the pyramids of giza. the hanging gardens of babylon

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The Pyramids of Giza

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Page 1: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Pyramids of Giza

Page 2: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Page 3: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Statue of Zeus at Olympia

Page 4: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Temple of Artemis at Ephesus

Page 5: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

Page 6: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Colossus of Rhodes

Page 7: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Lighthouse At Alexandria

Page 8: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Great Barrier Reef

Page 9: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

What Do They Have In Common?

• All massive feats of construction/engineering

• All gone or in disrepair

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In the end, our society will be defined not only by what we create, but what we refuse to

destroy-John Sawhill 1999

Page 11: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

BIODIVERSITY

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General Definition: Sum total of the genetically based variety in the biosphere

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Different Measures of Biodiversity

• Species – how many different species

• Ecosystem – how many different habitats and communities

• Genetic – sum total of all of the different forms of genetic information currently carried by living organisms

Page 14: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Diversity Exceeds Assessment

• Since Linnaeus’ Systaema Naturae was published in 1755, over 1.75 million species have been identified

• Old Estimate: 5-100 million may exist in the biosphere

Page 15: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

NEW ESTIMATE OF SPECIES BIODIVERSITY

• NEW ESTIMATE: 8.7 million

• 86% of terrestrial and 91% of aquatic undiscovered

Page 16: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Life Can Live In The Most Extreme Habitats Found On Earth

Page 17: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Life Can Be Incredibly Diverse In A Small Area

• In Brazil, 425 different tree species live in 2 square acres

• In Peru, 43 different species of ant live on ONE tree

• In Illinois, one gram of dirt may have as many as 1,000 species of bacteria

Page 18: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Human reliance on high biodiversity is unmatched

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Yet, 50% of Earth’s Different Species Are At Risk of Extinction

• Extinctions are occuring at a rate 10 to 10,000 times faster than before

• Evidence suggests we are entering the 6th major extinction

Page 20: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Extinction Is Natural?

Page 21: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Extinction & Biodiversity

• Of the estimated 5 billion various species that have ever evolved, only 1% of them remain today

• The extinction of some species spurs the speciation and development of new lifeforms

Page 22: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon
Page 23: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

What Does It Mean To Be Extinct?

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All Gone…

Page 25: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

“Lazarus Species”

• Species once thought to be extinct that have reappeared after long periods of time

• Ex: Coelacanth, Black Java chicken

Page 26: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

“Elvis Species”

• A species that actually is extinct but appears to still exist due to “imitators”

• Ex: Komodo Dragon

Page 27: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Neodarwinism & Extinction

• A species is extinct when all of the alleles in its gene pool have a frequency of 0.

• Under this definition, few species ever truly become extinct!

Page 28: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Habitat Fragmentation

• The Earth’s terrestrial biodiversity is forced to live on 2% of its surface area

• Of 196,938,800 square miles of Earth, only 13, 785, 716 are rainforest

• Yet half of the terrestrial species on Earth live in tropical rainforests

Page 29: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

These Areas Are Known As Biodiversity “Hot Spots”

Page 30: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The Measure of A Society

• “The greatness of a nation and its moral progress can be judged by the way its animals are treated”

– M.K. Gandhi

Page 31: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

New Zealand & The Brown Kiwi

Page 32: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

What is man without the beasts?If all the beasts were gone, man would die from a great loneliness of the spirit.For whatever happens to the beasts, soon happens to man.All things are connected.

-Chief Seattle

Page 33: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

The “Part” of the “Whole”

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14 Natural Divisions of Illinois

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Prairie

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Agriculture

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Deciduous Forests

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Illinois, Mississippi & DesPlaines Watersheds

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Unglaciated Moraine

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Lake Michigan Dunes

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Cypress Swamps

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Ozark Uplift

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Urban Environments

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Illinois’ Biodiversity Is Changing

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Today 0.01% Remains

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21,702 sq miles forests and wetlands in 1800’s

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5,646 square miles remain

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Where Did It All Go?

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MONOCULTURE

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Why is Illinois Monoculture an ecological risk?

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Lower Autotroph Diversity Means Less Consumer Diversity

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More risk from invasive species

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More Effort To Maintain Artificial Stability Of Monoculture

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History Tells Us That Monocultures and Low Biodiversity Are Recipes For Disaster

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Page 57: The Pyramids of Giza. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Biodiversity Analysis (part 1)

• For table 1, sum all of the species in column 2 to determine the total biodiversity of Earth.

• Divide each individual # of species by this total to determine what % of the Earth’s total biodiversity is represented by each taxa (classification)

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Part 2

• To determine the biodiversity statistics for Illinois, sum the second column from table 2. This represents the total Illinois biodiversity

• Divide the estimated # of species by the total # of species. This should tell you what % of Illinois biodiversity belongs to each taxa

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Part 3: How much does Illinois contribute to global biodiversity?• To answer this question, take the

estimated # of species in IL for a given classification and divide by the estimated # of species (global).

• This value will suggest what % of the total # of species for a given taxa/classification can be found in Illinois.