the puerperium : normal and abnormal; o warda
TRANSCRIPT
The definition
Puerperium: is the period of 6-8 weeks
following the delivery of the fetus and
placenta.
It is the period taken for the uterus and
other body systems return to the pre-
pregnant condition. Also lactation is initiated
during this period.
Many changes do occur within the first 2
weeks of puerperium.
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Endocrine changes
Removal of the placenta affects the
physiological state; rapid clearance of
hormones from the placenta and
extra-cellular fluid.
HPL------disappears from serum by 1-
2 days
hCG------detected in serum for 2
weeks
AFP------disappears after several
weeks
High levels of E & P ------rapid loss3O Warda
Endocrine changes
cont., Ovulation function-----low for 2 weeks.
FSH/LH ----suppressed during
pregnancy remain low for 2 weeks
following birth, both in lactating and
non lactating women, however,
gradual increase occurs over 6 weeks.
The puerperium can be considered a
period of “natural infertility”
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Placental site
Dramatic decrease in size brings
uterine walls into close apposition and
transforms uterus into hard globular
mass.
This has the effect of applying
pressure on the placental site-----
prevents bleeding.
Diameter from 18 cm---to 9 cm
Promoted by continuous action of
pitocin.5O Warda
Uterine involution
Immediately after birth the uterine
weight is 1000 grams.
By day 5 uterus is 500grams
At the end of puerperium, it is 50-60
grams, and no longer palpable
abdominally.
Uterine involution may be due to
withdrawal of placental hormones.
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Uterine involution cont’d.
Uterine involution occurs due to 3 processes:
1. Ischemia: occurs as a result of collapse of blood vessels.
2. Autolysis: is a physiological process by which involution of the uterus is achieved. Breakdown of the intracellular protein by proteolytic & hydrolytic enzymes.
3. Phagocytosis: disposes of elastic /fibrous tissue.
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The Endometrium
Regeneration begin 1-2 days after
childbirth.
Differentiation into 2 layers :1. Superficial : barrier to infection
2. Basal : source for regeneration
Regeneration takes about 2-3 weeks.
Placenta site regenerates slowly over
6-7 weeks
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Lochia
It is a characteristic postnatal discharge
that reflects the process of involution and
restoration of the endometrium.
Mean duration 21-33days; shorter in
multipara and with small babies.
It runs in 3 stages:1. Lochia rubra: fresh blood from placenta
2. Lochia serosa: brownish pink after 4 days
3. Lochia alba: whitish discharge.
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Cervix and vagina
(after vaginal delivery)
Cervix is bruised, swollen ,
edematous, and little tone
By end of 1st week cervix decreased in
size , and closed by the end of 2nd
week.
Vagina is smooth, edematous, pouting
& bluish.
Vaginal rugae appear after 3-4 weeks.
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Cardiovascular Changes
Following birth dramatic changes in hemodilution cardiovascular instability.
Cardiac output elevated for 1-2 hours after birth . Begins to stabilise after about 10 min. Decreases until 10th day. Normal by 2 weeks.
Cardiovascular system reverts to normal in 2 - 4 weeks.
Days 2 -5 diuresis dissipates the extra cellular fluid, up to 3 Kg weight loss.
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Coagulation system
Profound physiological changes in the blood and dramatic changes in coagulation and hemostaticmechanisms.
Changes protect women from hemorrhage.
Levels remain high for 10 days
DVT/PE – increased risk if trauma, sepsis, immobility 13O Warda
Blood volume changes
Decreases rapidly over 24 hours.
Increase in hemoconcentration,
hemoglobin rises.
By 6-9 weeks returned to normal.
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Urinary tract
24-48 hours rapid diuresis –> decreases
plasma volume of blood to non-pregnant
levels.
High estrogen augments effects of ADH
- increases blood volume
Larger quantities of nitrogen from
autolysis
Trauma to bladder base, edema
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Post-natal visits: aims
To provide sound family planning information and advice
To care for and monitor the progress of the mother in the postnatal period and to give all necessary advice to the mother on infant care to enable her to ensure the optimum progress of the newborn infant
To examine and care for the newborn infant; to take all initiatives which are necessary in case of need and to carry out immediate resuscitation
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ABNORMAL PUERPERIUM
1. PUERPERAL PYREXIA
2. POSTPARTUM HEMORRHAGE
3. PUERPERAL SEPSIS
4. URINARY TRACT PROBLEMS
5. THROMBOEMBOLISM
6. PSYCHIATRIC PROBLEMS
7. OTHERS: a) bowel problems,
b) musculo-skeletal problems,
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Puerperal Pyrexia
A temperature of 38.0°C or higher, which occurs on any 2 of the first 10 days postpartum, exclusive of the first 24 hours, and which is taken orally by a standard technique at least four times daily. (Joint Committee on Maternal Welfare)
Some common sites of infection causing puerpural pyrexia
– Chest
– Throat
– Breasts
– Urinary tract
– Pelvic organs
– Wounds – cesarean, perineal
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Puerperal Pyrexia cont.
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CAUSE DESCRIPTION
Genital tract infection -Tender bulky uterus.
-Prolonged bleeding/pink or discoloured lochia.
-Painful inflamed perineum.
-Most common infective organisms; Escherichia coli, Group A
streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp.
Urinary tract infection -Frequency in micturation, painful micturation, haematuria.
-Rigors seen in cases of pyelonephritis
-Most common infective organisms; Escherichia coli, Proteus
spp. and Klebsiella spp.
Mastitis -Painful, hard, red breast abscess
-Nipple trauma and cellulitis
-Most common infective organism; Staphylococcus spp
Postoperative infection
(following Cesarean
section)
-high risk of postpartum septicaemia, wound problems and
fever
-Usual presentation; Painful, red suture line, tenderness on
deep palpation, lochia pink/coloured.
Deep venous thrombosis -Caused by venous stasis.
-Painful, swollen calf.
Others -Viral infection or chest infection.O Warda
Puerperal pyrexia cont.
Causative organisms
1– Aerobic organisms include beta-
hemolytic streptococci, Escherichia coli,
Klebsiella, Proteus mirabilis,
Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus,
and Neisseria.
2– Anaerobic organisms include
Bacteroides, Peptostreptococcus,
Peptococcus, and Clostridium
perfringens. 20O Warda
Puerperal Pyrexia;
management Full examination of chest, breasts,
legs, lochia and bimanual vaginal
examination should be done.
Majority of infections originate from
the urinary or genital tract.
Caused by poor sterile technique,
delivery with significant manipulation,
cesarean birth, or overgrowth of local
flora.
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Post-partum hemorrhage
Primary PPH is defined as bleeding from
the genital tract of 600 ml or more in the
first 24 hours following delivery. Such
bleeding usually occurs very
unexpectedly due to retained placental
tissue or birth canal trauma.
Secondary PPH - bleeding occurs after the
first 24 hours of delivery until the end of
the puerperium.
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Type Timescale Presentation Predisposing
factors
Primary
haemorrhage
In the first 24
hours
Fresh bleeding, often
severely
heavy. Uterus may be soft
and
poorly contracted with the
fundus still above the
umbilicus
Uterine atony [90%]
Trauma, vaginal or
cervical
lacerations, labial
tears
Coagulation
disorders
Secondary
haemorrhage
After 24 hours
and up to 6
weeks
May be fresh loss or old,
altered blood, often
malodorous. The
uterus may feel soft, poorly
contracted and possibly
tender,
with the cervical os open
Retained products
of
conception
Endometritis
Dysfunctional
bleeding
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Puerperal Sepsis
It is a fibrile changes occurring during puerperium due to invasion of genital tract by pathogenic bacteria.
Sites of infection: Wound: mainly the placental site and
wounds of the perineum, vulva, vagina or cervix.Dead tissue: usually blood clots, and retained placental fragment.
Predisposing factors: General: as anaemia, ante partum
hemorrhage, post partum hemorrhage, malnutrition and toxaemia.
Local: as lacerations, sloughing and premature rupture of the membrane.
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Puerperal sepsis cont.,
Signs and Symptoms: Headache,
Raised temperature,
Vomiting,
Dry tongue and lips.
Abdominal examination revealed a supra pubic tenderness and rigidity. The perineum, vulva, vagina or cervix are become infected and lochia is foul smelling.
Treatment: The primary goal of treatment is concerning the
causes and its predisposing factors for the infection.
At this time lactation and physiotherapyprogram should be stopped until fever disappear. 25O Warda
Urinary tract problems
1- Urinary retention or voiding difficulties: may occur postnatally secondary to painful tears involving the bladder or use of epidurals in labor.
Retention occurs usually immediately after delivery and is partially due to the sudden decrease in intra abdominal pressure: –> there is a decreased stretch reflex response following bladder filling.
Methods that can encourage micturation
–early ambulation
–pelvic floor exercises
–hot baths
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Urinary tract problems cont.
True incontinence occurs rarely but is
usually associated with a vesico-
vaginal fistula
After surgical repair, the patient is to
undergo physiotherapy to strengthen
the pelvic floor muscles.
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Thrombo-embolism
Risk of thromboembolism rises 5 fold during pregnancy & puerperium
Majority of deaths occur in the puerperium
The symptoms and signs of venous thromboembolism:
– leg pain and swelling (usually unilateral)
– lower abdominal pain – low-grade pyrexia
– dyspnoea – chest pain – hemoptysis
– Calf muscles are tender and painful on firm palpation.
If DVT & pulmonary embolism is suspected >>>
– bilateral venogram and/or lung scan should be carried out within 24-48 hrs.
– full anti-coagulant therapy (heparin) should be started immediately.
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Psychiatric Problems
Divided into three conditions based on their severity
1–”Baby blues”
2–Postpartum depression
3–Postpartum psychosis (most severe, may result in suicide/infanticide)
A syndrome seen among fathers is linked to the mood changes of their wives. May be due to the added responsibility of having a child and decreased attention from the wife.
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Psychiatric problems;
manage.1-Postpartum blues: no specific treatment
other than support and reassurance from family members and friends.
2–Postpartum depression: exclude medical causes (eg. thyroid dysfunction), individual/group psychotherapy for mild cases, medication (antidepressants)/ hospitalization/ electro-convulsive therapy for moderate to severe cases.
3–Postpartum psychosis: Inpatient treatment with medication (mood stabilizers-eg. lithium/valproic acid) and/or electroconvulsive therapy.
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Other Problems
Bowel problems:
- Haemorrhoids are a common
problem after childbirth, exacerbated
by bearing down during the second
stage of labor.
–Treatment: Local application of 5%
lidocaine gel or anusol
(hydrocortisone) cream together with
bulking agents (eg. Psyllium, fiber) to
soften the motions.32O Warda
Other problems
Musculo-skeletal problems:
1– Painless divarication (spreading
apart) of the recti: can occur
antenatally due to the enlarging uterus
that exerts pressure on the recti,
causing them to separate.
– Treatment involves
exercises that increase
muscle tone.
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Other problems
Musculo-skeletal problems:2- pelvic joints pain:
- In pregnancy the pelvic ligaments become more lax and the symphysis pubis will separate to some extent. This is beneficial as the anterior-posterior diameter is increased.–In extreme situations the hemi-pelvices
can be widely separated causing severe pain making walking difficult.–Treatment: Milder cases: Analgesic &
orthopaedic beltSevere cases: Zimmer frame and
bed rest34O Warda
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Normal non-pregnant pelvis
Total gap width of up to 9mm is normal
during pregnancy
Abnormal gap is considered to be ≥ 10mm
(note misalignment)