The properties of WaterThe properties of Water

WaterWater

This results in a partial negative charge on theoxygen and apartial positivecharge onthe hydrogens.

H2O

–

O

H H+ +

Because oxygen (O) is more electronegative than hydrogen (H), shared electrons are pulled more toward oxygen.

12/112/1

Hmwk: Hmwk: read Testing Acids and Bases labread Testing Acids and Bases lab Answer questions 3 – 6 of the labAnswer questions 3 – 6 of the lab Study the traits of waterStudy the traits of water

Traits of WaterTraits of Water1) 1) Polarity leads to:Polarity leads to: Hydrogen bonds: Hydrogen bonds:

Bond between hydrogen and electronegative atom, N, OBond between hydrogen and electronegative atom, N, O Cohesive attraction:Cohesive attraction:

Water to water molecular attraction Water to water molecular attraction enables surface tensionenables surface tension

Adhesive attraction: Adhesive attraction: Water attracted to a different substanceWater attracted to a different substance

Cohesion and Adhesion Cohesion and Adhesion enablesenables capillary actioncapillary action transpiration: form of homeostasis for plantstranspiration: form of homeostasis for plants transport of watertransport of water ..\..\..\chemistry\chemistry\water\03_02WaterStructure_A.html..\..\..\chemistry\chemistry\water\03_02WaterStructure_A.html transpul.giftranspul.gif http://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/vis2005/show/transpirationhttp://www.sciencemag.org/sciext/vis2005/show/transpiration

.swf.swf

2.2.

CohesionCohesion

Other traits of Water . . .Other traits of Water . . .

2.2.Universal SolventUniversal Solvent Water is polar: can break bonds in many substancesWater is polar: can break bonds in many substances Capable to dissolve many substancesCapable to dissolve many substances Ex: salt NaCl and water HEx: salt NaCl and water H22O => salt water solutionO => salt water solution

NaCl(s) + H2O(l) => Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq) NaCl(s) + H2O(l) => Na+(aq) + Cl-(aq)

If the substance can dissolve it is . . . .If the substance can dissolve it is . . . .

HYDROPHILICHYDROPHILIC Oil and waterOil and water

Oil is HYDROPHOBICOil is HYDROPHOBIC

Hydrogen BondsHydrogen Bonds

H2O

–

O

H H+ +

Water as a Solvent

Negative oxygen regions

of polar water molecules are

attracted to sodium ions (Na+).

+

+

+

+Cl –

–

–

–

–

Na+Positive hydrogen regions of water molecules cling to chloride ions (Cl–).

++

+

+

–

–

–

–

–

–Na+

Cl–

Solutions and SuspensionsSolutions and SuspensionsSolutions and Suspensions1. Solutions• solute is evenly distributed throughout the

solution with the solvent• Solvent • solute2. Suspensions: mixtures of water and

nondissolved material: ex. blood3. Mixtures: do not chemically combine: ex.sand

and salt

12/312/3

Hmwk:Hmwk: Make note cards of the vocabulary listed in Make note cards of the vocabulary listed in

orange packet found on pg 44orange packet found on pg 44 Quiz on 4 traits of water and how it Quiz on 4 traits of water and how it

maintains homeostasis with in the maintains homeostasis with in the BiosphereBiosphere

3) Expansion when freezes3) Expansion when freezes Causes ice to be less dense than at liquid stateCauses ice to be less dense than at liquid state How does freezing of water stabilize our environment?How does freezing of water stabilize our environment?

Insulates aquatic environmentsInsulates aquatic environments Creates ice burgsCreates ice burgs

Liquid water

Hydrogen bonds constantly break and re-form

Ice

Hydrogen bonds are stable

Hydrogen bond

Figure 3.5

4)4) Controls temperature: Controls temperature:

Controls climate on earth because of:Controls climate on earth because of:• Specific heat of waterSpecific heat of water• It takes 1 calorie to raise 1gram It takes 1 calorie to raise 1gram of water 1°C of water 1°C • C = amount of heat of each unit mass required to C = amount of heat of each unit mass required to

raise the temperature by one degree Celsius raise the temperature by one degree Celsius • C water: higher than any other common C water: higher than any other common

substance! substance!

homeostasis for humanshomeostasis for humans

See how water enables us to survive . . . .

What does the pH Scale measures?

Acids, Bases, and pH1. The pH Scale means?– Acids– Bases– Buffers

A. Biochemistry 1. The atom• electron• proton• neutron

2. What is so important about Carbon?

6C

Nucleus

(a) (b)

Cloud of negativecharge (2 electrons)

Electrons

electron:

neutron:

proton:

2–3 Carbon Compounds

B. Organic vs. Inorganic

C. Macromolecules1. Carbohydrates

2. Lipids

3. Nucleic Acids

4. Proteins

Carbohydrates

1. Simple sugars: Monosaccharides

1 unit

Ex: glucose

2. Complex sugars

Disaccharides/polysaccharides

More than 2 units

Ex: starch, cellulose

Lipids

1. Made of:1 Glycerol3 Fatty Acids2. Where are they found:- Cell membranes- Tissue- Oil, butter3. FunctionInsulationFlexibilitycushion

Nucleic Acids1. 2 types:

RNA and DNA2. Function:• DNA: Carry the genetic material of an organism• 2 long chains of nucleotides

– Nulceotides:• Nitrogenous base (A, G, T, C)• Sugar mol• phosphate

• RNA: carry orders of synthesizing different proteins• Single chain of nucleotides

– Nucleotides• Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, U)• Sugar mol• phosphate

Amino Acids

1. What is the importance of Amino Acids?

- Building blocks of Proteins

2. made from:

Amino group

R group

Carboxyl group

3. Protein Function:

- Make hormones, RBC, protein channels, enzymes

Proteins

Concept Map of CarbonCarbon

Compounds

include

that consist of

which contain

that consist of that consist of that consist of

which contain which contain which contain

Section 2-3

Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic acids Proteins

Sugars and starches

Fats and oils Nucleotides Amino Acids

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,

oxygen

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen, nitrogen,

phosphorus

Carbon,hydrogen,oxygen,

nitrogen,

2–42–4 Chemical Reactions and Chemical Reactions and EnzymesEnzymes

Chemical reactionChemical reaction

EnzymeEnzyme

EnzymesEnzymes Are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst, Are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst,

speeding up chemical reactionsspeeding up chemical reactions

Substratemaltose

Enzyme (maltase)

Glucose

OH

H O

H2O

glucose

3 Substrate is convertedto products.

1 Active site is available for a molecule of substrate, the

reactant on which the enzyme acts.

Substrate binds toenzyme.

22

4 Products are released.

Figure 5.16

Effects of an EnzymeEffects of an Enzyme

08_15HowEnzymesWork_A.ht08_15HowEnzymesWork_A.htmlml

QuestionsQuestions

1.1. What energy is needed to start a chemical What energy is needed to start a chemical reaction to take place?reaction to take place?

2.2. What macromolecule helps in starting a What macromolecule helps in starting a reaction?reaction?

3.3. What are the two parts of a chemical reaction What are the two parts of a chemical reaction called?called?

4.4. What does the macromolecule bind to which What does the macromolecule bind to which induces the reaction?induces the reaction?

Spontaneous vs. NonspontaneousSpontaneous vs. Nonspontaneous

Activation EnergyActivation Energy

Endergonic vs. ExergonicEndergonic vs. Exergonic

Factors that Influence EnzymesFactors that Influence Enzymes

TemperatureTemperature pHpH Concentration of substrate to enzymeConcentration of substrate to enzyme

11/2511/25

Hmwk:Hmwk:1.1. White student answer packet on diffusion and White student answer packet on diffusion and

osmosis due tomorrowosmosis due tomorrow2.2. 35pt. Pink Cell Review Packet due tomorrow35pt. Pink Cell Review Packet due tomorrow3.3. Test corrections for everyone due tomorrow!Test corrections for everyone due tomorrow!4.4. Write out the question and answer Write out the question and answer

1.1. You will receive a hmwk grade You will receive a hmwk grade 2.2. Partial credit to your test Partial credit to your test

Acting out!Acting out!

Objective:Objective:1.1. Students will act out the movement of molecules.Students will act out the movement of molecules.2.2. Each group of students must define the process Each group of students must define the process

assigned to them.assigned to them.3.3. Each student must identify themselves as a molecule Each student must identify themselves as a molecule

by holding an index card to ID themselves.by holding an index card to ID themselves.4.4. Conclusion: Conclusion:

1.1. Each student must write a definition of diffusion, osmosis and Each student must write a definition of diffusion, osmosis and active transport.active transport.

2.2. Then draw an image representing the the 3 types of transport.Then draw an image representing the the 3 types of transport.