chapter on the basis
of the works of the following distinguished representatives of the Georgianpolitical emigration: Alexandre Asatiani (1937), Markoz Tugushi (1965),Kalistrate Salia (1948, 1962), Varlam Cherkezishvili (1918), ShalvaKarumidze (1935), Victor Nozadze (1965), Mikheil Tsereteli (1935, 1955),Revaz Gabashvili (1957), Zurab Avalishvili (1935) Givi Kobakhidze (1944),Tamar papava (1967) Solomon Zaldastanishvili (1938), Valiko Chubinidze(1953), Ivane Nanuashvili (1966, 1973), Konstantine Kandelaki (1953), KarloInasaridze (1984), Giorgi Magalashvili (1954), David Vachnadze (1952, 1954), etc.
The subchapter is divided into 3 parts: 1. Struggle of theGeorgian people for the restoration of state independence in 1900-1917; 2.The National-Liberation movement in Georgia in 1921-1924; 3. The tragedy ofthe peoples of the Northern Caucasus of 1944.
The activity of Giorgi Dekanozishvili and his group in the1900-es, the activity of "The Committee of Independence of Georgia"(1908-1918), rebellion of Georgian people in 1924 and its importance, andbloody repressions implemented by the Soviet regime in 1944 againstChechens, Ingushes and other peoples of the Northern Caucasus are reviewed in this chapter.
8.3 "The tragedy of April the 9th, of 1989" . The publications of theGeorgian emigrant press dedicated to Tbilisi tragedy of April the 9th, of1989 are review in this chapter.
8.4 "Some questions of the history of Georgia of the 1990-es on the pages ofthe Georgian emigrant magazine "Gushagi" . In 1973-1984 the magazine"Tavisuplebis Tribuna" was being published in Paris, Giorgi Tsereteli, thedistinguished representative of the Georgian political emigration(1917-1993) was the editor in chief of this magazine. Total number of thepublished issues of the magazine was 42. In 1984 on the basis of thismagazine the new magazine "Gushagi" was created by the same person GiorgiTsereteli who became its editor-in-chief as he had been before. It'snecessary to mention that "Gushagi" was the beyond party publication and itdidn't serve the interests of any party or political trend.
Of course, "Gushagi" couldn't calmly observe the military-criminal coupd'etat that took place in Georgia in December-January, 1991-1992, and the eventsthat took place after that. How the abovementioned events have beenreflected on the pages of this magazine is the topic of this subchapter.With this purpose the issues of "Gushagi" from number 27 to 30 have been reviewed.
It's necessary to note that its editorial staff took very principal position with regards to the coup. G. Tsereteli himself was in Georgia in autumn, 1991.
The editorial staff of "Gushagi" was very principal whenevaluating the events that took place after the coup.
It would be enough tomention their evaluation of the parliamentary election of October the 11th,1992: "The elections of October the 11th was the mockery at democracy. Itpromoted neither legitimating of the State Council nor the political unityof the Georgian people, what should have been the main objective of parliamentary elections".
Chapter IX - "Some question of the history of relations of Europe and Georgia" . Several aspects of interrelations of some European countries andGeorgia are represented in the chapter. This material is completely based onthe articles published in the Georgian emigrant press and the certain publications.
The chapter is divided into the following subchapters: 1. TheGeorgian politologists of the West; 2. The Georgians in the European armies;3. The distinguished scholar and writer Vasili Karist (Vasil Kharischirashvili); 4. The distinguished kartvelologist (Andro Gugushvili);5. The distinguished historian (Alexandre Manvelishvili); 6. The solicitousof the Georgian culture (Professor Shalva Beridze); 7. The true friend ofthe Georgian people (Juseppe Motta); 8. The protector of the rights of theGeorgian people (Jean Martin).
Despite the fact that a certain part of the Georgian politicalemigration did serve in German Wehrmacht of the III Reich, but their solegoal was to liberate Georgia from the Soviet tyranny
and not to serve forthe Nazi ideology. So-called "Soviet historiography" has represented theiractivity in absolutely distorted way The basic conclusions
1.Considering the notion of a nation, the rights of the Nations and theissue of the national self-determination, the problems of interrelationsbetween a nation and the state, the representatives of the Georgianpolitical emigration (Mikhako Tsereteli, Vakhtang Tsitsishvili, VictorNozadze, Ivane Zurabishvili, Markoz Tugushi, Isidore Mantskava, AlexsandreManvelishvili, Alexandre Asatiani, the leaders of the GeorgianNational-Democratic Party (was founded in 1917) and the National-patrioticpolitical organization "Tetri Giorgi" ("The White Giorgi") pointed out,that a nation is a result of a prolonged historical process, the society ofindividuals of the common origin, having common language, common cultureand faith, and common territory. They came also to the conclusion thatpolitical system of the state must be based on the equal rights and dutiesof the whole people, whole nation. The state should not turn into a weaponof a certain social class, but it should represent the whole nation,implementer of its interests and protector of its rights.
Reaserches of the following foreign authors (E. Renen, E.Gellner, E-D.
Smith, G. Gottlib, T. Eriksen ect.) alongside with works of emigrant authorshave been used in the present work. There is our own definition of Natiogiven in it.
2. Those fields of activity of the distinguished public figure, famousscholar Ecvtime Takaishvili and the writer Grigol Robakidze, that areunknown or less known to the general public is presented in the work.Namely, very productive publishing activity of the prominent historianEkvtime Takaishvili, who had published his major scientific works("Archaeological expedition in Lechkhum-Svaneti in 1910", "Archaeologicalexpedition in Kola -Oltisi and Changle in 1907", "The Chronicle of the Kingsand the Catholicoses in the manuscript of Ninotsminda", etc.) are reviewedin the work. All these works have already been identified as the assets ofthe Georgian historical science. As to Grigol Robakidze, great Georgianwriter and public figure, he is presented as the public and political figure.
3. Considering the question of unity of the autochthonic Caucasian peoplesthe Georgian emigrants authors (Victor Nozadze, Leo and Giorgi Kereselidze,Mikhako Tsereteli, Revaz Gabashvili, Alexandre Manvelishvili, SamsonPirtskhalava, etc.) pointed out that the main guarantee of the developmentand security of the Caucasian people is their unity, their coordinatedpolicy that would be based on the mutual understanding. But, in reality, the
historical past of the Caucasus shows that, unfortunately, the Caucasusmanaged to unite only when Georgia reached the zenith of her power. In othercases various contradictions used to eppear between the Caucasian peoples.
4. The National-Liberation movement of Georgia and the Caucasus in the18-20th centuries was one of the main topics of the Georgian emigrantauthors (Alexandre Manvelishvili, Shalva Amirejibi, Tamar and Akaki papavas,etc.). The liberation movement of Sheikh Mansur, uprising in Kakheti in1802, the liberation movement headed by Prince Alexandre Bagrationi(1770-1844), the son of the King of Kartl-Kakheti Irakli the II are reviewed in the present work.
5.Such significant Georgian emigrant publications as the magazine"Kavkasioni" (the editor-publisher Victor Nozadze) was almost unknown forthe Georgian public at large. The important questions of history of Georgiaand the Caucasus reviwed on the pages of "Kavkasioni" are represented in the present work.
6. The questions of history of the Russian-Georgian relations of the 18-19thcenturies and the Ist quarter of the 20th century, had been deeply reviewdin the works of the Georgian emigrant authors (Zurab Avalishvili, MikhakoTsereteli, Grigol Veshapeli, Alexandre Manvelishvili, Markoz Tugushi, David
Vachnadze, Victor Nozadze, Ivane Nanuashvili, Karlo Inasaridze, etc.) Theypaid particular attention to the legal assesment of so-called "GeorkievskTractate" of 1783, the Russian-Georgian Treaty of 1920, and so-called KarsTreaty. As to the treaty of 1783, the majority of the above-mentionedauthors pointed out that the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti had not lost itsstatus of the subject of International Law as a result of this treaty andthe regime similar to the limited protectorate had been established betweenRussia and Georgia. Famous European scholars in the field of InternationalLaw, professor Otfrid Nipold and the member of the French Academy ofSciences Louis Le Four had the same opinion concerning the abovementionedissue. We have the similar situation in February-March, 1921, when BolshevikRussia occupied and actually annexed the Democratic Republic of Georgia(1918-1921). This was the greave violation of the standards of International Law as well.
7. Many Georgian emigrant authors (Victor Nozadze, Grigol Uratadze, ArchilDonauri, Elise Pataridze, Alexandre Manvelishvili, etc.) examined thehistory of Turkish-Georgian relations in 1918-1921. They came to unanimousconclusion on the bais of the analysis of these relations: Having come to anagreement with Bolshevik Russia, behind Georgia's back Turkey played a verynegative role in the newest history of Georgia. With the support of Turkeythe Bolshevik Russia occupied and actually annexed Georgia in February-March1921. While the Russian-Turkish so-called Kars Treaty was the obvious
violation of territorial integrity of Georgia. According to this treatyTurkey had received about 13 thousand square kilometers of the historicalGeorgian territory, which was rude violation of the standards of International Law.
8. The Russian-Georgian relations and, namely, the relations between theBolshevik Russia and the Democratic Republic of Georgia in 1918-1921, alwayswere in the lime light of the Georgian emigration. Besides the role of theGeorgian Social-Democrats (Mensheviks) in the creation and history of thefirst Republic of Georgia are considered here as well. Of course, we meanthe attitude of the Georgian national political emigration, which was verycritical towards the Bolsheviks as well as to the Mensheviks. Significantattantion is paid to these questions in the works of Victor Nozadze, ArchilDonauri, Ivane Zurabishvili, Revaz Gabashvili, Giorgi Kvinitadze, ValerinTevzadze, Nikoloz Matikashvili, Mikheil Kvaliashvili, AlexandreManvelishvili, Shalva Kalandadze, Elese Pataridze, D. Sindikeli, AlexandreAsatiani, Ivane Nanuashvili and others.
9. Some significant questions of the history of Georgia and Caucases of the20th century that had been reviewd in the works of the Georgian emigrantauthors are represented in the present work: (Markoz Tugushi, AlexandreAsatiani, Mikheil Tsereteli, Varlam Cherkezishvili, Kalistrate Salia, VictorNozadze, Shalva Karumidze, Revaz Gabashvili, Zurab Avalishvili, Givi
Kobakhidze, Tamar Papava, Ivane Nanuashvili, Alexandre Kargareteli, ShalvaAmirejibi, Solomon Zaldastanishvili, Valiko Chubinidze, Karlo Inasaridze,David Vachnadze, Giorgi Magalashvili, Giorgi Tsereteli). Namely, thequestions of the struggle of Georgian people for the restoration of stateindependence in 1900-1917, the National-Liberation movement in Georgia in1921-1924, the tragedy of the North-Caucasian peoples 1944, the tragedy ofTbilisi of April the 9th, 1989 are reviewed. In the process of reviewing ofthese topics some of those aspects are emphasized that were unknown or lessknown for the public at large. In particular, many important details of thehistory of the National-Liberation movement of the Georgian people in 1900-1917 and in 1921-1924.
10. The newest history of Georgia, namely the 1990es is marked with lots ofsignificant milestones, which had played crucial role in restoration ofstate independence and formation of national statehood of the country. (Thefirst democratic and multiparty, non-Soviet Parliamentary Elections onOctober 28, 1990, the National Referendum on March 31, 1991 and adoption ofthe Act of Restoration of the State Independence of Georgia on April the9thof the same year, the first Presidential Elections on May, 26, 1991).Unfortunately, the same 1990es were noted by that villainous event as well(the military-criminal coup d'etat in December-January, 1991-1992), whichled to the 12 years dictatorship and violation of the territorial integrityof Georgia in 1992-1993. How these events have been reflected on the pages
of the emigrant magazine "Gushagi" (the Editor-publisher Giorgi Tsereteli) is represented in the present work.
11.Some material which clearly illustrate that the Democratic Republic ofGeorgia (1918-1921) maintained close contacts with the European states andthe Georgian political emigration kept in touch with the European countriesare reviewed in the present work on the basis of the Georgian emigrantliterature. Namely, the contribution of the Georgian political analyst andmilitary figures to the European politology and military affair, as well asproductive scientific activity of the emigrant scholars Vasili Karist(Kharischirashvili), Andro Gugushvili and Alexandre Manvelishvili. The hugeservices that the remarkable European statesmen Juseppe Motta (Switzerland)and Jean Martin (Switzerland) had rendered to Georgia is reviewed. The list of published scientific works concerning the dissertation thesis: 1.. L. Urushadze. About the history of the question of unity of theCaucasian peoples.- J. "Amirani", XIII, Montreal-Tbilisi, 2005, pp. 109-124(in Georgian, English summary); 2.. L. Urushadze. Prince Alexandre Bagrationi - the Leader of theLiberation Movement of the Georgian People.- "Perspective - XXI", VI(Studies Volume in Honour of Professor Mzia Andronikashvili), Tbilisi, 2004,pp. 278-282 (in Georgian, English summary); 3.. L. Urushadze. Some Questions of the History of the Russian-GeorgianRelations of XVIII-XIX Centuries and I Quarter of the XX Century in the
Georgian Emigrant Literature.- J. "Historical Verticals", Number 7, Tbilisi,2005, pp. 9-22 (in Georgian, English summary); 4.. L. Urushadze. About the fighting of the Georgian People for theRestoration of State Independence of Georgia in 1900-1917.- J. "HistoricalVerticals", Number 7, Tbilisi, 2005, pp. 44-58 (in Georgian, English summary); 5.. L. Urushadze. Grigol Robakidze as the Politician.- J. "Prometheus", 5(17), Tbilisi, 2005, pp. 172-175 (in Georgian, English summary); 6.. L. Urushadze. The Activity of the Istanbul Feri-Kvey Cloister of theGeorgian Catholics in the Cultural-Enlighten Path.- J. "Religion", 7-8-9,Tbilisi, 2005, pp. 92-96 (in Georgian, English summary); 7.. L. Urushadze. Some Questions of History of Georgia and the Caucasus inthe Georgian Emigrant Literature. Edited by Prof. G. Alasania. PublishingHouse "Ena da Kultura", Tbilisi, 2005, 115 pp. (a Monograph. In Georgian, English summary); 8.. L. Urushadze. Some Questions of History of Georgia in the GeorgianEmigrant Literature.- Bull. Georg. Acad. Sci., Vol. 172, No: 2, 2005, pp. 356-358 (in English); 9.. L. Urushadze. Some Questions of the Cultural and Publishing Activityof Academician Ekvtime Takaishvili in Emigracy.- J. "Historical Verticals",Number 9, Tbilisi, 2005, pp. 9-14 (in Georgian, English summary); 10.. L. Urushadze. Some questions of history of the Turkish-Georgianrelations in the 1st quarter of the 20th century.- "Historical Studies", VI,Tbilisi, 2005, pp. 140-148 (in Georgian, English summary).
