the president's annual address

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THE ANALYST. FEBRUARY, 1897. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS, THE annual general meeting was held on Wednesday, January 13, 1897, in the Chemical Society’s Rooms, Burlington House, the President (Dr. Stevenson) occupying the chair. The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed. In the absence, through illness, of the Ron. Treasurer (Mr. E. W. Voelcker), his report and the accounts for the past year were presented by Dr. J. Augustus Voelcker, and, on the proposal of Mr. Archbutt, seconded by Mr. Ekins, were unani.morisly adopted. Mr. Archbutt and Mr. Budden were appointed to act as scrutators of the ballot-papers. It was proposed by Mr. Smetham, and seconded by Mr. Page, that a vote of thanks should be accorded to the Ron. Treasurer and Hon. Auditors for their services during the past year. The following gentlemen were nominated by the Council for election as Associates : Mr. Arthur Angell, jun., assistant to Mr. Arthur Angell, Southampton ; Mr. W. H. Jackson, assistant to Mr. A. C. Wilson, Stockton-on-Tees; and Mr, Arnold Rowsby Tankard, assistant to Mr. Alfred H. Allen. Mr. Frank H. Stephens was elected a member. The PRESIDENT then delivered the following address : The past year has been one marked in the annals of the Society by quiet, steady progress, and some important events to which I shall presently refer in detail. During the year we have elected 1 Honorary Member and 11 new ordinary Members, also 6 Associates, and 1 Associate has been transferred from the list of Associates to that of Members. On the other hand, 1 Member and 1 Associate have resigned, and the names of 2 Members and of 1 Associate have been removed from the list for non-payment of subscriptions. The respective numbers of the Members and Associates as compared with those of the previous year are therefore as follows : Hon. members ... ... ... ... 10 11 Members ... ... ... ... ... 210 218 Associates ... ... ... ... ... 26 29 Total ... ... 246 258 The motion was carried unanimously. THE PRESIDENT’S ANNUAL ADDRESS. January, 1896. January, 1897. Published on 01 January 1897. Downloaded on 27/10/2014 04:02:22. View Article Online / Journal Homepage / Table of Contents for this issue

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Page 1: The President's annual address

THE ANALYST. FEBRUARY, 1897.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY OF PUBLIC ANALYSTS,

THE annual general meeting was held on Wednesday, January 13, 1897, in the Chemical Society’s Rooms, Burlington House, the President (Dr. Stevenson) occupying the chair.

The minutes of the previous meeting were read and confirmed. I n the absence, through illness, of the Ron. Treasurer (Mr. E. W. Voelcker),

his report and the accounts for the past year were presented by Dr. J. Augustus Voelcker, and, on the proposal of Mr. Archbutt, seconded by Mr. Ekins, were unani.morisly adopted.

Mr. Archbutt and Mr. Budden were appointed to act as scrutators of the ballot-papers.

It was proposed by Mr. Smetham, and seconded by Mr. Page, that a vote of thanks should be accorded to the Ron. Treasurer and Hon. Auditors for their services during the past year.

The following gentlemen were nominated by the Council for election as Associates : Mr. Arthur Angell, jun., assistant to Mr. Arthur Angell, Southampton ; Mr. W. H. Jackson, assistant to Mr. A. C. Wilson, Stockton-on-Tees; and Mr, Arnold Rowsby Tankard, assistant to Mr. Alfred H. Allen.

Mr. Frank H. Stephens was elected a member. The PRESIDENT then delivered the following address :

The past year has been one marked in the annals of the Society by quiet, steady progress, and some important events to which I shall presently refer in detail.

During the year we have elected 1 Honorary Member and 11 new ordinary Members, also 6 Associates, and 1 Associate has been transferred from the list of Associates to that of Members. On the other hand, 1 Member and 1 Associate have resigned, and the names of 2 Members and of 1 Associate have been removed from the list for non-payment of subscriptions. The respective numbers of the Members and Associates as compared with those of the previous year are therefore as follows :

Hon. members ... ... ... ... 10 11 Members ... ... ... ... ... 210 218 Associates ... ... ... ... ... 26 29

Total ... ... 246 258

The motion was carried unanimously.

T H E PRESIDENT’S ANNUAL ADDRESS.

January, 1896. January, 1897.

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30 THE ANALYST.

The following papers were presented to the Society :

( ( Note on a series of Analyses of a Private Water Supply.”

‘‘ The Determination of Oxygen in Commercial Copper.” ( ( The Composition of Milk and Milk Products.” 6‘ A new form of Carbonic Acid Apparatus.” ‘‘ Laboratory Notes.” By Alfred H. Allen. ‘( On the Estimation of the Diastatic Power of Malt.” By Walter J. Sykes, M.D.,

By H. Droop Richmond and

By E. Russell Budden.

By Bertram Blount. By H. Droop Richmond.

By Cecil H. Cribb, B.Sc.

and C. A. Mitchell, B.A.

L. K. Boseley. Further Note on the Detection of Formalin.”

By Otto Hehner. (‘ The Detection of Formalin.”

‘ 4 The Bacteriological Examination of Water for the Typhoid Bacillus.”

‘ 4 Note on the Estimation of Formic Aldehyde.” ‘6 Note on Hehner’s Test for Formic Aldehyde.” [‘ The Composition of Human Fat.” ( ( Note on an Incrustation found in Hot-water Pipes.” By J. Augustus Voelcker,

( ( The Examination of Commercial Milk Sugar.” “ Note on ( drawn ’ or exhausted Caraways.” By Bernard Dyer, D.Sc., and J.

( I The Analysis of Mortar.” By W. J. Dibdin and R. Grimwood. ( ( Commercial Prussian Blue.” By Ernest J. Parry, B.Sc., and John Eenry

(‘ Commercial Cream of Tartar.” By Alfred H. Allen.

“ Note on Ginger.” By Thos. P. Blunt. “The Determination of Stearic Acid in Fats.” By Otto Hehner and C. A.

Mitchell, B. A. Further Note on Lead in Canadian Cheese.” By F. Wallis Stoddart. Note on Formalin.” By Samuel Rideal, D.Sc., and Ronald Orchard.

Note on the Detection of Cotton-seed Oil in Lard.” By E. J. Bevan. By T.

H. Pearmain and C. G. Moor, M.A. By Harry M. Smith. By Norman Leonard, B.Sc.

By C. A. Mitchell, B.A.

M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D. By H. Droop Richmond.

F. H. Gilbard.

Coste.

Note on Lead in a Sample of Canadian Cheese.” By F. Wallis Stoddart.

‘6 On the Separation and Estimation of Formic Aldehyde.” By Norman

‘( Notes on Prussian Blue.” By Frank H. Leeds. ( 6 The Estimation of Borax and Boracic Acid in Milk.” By Frank P. Perkins. ( ( Note on Copper in Oysters.” “ The Statement of Analytical Results.” By J. F. Liverseege.

Leonard, B.Sc., and Harry M, Smith.

By W. F. Lowe.

The papers read before the Society-twenty-nine in number-have as a rule not presented any such marked characteristics as to render them landmarks of great advances, with the exception of that on “The Determination of Stearic Acid in Fats ” by Messrs. Hehner and Mitchell. This paper, indeed, is eminently suggestive, and

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THE ANALYST.

promises an entire reconstruction of our existing and too imperfect methods of analysing fats.

I trust that our members appreciate the improved and extended form in which our organ, the ANALYST, has appeared during the year that has just passed. Under the able editorship of Dr. Sykes, and under the direction of the Publishing Committee -where the attendance has been regulm and good, and the criticisms and discus- sions careful and valuable-the ANALYST has made a distinct advance. It is now the only journal for analysts appearing in this country worthy of the name. In it, besides the original articles above named, there have appeared in abstract €he following number of papers :

Food and Drug Analysis ... ... ... ... 55 Toxicological Analysis ... ... ... ... 9 Organic Analysis . . , ... ... ... ... 91 Inorganic Analysis ... ... ... ... ... 86 Apparatus ... ... ... ... ... ... 9

250

I n the early months of the year 1896 the judgment in a Divisional Court, Queen’s Bench Division, of Hawkins J. and Kennedy J., in the case of Fortune v. Hanson, as to the insufficiency of a certificate relative to milk, engaged the attention of your Council. After mature deliberation and with excellent legal help, a circular was issued on April 11 last expressing the views of the Council as to the forms of certifi- cate that should be used in the cases of watered milk and watered butter respec- tively. Some magistrates refused to accept our amended form of certificate relative to milk. But a Divisional Court of the Queen’s Bench Division, by the judgment of Grantham J. and Kennedy J. in the case of Bridge v, Howard, affirmed the sufficiency of our form of certificate, which will now I hope be generally adopted as explicit, safe, and sufficient. This judgment is the more satisfactory as one of the two judges giving it was also one of the judges who decided the previous case of Fortune 17. Hanson.

By far the most momentous event of the year has been the issue of the Report of the Food Products Adulteration Committee, a committee which, fortunahely, was able to bring to a close its protracted sittings in time for its report to be presented to the House of Commons before the prorogation of Parliament. Our distinguished Past President, Mr. Hehner-and, I may add, on the special request of your President, and I am sure with your approval-most ably and vigorously gave clear, emphatic, and impartial evidence before the committee, and obviously deeply impressed it. Indeed, he proved himself as skilful a Field-officer as we had previously known him to be a General of consummate tact and ability. Again, in the name of the Society, let me tender him our warmest thanks for all that he has done to advance the views of the Society and the aims of our best public analysts. In my further remarks I have to acknowledge the assistance he has so generously afforded me in dissecting the recommendations of the committee.

If the “ Summary of Principal Recoinmendations,,’ set out on page 41 of the report, is alone read by anyone not having the patience to wade through the whole report, the impression

The report of the committee has two very distinct aspeets.

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THE ANALYST.

gained would be unfavourable to the views of our Society, and an insufficient and incorrect view would be obtained of the gist of the report, for there is a strange dis- crepancy between the report itself and the summary of its principal recommenda- tions. Indeed, in the summary many of the things of real importance recommended by the committee in the body of the report are either so inadequately stated or omitted that, if the summary alone is looked at, it would appear that the committee desired to make the proposed Act worse from the public analysts’ point of view than the existing Act. A careful perusal of the body of the report will, however, convince the reader that the report is written in a much juster spirit than would appear from the summary. I n the first place, the committee state that the existing Acts, where well administered, have had most beneficial results, and that the better they have been worked the more adulteration has declined. I n accordance with our draft Bill, the committee emphasise the necessity of having at least one sample analysed annually per 1,000 inhabitants of a district ; but the committee were evidently not familiar with the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts, for they recommended that the County Councils should force the local authorities to carry out the Acts, apparently forgetful of this-that the County Council is itself the local authority, and has no jurisdiction, pi& the Acts in question, to compel local authorities to procure samples and have them analysed.

As to the giving of notice by the vendor to a purchaser that an article is mixed, i t is recommended that for a verbal notice an obligatory and legible labelling of the mixture should be adopted. This is in accordance with our recommendation, except that the report does not go the length of advising that the proportions of the respec- tive ingredients of a mixture, or even that the nature of the components, be required to be stated. Doubtless it was thought by the Committee that it was not desirable to enforce the disclosure of trade secrets, and that an attempt to do this would be inoperative.

The recommendation as to warranties is practically that advised by our Society, though, if the summary only be consulted, an inadequate impression of the far- reaching character of the intended use of warranties would be obtained. Invoices are to have the force of warranties so far as the retailer is concerned; but only on con- ditions-the incidence of the prosecution is to be transferred to the wholesale dealer.

As to the examination of imporbs by the Customs, the intention of the committee is good ; but as the committee is against the stoppage in transit of articles found adulterated, the proposed examination by the Customs will probably be without result. The inspectors ought to be empowered to take the article without delay to the local public analyst, and should be empowered to take proceedings on his certificate, instead of incurring the delay involved in the reference to a central public laboratory.

Importers are to subinit guarantees of the purity of their food imports to the scrutiny of the Customs ; these guaranfees to be given by the foreign vendors, together with evidence that the importers have taken proper measures to see that the goods are such as they are guarant-eed to be.

And in this connection I may refer with satisfaction to the recent conviction of a wholesale firin of English dealers in lard, for the sale, under a false name, of lard

The excuse of ignorance will thus be removed.

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THE ANALYST. 33

containing 10 per cent. of beef-stearin, but guaranteed as pure refined lard. This conviction has not been appealed against, and I hope it will greatly tend to the stoppage of the sale of such articles under a misleading title. No imputation, except of carelessness, was made against the wholesale dealer, who was not the manufac- turer of the lard; nevertheless he was convicted.

The recommendation, in accordance with the expressed views of this Society, that the present provision as to samples of milk being taken for analysis in transit should be extended to all articles is satisfactory.

-The contemplated provision for a purchased sample being divided into four parts, one of which is to be at the disposal of the wholesale dealer, is theoretically a most just and equitable recommendation. I t , however, if adopted, will greatly increase the difficulties of administration. Many articles are costly, and the purchase of unusually large quantities in order to have sufficient for four independent analyses, will excite suspicion as to the intention of the purchaser. In the case of tinned articles. the furthey recornmendation that a retailer shall be empowered to refuse to sell an article otherwise than in a nianutacturcr’s unopened labelled tin or packet, increases the difficulty. No exception can be taken to the recommendations that all certiii- cates, whether of a public or Government analyst, must be given within twenty-eight days, and that magistrates may not refuse a reference analysis to Somerset House.

But the recommendation that the certificate of a public analyst employed by the defence should be received on equal ternis with that of the certifying public analyst whose certificate is in question is a very doubtful proposed innovation. Happily, the certificate of anyone not a public analyst is not admissible, and the care to be exercised in the determination of the qualifications of a public analyst to be hereafter demanded, remove some of the objections to bhe departure from existing use. I t will, however, behove a public analyst, when receiving unknown samples, to take care that he is not imposed upon to the detriment of one of his official profes- sional brethren, and it will be incumbent on our Society to strictly watch the conduct of public analysts in this regard.

In one respect the report goes beyond the recommendations of this Society, made in its Draft Bill. Penalties for adulteration are to be increased. I t will be remembered that the reason why this Society did not make this recoinmendation was that penalties were considered to be outside the province of public analysts.

Very important and welcome are the proposals as to a more stringent and specific test of the qualifications of a candidate for the post of public analyst being prescribed, coupled with the statemeut of the committee that hitherto the duties of the ofice have iisually been discharged with commendable eficiency, and the advice that remuneration by way of Loth stipend and fees is best calculated to secure the services of the most competent analysts. I t is also proposed to make his remunera- tion subject to the approval of the Local Government Board.

The proposed extension of the definition of the word “ food” as used in the fkh, so as to make it include expressly all articles intended to enter into or be used in the preparation or flavouring of food, is a welcome extension of the law ; and it is to be hoped that if adopted by the Legislature it will put an end to the sale of pre- sumptively noxious, though not actually poisonous, baking powders and the like articles.

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34 THE ANALYST.

But this leads up to the most important of all parts of the report-the adoption by the committee of the principle of the establishment of a Scientific Court of Reference under the Board of Trade, and independent of the Government Laboratory. This recommendation, and the admission of the necessity for it, met with much opposition; but the able advocacy of Mr. Hehner was irresistible. The words of the Committee are clear and emphatic as to the necessity for such a reference tribunal. After referring to the absence of food-standards, or precise definitions of the com- position of articles of food to which the Act is understood as referring, and which the purchaser is presumed to have in mind when making a purchase, they say that the article demanded must be supposed to mean an article of the nature, substance, and quality of the article usually sold under that name, and as to the variation of the composition of many articles of food sold under one and the same name, they add that there is a substantial reason for dissatisfaction with the existing provisions of the law upon this subject, and the decisions by tribunals seldom in possession of sufficient data for the satisfactory decision of such questions. Hence they point out how the working of the law as to the adulteration of food would be facilitated, and the interests of traders served, if standards or definitions of foods were promulgated by competent authority. This cardinal principle, for many years advocated by this Society, has thus received its due recognition, and there can be no doubt that when a Bill is introduced by the Government this provision for a Court of Reference must form part of its provisions, and, in the words of the committee, the Reference Tribunal must be a specially constituted scientific body, familiar with questions of analysis and the chemistry of food. All this I heartily endorse.

But as to the Court of Reference, the committee do not give us in their recom- mendations all that we asked for, or all that justice demands. We are not to be directly represented in that body. Who are so familiar with foods, their com- position and analysis, as the members of our own body, which embraces practising analysts of the highest distinction in every department of food and drug analysis ? What body of men in this empire has more advanced scientific analysis than our Society ? What British Journal more teems with original analytical research than ours? The Chemical Society bas practically long ceased to take interest in analytical work, except as to the means of determining formulz; the Pharma- ceutical Society only advances analysis in a limited field; and the Institute of Chemistry is an examining and qualifying body only. The Society of Public Analysts has now for a quarter of a century been the pioneer of analytical progress in this country. An unworthy proposal to exclude public analysts altogether from the Court of Reference was, however, happily rectified. There is no doubt that public analysts will sit in the Court of Reference, which would be an incomplete and incompetent court without them. The Institute of Chemistry and its Council contain so many able and prorni- nent chemists who are also public analysts, that there is little doubt that the apparent unfairness of the exclusion of public analysts from a seat on the proposed Board will be rectified unless, by some strange fatality, the members of the Institute of Chemistry, which is to be represented, be also excluded from the provisions of the forthcoming Bill. For my part, I

The result of the committee’s deliberations is a compromise.

But that contingency is not likely to occur.

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THE ANALYST. 35

think that it is immaterial how the members of the court are selected, provided that competent persons be secured whose decisions will command respect. Did I think the “analysts of repute,” among whom the representative of the Institute of Chemistry finds a place, would not include public analysts, I, for my part, would vigorously protest against the finding of the committee ; but I think we may congratulate ourselves on having gained, though indirectly, all that we demanded as to a Court of Reference.

It is a matter for satisfaction also that the unwillingness of the officers of the Government Laboratory to communicate information to the Society of Public Analysts, lest we should think such action to be dictation, is gently, but firmly rebuked, when the committee state that they regard it as of great importance, in the interests of the public, that public analysts should, as far as possible, be made acquainted with the methods adopted by the Government Laboratory in the analysis of food, and with the considerations kept in view by them in determining whether an article has been adulterated. Doubtless we may expect this emphatic pronounce- ment to have a generous and not tardy response, and the official book, which ought to be, and possibly is, in course of preparation by Somerset House, placing all the analytical methods used in food and drug analysis, and the deductions that ought to be drawn from the results of analysis at our disposal, will be welcomed by public analysts as a priceless boon.

The report of the committee may be considered as, on the whole, a recognition of the principles advocated by this Society, a testimony to our usefulness, and of the ability and discretion with which public analysts have discharged their duties, of the fewness of the errors committed by us, and an admonition to the Government analysts to be less grudging of information than of yore. Nearly every vital point advocated by us has been gained.

The committee, indeed, in its report and recommendations, though of course it has not endorsed all the views put forth by the Society in its Draft Bill so well kiiown to us-has substantially adopted most of our recommendations.

That portion of the report which deals with specific articles, such as coffee and cocoa, is of less importance, seeing that the Board of Reference will manifestly have to determine the composition of all such articles and their legitimate mixtures.

The invaluable aid rendered to the Society by Rlr. Kearley, M.P., with reference to contemplated new legislation, received the only recognition which this Society could bestow, by his being unanimously elected an honorary member of the Society.

There can be little doubt that the Government ought to feel it incumbent on them to introduce into Parliament a Bill, based on the report of the committee, at an early date, and i t is devoutly to be wished that the Bill may not be crowded out by a plethora of less important matters. Traders, public authorities, and public analysts are all desirous that a Bill may not be delayed, and that it may speedily be enrolled in the Statute Book.

Let me congratulate the Society on what it has done to forward these matters. Mr. CASSAL said that he had great pleasure in rising to propose that the Society

should tender to Dr. Stevenson its cordial thanks for his valuable services as

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36 THE ANALYST.

President during the past year, and for the admirable address to which they had just listened. He was sure that all who had had the opportunity of sitting under Dr. Stevenson’s guidance at the Council-board of the Society, and all who had been in the habit of attending the meetings so genially presided over by him, would agree that Dr. Stevenson had been essentially the right man in the right place. H e had been an admirable leader of the Society and of the profession during two momentous years, perhaps the two most momentous years in the existence of the Society since the passing of the Sale of Food and Drugs Act in 1875, H e (Mr. Cassal) ventured to think that Dr. Stevenson had worthily filled the chair, and had ably supported a policy which, without being charged with invidiousness, the speaker thought he might say had been initiated by Mr. Hehner when President of the Society. H e (Mr. Cassal) would have liked to enlarge at greater length upon all that the Society owed to Dr. Stevenson ; but the annual dinner was looming in the very immediate future, and he would therefore now ask the meeting to express the Society’s thanks to Dr. Stevenson for the services which he had rendered to it, and to wish him in his retirement all prosperity and happiness.

Mr. W. F. KEATING STOCK had much pleasure in seconding the motion, which, on being put to the meeting by Mr. Cassal, was carried unanimously amidst loud applause.

Dr. STEVENSON said he desired to thank the meeting heartily for the vote which had been passed to him in such a cordial manner. I t had been a very great pleasure to him to preside over the Society. H e was glad to think that he had been able to conduct the affairs of the Society amicably during his term of office, and, he trusted, successfully. He was glad to be able in his address to congratulate the Society upon its success in securing the report which had been made by the Select Committee on Food Products Adulteration, and the carrying out of the policy which, as Mr. Cassal had justly said, was so greatly contributed to by Mr. Hehner. In laying down the cares of ofice and going into retirement, he did not intend, as Mr. Cassal seemed to intimate, to absent himself in future from the meetings. His attendance might not perhaps be so constant as it had been during the past two years, but he hoped to be with the Society very frequently, and to retain his interest and influence in its proceedings.

The following papers were read : ‘‘ A Specific Gravity Pipette.” ‘ I Note on Weighing out Fats.” (‘ A Modified Schmidt Process.” The scrutators reported that the list of Officers and Council elected for 1897 was

Preside?zt.-Bernard Dyer, D. Sc. Vice-Presidents (who have filled the office of President).-M. &4. Adams, F.R.C.S. ;

A. H. Allen; Sir Chas. A . Cameron, M.D., F.R.C.S. ; A. Duprh, Ph.D., F.R.S. ; Otto Hehner; Alfred Hill, M.D., F.R.S.E. ; J. Muter, M.A. , Ph.D., F.R.S.E.; Thos. Stevenson, M.D., F.R.C.P. (Who have not filled the office of President)--TV. P. Aitken, D.Sc., F.R.S.E. ; W. W. Fisher, M.A. ; John Pattinson.

By W. F. Keating Stock. By Charles E. Cassal. By R. W. Woosnam.

as follows :

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Hon. Treasurer.-E. W. Voelcker, A.R.S.M. Hoiz. Secretaries.-E. J. Bevan, Charles E. Cassal. Other Members of ComciL-Leonard Archbutt, Bertram Blount, A. Wynter

Blyth, M.R.C.S., R. Bodnier, E. Russell Budden, A. C. Chapman, W. J, Dibdin, Sidney Harvey, S. Rideal, D.Sc., Alfred Smetham, J. E. Stead, John A. Voelcker, M.A., B.Sc., Ph.D.

The annual dinner subsequently took place at the Criterion Restaurant.

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