THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE AES 25th

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

2004 June 17-19

m m— mm

7,v —

'<̂ 8?17-19 June 2004

London, UK

London, UK

Conference Chair: John Grant

AUDIO ENGINEERING SOCIETY, inc.INTERNATIONAL HEADQUARTERS

60 East 42nd Street, Room 2520, New York, NY 10165-2520, USA Tel: +1 212 661 8528 ■ Fax: +1 212 682 0477

E-m ail: H Q @ aes.org ■ In ternet: http ://w w w .aes.org

ADMINISTRATION

R oger K. Furness Executive Director S andra J. Requa Executive Assistant to the Executive Director

OFFICERS 2003/2004

R onald S treicher President

Theresa Leonard President-Elect

Kees A. Im m ink Past President

Jim Anderson Vice President Eastern Region, USA/Canada

Frank W ells Vice President Central Region, USA/Canada

Bob M oses Vice President Western Region, USA/Canada

Soren Bech Vice President Northern Region, Europe

B ozena KostekVice President, Central Region, Europe

Ivan Stamac Vice President, Southern Region, Europe

M ercedes O norato Vice President Latin American Region

Neville Thiele Vice President, International Region

Han Tendeloo Secretary

M arshall Buck Treasurer

GOVERNORS

Jerry Bruck C urtis Hoyt

Garry M argolis Roy Pritts

Don Puluse Richard Sm all Peter Sw arte

K unim aro Tanaka

COMMITTEES

AWARDS Garry M argolis Chair

CONFERENCE POLICY Soren Bech Chair

CONVENTION POLICY & FINANCE M arshall Buck Chair

EDUCATION Theresa Leonard Chair

FUTURE DIRECTIONS Ron Streicher Chair

HISTORICAL J. G. (Jay) M cK night Chair

Irving Joel Vice Chair Donald J. P lunkett Chair Emeritus

LAWS & RESOLUTIONS Th eresa Leonard Chair

MEMBERSHIP/ADMISSIONS Francis Rum sey Chair

NOMINATIONS Kees A. Im mink Chair

PUBLICATIONS POLICY Richard H. Sm all Chair

REGIONS AND SECTIONS Subir P ram anik and Roy Pritts Cochairs

STANDARDS R ichard C halm ers Chair

TELLERS C h ris to p h er V. Freitag Chair

TECHNICAL COUNCIL

W ieslaw V. W oszczyk Chair Ju rg en H erre and

R obert S chu lein Vice Chairs

TECHNICAL COMMITTEES

ACOUSTICS & SOUND REINFORCEMENT

M endel K le in er Chair Kurt G raffy Vice Chair

ARCHIVING, RESTORATION AND DIGITAL LIBRARIES

David A ckerm an Chair

AUDIO FOR GAMES M artin W ilde Chair

AUDIO FOR TELECOMMUNICATIONS

B ob Zu rek Chair A nd rew B right Vice Chair

CODING OF AUDIO SIGNALS Jam es Johnston and

Ju rg en H erre Cochairs

AUTOMOTIVE AUDIO R ichard S. S troud Chair

Tim Nind Vice Chair

HIGH-RESOLUTION AUDIO M alco lm H aw ksford Chair

Vicki R. M elch ior and Takeo Y am am oto Vice Chairs

LOUDSPEAKERS & HEADPHONES D avid C lark Chair

Ju ha B ackm an Vice Chair

MICROPHONES & APPLICATIONS D avid Jo sep h so n Chair

W olfgang N ieh o ff Vice Chair

MULTICHANNEL & BINAURAL AUDIO TECHNOLOGIES Francis R um sey Chair

G u nth er T h e ile Vice Chair

NETWORK AUDIO SYSTEMS Jerem y C o o p ers to ck Chair R ob ert R ow e and Thom as

S p o rer Vice Chairs

AUDIO RECORDING & STORAGE SYSTEMS

Derk R eefm an Chair K unim aro Tanaka Vice Chair

PERCEPTION & SUBJECTIVE EVALUATION OF AUDIO SIGNALS

D urand B egault Chair Soren Bech and Eiichi M iyasaka

Vice Chairs

SEMANTIC AUDIO ANALYSIS M ark S and ler Chair

SIGNAL PROCESSING R onald A arts Chair

Jam es Johnston and Christoph M.M u s ia lik Vice Chairs

STUDIO PRACTICES & PRODUCTION G eorge M assenburg Chair

Alan Parsons, David Sm ith and M ick Saw aguchi Vice Chairs

TRANSMISSION & BROADCASTING Stephen Lym an Chair

Neville Th ie le Vice Chair

Steve Harris Vice Chair

Working Groups

SC-06-01 Audio-File Transfer and Exchange M ark Yonge, B rooks Harris

S C -06-02 Audio A pp lica tion s Using th e High Perform ance Serial Bus (IEEE: 1394): John S traw n, Bob Moses

S C -06-04 In ternet A udio D elivery System K arlhe inz B randenburg

S C -06-06 A udio M etadata C. C ham bers

Correspondence to AES officers and committee chairs should be addressed to them at the society's international headquarters.

STANDARDS COMMITTEE

R ichard C ha lm ersChair

John W oodgateVice Chair

B ruce O lsonVice Chair, Western Hemisphere

M ark YongeSecretary, Standards Manager

Yoshizo Sohm aVice Chair, International

SC-02 SUBCOMMITTEE ON DIGITAL AUDIO

R obin C ain e Chair R obert A. F inger Vice Chair

Working Groups

SC-02-01 D ig ital A udio M easu rem en t Techn iques R ichard C. C abot, I. D ennis, M. Keyhl

S C -02-02 D igital In put-O utpu t In terfac ing:John G rant, R obert A. F inger

S C -02- 05 S yn c h ro n iza tio n : Robin Caine

SC-03 SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE PRESERVATION AND RESTORATION OF AUDIO RECORDING

Ted Sheldon Chair Dietrich S chu ller Vice Chair

Working Groups

SC-03-01 A nalog R ecord ing: J. G. M cK night

S C -03-02 Transfer Technologies: Lars G austad, G reg Faris

SC-03-04 Storage and Handling of Media: Ted Sheldon, Gerd Cyrener

S C -03-06 D ig ital L ib rary and A rch ives System s: David A ckerm an , Ted Sheldon

SC-03-12 Forensic Audio: Tom Owen, M. M cDerm ott Eddy Bogh Brixen

SC-04 SUBCOMMITTEE ON ACOUSTICS

M endel K leiner Chair David Josephson Vice Chair

Working Groups

SC-04-01 A co ustics and Sound S ource M odeling R ichard H. C am pb ell, W olfgang A hnert

S C -04-03 Lo ud speaker M odeling and M easu rem en t David P rince, Neil Harris , S teve Hutt

S C -04-04 M icro ph one M e asu rem en t and C h a rac te riza tio n David Josephson, Jackie G reen

S C -04-07 L isten ing Tests: David C lark, T. N ousaine

SC-05 SUBCOMMITTEE ON INTERCONNECTIONS

Ray Rayburn Chair John W oodgate Vice Chair

Working Groups

S C -05-02 A ud io C onnectors Ray R ayburn, W erner B achm ann

S C -05-05 G rounding and EM C Practices B ruce O lson, Jim Brown

SC-06 SUBCOMMITTEE ON NETWORK AND FILE TRANSFER OF AUDIO

Robin C ain e Chair

AES REGIONAL OFFICES

Europe ConventionsZevenbunderslaan 142/9, BE-1190 Brussels, Belgium, Tel: +32 2 345 7971, Fax: +32 2 345 3419, E-mail for c t -ivention information: eu roconventions@ aes.org.Europe ServicesB.P. 50, FR-94364 Bry Sur Marne Cedex, France, Tel: +33 1 4881 4632, Fax: +33 1 4706 0648, E-mail for membership and publication sales: eu roserv ices@ aes.org .United KingdomBritish Section, Audio Engineering Society Ltd., P. 0 . Box 645, Slough,SL1 8BJ UK, Tel: +441628 663725, Fax: +44 1628 667002,E-mail: U K@ aes.org.JapanAES Japan Section, 1-38-2 Yoyogi, Room 703, Shibuyaku-ku,Tokyo 151-0053, Japan, Tel: +81 3 5358 7320, Fax: +81 3 5358 7328, E-mail: aesjapan@ aes.o rg .

AES REGIONS AND SECTIONS

Eastern Region, USA/CanadaSections: Atlanta, Boston, District of Columbia, New York, Philadelphia, Toronto Student Sections: American University, Appalachian State University, Berklee College of Music, Carnegie Mellon University, Duquesne University, Fredonia,Full Sail Real World Education, Hampton University, Institute of Audio Research, McGill University, New York University, Peabody Institute of Johns Hopkins University, Pennsylvania State University, University of Hartford, University of Massachusetts-Lowell, University of Miami, University of North Carolina at Asheville, William Patterson University, Worcester Polytechnic Institute Central Region, USA/CanadaSections: Central Indiana, Chicago. Cincinnati, Detroit, Kansas City,Nashville, Nebraska, New Orleans, St. Louis, Upper Midwest, West Michigan Student Sections: Ball State University, Belmont University, Columbia Col lege, Michigan Technological University, Middle Tennessee State University, Music Tech College, SAE Nashville, Ohio University, Ridgewater College, Hutchinson Campus, Texas State University-San Marcos, University of Arkansas-Pine Bluff, University o f Cincinnati, University of Illinois-Urbana- Champaign, University of Michigan, Webster University Western Region, USA/CanadaSections: Alberta, Colorado, Los Angeles, Pacific Northwest, Portland,San Diego, San Francisco, Utah, VancouverStudent Sections: American F-liver College, Brigham Young University, Cal ifornia State University-Chico, Citrus College, Cogswell Polytechnical Col lege, Conservatory of Recording Arts and Sciences, Expression Center for New Media, Long Beach City College, San Diego State University, San Fran cisco State University, Cal Poly San Luis Obispo, Stanford University, The Art Institute of Seattle, University o f Colorado at Denver, University of Southern Cali fornia, Vancouver Northern Region, EuropeSections: Belgian, British, Danish, Finnish, Moscow, Netherlands,Norwegian, St. Petersburg, SwedishStudent Sections: All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography, Danish, Netherlands, Russian Academy of Music, St. Petersburg, University of Lulea-PiteaCentral Region, EuropeSections: Austrian, Belarus, Czech, Central German, North German,South German, Hungarian, Lithuanian, Polish, Slovakian Republic, Swiss, UkrainianStudent Sections: Aachen, Berlin, Czech Republic, Darmstadt, Detmold, Diisseldorf, Graz, llmenau, Technical University of Gdansk (Poland), Vienna, Wroclaw University of Technology Southern Region, EuropeSections: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgarian, Croatian, French, Greek, Israel, Ital ian, Portugal, Romanian, Slovenian, Spanish, Serbia and Montenegro, Turkish Student Sections: Croatian, Conservatoire de Paris, Italian, Louis-Lumiere Latin American Reg ionSections: Argentina,, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, VenezuelaStudent Sections: -Del Bosque University, I.A.V.Q., Javeriana University, Los Andes University, Orson Welles Institute, San Buenaventura University, Taller de Arte Sonoro (Caracas)International RegionSections: Adelaide, Brisbane, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Melbourne, Philippines, Singapore, Sydney

PURPOSE: The Audio Engineering Society is organized for the purpose of: uniting persons performing professional services in the audio engi neering field and its allied arts; collecting, collating, and disseminating scientific knowledge in the field of audio engineering and its allied arts; advancing such science in both theoretical and practical applications; and preparing!, publishing, and distributing literature and periodicals rela tive to the foregoing purposes and policies.MEMBERSHIP: Individuals who are interested in audio engineering may become members of the AES. Information on joining the AES can be found at www.aes. org. Grades and annual dues are: Full members and associate members, $90 for both the printed and online Journal; $60 for online Jour nal only. S tudent members: $50 for printed and online Journal; $20 for online Journal only. A subscription to the Journal is included with all member ships. Sustaining memberships are available to persons, corporations, or organizations who wish to support the Society.

THE PROCEEDIN GS O F THE AES 25th

INTERN ATIO N AL CO N FERENCE

2004 June 17-19

= )= * m *>m..Jr r - * -

1 7 - 1 9 J u n e 2 0 0 4 L o n d o n , U K

London, UK

Conference Chair: John Grant

EDITORIAL STAFF

Daniel R. von Recklinghausen Editor

William T. McQuaide Managing Editor Ingeborg M. Stochmal Gerri M. Calamusa Senior Editor Copy EditorAbbie J. Cohen Senior Editor Barry A. BlesserMary Ellen llich Associate Editor Consulting Technical EditorPatricia L. Sarch Art Director Stephanie PaynesFlavia Elzinga Advertising Writer

Ronald M. Aarts Jam es A. S. Angus George L. Augspurger Jerry Bauck Jam es W. Beauchamp Soren Bech Durand Begault Barry A . B lesser John S. Brad ley Robert Bristow-Johnson John J . Bubbers Marshall Buck Mahlon D. Burkhard Richard C . Cabot Robert R. Cordell Andrew Duncan John M. Earg le Lou is D. Fielder Edward J . Foster Mark R. Gander Earl R. Geddes David Griesinger

REVIEW BOARD

Malcolm 0 . J . Hawksford Jurgen Herre Tom linson Holman Andrew Horner Jyr i Huopaniemi Jam es D. Johnston Arie J . M. Kaizer Jam es M. Kates D. B. Kee le , Jr .Mendel Kle iner David L. Klepper Wo lfgang Klippel W. Marshall Leach , Jr . Stan ley P. Lipsh itz Robert C. Maher Dan Mapes-Riordan J . G. (Jay) McKnight Guy W. McNally D. J . Meares Robert A. Moog Brian C . J . Moore Jam es A. Moorer D ick Pierce Martin Polon

D. Pre is Derk Reefman Franc is Rumsey Kees A. Schouhamer

Immink Manfred R. Schroeder Robert B. Schu le in Richard H. Small Ju l ius 0 . Sm ith I I I G ilbert Soulodre Herman J . M. Steeneken John S . Stewart John Strawn G . R. (Bob) Thurmond J ir i T ichy Floyd E. Too le Em il L. Torick John Vanderkooy A lexander Vo ishvillo Daniel R.von

Recklinghausen Rhonda Wilson John M. Woodgate W ieslaw V. Woszczyk

AES 25th INTERNATIO NAL CONFERENCE

Metadata l or Au dJ o2004 June 17-19

CHAIRJohn Grant

PAPERS COCHAIRSRusse ll M ason and G erhard Sto ll

AES EXECUTIVE DIRECTORRoger Furness

COMMITTEEMark Yonge, Chris Chambers, Heather Lane , and Paul Troughton

Copyright © 2004 Audio Engineering Society, Inc.

Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 88-650002

ISBN 0-937803-52-9

First printing June 2004. Printed in the United States of America.

For purposes of review or as c ita tion of authority, brief passages m ay be rep roduced from The Proceedings o f the AES 25th International Conference with customary credit to the source. For other purposes, reproduction of any material in The Proceedings o f the AES 25th International Conference requires the permission of the Audio Engineering Society and the author(s). Inquiries should be sent to: Editorial Office, Audio Engineering Society, Inc., 60 East 42nd Street, New York, New York 10165-2520, USA. Telephone: (212) 661-8528, Fax: (212) 661-7829.

The Audio Engineering Society is not responsible for statements made by the contributors.

The papers published in these proceedings have been reproduced from the authors’ manuscripts and without consideration by the Journal Review Board.

Contents

T -l INTRODUCTION

T l-1 Metadata, Identities, and Handling.Strategies...............................................................................13Chris Chambers, BBC R&D, Tadworth, Surrey, UK (invited)

T l-2 Before There Was M etadata........................................................................ Presented without paperMark Yonge (invited)

T-2 FILE BASICS

T2-1 Introduction to AAF and M X F............................................................................................................19Philip DeNier, BBC R&D, Tadworth, Surrey, UK (invited)

T2-2 XML Prim er......................................................................................................Presented without paperClaude Seyrat (invited)

T2-3 Keeping it Simple: BWF and A ES31................................................................................................. 25John Emmett, Broadcast Project Research Ltd., Teddington, Middlesex, UK (invited)

T-3 PRACTICAL SCHEMES

T3-1 Role of Registries...................................................................................................................................... 29Philippa Morrell, Industry Standards M anager BOSS Federation, High Wycombe, UK (invited)

T3-2 Sound Effects Taxonomy Management in Production Environm ents................................... 35

Pedro Cano, Markus Koppenberger, Oscar Celma, Perfecto Herrera, Vadim Tarasov, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

T3-3 Core Metadata: Background and Significance..............................................................................43

Richard Wright, BBC Information & Archives, London, UK (invited)

T-4 W ORKSHOP— MPEG-7Managing Large Sound Databases Using M PEG -7.....................................................................48Max Jacob, IRCAM, Paris, France (invited)

Integrating Low-Level Metadata in Multimedia Database Management

System s...............................................................................................................Presented without paperMichael Casey, City University, London, UK (invited)

Tools for Content-Based Retrieval and Transformation of Audio Using MPEG-7:

The SPOff and the M DTools................................................................................................................53Oscar Celma, Emilia Gomez, Jordi Janer, Fabien Gouyon, Perfecto Herrera,David Garcia, University Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain (invited)

Using MPEG-7 Audio Low-Level Scalability: A Guided Tour Presented without paperJurgen Herre, Eric Allamanche, Fraunhofer IIS, Ilmenau, Germany (invited)

SESSION 1: FRAM EW O RK S..............................................................................................59

Data Model for Audio/Video Production.................................................Presented without paperA. Ebner, IRT, Munich. Germany (invited)

P-META: Program Data Exchange in Practice.................................... Presented without paperWes Curtis, BBC Television, London, UK (invited)

1-1

1-2

AES 25th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

Contents continued

r%SESSION 2: POSTERS, PART 1........................................... ...........................................61

2-1 Low-Complexity Musical Meter Estimation from Polyphonic M usic.........................Christian Uhle, Jan Rohden, Markus Cremer, Fraunhofer IDMT, Ilmenau, Germany; Jiirgen Herre. Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany

.63

2-2 Percussion-Related Semantic Descriptors of Music Audio F iles ............................Perfecto Herrera, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Vegard Sandvold, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Fabien Gouyon, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

..69

2-3 Automatic Extraction of Tonal Metadata from Polyphonic Audio Recordings.................74Emilia Gomez, Peifecto Herrera, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

2-4

2-5

Phone-Based Spoken Document Retrieval in Conformance with the MPEG-7 Standard......................................................................................................................................................81

Nicolas Moreau, Hyoung-Gook Kim, Thomas Sikora, Technical University of Berlin,Berlin, Germany

Efficient Musical Instrument Recognition on Solo Performance M usic Using Basic Features.......................................................................................................................................................89

Slim Essid, Gael Richard, Bertrand David, GET-ENST (TZIZcom Paris), Paris, France

SESSION 3; TO OLKITS........................................................................................................ 95

3-1 Digital Media Project....................................Richard Nicol, BT, Ipswich, UK (invited)

..Presented without paper

3-2 M PEG-21: What and W hy............................................................................................

Jan Bormans, IMEC, Leuven, Belgium; Kate Grant, Nine Tiles Networks Ltd., Cambridge, UK (invited)

.97

! Z j i

3-3 An XML-Based 3-D Audio Scene Metadata Schem e................................................................102Guillaume Potard, Ian Burnett, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia

SESSION 4: FEATURE EXTRACTION, SESSION A ............................................113

4-1 A System for Harmonic Analysis of Polyphonic M usic....................................

Markus Cremer, Claas Derboven, Fraunhofer IIS IDMT, Ilmenau, Germany115

4-2 Robust Identification o f Time-Scaled A u d io .................................R o lf Bardeli, Frank Kurth, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany

.121

4-3 Computing Structural Descriptions of Music through the Identification ofRepresentative Excerpts from Audio F ile s ...................................................................................133Bee-Suan Ong, Peifecto Herrera, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

SESSION 5: POSTERS, PART 2 .......................................................................................145

5-1 Toward Describing Perceived Complexity of Songs: Computational Methodsand Implementation................................................................................................................................. 147Sebastian Streich, Perfecto Herrera, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

AES 25th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

Contents continued

5-2 How Efficient Is MPEG-7 for General Sound Recognition?.................................................... 156

Hyoung-Gook Kim, Juan Jose Burred, Thomas Sikora, Technical University Berlin,Berlin, Germany

5-3 Automatic Optimization of a Musical Similarity Metric Using Similarity Pairs 162

Thorsten Kastner, Jurgen Herre, Eric Allamanche, Oliver Hellmuth, Christian Ertel,Marion Schalek, Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany

5-4 Automatic Extraction of MPEG-7 Audio Metadata Using the Media Asset

Management System iF inder..............................................................................................................174

Jobst Loffler, Konstantin Biatov, Joachim Kohler, Fraunhofer IMK, Sankt Augustin,Germany

5-5 An Opera Information System Based on M PEG -7......................................................................181

Oscar Celma, Enric Mieza, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

SESSION 6 : FEATURE EXTRACTION, SESSION B ...........................................187

Drum Pattern Based Genre Classification of Popular M usic................................................ 189Christian Uhle, Christian Dittmar, Fraunhofer IDMT, Ilmenau, Germany

Evaluating Rhythmic Descriptors for Musical Genre Classification...................................196Fahien Gouyon, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain; Simon Dixon, Elias Pampalk, Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Vienna, Austria;Gerhard Widmer, Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Vienna,Austria, and Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

6-1

6-2

6-3 Music Genre Estimation from Uow-Level Audio Features....................................................

Oliver Hellmuth, Eric Allamanche, Jurgen Herre, Thorsten Kastner, Nicolas Lefebvre, Fraunhofer IIS, Erlangen, Germany; R alfW istorf, Fraunhofer IDMT, Ilmenau, Germany

.205

I t f+- SESSION 7: BROADCAST IM PLEM ENTATIO NS, SESSION A ....................213

Audio Metadata in Radio Broadcasting........................................................................................ 215

Shigeru Aoki, TokyoFM Broadcasting, Tokyo, Japan; Masahito Kawamori, NTT,Tokyo, Japan

Integrated Metadata in the Broadcast Environment................................................................ 220Joe Bull, SADiE UK, Cambridgeshire, UK; Kai-Uwe Kaup, VCS Aktiengesellschaft, Bochum, Germany

7-1

7-2

SESSION 8: BROADCAST IM PLEM ENTATIO NS, SESSION B .....................229

8-1 Broadcast Wave and AES Audio in M XF..................................................................................... 231

Bruce Devlin, David Brooks, David Schweinsberg, Snell & Wilcox Ltd., Havant, UK

8-2 The Advanced Authoring Format and its Relevance to the Exchange o f AudioEditing D ecisions...................................................................................................................................236David McLeish, SADiE, Cambridgeshire, UK; Phil Tudor, BBC R&D, Tadworth, Surrey, UK

AES 25th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

Contents continued

9-3

SESSION 9: LIBRARIES AND ARCHIVES. .243

9-1 Development of a Digital Preservation Program at the Library ofCongress..............................................................................................................Presented without paperCarl Fleischhauer, Samuel Brylawski, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, USA

9-2 Audio Metadata Used in the Radio Nacional de Espana Sound Archive Project........... 245Miguel Rodeiio, Alcala University, Madrid, Spain; Jesus Cozar, Isabel Diaz, Radio Nacional de Espa-a, Madrid, Spain

Integration of Audio Computer Systems and Archives Via the SAM/EBU Dublin Core Standard, Tech.doc 3293 ..........................................................................................................258Lars Jonsson, Swedish Radio, Stockholm, Sweden; Gunnar Dahl, KSAD, Norsk Rikskringkasting, Trondheim, Norway

SESSION 10: DELIVERY OF A U D IO .......................................................................... 263

10-1 Watermarking and Copy Protection by Information Hiding in Soundtracks..................265Tim Jackson, Keith Yates, Francis Li, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK

10-2 Metadata Requirements for Enabling the Online Recording Industry’s New

Business Models and Pricing Structures....................................................................................... 275Nicolas Sincaglia, MusicNow Inc., Chicago, IL, USA

10-3 Audio Metadata Transcription from M eeting Transcripts for the Continuous

Media W eb...............................................................................................................................................288Claudia Schremmer, CSIRO, North Ryde, NSW, Australia; Steve Cassidy, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Australia; Silvia Pfeiffer, CSIRO, North Ryde, NSW, Australia

, -p-4~ A UTH ORS’ IN D E X ................................................................................................................297

AES 25th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

John Grant Chair

Gerhard Stoll Papers Cochair

Russell Mason Papers Cochair

Roger Furness AES Executive Director

MarkYonge Chris Chambers Heather Lane Paul TroughtonCommittee Committee Committee Committee

Committee's Greeting

Welcome to the AES 25th International Conference on Metadata fo r Audio. We hope you will enjoy your stay in London and find the conference stimulating and informative.

It is a fact that few celebrity interviews mention the term metadata, however, the business that supports these same celebrities could scarcely function without these tools. M etadata— the data that accompanies content— and the computer tools that use it, are enormously significant for the future of audio businesses. Few areas have remained untouched by this revolution. Music publish�ing companies leverage metadata to reach their markets more effectively and to reach out to new markets. New forms o f business using on-line distribution simply could not exist without the intelligent use of metadata to inform and control transactions. Libraries and archives, with a long tradition of cataloging and indexing recorded material, now rely on metadata-driven equivalents to organize their collections effectively and to make them available to a wider audience than was previously possible.

Long gone are the days when a box label supported by a card index was considered an adequate way to track recordings. Transactions involving physical objects have increasingly been replaced by more abstract systems where the physical goods are represented by a structure o f coded ele�ments— the metadata. Network-based audio transactions can take this a step further by eliminat�ing the physical goods entirely and refining the delivered package to metadata plus audio data.

However, metadata is much more than just inventory control. Some uses o f metadata can add richness to the audio content to the point of becoming content in its own right: just think of album lyrics or artist biographies.

Recent developments also allow audio data to create its own metadata. MPEG-7 supports auto�matically-generated descriptive metadata that would allow you, for example, to specify a piece of music by referring to attributes o f its style or content as part o f a database search. The key, of course, is in the sophistication of the analysis of the audio, which will also be discussed.

We hope that this conference will provide a better insight into the world o f metadata and gener�ate ideas for future uses and developments.

On behalf of the organizing committee,J ohn G ran t , G erh ard S to l l , R ussel l M a so n , R og er F urn ess ,

M ark Y ong e , C hr is cham b er s , H ea th er L an e , an d P au l T rough ton

AES 25th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 9