the progressive movementschools.misd.org/upload/template/6230/chap 6 the... · 14. 1) ida tarbell....
TRANSCRIPT
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Welcome to:The Progressive Era
1890 -1920
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The Roots of Progressivism
Recall The Populists….
• Poor, uneducated, rural farmers
Populist Problems
• overproduction = falling crop prices
• high tariffs = lack of export sales
• tight money supply = high interest rates =
hard to pay their debts
• victimized by banks, RRs, big biz =
farmers paid higher rates3
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Populist Demands and Reforms (How did
they think their problems could be solved?)
• Coinage of silver: to increase $ supply
and lower interest rates
• more gov’t regulation of big biz
• Gov’t ownership of RRs
• lower tariffs
• graduated income tax
• Direct election of SenatorsPopulist Legacy?
• fail to get desired reforms or improve the
economic condition of farmers, but....others
will take on their cause & call for reform!4
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Enter the Progressives……Progressivism: a political movement that
crossed party lines. Progressives believed
that rapid industrialization and urbanization
had created many social problems and that
government should take a more active role in
dealing with these problems
Intro to Progressivism
Yikes!
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Who are the Progressives? Who is pushing
for reform?
define reform:
• Middle-class, urban, educated Americans
• Both Political Parties call for reform (recall the
significance of Third Parties!)
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II. The Rise of Progressivism
A. The Problems 1890 +
1. Industrialization, with all its increase in productivity & the # of consumer goods created:
a. unemployment and labor unrest, poor working conditions
b. wasteful use of natural resources
c. abuses of corporate power
2. Urbanization – rapid growth of cities magnified problems of poverty, disease, squalid living conditions, crime & corruption
3. Laissez-Faire – free market lacked the ability to address those problems
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Tenement Slum Living
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Poor working conditions, child labor
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B. The solution? Solve social problems through
active Government leadership! (bye bye Laissez-Faire)
T. Roosevelt
W. Wilson
W. H. Taft
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C. The Reformers1. Muckrakers - journalists who attacked
corruption and scandal & investigated social
conditions (term muckraker: raked up the “muck” or
dirt of American life)
- published articles in popular magazines
- led to public debate over
social/economic problems & put
pressure on politicians to introduce
reforms
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Muckraking
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1) Lincoln Steffens
Exposed city
political machines
in The Shame of
the Cities
a. Exposing Corruption in Gov’t
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2) David Graham PhillipsCriticized how $ influenced the
Senate in Treason of the Senate
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1) Ida Tarbell
Exposed
corruption in Big
Biz in The History
of Standard Oil
b. Exposing Corruption in Big Biz
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2) Frank Norris
Exposed the suffering
caused by corrupt and
greedy turn-of-the-century
RR monopolies in The
Octopus: A California
Story
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1) Jacob Riis
Exposed poverty,
crime, disease in
immigrant tenement
neighborhoods in
How the Other Half
Lives
c. Exposing Social Welfare problems
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2) John SpargoCriticized child labor in
The Bitter Cry of the
Children
View of the Ewen Breaker of the Pa. Coal Co. The dust was so dense at times
as to obscure the view. This dust penetrated the utmost recesses of the boys'
lungs. A kind of slave-driver sometimes stands over the boys, prodding or
kicking them into obedience. S. Pittston, Pa.
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3) Upton
SinclairExposed health and
safety problems in
the meat-packing
industry in The
Jungle
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2. Political Cartoonists – especially effective
since there was high illiteracy (couldn’t read the
newspaper, but could understand the cartoons)
a. Thomas Nast: favorite target? Boss Tweed
and Political Machines
b. Frederick Opper: favorite
target? Trusts and social ills
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3. Political Reformers – those opposed to
traditional party politics
4. Socialists - frustrated workers who promised
to destroy capitalism. Led by
Eugene Debs (who polled 900,000 votes
for President in 1912).
a. socialism is rejected by most Progressives as
too extreme in their goals and methods
b. Progressives want some gov’t regulation of biz
and industry. Socialists want gov’t ownership of
some biz and industry
c. Progressives (& most Americans) believed in
the superiority of the US system of free
enterprise (capitalism, market economy)
Socialism
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The Socialist Ticket 1912
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D. 4 Groups of Progressives 1. Efficiency Progressives – goal to make
city gov’t more efficient
a. Scientific management applied to gov’t - run gov’t more like a business
b. City gov’t required EXPERTS, not POLITICIANS (to head essential city services)
- change system to prevent boss or “machine” rule
- support commission plan or council /mgr plan
- specialists should run city depts
- prompted by Galveston, TX hurricane of 1900 24
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Replacing the City Machines
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2. Democracy Progressives - goal to make
US more democratic – make elected officials
more responsive to voters
a. State level reform efforts championed
by Robert La Follette of Wisconsin
(Laboratory Of Democracy)
1) Problem: party bosses indirectly
controlled which candidates were
chosen to run for office
Solution: Direct Primary – voters
given control over candidates
(voters decide who becomes the
candidate in presidential election)
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2) Problem: state legislatures
unresponsive to voters
Solution: Election reforms to
bring direct democracy to voters
Initiative – allowed voters to
“initiate” laws in state legislature
Referendum – in some states,
let voters accept or reject measures
proposed by state legislature
Recall – enabled voters to remove
unsatisfactory elected officials from
office before their term was up
“Fighting Bob”
La Follette
Recall in Action:
CA 2003 – Davis OUT, Arnold IN!
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3) Problem: open ballots allow
everyone to see your vote –
voters subject to pressure and
intimidation
Solution: Secret Ballot
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b. Federal level reform efforts
1) Problem: US Constitution stipulates
that each state leg. elect 2 senators
to DC – but machines or trusts
influenced election of those Senators
– repaid their supporters with
fed. contracts & jobs
- Solution: 17th Amendment to
the Constitution = direct
election of Senators by all
state voters
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2) Women’s suffrage. Problem: 50% of US
population disenfranchised
Solution: 19th Amendment to the
Constitution = women’s suffrage
Women’s Suffrage
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c. Women
1) The status of women: considered inferior. Couldn’t vote, serve on juries, or hold public office – their place was in the home. In most states, once married, woman lost control of her property and wages to her husband
2) The Road to Women’s Suffrage
a) Seneca Falls Convention (1848) –1st
women’s rights convention – LucretiaMott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton
b) 15th Amendment (1870) – black men vote: expanded calls for women’s vote
c) National Women’s Suffrage Assoc(NWSA) – pushed for constitutional amendment allowing women’s suffrage –Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Susan B arrested for voting in 1872 presidential election) 32
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Opposition to
Women’s
Suffrage
• Suffragists considered
unfeminine/immoral
• Some attacked
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Propaganda against
women’s suffrage
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d) American Woman Suffage Assoc-
(AWSA) - gain women’s suffrage by
convincing state gov’ts to give women’s
suffrage before trying to amend
constitution – Lucy Stone, Julia W. Howe
e) By 1900, only WY, ID, UT and CO had
granted women full voting rights
f) National American Woman Suffrage
Assoc (1890) – a combo of the NWSA &
AWSA . Middle-class women demand
voting rights to promote social reforms &
labor class women demand voting rights
to ensure passage of labor laws to
protect women
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Women’s Suffrage Movement
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g) Washington March - March 3, 1913 –
(day before W. Wilson’s inauguration)
organized by Alice Paul who believed
that protests were necessary to force
Pres. Wilson to act on women’s suffrage
h) 1915 “Winning Plan” – organized as the
final push to gain voting rights. NAWSA
supports Wilson in 1916, Wilson calls for
all states to give women suffrage
i) 1918-19 WWI: men went to fight, women
went to factories, mills and mines in
support of the war effort– support for
women’s suffrage grew
j) 19th Amendment – June 1919 passed by
Senate – Aug 1920 - ratified
Alice Paul
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The Washington March: March 13, 1913
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3. Social Welfare Progressives - goal to address social problems such as: illiteracy, alcohol abuse, child labor, safety
a. Created charities
ex. Jane Addams – settlement houses provided various services to the immigrants and the poor (Hull House)
b. Pushed for new laws to fix social probs
1) Problem: In 1900 ~ 2m kids under16 worked outside the home.
Solution: National Child Labor Committee - goal to end child labor
- some states establish minimum work age/ max work hrs
- compulsory education Laws Seafood Worker: young shrimp picker, age
5, and a mountain oyster shells behind
him.40
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2) Problem: Many adult workers labored in difficult and dangerous conditions.
- Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire
Solution: creation of health & safety codes: building codes, workers’ compensation laws, zoning laws - made work environment safer for workers
a) zoning laws regulate how land and buildings can be used + separate biz from residential areas
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Triangle Shirtwaist Company
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3) Problem: alcohol responsible for
many problems: loss of productivity
in the workplace, industrial
accidents, spousal & child abuse
Solution: temperance movement -
moderation or elimination of
alcohol.
- Women’s ChristianTemperance
Union (WCTU) led by Frances
Willard;+ Anti-Saloon League
pushed for prohibition–
laws banning the
manufacture, sale, &
consumption of alcohol
(18th amendment) 43
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WCTU
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4. Big Biz Progressives- goal to regulate/reform Big Biz
a. Pushed for new laws to regulate biz
b. Problem: wealth in the hands of too few –monopolies/trusts/holding companies too powerful – too much political power
Solution:
1) Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) strengthened
2) Consumer laws passed
3) Federal Trade Commission (FTC) set up to regulate biz
4) Sherman & Clayton Anti-trust Acts
5) biz licensing
6) regulate public utilities (so they set fair rates)
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II. Theodore Roosevelt (R)
(1901-1908) #26
A. Introduction1. age 42 – Youngest US President
2. Social Darwinist = int’l affairs; Progressive in domestic affairs – believed gov’t should balance needs of competing grps
a. Square Deal = promise of fair & equal treatment for all
b. Adopt reforms to maintain an efficient society that could compete successfully against other nations
Teddy Roosevelt
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B. Roosevelt’s Reforms1. Trusts – Necessary & Efficient, but some
hurting public interest – should be supervised, not destroyed
ex. Northern Securities Case: TR used Sherman Anti-trust Act to attack a RR monopoly. Supreme Ct orders company dissolved
TR earns reputation as a trustbuster!
2. Establishes Gov’t as broker btwn grps in society
ex. Coal Strike of 1902 – prices climbing, impending shortage. TR believes this an ex. of pursuit of pvt interest at expense of nation. Orders arbitration. Owners refuse. TR threatens to send in army to run mines – mine owners accept arbitration
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TR the Trustbuster
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3. Bureau of Corporations – new fed. Agency to investigate corps & publicize results
a. goal to keep big biz from abusing pwr thru knowledge & facts
b. TR exercised ability to regulate big biz w/o sacrificing the efficiency of trusts
- B of C investigation of US Steel: possible anti-trust law suit. USS offered to open acct books – in exchange, gov’t would allow USS to correct probs privately w/o going to court
4. Acts of Congress
a. Expedition Act – anti-trust suits given precedent in court dockets
b. Hepburn Act – gave ICC pwr to set RR rates, inspect books
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C. Social Welfare Action1. Issues?
a. Patent Medicine Biz
- variety of potions passed off as cure-
alls etc.
- many = just household mixtures.
others = dangerous compounds
b. Food/Meat
- Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle –
exposed appalling conditions in
meatpacking industry
The Jungle
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Magic Potions!
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2. Solutions?
a. Pure Food & Drug Act (1906) –
prohibited manuf./sale/ship. Of impure or
falsely labeled food, drugs, liquors,
medicines – required contents on labels
b. Meat Inspection Act (1906) – gave gov’t
pwr to inspect meat packing plants:
checked meat & set standards for
cleanliness etc.
Meat Reform
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D. Conservation (TRs most enduring
legacy)1. Issues?
a. US resources being used up at alarming
rate
- lumber co.s cutting, not replanting
- oil co. let oil/nat. gas gush out unused
b. Mismanagement of resources
- ranchers overgrazing
- mining co.s gouging huge holes in
earth
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2. TR supports conservation
a. Land development in West
- Newlands Reclamations Act: sale of western lands used for irrigation projects – build dams
b. Gifford Pinchot
1) US Forest Service (Pinchot in charge)
2) believed trained experts in forestry & resource mgmt should apply scientific mgmt to conserve forests
3) rejected laissez-faire philosophy of leaving preservation up to lumber cos. (lumber cos would conserve to ensure future profits)
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E. TR’s Legacy1. Americans look to the fed. Gov’t to solve
nation’s economic & social problems
2. Executive Branch grew in power
- ICC sets rates
- Ag Dept inspects food
- Bureau of Corps monitors biz
- antitrust suits etc
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III. William Howard Taft (R)(1909-1913) #27
A. Introduction1. picked by TR as his successor (was TRs
Sec. of War) – defeats William Jennings Bryan
(D) in 1908 election (WJB lost for 3rd time )
2. Taft hated politics – wanted law career
a. Very diff from TR: agreed to become Pres
b/c his wife and TR wanted him to.
b. Had many progressive ideas, but conflict w/
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B. Taft lost credibility w/ progressives over 3 issues:
1. Tariffs
a. Taft believed tariffs should be reduced as US biz no longer needed special protection; believed lower tariffs would bring lower prices to consumers; drop in revenue from tariffs could be made up w/ taxes
b. Bill to lower introduced – but in Senate, head of Senate committee, supporter of high tariffs, rewrote it (The Payne-Aldrich Tariff)
- didn’t reduce tariffs much & raised tariffs on some goods!
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1) Taft trapped! If he vetoed it, he would upset conservative Republicans, if he signed it, he would anger progressives
2) Signed it & said it was the best tariff bill ever!
2. The House Revolt
a. Joseph Cannon was Speaker of the House
- anti-progressive
- controlled committee assignments, order of biz, etc
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b. Progressives in Congress decided he
must be removed, from rules committee
at least
- Progs asked for Taft’s support in this
issue – he refused
3. Conservation
a. Taft gets caught up in spat btwn Sec of
Interior Richard Ballinger & Chief
Forester Pinchot over leasing public
land in Alaska to pvt developers
b. Taft supports Ballinger. Pinchot goes to
Europe to tell TR that his buddy was
selling progressivism down the river
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C. Taft’s Progressive Reforms
– Taft WAS a Progressive!!1. Children’s Bureau – investigated/publicized
child labor problems
2. Mann-Elkins Act (1910) – gave ICC power
over telegraph, telephone, (wireless)
3. Conservation
a. Bureau of Mines – oversees mining
activity
b. Forest Reserve Act – expanded Nat’l
Forests
c. Protected waterpower sites from pvt
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4. 90 Anti-trust suits (2x as many as TR)
a. TR critical: said breaking up trusts was
destroying his system of cooperation &
regulation btwn gov’t/biz
b. TR advocated allowing trusts to exist,
while increasing govts ability to regulate
them
c. TR breaks w/ Taft – decides to reenter
politics, run for Pres in 1912 election
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IV. Woodrow Wilson (D)
(1913-1921) #28
A. Election of 19121. Taft/TR competing for Repub candicacy
a. Conservatives = Taft
b. Progressive = TR
2. Taft has more support (TR scares them when he declares fed gov’t to be steward over public’s welfare)
3. TR leave Rep Party” forms “Progressive Party” aka “The Bull Moose Party”
- “New Nationalism” – more powerful nat’lgov’t & strong exec branch to regulate biz/trusts
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4. Woodrow Wilson = Democrat, “New Freedom”
a. Progressive Dem from NJ
1) revamped election laws
2) utility regulation
3) cities changed to commissioner
form in NJ
b. Monopolies should be destroyed, not
regulated
- freedom more important than
efficiency
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5. Woodrow Wilson elected
a. TR & Taft split Republican Vote, so…
Democrat wins easily!
b. example of a Third Party as an election
“spoiler”
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B. Wilson on the Economy1. Tariffs
a. Wilson personally appeared before
Congress to address need to reduce
tariffs
b. Believed pressure of foreign competition
would lead US manufacturers to improve
their products & lower prices
- “constant necessity to be efficient,
economic & enterprising”
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b. Federal Reserve System/Act (1913)
1) 12 Regional “bankers banks”
- bankers kept portion of their
deposits in these to cushion
against unanticipated losses
2) Board of Govs appointed by Pres.
- had pwr to raise/lower interest
rates – thus had abililty to fight
inflation by raising interest
rates & stimulate economy
during recession by lowering
interest rates
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3. Anti-trust Action
a. Federal Trade Commission (FTC)
- investigates unfair biz practices (that
hurt competition), cease & desist
orders
b. Clayton Anti-Trust Act
- banned tying agreements, price
discrimination, volume discounts
- exempted labor from anti-trust laws
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C. Federal Aid & Social Welfare1. Child Labor
- Keating-Owen Act: prohibited
employment of children under 14 in
factories producing goods for interstate
commerce (court ruled against this)
2. Adamson Act
- 8 hr workday for RR workers
3. Federal Farm Loan Act
- 12 member banks provide farmers w/
long-term, low-interest loans
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D. Legacy of Progressives1. more efficient city gov’t
2. more democratic state gov’t
3. increased biz regulation
4. improved working conditions
5. new amendments to constitution
6. role of gov’t to fix social & economic problems
increased
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E. Limits to Progressivism: US still very
racist1. Niagara Mvmt (1905)
2. NAACP (1910)
3. WEB DuBois – vote essential to bring about
an end to racial discrimination
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