the progressive era - wikispaces · chapter 13, 12 sec 1&2. see video section . the origins of...

The Progressive Era

Chapter 13, 12 Sec 1&2

Chapter 17

The Origins of Progressivism• Progressivism started as a grassroots movement • Early reformers from the middle class began the

movement• This movement then spread to the city level, state

level, and then the national level


The Origins of Progressivism • What is Progressivism?

– A loose organization of different people with different ideas and activities

– Although there were deferring ideas how to fix society’s problems, progressives did share certain goals

• Protecting social welfare • Promoting moral improvement• Creating economic reform• Fostering efficiency

– Progressives believed the government should take an active role in solving society’s problems

– Progressives belonged to both political parties


The Origins of Progressivism• Gilded Age Sources of Progressive Reform

– Industrialization• Unemployment and Labor unrest• Wasteful use of natural resources• Abuses of Corporate Power

– Urbanization • Poverty• Disease • Crime • Corruption

– Rise of Middle Class• New Managerial class • Upset class structure

– Other Problems• Massive Depression (1893-1897)• Unequal opportunities were out of reach


The Origins of Progressivism• Protecting Social Welfare

– Settlement Houses– Social Gospel– YMCA– Florence Kelly (inspected factories)

• Child labor

• Promoting moral improvement – Morality needed to be fixed not workplace

• Prohibition • Carrie Nation (chopped up saloons with her

hatchet)


The Origins of Progressivism• Creating Economic

Reform– Eugene V. Debs

• Socialism: Government distributed wealth, promoting equality

• Capitalism: Privately ran business and free market


The Origins of Progressivism• Creating Economic Reform

(cont.)– Muckrakers

• Journalist who wrote about the corrupt side of business and public life

– Ida Tarbell• Reporter

– Investigated and eventually help break up Standard Oil monopoly

– Upton Sinclair • The Jungle

– Investigated dangerous working conditions and unsanitary procedures in the meat-packing industry.


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Chapter 17

Muckraker Work Subject Results

Thomas Nast PoliticalCartoons

Political corruption by NYC's political machine, Tammany Hall, led by Boss Tweed.

Tweed was convicted of embezzlement and died in prison.

Jacob RiisHow the Other Half

Lives(1890)

Living conditions of the urban poor; focused on tenements.

NYC passed building codes to promote safety and health.

Ida B. Wells A Red Record (1895)Provided statistics on the lynching of African-Americans.

NAACP joined the fight for Federal anti-lynching legislation.

Frank Norris The Octopus (1901)

This fictional book exposed monopolistic railroad practices in California.

In Northern Securities v. U.S. (1904), the holding company controlling railroads in the Northwest was broken up.

Ida Tarbell

"History of Standard Oil Company" in

McClure's Magazine(1904)

Exposed the ruthless tactics of the Standard Oil Company through a series of articles published in McClure's Magazine.

In Standard Oil v. U.S. (1911), the company was declared a monopoly and broken up.

Lincoln Steffens The Shame of the Cities(1904)

Examined political corruption in cities across the United States.

Cities began to use city commissions and city managers.

Upton Sinclair The Jungle(1906)

Investigated dangerous working conditions and unsanitary procedures in the meat-packing industry.

In 1906 the Meat Inspection Act and Pure Food and Drug Act were passed.

The Origins of Progressivism• Fostering Efficiency

– Make the work place more efficient

• Fords innovations – Assembly line (work like

machines)– $5 a day– 8 hr workday– Model T


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The Origins of Progressivism

• Reforming Local Government– Lincoln Steffens

• Exposed fraud and graft within government– Commissioner Plan

• Cities hired experts in different fields to run a single aspect of city government.

– City Manager Plan• A professional city manager is hired to run each

department of the city and report directly to the city council.


The Origins of Progressivism• Reform at the State level

– Robert La Follette• Targeted mostly the railroad

industry– Taxed railroad property at

the same rate as other businesses

– commission to regulate rates

– Could not issue free rides to state officials


The Origins of Progressivism• Child Labor (Keating-Owens Act)

– Ended in 1938


The Origins of Progressivism

• State Reforms – Reforming Elections

• Secret Ballot: Privacy at the ballot box• Direct Primary: Ensures that voters select candidates to run for

office, rather than party bosses– La Follette

• 17th Amendment


The Origins of Progressivism• State Reforms

– Initiative• Voters petition state legislatures in order to

consider a bill desired by citizens.

– Referendum• voters decide if a bill or proposed

amendment should be passed.

– Recall• Voters petition to have an elected

representative removed from office.


Life at the Turn of the 20th Century


Science and Urban Life• Skyscrapers

– Needed more space• The advent of the elevator and internal steel skeleton

• Frederick Law Olmsted– Central Park

• Wright Brothers– Kitty Hawk, First in Flight

• George Eastman– First Camera to be mass produced

• Catalogs– Order from home


First in Flight

3Chapter 13, 12 Sec 1&2

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Expanding Public Education• Public Schools

– Schools for children • 12 to 16 weeks of school annually• Uneven quality of teachers • Strict rules and physical punishment

– High Schools • Were used to train young people in job skills early on then later

expanded• An ongoing debate, about how to learn goes on


The Struggle Against Discrimination

• African American education– were mostly excluded from secondary schools

• Fewer than 1%

• Immigrants– Were encouraged to go to school – Learn English and fully Americanize

• College enrollments – Between 1880-1920 enrollment increased

more than 4x



• Higher Education for African Americans – With the help of the Freedmen’s Bureau all

black colleges emerged• Howard, Atlanta, and Fisk Universities

– In 1900 out of 9 million only 3,880 African Americans attended Universities



• Booker T. Washington– The key to ending racism was to

educate young African Americans proving their economic value to society

• He headed the Tuskegee Institute in 1881

– Aimed at teaching African Americans with skills in agriculture, domestic, and mechanical work



• W.E.B. Du Bois– 1st African American to

receive a doctorate from Harvard

• Founded the Niagara movement

– Full Civil Liberties

• seek a liberal arts degree so the African American community could have strong well-educated leaders

• Du Bois took a more direct route to success



• Ida B. Wells– Was a teacher and later became a reporter speaking

out against lynching and other forms of segregation • Voting Restrictions

– Disenfranchised• Difficult voting test• Poll taxes

– Pay to vote• Grandfather Clause

– If you, your father or grandfather had the right to vote before 1867 you could vote



• Jim Crow– Laws passed by states

that separated black and white people in public and private facilities

• Plessy v. Ferguson – Court decision that stated

separate facilities did not violate the 14th

amendment • “separate but equal”• This decision permitted

legalized discrimination for almost 60 years


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• NAACP– National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People (1909)

• Springfield Riot– Niagara movement and White Reformers – Because of continued strained race relations

every where in the country a movement of “persistent manly agitation is the way to liberty

– W.E.B. Dubois» The Crisis


Women Make Progress• Education was key to success• By the 1900’s 1 out of 5 American Women

held jobs– 25% worked in manufacturing

• Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire– Women pushed for reform

• Susan B. Anthony – Leading reformer for women suffrage– 19th Amendment (1890’s- 1920)


Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal• William McKinley

Assassinated – Teddy Roosevelt become

President • Roosevelt expanded the

Presidency – “Bully Pulpit”– Square Deal: Big business

victimized workers so Roosevelt would see that the common people received a square deal

• “Good trust” vs. “Bad Trust”


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Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal

• Roosevelt Using Federal Power– Trust busting

• Northern Securities Company– Railroad Regulation

• Hepburn Act (cut out free passes for government officials)

– 1902 Penn. Coal Strike– Meat inspection Act– Pure Food and Drug Act– Conservation and natural resources


Progressivism under Taft• Taft Stumbles

– Taft was more cautious than Roosevelt

• He did bust 90 trust in a 4 year term

– Payne-Aldrich Tariff• A bill designed to moderate the

high tariff’s

• Bull Moose Party– Roosevelt decide to run a third

term under the progressive party


Progressivism under Taft

• Democrats win in 1912– Because of the

Republicans splitting the ticket democrats had an easy victory

– Wilson was elected president


Wilson’s New Freedom• Like Roosevelt Wilson had progressive

ideals– Clayton Antitrust Act

• Designed to strengthen the Sherman Act• Further restricted monopolies• Assisted unions (striking became legal)

– Federal Trade Commission • Made companies transparent


Wilson’s New Freedom

• New Tax System – 16th Amendment

• Graduated federal income tax – Federal Reserve System

• Balance growth and inflation– 17th Amendment

• Direct election of senators– 18th Amendment

• Prohibition (Volstead Act)


Wilson’s New Freedom

• 19th Amendment – Granted women suffrage

• Wilson did very little to enact anti lynching laws – Blatant racist


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