the pursuit of perfection social changes & reforms from 1820s to 1850s
TRANSCRIPT
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The Pursuit of Perfection
Social Changes & Reforms from 1820s to 1850s
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The Rise of Evangelicalism
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The Rise of EvangelicalismBy the early 1800s, the end of
“established churches” presented the opportunity to convert citizens– In the early 19th century, church
membership was low & falling –New evangelists in the early
1800s led religious revivals using mass appeal techniques & preached that people were capable of self-improvement
The American Revolution helped facilitate the separation of church & state
Just like Jacksonian politicians
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The Second Great AwakeningThe renewed religious revivalism
became known as the Second Second Great AwakeningGreat Awakening (1800-1830s):–Highly emotional meetings
began in the West & spread to all sections of the country
–Evangelists sought to awaken Americans to the need for “rebirth” & stressed salvation through repentance
No more Puritan original sin
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“soul-shaking” conversionR1-2
Charles G. Finney(1792 – 1895)
Evangelist Charles G. Finney was the 1st to use dramatic revival meetings to convert
people from all classes
“The ranges of tents, the fires, the candles and lamps illuminating the camp; hundreds moving to and fro; the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.”
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Stressed new revival techniques: extended meetings, public prayer
for women, emotionalism
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The Spread of Religious Revivals
The “burned-over district” was so heavily evangelized that it had no fuel (unconverted
population) left to burn (convert)
The region was home to many non-traditional religions: Mormons, Millerites, Spiritualists, Shakers, & the Oneida utopia
It was home to many social reformers who advocated women’s
rights & the abolition of slavery
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Second Great AwakeningImpact of the 2nd Great Awakening
–New reform-minded churches were formed in the North & helped grow the Baptists & Methodists in the South
–The revivalists taught that each person had a duty to combat sin; this led to an era of social reform in the 1830s
Dueling, profanity, & drinking hard liquor were seen as sins. Many northern evangelicals
regarded slavery as the sum of all sins
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Moderate Social Reforms
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From Revivalism to ReformNorthern revivals, unlike in the
South, inspired social reform among middle-class participants
Led to a “benevolent empire" of evangelical reform movements:– Religious conversion– Morality crusaders attacked
prostitution, gambling, & slavery – Temperance advocates hoped
to end alcohol abuse
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Temperance was the era’s most
successful reform
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Changes in the American FamilyEvangelicalism brought changes
to white, middle-class families:–Child rearing seen as essential
preparation for a Christian life–Wives became “companions”
(not servants) to their husbands–“Cult of Domesticity” redefined
women’s duty to promote piety, ethics, & character in children
Legally, the husband was the unchallenged head of household
Virtue became more important as more men left home to work
# of children per family dropped 25% from 1800 to 1850; Increased conscience of the
resources necessary to raising a child
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Fears of Fears of MenMen
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The Extension of EducationFree public schools grew rapidly
from 1820 to 1850 to provide educational & moralmoral training:–Middle-class Americans saw
education as a means for social advancement, teaching “3 R’s” & instilling a Protestant ethic
– Horace MannHorace Mann argued that schools “save” immigrants & poor kids from parents’ “bad” influence to create good citizens
Prior to 1820, public schools were well developed in NE, but not in South
Reading ‘Riting ‘Rithmetic
America’s most famous advocate of public education
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McGuffy’s Eclectic Readers were the most common text used to educated children
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Asylum ReformReformers believed that all
problems were correctable & built state-supported prisons, asylums, poorhouses:–The most famous asylum
reformer was Dorothea DixDorothea Dix who publicized inhumane treatment of mental institution patients
–As a result, 15 states improved their penitentiaries & hospitals
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Reform Turns Radical
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Reform Turns RadicalRadicals grew impatient in the
1830s & split from earlier moderate reform movements:– Temperance MovementTemperance Movement—are
beer & wine OK?– Peace MovementPeace Movement—is fighting a
defensive war OK?– Antislavery MovementAntislavery Movement—are
emigration to Africa & gradual emancipation OK?
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AbolitionismModerate anti-slavery supporters
backed emigration to Liberia to avoid a race war when slaves were gradually emancipated
But radical abolitionists, led by William Lloyd Garrison, called for immediate slave emancipation via his American Anti-Slave Society & The LiberatorThe Liberator newsletter
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William Lloyd GarrisonGarrison became the
most popular abolitionist in the North
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AbolitionismFormer slaves, like Frederick
Douglass & Sojourner Truth, became important abolitionists:–They were able to relate the
realities of slavery through Freedom’s Journal & North Star
–Blacks were the leaders in the Underground Railroad
–Blacks formed vigilante groups to protect fugitive slaves in North
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Frederick Douglass & Sojourner Truth
1845 --> The Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglass1847 --> “The North Star”
R2-12
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The Underground
Railroad
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AbolitionismAbolitionists most appealed to
small town folk in the NorthNot all Northerners supported
abolition; Opposition came from:–Urban areas & from people who
lived near the Mason-Dixon line–Racism, fears of interracial
marriage, & fear of economic competition from freed blacks
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AbolitionismRadical abolitionists were hurt by
in-fighting & many people criticized Garrison for his views:–He elected a woman to the
executive committee of his American Anti-Slave Society
–Called for Northern secession & boycotts of political elections
Some abolitionists broke off & formed the Liberty PartyLiberty Party in 1840
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Women's RightsInvolvement in abolitionism raised
awareness of women’s inequalityLucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady
Stanton organized the 1st feminist national meeting, the Seneca Seneca Falls ConventionFalls Convention in 1848– To demand the right to vote– Rejected the cult of domesticity
(separate roles for sexes) in favor of total gender equality
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The Seneca Falls Convention, 1848Produced the Declaration of Sentiments: “We
hold these truths to be self-evident…that all men & women are created equal.”
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Utopian CommunitiesSome reformers grew tired of
trying to change society & created their own “ideal” communities: –Robert Owen & Charles Fourier
created socialist communities–Shakers—believed in sexual
equality & 2nd coming of Christ–Oneida Community—Christ’s 2nd
coming already occurred; no need for moral rules (“free love”)
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Shaker Hymn
'Tis the gift to be simple, 'Tis the gift to be free,'Tis the gift to come down where you ought to be,And when we find ourselves in the place just right,'Twill be in the valley of love and delight.When true simplicity is gainedTo bow and to bend we shan't be ashamed,To turn, turn will be our delight,'Till by turning, turning we come round right.
Shakers
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Oneida Community Beliefs
Communalism
Complex Marriage Male Continence
Mutual Criticism
“Ascending” Fellowship
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Utopian Communities
Before the Civil War
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TranscendentalismTranscendentalismTranscendentalism—literary &
philosophical idea that individuals can transcend reality & connect with universal spiritual forces:– led by Ralph Waldo Emerson–George Ripley founded a
utopian community at Brook Farm; focused on education
–Henry David Thoreau’s Walden Pond advocated a “utopia of 1”
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Conclusions Americans in the 1830s & 1840s
seemed ready to improve the nation, but in different ways:–Political parties (Dems & Whigs)
hoped to improve politics– Industrialists hoped to increase
the market revolution–Religious reformers hoped to
convert the masses–Reform crusaders hoped to
remove all moral & social evils
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Jacksonian Era ReviewSummative Review: Rank order each
of the following changes that occurred during the “Age of Jackson”:– Growth of universal white manhood
suffrage– Market Revolution– Transportation Revolution– The strengthening of executive
authority under President Jackson– The new Indian policy– Social reforms– The Second Great Awakening
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Complete the comparison chart for the First & Second Great Awakening– Which “Awakening” was more important?
Complete “Cult of Domesticity” chart– Do these 19th century gender qualities still
apply today? ExplainComplete “Perfecting Mankind” visual
– Which reforms were most “needed” in the 19th century? Why?
Complete “Antebellum Changes” chart– The group with the most changes wins– Rank order these categories from most
important to least important change
Jacksonian Era Review