the progressive era - coc history...jack johnson and the politics of race • jack johnson:...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Progressive EraThe Progressive Era
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Four Goals of Reformers1. Protect social welfare
2. Promote moral development
3. Secure economic reform
4. Foster efficiency
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Social Gospel
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• Jane Addams
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WCTU
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Economic Reform
Debs encouraged workers to reject American capitalism
• The Panic of 1893 (and 1907)
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Muckrakers
• Ida Tarbell
• Upton Sinclair
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Fostering Efficiency
• Frederick Taylor
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Cleaning Up Local Government
• Some believe it also was meant to limit immigrants’ influence on local governments.
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Regulating Big Business
• La Follette promoted partnership between government and the experts at the University of Wisconsin.
Robert La Follette
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Protecting Working Children
• Nearly every state limited or banned child labor by 1918
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Efforts To Limit Hours
• Laws reducing women’s hours of work.
• Worker’s compensation
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Election Reform• Secret ballots,
referendums, and recalls.
• Petitions and initiatives
• In 1899, Minnesota passed the first statewide primary system.
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Direct Election Of Senators
• Before 1913, each state’s legislature had chosen U.S. senators.
• Progressives pushed for popular election of senators.• WHY?
• 1913: 17th Amendment
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Women in Public Life
• By the late 19th and early 20th century, women were joining the workforce.
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Women in the Work Force
• Opportunities for women increased especially in the cities. By 1900, one out of five women worked.
• The garment industry was popular as were office work, retail, and education.
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Women Lead Reform
• Many of the leading Progressive reformers were women.
Colleges like Vassar and Smith allowed women to excel
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Women and Reform
• In 1896, black women formed the National Association of Colored Women (NACW).
• Suffrage Issue
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Three-Part Strategy for Winning Suffrage
• Suffragettes
1. Convincing state legislatures to adopt the vote.
2. Pursuing court cases to test 14th
Amendment.
3. Pushing for national Constitutional amendment.
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Teddy Roosevelt’s Square Deal
• When President William McKinley was assassinated, Theodore Roosevelt became the nation’s 26th president
McKinley was assassinated by an anarchist in Buffalo in September of 1901
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Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders
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A Modern President
• BULLY PULPIT
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Trust-Busting
• By 1900, trusts – legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies – controlled 80% of U.S. industries.
• Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act
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1902 Coal Strike• In 1902, 140,000 coal miners
in Pennsylvania went on strike
• Roosevelt called in both sides and settled the dispute.
• Precedent set: Govt. would help settle disputes
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The Progressive EraThe Progressive Era
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“The Jungle” Leads to Food Regulation
• Meat Inspection Act of 1906
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Pure Food and Drug Act, 1906
• Truth in labeling
• Illegal to sell unsafe drugs
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Roosevelt and the Environment
• New Govt. role: Conservation
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Roosevelt’s Environmental Accomplishments
• TR set aside 148 million acres of forest
• 1.5 million acres of water-power sites
• 50 wildlife sanctuaries
• Several national parks
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Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming
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Roosevelt and Civil Rights
• Roosevelt failed to support Civil Rights for African Americans.
• He did, however, support Booker T. Washington• Tuskegee Institute
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1909: NAACP Formed
• The NAACP had 6,000 members by 1914
• Methods
• W.E.B. Du Bois.
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Progressivism under President Taft
• Taft “busted” 90 trusts in 4 years–more than Theodore Roosevelt during his 8 years in office.
Taft, right, was Roosevelt’s War Secretary
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Taft Loses Power
• Unpopular president
• He called the Presidency, the “lonesomest” job in the world.”
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1912 Election
• Republicans split (TR returns from African safari to run)
• Progressive Party (Bull Moose Party): Roosevelt.
• Democrats: New Jersey governor, Woodrow Wilson.
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Wilson’s New Freedom
• Attack on “the triple wall of privilege”
• Trusts• Tariffs• Wall Street
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1914: Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
• A “watchdog” agency
• Protects consumers from business fraud.
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Federal Income Tax Arrives
16th Amendment
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Sports in the Progressive Era
• Football: Popular in Elite Schools
Harvard Football, 1890
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Football Soon Became Most Popular in What Region?
• A. Northeast (Ivy League)
• B. Midwest
• C. South
• D. Far West (California)
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Boxing
Boxing in 1860Boxing in Progressive Era
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Jack Johnson and the Politics of Race
• Jack Johnson: Heavyweight Champion
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Jack Johnson and the Politics of Race
• Jack Johnson: Black Champion
• Jim Jeffries Refuses to Fight
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Jack Johnson and the Politics of Race
• Jack Johnson: Black Champion
• Jim Jeffries Refuses to Fight
• Tommy Burns vs. Jack Johnson (1908)
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Johnson vs. Jeffries:The Fight of the Century
Biggest Sporting Event in Progressive Era
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Johnson vs. Jeffries:The Fight of the Century
• Biggest Sporting Event in Progressive Era
• “Hope of the White Race” vs. “The Negroes Deliverer”
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Johnson vs. Jeffries:The Fight of the Century
• Biggest Sporting Event in Progressive Era
• “Hope of the White Race” vs. “The Negroes’ Deliverer”
• Johnson Wins Big
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White Reaction to Johnson’s Victory
• TR: “A blot on our twentieth century American civilization”
• Days of Rioting; Eighteen Killed and Hundreds Injured.
• The FBI and the Mann Act