the protestant reformation 1517-1648 objectives to understand the causes of the split in western...
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The Protestant Reformation
1517-1648
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Objectives
To understand the causes of the split in Western Christianity
To understand the underlying differences between Catholicism and Protestantism
To understand the results and relevance of the Protestant Reformation in Western society
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The Catholic ChurchPower of the Pope:Head of the Catholic Church Occupies God’s position on earthInfallible Above any earthly powerMade international treaties
All clergy take vows of celibacy -stay unmarried
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What Catholics Believe
The Seven Sacraments:BaptismConfessionEucharist (mass/communion)ConfirmationMarriageHoly Orders –men to become priests, women to
become nunsAnointing of the Sick-Last rites
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The Catholic Church in 1500
The Catholic Church was the most powerful institution in Europe
Held the monopoly on information and education
Owned a great deal of property
People resented the wealth of the Church
The Church and Clergy did not pay taxes
The Church was corrupt!
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Conflicts That Challenged the Authority of the Catholic Church
Merchant wealth challenged the Church’s view of usury-the lending of money and charging interest
German and English nobility disliked Italian domination of the Church.
The Church’s great political power and wealth caused conflict.
Church corruption and the sale of indulgences were widespread and caused conflict.
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Height of Papal Corruption
Pope Leo X- 1513-1521Medici Pope -second son of Lorenzo the MagnificentLived a lavish lifestyleDepleted Papal coffersMoney needed for the reconstruction
of St. Peter’s and other art commissions.
Pope Leo X, Giovanni de Medici, with cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi by Raphael
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Height of Papal Corruption
Leo X had to find a solution to the Church’s money problems:
Sale of Church offices- simony
Sale of indulgences!
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Prior to the Reformation all Christians were Roman Catholic
The Reformation was an attempt to REFORM the Catholic Church
Martin Luther and others wanted to get rid of the corruption and restore people’s faith in the church not start a separate church
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Martin Luther 1483-1546
Born in 1483 in Eisleben- Holy Roman Empire
1505 became a monk
Moved to Wittenberg in 1511
Strong sense of unworthiness
Troubled by the sale of indulgences
Catholic Church taught that it was faith and good works that saved a person
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Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church
Luther had two major problems with the Catholic Church:
Indulgences and Justification (forgiveness of sins).
Luther believed that the Bible was the ultimate authority - not the pope or clergy
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Luther’s Issues with the Catholic Church
Of the seven sacraments only Baptism and Holy Communion were found in the Bible
He also came to believe in justification through faith alone not faith and good works
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Holy Roman Empire in 1500
Located in modern day Germany
Not a united country but a patchwork of independent states
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Holy Roman Empire in 1500
Each State had its own prince.
The ruler of the Holy Roman Empire was Charles V
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The Hapsburgs Ruled the HRE
Holy Roman Emperor Charles V 1519-1556
Inherited the Holy Roman Empire at the age of 25Had to hold his empire togetherHe was Catholic-The Princes were converting to Lutheranism!
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Sale of Indulgences Dominican friar Johann Tetzel was selling
indulgences in Wittenberg in 1517
“As soon as a coin in the coffer rings the soul from purgatory springs.”
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What was an Indulgence?
A Papal pardon for sins.
Purgatory-a place where souls too impure to enter heaven atoned for sins committed during their lifetime
A lessening of the time a soul would have to spend in purgatory
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What was an Indulgence?
You could purchase one for yourself or a departed relative
Indulgences had no basis in the Bible and the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory according to Luther
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Martin Luther’s Actions
Luther posted his 95 Theses on the door of the castle church in Wittenberg on October 31, 1517
His intent was to reform the Catholic Church, not create a separate one.
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How Did Word Spread So Quickly?Gutenberg’s Printing Press made it possible for
Luther to spread his beliefs
Copy of Luther’s 95 Theses from Gutenberg's Press
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Reaction To Luther
Gained support from people and criticism from Church
Luther had the support of many, including the princes in the HRE
Millions converted
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Luther’s Beliefs and Teachings
All Christians have equal access to God through faith and the Bible.
Romans 1:17 “The righteous shall live by faith.”
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Luther’s Beliefs and Teachings
Banned Indulgences, confession, pilgrimages and prayers to saints
Simplified the elaborate mass and emphasized the sermon
Permitted clergy to marry
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Luther’s Showdown with the Church
June 15, 1520 Pope Leo X issued a Papal Bull of Excommunication
Papal Bull -Official document issued by the Pope
Luther was ordered to recant-take back- his teachings
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Luther’s Showdown with the Church
Luther burned the Papal Bull
Excommunicated!His behavior caused
a conclusive and irrevocable break with Roman Catholic Church
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The Diet of Worms-April 1521Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V,
summoned Luther to a diet in the city of Worms
Diet-assembly or meeting-of German princes
Luther asked to recant, he again refused.Charles V issued the Edict of Worms
Luther at the Diet of Worms By Anton von Werner
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Edict of Worms
Declared Luther an outlaw by Charles V
It was a crime to give Luther shelter or food
Frederick the Wise, Elector of Saxony hid Luther in his castle
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Luther Went into Hiding
Spent his time translating the New Testament into German (Vernacular!)
This spread his beliefs even further
Greatly contributed to the development of the written German language.
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The Peace of Augsburg 1555
The Protestant Reformation divided Germany politically
Princes in Germany converted to Protestantism, ending authority of the Pope in their states
Charles V, the HRE tried to force Princes to accept Catholicism again, with little success
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Results of The Peace of Augsburg:
Recognized Lutheranism as a legal religion in the HRE
A Prince could decide if his realm was to be Lutheran or Catholic but nothing else!
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Reformation in France: John Calvin-Calvinist Tradition
Literal interpretation of the Bible Predestination Faith revealed by living a righteous lifeProtestant work ethicExpanded the Protestant Movement
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Predestination
Calvin set forth the idea of Predestination:
God decided at the beginning of time who would go to heaven after death and who would not
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TheocracyCalvin set up a theocracy
in Geneva, Switzerland
Theocracy-government run by church leaders
Geneva became a magnet city for other reformers who took Calvin’s message home with them
16th century depiction of Calvinists engaged in an iconoclastic “cleansing” of a Catholic cathedral.
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Reformation in EnglandHenry VIII: The Anglican Tradition
Henry VIII-King of England
Reformer due to circumstance not personal beliefs
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Henry VIII
Opposed Luther’s beliefs
Saw himself as a Roman Catholic even wrote a pamphlet denouncing Luther
Named ‘Defender of the Faith’ by Pope Leo X
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Henry VIII Needed a Divorce!
The Catholic Church does not permit divorce
Marriage to Catherine of Aragon did not produce a male heir only a girl- Mary Tudor
Henry needed a male to preserve his throne
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Henry VIIIHenry asked the Pope for an
annulment so he could marry someone who could give him a male heir
The Pope denied his request
Henry created the Church of England and established his own supremacy over it
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Act of Supremacy-1534
Parliament passed the Act of Supremacy
Made Henry “the only supreme head on Earth of the Church of England”
The all monarchs of England continue to hold the title
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The King was the Head of the Church!
Many refused to accept Henry as the head of the church and were executed for treason
Sir Thomas More was one of them!
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Another Girl for Henry
Henry divorced Catherine and promptly married Anne Boleyn-there was actually a bit of an overlap!
He hoped for a male heir but Anne bore him a girl- Elizabeth
BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETHSEPTEMBER 7, 1533
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BIRTH ANNOUNCEMENT OF PRINCESS ELIZABETH
SEPTEMBER 7, 1533
By the Queen
Right trusty and well-beloved, we greet you well. And whereas it hath pleased the goodness of Almighty God of His infinite mercy and grace to send unto us at this time good speed in the deliverance and bringing forth of a princess to the great joy and inward comfort of my Lord, us, and of all his good and loving subjects of this his realm, for which inestimable benevolence so shown unto us we have no little cause to give high thanks, laud and praise unto our said Maker, like as we do most lowly, humbly, and with all the inward desire of our heart. And inasmuch as we undoubtedly trust that this our good speed is to your great pleasure, comfort and consolation, we therefore by this our letters advertise you thereof, desiring and heartily praying you to give with us unto Almighty God high thanks, glory, laud and praise, and to pray for the good health, prosperity, and continual preservation of the said Princess accordingly. Given under our signet at my lords' Manor of Greenwich. The 7th day of September, in the 25th year of my said lord's Reign
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Henry’s Six Wives!Divorced, Beheaded, Died, Divorced, Beheaded, Survived.
Catherine of AragonAnnulled
Jane Seymour Diedchildbed fever
Anne of ClevesAnnulled
Catherine Howard Annulled then beheaded
Anne Boleyn Annulled then beheaded
Catherine Parr survived
http://www.bbc.co.uk/cbbc/horriblehistories/song4.shtml
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Henry VIII Children
The children of Henry VIII of England were:
First Child - Mary Tudor who became Queen Mary I (Bloody Mary)
Second Child - Elizabeth who became Queen Elizabeth I
Third Child - Edward who became King Edward VI
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Elizabeth I
Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn
Returned the country to the Protestant faith after her Catholic sister Queen Mary I died
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Elizabeth I
Through compromise Elizabeth found middle ground with Catholics and Protestants
Made England a firmly Protestant nation
Little religious turmoil for decades
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Catholic
Protestant
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The Protestant Reformation Map
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Results of the Reformation
In the end reformers like Luther established their own non-Catholic traditions
The Reformation caused a permanent split in Christianity with the formation of new Protestant faiths
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Branches of Christianity
CHRISTIANITY
RomanCatholicism
EasternOrthodox
Protestant
LutheranMartinLuther
CalvinistJohn
Calvin
AnglicanHenry VIII
Puritan Huguenots Presbyterian
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The Catholic Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church wanted to stop the spread of Protestantism.
It was losing followers which meant it was losing money.
They refocused on strictly following the commands and rules of the Church.
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The Council of Trent
The Council of Trent met between 1545 and 1563 to make reforms
The Council of Trent reaffirmed most Church doctrine and practices:
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The Council of Trent
Salvation comes through faith and good works
The Bible is not the only source of truth
Council took steps to end Church abuses
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The Jesuits
Ignatius of Loyola founded the Jesuits.
The Jesuits were a religious order whose mission was to defend and spread the Catholic faith world wide
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The Jesuits
The Society of Jesus, another name for the Jesuits, sent missionaries to Asia, Africa and the Americas.
Known for setting up schools
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Spread of Christianity
Protestant England settled in what is now the United States.
Catholic Spain and France settled in what is now Mexico and South America.
Catholic
Protestant
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Anabaptists - Rebaptizers
Baptists, Mennonites and Amish trace their roots to the Anabaptists.
Pacifist.
Adult baptism.
Complete separation of Church and State.
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END
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Empire of Charles V
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What Luther Wanted
Sola Fidei Justification/Salvation by Faith Alone
Sola Scriptura Authority of the Scriptures Alone
Sola Gratia By grace alone