the president of india, smt. pratibha devising patil, is...

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The President of India, Smt. Pratibha Devising Patil, ishappy to know that the Uttarakhand Technical University,Dehradun is organising an Inetrnational Conference on "Clean Energy Technologies and Energy Efficiency for Sustainable Development" (ENERSTATE-2010) from December 27-29, 2010

The President extends her warm greetings and felicitations to the organisers and the participants and wishes the Conference every success.

Officer on Special Duty (PR)

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From the Desk of Vice Chancellor, Uttarakhand Technical University andChairman, ENERSTATE-2010

I am delighted to welcome you in ENERSTATE-2010 : An International Conference on “Clean energy and energyefficiency for sustainable development” the first international conference being organized by UttarakhandTechnical University, Dehradun during December 27-29, 2010.

Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun was established in 2004 and endeavouring hard to createniche in technical education of the country. Currently the University has 91 Colleges offering Courses inEngineering, Management, Pharmacy, Architecture, Hotel Management & IT disciplines .

World wide developmental activities are causing degradation of various ecosystems like forestecosystem, agro-ecosystem, river eco-system and soil eco-system etc. and leading to great anthropogenicstresses. Thus there is global concern for making clean energy popular and efficient use of existing sources ofenergy. In view of this the present conference has been organized with the aim of bringing all active stakeholderson a platform for deliberating upon the principles and practices involved in area of clean energy and energyefficiency.

On behalf of the Uttarakhand Technical University and Organizing Committee, ENERSTATE-2010 I extendwarm welcome to all the participants and hope that the proceedings of three day conference will addsignificantly to the global efforts in the direction of sustainable development.

Prof. D. S. ChauhanVice Chancellor

Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun

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From Convener’s Desk

Present day civilization is a positive outcome of technology invention, innovation andtransfer for comfortable living of human being. Today the technological development forhuman comfort and poverty reduction is the world wide agenda for sustaining moderncivilization. Energy availability and its efficient utilization is the key driver for all these activities.Therefore, all efforts till last few decades were made for maximizing the energy availability foraccelerating technological development and its use. As a result of large scale harnessing ofsources of energy the humanity has started facing the threat of anthropogenic climate changetoday.

One of the potential solutions to it is to reduce the rate at which greenhouse gasses(GHGs) are released and building up in the atmosphere and to deal with the impacts ofclimate variability and change. Thus there is global crisis for evolving technology and changesin the behavior that reduce intensity of Green House Gases in energy interactions. It isworldwide question as to how to accelerate the receipt of clean energy technologies so thatthe development becomes sustainable. Apart from the clean energy technology theimprovement in energy efficiency of existing energy systems is also the potential solution asit will lead to the increased energy availability for sustaining today’s state of civilization.

In view of the impending global crisis this International Conference on “Clean EnergyTechnologies and Energy Efficiency for Sustainable Development” is being organized byUttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun in collaboration with Harcourt Butler TechnologicalInstitute, Kanpur and Shivalik College of Engineering, Dehradun with the aim to provide aforum to engineers, scientists and academicians across the world for deliberating upon theongoing practices, technological developments and research activities in the area of cleanenergy technologies and energy efficiency for sustainable development.

Three days conference will have paper presentations and key note lectures for givingimpetus to the clean energy technologies and energy efficiency for sustainable developmentthrough following broad themes.

Renewable energy sources and applications Energy conservation, efficiency and environmental protection Power generation through renewable sources Energy resource management Energy conversion process Energy storage technologies Green buildings Carbon di oxide capture and storage Social, environment and economic aspects of energy usage New and emerging technologies

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Conference will also have panel discussions by the eminent scientists and technologistsfrom India and abroad on ‘power sector policies’, solar thermal power generation’ and ‘energyeducation’ , ‘energy materials’ etc. along with felicitation of energy ICONS. Conference will beattended by delegates presenting research papers from various parts of the world, energyprofessionals from industry and students. Active participation of organizations from India andabroad will make deliberations interesting, realistic and meaningful.

The Organizing Committee has made elaborate arrangements for the comfortable stayof participants during three days in various hotels, guest houses etc. The efforts have beenmade to make this conference a memorable event for all participants but the inconveniencecaused if any is deeply regretted.

Prof. Onkar SinghConvener, ENERSTATE-2010

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From the Desk of Organizing Secretary

Two main challenges are facing in the world in the 21st century. One is to meet the exponentially growingdemand for energy, particularly in the developing countries, where today more than 1.6 billion people do nothave access to commercial energy. The other is to deal with the global, regional and local environmentalimpacts resulting from the supply and use of energy.

The theme of the ENERSTATE 2010 is supposed to create a world wide awareness of the value of energy andthe ways of sustainment. Within millions of years, nature itself has produced enormous amount of storedenergy in the form of coal, oil and gas. Modern industrialized life, however, can and partly did exhaust thesenatural resources in less than two centuries. There are forecasts on oil and gas to last only for few decades;coal may last for another 300 years. So, speaking in economic terms, mankind now days lives exceedingly fromits energy capital rather than from its extra growth- the interest.

Daunting challenges related to enhanced expectations of a growing population must be faced. Such expectancesare aimed to improve the way of living in non-industrialized countries at least to maintain the standard ofliving. So, we will be confronted with problems of sustainable developments, protection of environment andeffective energy utilization. Besides energy efficiency, renewable energy appears to be a promising answer tothe problems and worth to be deeply investigated.

The scope of the ENERSTATE 2010 is wide ranging and include

(i) Renewable energy (ii) Energy Conservation, Efficiency & Environment Protection

(iii) Energy Resource Management (iv) Green Buildings

(v) Social, Environment and Economic Aspects of Energy Usage etc.

An excellent response has been received from the scientists and professionals for this conference. Thefindings of the ENERSTATE 2010 would help towards “Energy Independence” for the Nation and the State.

I welcome all the experts and participants and hope ENERSTATE 2010 will provide a plate-form for the exchangeof information on latest developments in areas of Green Technologies.

Professor Dhram BuddhiOrganizing Secretary- ENERSTATE 2010

December 20, 2010

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CONFERENCE COMMITTEES

CONFERENCE PRESIDENT

Shrir Rakesh Sharma Principal Secretary, Technical Education, Govt. of Uttarakhand, Dehradun, India

CONFERENCE VICE-PRESIDENT

Shri Nitish Kumar Jha Addl. Secretary Energy Director, UREDA, Dehradun, India

CHAIRMAN ORGANISING COMMITTEE

Prof. D S Chauhan Vice- Chancellor, Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, India

CONFERENCE CHAIRMEN

Prof. S. G. Dhande Director, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, IndiaProf. S C Saxena Director, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, IndiaProf. P. K. Kalra Director, Indian Institute of Technology, RajasthanProf. Kripa Shankar Vice Chancellor, U P Technical University, Lucknow, IndiaProf. P B Sharma Vice Chancellor, Delhi Technological University, New Delhi, IndiaProf. R. K. Khitoliya Director, Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur, India

INTERNATIONAL STEERING/TECHNICAL COMMITTEE

Prof. H.C. Nainwal Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun, IndiaProf Josua P Meyer University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South AfricaProf. Fredrik Setterwall KTH, SwedenProf. HM Chou Kun Shan University, Tainan, TaiwanDr. Rakesh Shankar Ex-Ambassador, CanadaProf. Joel H. Goodman University of Minnesota, USAProf. Wang Xiaohua Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, P.R. ChinaProf. CR Chen Kun Shan University Tainan, TaiwanDr Francis Boateng Agyenim University of Ulster, U KDr B.Manuel M. Biona Bosco Technical College, PhilippinesProf. Fock-Lai Tan Nanyang Technological University, SingaporeProf. LIU Zhongliang Beijing University of Technology, ChinaDr Lu Aye The University of Melbourne, Victoria, AustraliaDr. Frédéric KUZNIK National Institute of Applied Sciences, Lyon, FranceProf. P. V. Ramachandran Purdue University, USAProf. Mohammed Farid The University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandProf A Oliva UPC, Barcelona, SpainDr Murat Kenisarin Academy of Sciences, Tashkent, Uzbekistan, KazakhstanProf. Costante M. Invernizzi Università di Brescia, ItalyMr. Richiter Rodiger Solarudi, Nuinberg, GermanyMr Mark Nicodemus Helios Energy, USAProf Onkar Singh HBIT, KanpurProf. Dharam Buddhi Shivalik College of Engineering, DehradunDr. V.K. Sharma ENEA Research Centre Trisaia, UTTRI, Rotondella (MT) - ItalyProf. Hamid El Qarnia Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh-MoroccoProf. Tariq Munner Napier University, U.K.Prof. Lingai Luo University of Savoie , France

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Secretariat

Convener Organising Secretary

Dr. Onkar Singh, Prof. C R Chen.Convener ENERSTATE 2010 Deptt. Of Mechanical Engineering, Kun ShanProf. and Head, Mechanical Engineering Deptt. University,HBTI, Tianan, TAIWANKanpur (UP) 208 001 INDIA

Organising Secretary Co- Organizing Secretary

Prof. Dhram Buddhi Dr. Atul SharmaDirector, Shivalik College of Engineering Department of Mechanical Engineering,Shiniwala, Shimla By pass Road, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology,Dehradun-248 197, INDIA Rae Bareli-229316,

INDIA PROGRAMME COMMITTEEShri C S Mehta Registrar, Uttarakhand Technical Committee, DehradunShri P K Joshi Finance Committee, Uttarakhand Technical Committee, DehradunShri Awadesh Nautiyal Deputy Examination Controller, Uttarakhand Technical Committee, Dehradun Shri Ashish Uniyal, Deputy Registrar, Uttarakhand Technical Committee, DehradunShri S P Rawat Assistant Registrar, Uttarakhand Technical Committee, DehradunShri Ajay Kumar Vice-Chairman, Shivalik College of Engineering, Dehradun

HOSPITALITY COMMITTEEProfessor R K Singh OSD, Uttarakhand Technical UniversityProfessor Vijay Juyal, OSD, Uttarakhand Technical Committee, DehradunProfessor Avanish Jain OSD, Uttarakhand Technical Committee, DehradunProfessor S P Sachan, OSD, Uttarakhand Technical Committee, DehradunCdr Ravi Juyal CEO, Maya Institute of Technol0gy and Management, DehradunShri A K Tyagi CPO, UREDA, DehradunShri O D Sharma President, ISHRAE, Dehradun Sub-ChapterShri Amit rathore Chair North, K12 Program, ISHRAE

LOCAL ORGANISING COMMITTEEProf B R Singh SMS Institute of Technology, LucknowShri Himanshu Nautiyal Shivalik College of Engineering, DehradunShri Vivek Pandey Shivalik College of Engineering, DehradunShri Kuldeep Rawat Shivalik College of Engineering, Dehradun Shri Pradeep Kautiyal Shivalik College of Engineering, DehradunShri Kuldeep Panwar Shivalik College of Engineering, DehradunShriSanjay Kumar HBTI, KanpurShri Hitender Rawat Uttarakhand Technical University, DehradunShri Mahesh Shanker Uttarakhand Technical University, DehradunShri Gopi Dass Uttarakhand Technical University, Dehradun

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ProgrammeDecember 26, 201015:00 – 18:00 Registration

December 27, 201009:00 – 11:00 Registration11:00 – 12:00 Inauguration (Venue: Hall A)12:00 – 12:30 Tea12:30 – 13:30 Invited Talk by Ashish Raheja, COO, Specral

services consultants, Pvt Ltd., President, ASHRAE,India Chapter, Co-Chairman- IGBC(TC)

Venue Hall A13:30 – 14:30 Lunch

December 27, 2010 14:45 – 16:45 Technical Session IA: Solar Energy (Thermal) Venue: Hall A

December 27, 2010 14:45 – 16:45 Technical Session IB: Solar Energy (PV) Venue: Hall B

December 27, 201015:00 – 17:00 Special Meeting I: Power Sector Policies19:00 – 21:00 Cultural Programme and Welcome Dinne

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December 28, 2010 10:00 – 12:00 Technical Session IIA: Bio- fuel Venue: Hall A

December 28, 2010 10:00 – 12:00 Technical Session IIB: Industrial Application Systems – I Venue: Hall B

December 28, 2010 12:45 – 13:45 Technical Session IIIA: Industrial Application Systems –II Venue: Hall A

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December 28, 2010 12:15 – 13:45 Technical Session IIIB: Bio- Mass Venue: Hall B

December 28, 2010 14:45 – 16:45 Technical Session IVA: Energy Storage –PCM Venue: Hall A

December 28, 2010 14:45 – 16:45 Technical Session IVB: Energy Storage - Technologies and ApplicationsVenue: Hall B

December 28, 2010

15:00 – 17:00 Special Meeting II

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December 29, 2010 10:00 – 12:30 Technical Session VA: Energy Conservation, Efficiency and ManagementVenue: Hall A

December 29, 2010 10:00 – 12:30 Technical Session VB: Building and Environment Venue: Hall BBuilding

Environment

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December 29, 2010 12:15 – 13:45 Technical Session VIA: Other Renewable Energy Sources Venue: Hall A

December 29, 201012:45 – 13:45 Panel Discussion I &II13:45 – 14:30 Lunch14:30 – 16:00 Valedictory Function

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Review and Theoretical Analysis of Natural Convection Solar Air HeatersYogesh Dhote

1, S.B. Thombre

2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Hindustan College of Science & Technology, Farah, Mathura - 281 122 (U.P.) IndiaEmail: [email protected]


Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology, Nagpur – 440 011 (M.S.) IndiaEmail: [email protected]

AbstractDrying is one of the most practical methods of preserving the quality of agricultural products. Direct

sun drying has been practiced since ancient times. However, it is not hygienic for some products which areeasily contaminated in the open air. In addition it depends upon weather conditions because there is no shelterto protect the product in the event of rain. As a result, new drying methods with conventional heat sources havebeen widely developed and used in order to solve these problems. Because of the energy crisis and intensiveenergy consumption in the drying process, solar drying has been studied widely in many countries in order toreduce cost and substitute conventional energy.

One of the possible areas of immediate intervention in developing countries like India appears to be thesolar drying of cash crops such as tobacco, tea, coffee, grapes raisin, chilli, coriander seeds, ginger, turmeric,black pepper, onion flakes and garlic flakes, timber etc. where solar energy is available in most of the regionthroughout the year. It also finds applications in air-conditioning for space heating purpose.

A solar air heater is a device to heat air by using solar energy. The hot air so obtained may be used forspace heating or drying. Solar air heaters have been made in variety of designs although most of them are eitherpower assisted or having auxiliary heating source due to intermittent nature of solar energy. In contrast to theforced convection solar air heating, the thermal analysis of natural convection solar air heaters, with or withoutthermal energy storage, has largely been neglected in the literature. To fill up this gap, in this paper a review ofvarious designs of solar air heater suggested by various investigators have been carried out. Further the theoreticalanalysis of a simple flat plate solar air heater is also carried out to observe the effect of performance parameterswhich would decide the future scope for research to takes place.

Keywords: Solar, drying, air heaters, natural convection, absorber plate

Tomato Drying In Direct Sun And Solar Tunnel DryerA. D. Sagagi1 & J. Enaburekhan2

1Oceanteam Oil and Gas Limited, 5A Child Close, Opp Liverfool Road, Apapa, Lagos–Nigeria.Email: [email protected]

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Bayero University,Kano.

Email: [email protected]

AbstractA natural convection solar tunnel dryer was constructed at the Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Faculty of Technology, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria for the purpose of drying of tomatoes. The tunneldryer was tested for its performance against a simultaneous open sun drying of tomatoes. During the experiments,tomatoes were dried to the final moisture content of 11.79 from 91.07 % w.b. in four days of drying in the solartunnel dryer as compared to five days of drying in the open sun drying. Experimental drying curves showedonly a falling drying rate period. A non-linear regression procedure was used to fit 10different thin layermathematical models available in literature to the experimental drying curves. The models were compared

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using the coefficient of determination, mean relative percent error, root mean square error and the reduced chi-square. The page model has shown a better fit to the experimental drying data as compared to other models. Theeffect of the drying temperature and relative humidity on the drying model constant and coefficients were alsodetermined. Samples dried in the solar tunnel dryer were completely protected from birds, insects, rain anddusts, and the quality of dried samples were better as compared to that of open sun.

Keywords: Fresh tomatoes, Sun drying, tunnel drying, drying models, drying curves.

Solar Powered Gas Turbine Power Plants: More Efficient Ways of Solar Thermal Energy ConversionS Mukhopadhyay, S Ghosh*, B K MandalDepartment of Mechanical Engineering

Bengal Engineering & Science university, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, WB, IndiaPh. +91 33 2668 4561-63; Fax. +91 33 2668 4564/2916

*Corresponding author; E-mail: [email protected]

AbstractThis paper presents a conceptual configuration of a solar powered combined cycle plant with a topping

gas turbine block and a bottoming steam turbine plant. The conventional GT combustion chamber is replacedby a high-temperature solar thermal air heating system. A simple downstream cycle with a heat recovery steamgenerator (HRSG) has been considered for integration with the solar GT plant. The power cycle has beenanalyzed using energy as well as exergy methods for a range of pressure ratio across the GT block. The solarreceiver and the HRSG are the two main components responsible for exergy destruction. However, exergeticperformance of both the components is found to improve at higher pressure ratio of the GT block. The overallthermal efficiency is found to maximise at a pressure ratio of 6, the maximum efficiency being 26.16%, whilethe maximum overall exergetic efficiency is 30.54%, achieved at a pressure ratio of 14. Thus the combinedcycle should be designed to operate in the range of 6 to 14 to yield optimum performance.

Keywords: Solar, Exergy, Energy, Thermal efficiency, Exergetic efficiency.

Formulation Of An Approximate Generalized Experimental Data Based Model For Scheffler ReflectorRupesh J. Patil,

1 G.K.Awari

2, M.P.Singh

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Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur,Email:[email protected]

Tulsiramji Gaikwad-Patil College of Engg. & Technology, NagpurEmail:[email protected]

Priyadarshini College of Engineering, Nagpur’Email:[email protected]

AbstractAccording to a report of the United Nations, solar energy falling over an area of 800 km x 800 km

harvested with the currently available technology is enough to meet the energy needs of the whole world. Thesolar energy radiation falling over India is estimated to be about 5,000 trillion kWh a year.

Scheffler reflector is one of the various methods of harvesting the solar energy. This paper discussesabout work carried out on the Scheffler reflector. It has been focused about having scope for experimental databased modeling to establish relationship in different variables of Scheffler reflector. Scheffler reflector is studiedwith a typical experimental plan of simultaneous variation of independent variables. Experimental responsedata is analysed by formulating dimensionsional equations.

Keywords: Scheffler Reflector, Dimensional Equation, Generalized model DOE, Experimental data basedmodelling.

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Solar Energy Potential Estimation for Chennai, IndiaS.Vijayavenkataraman

1, J.Vasudha

2 & G.Iyshwarya

3


College of Engineering, Anna University Chennai, Chennai -600025, IndiaEmail: [email protected]

2 Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, India

Email: [email protected] of Computer Science and Engineering, Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore, India


AbstractWith increasing concerns about global warming and greenhouse gas emissions, rapid depletion of fossil

fuel reserves and the continual rise in energy rates, it has become imperative to look for alternative energysources. Solar energy is one of the abundantly available renewable energy sources which can be effectivelyused to mitigate the use of conventional energy resources and if profitably harnessed, can cater to the presentenergy needs. In order to harness solar energy profitably in any region, it becomes mandatory to estimate thesolar energy potential of that region. In this paper, solar radiation studies have been carried out to assess thefeasibility of solar energy utilization in Chennai, India (Latitude 13°52 23 N and longitude 80°162 123 E). Asimulator was designed for calculations and user interaction. The results obtained using the simulator, indicatethat the availability of solar radiation at Chennai is well above 65 percent during summer and winter monthswhile it is only 60 percent in months of July-October which is the monsoon period in this region. The contributionof diffuse solar radiation in Chennai is high during the monsoon months whereas sky conditions are clearduring winter months. From the estimated values it is found that with the exception of monsoon months, solarenergy can be utilized very efficiently throughout the year.

Keywords: global warming, alternative energy sources, renewable energy, solar energy, solar energy potential

Comparative Study On Heat Transfer Of Natural Convection Cabinet And Mixed-Mode Solar Dryers:An Experimental Investigation

Shobhana Singh 1& Subodh Kumar

2*

Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, DelhiEmail1: [email protected]

Email2: [email protected]

AbstractThe knowledge of convective heat transfer coefficient hcpf from the dryer plate to fluid (air) is necessary

for thermal modelling and computer simulation of solar dryer. In order to evaluate hcpf, the steady state experimentshave been performed on natural convection cabinet and mixed mode solar dryers with no load, keeping inletand outlet vents open under indoor solar simulated controlled conditions. The air heating of dryer using solarenergy is simulated with heating by suitable number of electric plate heaters fitted beneath absorber plate.Based on energy balance on absorber plate and experimental temperature measurement data of variouscomponents of the dryer for different values of absorbed thermal energy, the hcpf has been experimentallydetermined. Results of present study reveal that the values of hcpf for mixed mode dryer are found to be 26-36%higher than that of cabinet dryer for absorbed thermal energy range of 300-800 W/m2, indicating the fasterdrying process during load condition. The hcpf values obtained for both types of dryer are correlated by theequation of the form . The values of constants C and n computed through linear regression analysisare presented for these dryers. In addition, the predicted hcpf values for cabinet and mixed mode dryers are foundto be in close agreement with those obtained from experiments with R2 of 0.97 and 0.95 respectively.

Keywords: Renewable energy; Solar thermal energy; Natural convection solar dryer; Convective heat transfercoefficient

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Methodologies for Determination of Forced Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient for Indirect andMixed Mode Solar Dryers

Subodh Kumar1 and Shobhana Singh2

Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, DelhiEmail1: [email protected]

Email2: [email protected]

AbstractThe indirect and mixed mode solar dryers with forced air circulation have been popular on commercial

scale applications in India and abroad for past few decades. These dryers have been subjected for studiesconcerning computer simulation as well as experimental investigation with an aim to improve their thermalperformance. The convective heat transfer coefficient from absorber plate to fluid (air) hcpf is one of the criticalparameters that affect the thermal evaluation of any dryer. Since the design of these dryers is based on differentmodes of heat utilisation by food product in drying chamber, separate methods of hcpf determination are proposed.The laboratory models of these dryers were therefore, designed and constructed for experimentation underforced mode operation. Steady state no-load experiments on these dryers were performed with inlet-outletvents open under indoor simulated condition. The experimental data for temperatures of various components ofeach dryer with different absorbed thermal energy and air flow was employed to determine hcpf. The absorbedthermal energy and air flow rate were varied from 300-800 W/m2 and 1 to 3 m/s respectively. Results of theexperimental investigation indicate that for both dryers, the value of hcpf increases with temperature differencebetween absorber plate and air as well as air flow rate. However, the comparative study on dryers reveals thatthe increase in hcpf in mixed mode dryer is found to be higher than that of indirect dryer for the operatingconditions investigated.

Keywords: Solar dryers; Indirect dryer; Mixed mode dryer; Convective heat transfer coefficient; Forcedconvection; Indoor simulation

Solar Thermal Power Generation: An OverviewAtul Sharma

1 and Suyush Mishra

2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering

Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), Rae Bareli -229316 (U.P.), IndiaEmail: [email protected]

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Rourkerla, Orissa

AbstractConcerned sustainable development of country and use of renewable energy resources has assumed

greater significance in context of global change – consumption and use of non renewable energy resourcesdegraded environment quality in various ways like climate change, biological invasion, deforestation,desertification and biodiversity depletion etc. for a change perspective to emerge, and need to increase use ofrenewable energy sources for sustainable development and it was recognized in the country in the early 70s. Asignificant thrust has been given to the research, development and induction of renewable energy technologiesin different sectors. Solar power is one of the most promising renewables. It is reliable and less vulnerable tochanges in seasonal weather patterns. Solar thermal power generation systems also known as Solar ThermalElectricity (STE) generating systems are emerging renewable energy technologies and can be developed asviable option for electricity generation in future. The geographic location of India makes it a strong candidatefor harnessing solar energy. Thus, solar PV/thermal is a potential technology to meet India’s future energydemand and its associated environmental challenges. In India, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy isresponsible mainly for research and development, intellectual property protection, and international cooperation,promotion, and coordination in renewable energy sources such as wind power, small hydro, biogas, and solar

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power. India is expected to have a high growth rate in energy demand over the coming years due to its hugepopulation and rapid economic development. This paper discusses the technology options, their current statusand opportunities and challenges in developing solar thermal power plants in India.

Keywords: Solar Energy, Solar Thermal, Power, Energy

Significance of Tracking in Photovoltaic (Pv) SystemsPragya Sharma1, Dr. R.L. Sawhney2

2 Department of Energy and Environment TERI University New DelhiEmail: [email protected], [email protected]

1 Solar Energy Research Division, Gujarat Energy Research and Management Institute (GRIIC), GandhinagarGujarat

Email: [email protected], [email protected]

AbstractThe objective of the project is to determine the significance of Seasonal Tracking in Photovoltaic

Systems. The idea is to optimize tilt angle for a 5 kWp PV Array (Latitude of place = 22.7ÚN) facing exactsouth direction. The experiment is performed by varying the different possible tilt angle for the duration of 20days in winter. The results are the maximum output is obtained at latitude+15Ú and minimum output is obtainedat latitude-15Ú. Hence the result and output clearly signifies the importance of tracking in Photovoltaic Systems.

Keywords: Tracking, Photovoltaic, Solar, PV

Design of Solar Powered Reverse Osmosis Water Purification System for Rural AreaA.S.Werulkar

1, S.K. Kshirsagar

2 and P.S.Kulkarni

3

1Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,

St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engg. & Tech., NagpurEmail: [email protected]

2 Department of Electrical Engineering,Kavi Kulguru Institute of Technology, Ramtek, India

Email: [email protected] of Electrical Engineering, Visweswaraya National Institute of Technology,Nagpur, India


AbstractThe aim of the paper is to study the application of PV system for reverse osmosis water purification in

rural area. The DC motor pump of water purification system has been run on solar power along with battery.The pump flow rate has been analysed at different insolation using pspice software. The reading are analysedwithout battery. It has been found that there is a significant impact on flow rate of the pump due to varyingnature of solar insolation. The system can be further improved with maximum power point tracking charger forbattery to have maximum throughput.

Keywords: Pspice version 9.1 simulation software, Reverse Osmosis(RO), Solar Energy, solar photovoltaic(PV) system.

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Design of Solar Powered Reverse Osmosis Water Purification System for Rural AreaA.S.Werulkar

1, S.K. Kshirsagar

2 and P.S.Kulkarni

3

1Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering,

St. Vincent Pallotti College of Engg. & Tech., NagpurEmail: [email protected]

2 Department of Electrical Engineering,Kavi Kulguru Institute of Technology, Ramtek, India

Email: [email protected] of Electrical Engineering, Visweswaraya National Institute of Technology,Nagpur, India


AbstractThe aim of the paper is to study the application of PV system for reverse osmosis water purification in

rural area. The DC motor pump of water purification system has been run on solar power along with battery.The pump flow rate has been analysed at different insolation using pspice software. The reading are analysedwithout battery. It has been found that there is a significant impact on flow rate of the pump due to varyingnature of solar insolation. The system can be further improved with maximum power point tracking charger forbattery to have maximum throughput.

Keywords: Pspice version 9.1 simulation software, Reverse Osmosis(RO), Solar Energy, solar photovoltaic(PV) system.

Synthesis of Mesoporous Tio2 And Its Application In Dye Sensitised Solar CellsRashmi Tiwari, Bharat S. Rana, Anil K.Sinha1

1Indian Institute of Petroleum, Mohkampur, Dehradun, India


AbstractMesoporous TiO2 particles were used to prepare porous film electrodes for dye sensitized solar cells

(DSSCs) on glass and plastic substrate. By employing inorganic and organic precursors and surfactant templateroute, mesoporous TiO2 particles were obtained and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning electronmicroscopy(SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET). DSSCs were fabricated in a typical sandwich structureas reported [1] and the role of titania morphology, dye composition and coating thickness on the power conversionefficiency of the cells was investigated.

Keywords: Titania, mesoporous, conducting substrate, morphology and electrode thickness

A Review of Solar Energy Industry in IndiaAshish Mishra

1 and Atul Sharma

2

1Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), Rae Bareli -229316 (U.P.), India

Email: [email protected] of Mechanical Engineering


AbstractGlobal warming is affecting many parts of the world. Plants, animals, and people on low lands such as

islands are more prone to it. Causes of global warming mainly lead to the use of fossil fuels.The good news isthat humans may be finally getting the message and looking at ways to turn around a disastrous trend of burning

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diminishing fossil fuels, which may fuel the planet now, but cannot be maintained indefinitely. And burningthem only adds to the heavy environmental toll they have taken on. But the Fact is, Earth is already showingmany signs of worldwide climate change. For example: average temperatures has climbed 1.4 degrees aroundthe world since 1880, much of this in recent decades, according to NASA’s Goddard Institute for Space Studies.This paper discusses about the needs of the successful energy plan. Clearly, humankind has to set a differentcourse in its need for energy, one that involves less intrusive sources such as solar and wind energy. The Indianrenewable energy industry is diversified and offers strong business prospects. The market in India for renewableenergy business is estimated at USD 500 million and is growing at an annual rate of 15 percent. The newrenewable energy policy of the Government of India aimed at generating 10,000 MW through renewable and anon-conventional source by 2012 is expected to further boost the growth rate of this sector. India has not beensuccessful in keeping pace in this sector, despite a large demand supply gap with respect to energy requirementsand ample renewable resource availability. This paper discusses the strengths and challenges in the Indian solarPV industry which can be overcome by the joint efforts of the government and others.

Keywords: Global Warming, Solar Energy, Wind Energy, Renewable Energy, India

Development and Characterization of Tio2 Nano Films for Photo Catalysis ApplicationsV.V.S. Murty

1, Vinay Deshore, and Atul Sharma

2

1 Physics Department, Government Holkar Science College, Indore, INDIA

E mail: [email protected] of Mechanical Engineering,


AbstractOne attractive possibility for the utilization of Solar Energy is based on the ability of semiconductor

particles to function as photo catalysts by promoting various oxidation and reduction reactions under sunlight.TiO2 gas been widely investigated for the promising application in the field of catalysis. For the improvementof its catalytic capability, TiO2 nano films of thickness 100 nm were developed by Plused Laser Depositionmethod and XRD and resistivity are investigated to characterize surface and its porosity and the results arecommunicated.

Keywords: Photo catalysis, TiO2 nano films, Crystal structure and Porosity.

Determining Biobased/Renewable content using ASTM D6866-10Andrew Pal

Beta Analytic Inc. 4985 SW 74 Court, Miami, Florida 33155, USABeta Analytic Limited, The London BioScience Innovation Centre, 2 Royal College Street, London

NW10NH, UKBranch offices also in China and Japan


AbstractRadiocarbon dating can be used to measure the biogenic fraction of fuels. At the request of the United

States Department of Agriculture, Beta Analytic helped author the ASTM D6866 method, a standardized versionof radiocarbon dating for the industry.

Carbon-14 analysis, standardized as ASTM D6866-10, is the most accurate method to quantify thebiogenic fraction fuel such as biomass, RDF, SRF, tires, animal waste, ink/paper sludge. Any CO2 gas, biofuels,and liquid or solid waste can be analyzed appropriately in 4-7 days

21

Keywords: Municipal Solid Waste, Refuse-Derived Fuels, Solid Recovered Fuels, Tire-Derived Fuels, SewageSludge, Biofuels, Aviation Biofuels, Hydrogen Derived Renewable Diesel, Waste to Energy, Cogeneration,Biomass, Bio-Diesel, Hydrogen Derived Renewable Diesel, Aviation Fuel, Biobased fuels, Biobased Plastics,Biobased products, Ground Water testing, Renewable Content Certifications.

Biofuel as a potential energy source: overview andDevelopment perspectivesV.K. Sharma and G. Braccio

ENEA Research Centre Trisaia, Solar Thermal Collector Testing Laboratory andBiomass Section, 75026 Rotondella (MT) – Italy

AbstractBiofuels could be an appropriate way to reduce green house gas (GHG) emissions and to reduce the

amount of fossil fuels burned. The two most common types of biofuels which are being developed and presentlyavailable on a commercial basis, are Ethanol and Biodiesel along with their derivatives. Biodiesel is the biofuelwith the most rapid rate of market growth. European biodiesel industry is well established with a significantcontinuous increase in its production. In order to support the use of biodiesel and biofuel World-wide, especially,in the developing countries where fossil energy use GHG emission will rise exponentially, there is a utmostnecessity for international co-operation. In view of the facts stated above, the main objectives of thiscommunication is to overview of R&D activities on biofuel in progress at Biomass laboratory at ENEA CRTrisaia along with other concepts such like financial incentives, legislation, industry, investment potential, etc.,in Italy, will be presented.

Effect of NaOH catalyst on production of bio-oilA P Singh Chouhan1, S P Singh2 and R N Singh2

School of Energy and Environmental StudiesTakshila Campus, Devi Ahilya Vishwavidyalaya, Indore

E-mail: [email protected]

AbstractRice husk, which is abundantly availably in India, was pyrolysed for getting bio-oil. It was performed

in a batch type pyrolysis reactor, maintaining reactor temperature 6000C at a heating rate 200C/ minute innitrogen environment. Nitrogen flow rate was maintained about 20 ml/minute throughout the experiment. Driedsample of rice husk (particle size 212µm) was used for the Pyrolysis studies. Characterization of rice husk wascarried as per standard methods; however functional groups were identified using Fourier Transform InfraredSpectroscopy (FTIR) analyzer. Pyrolysis studies were carried out at 0%, 5%, 10 % and 15 % NaOH treated ricehusk. It was found that 5% NaOH treated rice husk gave better output (42.4 % bio-oil, 30 % charcoal and 27.6% gas) and higher heating value compared to other tested rice husk. It may be due to fact that NaOH treatmentdecreases the ash content of rice husk and ultimately increased the heating value of bio-oil. FTIR analysis ofrice husk indicate the presence of alkanes, ketones, aldehydes and carboxylic acids, nitrogenous compounds,primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols chemical functional groups. The GC-MS analysis of rice husk bio-oilindicates the presence of Phenol, Phosphonic acid, Benzendicarboxylic acid, furan derivatives, Octanoic acid.Study concludes that treatment of biomass could increase the bio-oil production.

Keyword: Rice husk, Pyrolysis, bio-oil, charcoal and pyro-gas

22

Process for Jatropha Oil Conversion to Diesel and KeroseneR. Kumar, B. S. Rana, R. Tiwari, D. Verma, R. Kumar, R. K. Joshi, M. O. Garg, A. K. Sinha1

1Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun-248005, India


AbstractHydroprocessing catalysts (sulfided Ni-W/SiO2-Al2O3, Co-Mo/Al2O3 and Ni-Mo/Al2O3) are used under

typical hydroprocessing conditions in a microreactor and pilot plant to produce renewable liquid fuel by usinglow/high FFA jatropha oil and its mixtures with refinery gas oil to demonstrate the viability of the process.

Keywords: jatropha oil, diesel, kerosene, hydrotreatment, hydroprocessing

An Experimental Investigation into the Energetic and Environmental Performances of a CI EngineRunning on Biodiesel-Petrodiesel Blends

Bijan Kumar Mandal1, Samidha Palit2 and Sudip Ghosh3

Department of Mechanical EngineeringBengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur, Howrah 711103, India

1Email: [email protected]: [email protected]

3Email: [email protected]

Abstract

A double cylinder, constant speed, direct injection CI (diesel) engine was run on jatropha biodiesel anddiesel fuel blends. The engine was directly coupled to a hydraulic dynamometer whose load was varied byadjusting load wheel on the top of the engine. The test results were recorded for pure diesel, pure biodiesel(B100) and different diesel/biodiesel blends. The performance characteristics show that brake specific fuelconsumption (BSFC) decreases rapidly with increase of load up to 4.0 to 4.5 kW (55% to 62% of full load) andthen decreases slowly. This result also indicates that BSFC increases when the percentage of biodiesel in theblends is increased. Brake thermal efficiency also increases from high biodiesel blends to pure diesel fuel. Purediesel has maximum efficiency 29.6%, where as pure biodiesel has maximum efficiency of 21.2%. The exhaustgas temperature increases with the higher percentage of biodiesel blends in different fuel blends. In respect ofemission characteristics, carbon mono-oxide (CO) and hydrocarbon emissions are improved with the additionof biodiesel to diesel. NOx emission increases with load as well as percentage of blending of biodiesel in thediesel fuel.

Keywords: CI engine, jatropha, biodiesel, blend, performance, pollutant emissions

23

Screening of microalgae chlorella minutissima oil for biodiesel productionRahul Jaina, Gajender Kumarb, Dharmendra Kumar, Sivakumar konathala ,Dinesh Bangwal,

Neeraj Atray, Basant kumar and Savita Kaul *

Council of Scientific and Industrial Research - Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun – 248005, (India)*[email protected]

a, Department of chemical engineering ,NIT Jalandhar (India)b, Shivalik Engineering College, Dehradun (India)

AbstractPresent work is an attempt to focus on screening of microalgae chlorella minutissima, extraction of oil and

conversion of oil into biodiesel. The experimental results are supported by SEM/EDX , HPLC and GC-MSanalytical techniques. The SEM/EDX results indicate microalgae contain several elements that are required forlipid metabolism e.g., calcium, magnesium, iron, potassium and nitrogen. HPLC analysis of methanol extractedoil shows the presence of 74.27% of free fatty acids, 10.65% of fatty acid esters and 13.74% triglycerides.These results are in close agreement with the high acid value of the oil. The presence of fatty acid esters in theoil were also confirmed by GC-MS analysis. Under optimized conditions of acid catalysed transesterification>90% conversion of microalgal oil into FAME is observed.

The studies indicate that lower reaction time is favorable for conversion to FAMEs. However, for thepurpose of biodiesel feedstock, any increase in the lipid content of the algae will improve the efficiency of theprocess.

Keywords: Microalgae, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Algae oil, GC-MS, Transesterification, Biodiesel,HPLC

Power Generation Through Renewable Status And Sources Bio-Mass Fuelled Power PlantsTejasvita singh

University of petroleum and energy studies,Dehradun,Uttarakhand,[email protected]

AbstractThe paper emphasizes on biogas linked micro turbine based electricity generation as most of the times

electricity has not been present in the villages. The system consists of biogas units with all the accessories andbiogas used as a fuel that can be locally produced in the dairies. Cow dung can be easily utilized in the dairiesimproving the income level of people and consequently their lives. Except in house consumption rest generatedpower can be transmitted to the grid.

Amelioration of photofermentative biohydrogen production from crude glycerol fraction frombiodiesel waste

Alexandre Tourigny, Dipankar Ghosh§, Mona Abo-Hashesh and Patrick C. Hallenbeck*Département de Microbiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, CP 6128 Succursale Centre-

ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3J7; § Presenting author, * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 514 3436278; fax: +1 514 343 5701. E-mail address: [email protected] (P.C. Hallenbeck).

AbstractBiodiesel manufacture produces crude glycerol as a major byproduct. At the scale estimated for future

biodiesel production, extensive quantities of crude glycerol fraction will be generated, creating a large wastestream with potentially significant environmental impacts. Although a number of interesting, relatively high

24

value compounds can potentially be made from glycerol, the magnitudes of future crude glycerol suppliessuggest that its conversion to a biofuel is the only viable route. Previously, it was shown that crude glycerolcould be converted at high yields to hydrogen, a possible future clean energy carrier. Here, we have carried outstudies with the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris aimed at improving rates and yields ofphotofermentative biohydrogen production from a crude glycerol fraction obtained from a biodiesel manufacturer.This process is theoretically capable of yielding 7 moles of hydrogen per mole of glycerol. In the present study,6.1 moles hydrogen /mole of crude glycerol were obtained under optimal conditions, a yield of 87%. In addition,studies are underway to optimize various physicochemical process parameters: crude glycerol concentration,light intensity, nitrogen source concentration, to further improve hydrogen production rates and yields.

Keywords: Biohydrogen, photofermentation, photosynthetic bacteria, biodiesel-derived glycero

Evaluation of environmental impacts for use of karanja and Neem biodiesels in compression ignitionengines

Ashok Yadav1, Onkar Singh

2


Sachdeva Institute of Technology, Farah, Mathura (U.P.), IndiaEmail: [email protected]

2 Department of Mechanical Engineering

Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur, IndiaEmail: [email protected]

AbstractBio-diesel is one of the best substitutes to the fossil diesel fuel today in the world. Owing to big

climatic diversity, there are numerous oil bearing seed plants/trees available in India. Extraction of the oil fromthese plants and its conversion to bio-diesel involves energy consumption at various stages starting from theplantation to the end use in the compression ignition engine. This paper gives the systematic evaluation of theenergy consumed by Karanja and Neem trees at each stage during the growth cycle and conversion its seed oilsto bio-diesel fuels. Results obtained verify that the total energy consumption during life cycles of the plantsunder study is lower than the energy output during combustion in IC engine.

Keywords: bio-diesel, life cycle analysis, non-edible vegetable oil, energy consumption, net energy ratio

Biofuel: An Alternative Approach For Green EnvironmentNaveen Dwivedi1, Shubha Dwivedi2, C. B. Majumder3, P. Mondal4

1, 2 Department of Biotechnology, S.D. College of Engineering and Technology, Muzaffarnagar, UP.E. mail: [email protected],

3, 4 Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, UK, India

AbstractEnvironment and Energy are two main concerns for our contemporary society. With the fast depletion

of fossil fuels, the greenhouse effect with the increasing emission of carbon dioxide and the considerablepollution coming from industrialisation, the technical challenge for the coming years is to find new energyresources compatible with sustainable energies and the cut-down the polluting emissions. In this regard thebiofuel is an ultimate alternate source of energy which can help to protect our environment. Alternative fuelscan be classified as any fuel that is not derived from conventional sources like petroleum, coal and natural gas.In this paper we discuss about the types of biofuel used and production mechanism of biodiesel with theirbenefits.

Keywords: Biofuel, Fossil fuel, Biomass, Biodiesel

25

Algal Bioenergy for FutureDr.Poonam Khurana1

1Department of Applied science, J.P. Institute of Engineering & Technology Meerut(U.P)-250001Email- [email protected]

AbstractOne of the greatest challenges in the 21st century is to meet the growing energy demand world over. An

Increasing concern for the security of the oil supply has been evidenced by decreasing oil reserves and increasingoil prices. Fossil fuel reserves are depleting rapidly across the world. As a result, the energy problems haveintensified. In addition to this crisis, enhanced levels of carbon dioxide emissions, due to increased consumptionof petrochemicals is leading to global warming posing serious challenges to find newer and better ways ofmeeting the world’s growing energy demand and at the same time to reduce green house gas emissions. Thisrequires a quicker switch over of energy systems to renewable ones that are sustainable and can meet thepresent and projected world energy demand with ecofriendly processes.

India has to look beyond oil to similarly produce ethanol as a reliable source to meet India’s energyneeds. The diversion of 17% of corn for ethanol production has driven corn price in the US by more than $4 perbushel, a steep price for farmers and other people to pay. Thus India must look for nonfood crops like weeds,algae and waste biomass. This requires enzymes that can efficiently digest lignin and cellulose, the majorbuilding blocks of lignocelluloses plant materials. Multienzyme complexes produced by microorganisms or theplants themselves can be one approach to convert cellulose, xylan and lignin to fermentable raw materials,hopefully without too much pretreatment costs. Algae, both for biomass and algal oil, is a good option for Indiasince India has plenty of sunshine, varieties of algae and CO2 can come from local coalfired power plantswhich are also plenty in India and which provides a method of CO2 sequestration. Genetically modified algaeproducing oil of C14 to C20 hydrocarbons can be used for biofuel/biodiesel production. With enhanced ethanolproduction, A good number of microalgae belonging to different classes are reported to be rich in lipids andmore R&D efforts are continuing for selection of a potential organism for hydrocarbon production as well asfor large scale cultivation of the suitable organism to make the process economically viable

Keywords: Energy crisis, Algae, Biomass

A Novel Material for Eco- friendly RefrigerationJoselin Xavier, J. Thomas & K.V. Saban

Smart Materials Analytical Research and Technology (SMART), Dept. of Physics, St. Berchmans College,Changanassery, Kerala, India

E mail: [email protected]

AbstractMagnetic refrigeration, based on the magneto caloric effect (MCE), is an energy efficient and eco-

friendly cooling technology compared to conventional vapor-compression refrigeration cycle. It is ozone safeand does not use any hazardous chemicals and green house gases. Also, it has low maintenance cost and isnoiseless. With the research for novel materials exhibiting higher MCE at room temperature, it is possible torevolutionize the refrigeration technique. This paper reports the preparation of a magneto caloric material,(Gd0.9Pr0.1)5(Si0.8Sn.2)4, a pseudo binary intermetallic alloy, by arc melting method. The structure of the materialhas been studied using X- ray powder diffraction method. Magnetization of the sample was studied from 200 Kto 400 K in an applied field of 1.6 T. The maximum isothermal magnetic entropy change of the material is foundto be 1.03 J/kg K near the ordering temperature (299 K).

Keywords: Eco-friendly Refrigeration, Magneto Caloric Effect, Thermal Systems, Clean Technology, EnergyEfficiency

26

Experimental Investigation Of Heat Transfer And Friction Factor Characteristics Of A Multi V-Shaped With Gap Ribs

Anil Kumar1, R.P.Saini

1, J.S.Saini

2

1Alternate Hydro Energy Centre (AHEC), Indian Institute of Technology

Roorkee,Roorkee,Uttarakhand,(India)-247667Email: [email protected]

2Former Professor Mechanical & Industrial Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology

Roorkee,Roorkee,Uttarakhand,(India)-247667

AbstractArtificial roughness in the form of repeated ribs is the most effective and economic way of improving

the thermal performance of solar air heater duct. This paper presents an experimental investigation of heattransfer and friction factor of a rectangular duct with Multi v shaped with gap ribs arrangements. A gap in Multiv-shaped ribs has been provided to further enhance the performance of the roughened solar air heater duct. Thegap-flow enhances the local turbulence and flow mixing near the ribbed surface. The artificially roughenedduct has a width to height ratio (W/H) of 12, relative roughness pitch (P/e) of 10, relative roughness height (e/Dh) of 0.0433, angle of attack (á) of 30 degree, relative gap distance(Gd/Lv) of 0.8, relative gap width(g/e) of0.5 to 2.0. The flow Reynolds number has been varied from 2000 to 20000. The heat transfer and frictioncharacteristics of the ducts have been compared with those of smooth duct under similar experimental conditions.The results of the Multi v-shaped ribs with gap the significant increase in heat transfer rate and friction lossover the smooth surface.

Keywords: Solar air heater, Heat Transfer, Artificial roughness, Friction Factor

Stability Analysis And Performance Comparison Of Optimal Fuzzy Logic Controller For InvertedPendulum Using Local And Global Concept

Sanjay Chraya 1, Yaduvir Singh 2, Hardeep Singh 3

Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering ,Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab - 147 004, India

1 Email : [email protected],[email protected] 2 Email : [email protected],[email protected] 3 Email: [email protected]

AbstractIn this paper, local concept approach and the global concept approach have been reviewed. Firstly, the

procedure for designing the optimal controller via local concept approach is listed. The stability of the entireclosed-loop continuous fuzzy system is ensured. Then a systematic way to design a global optimal fuzzy controllerand stabilizing a continuous fuzzy system is proposed by viewing in local and global concepts. A linear-likeglobal system representation is proposed by viewing the fuzzy system in global concept by unifying the individualmatrices into synthetical matrices. A performance comparison under two approaches is made. Stability has beendemonstrated for both approaches while considering a cart with an inverted pendulum mechanical system.

Keywords: Global optimal, Riccati equation, Riccati-like equation, T-S type fuzzy model

27

Waste heat harnessing in automobiles for onboard Auxillary power generation usingThermophotovoltaics

Sathish Krishna.R, Subakar.S.ESri Venkateswara College of Engineering

Chennai, [email protected]

AbstractThe increase use of electrical and electronics features to improve vehicle performance, safety and

passenger comfort has resulted in the growth of electrical loads in automobiles. We know that in IC engine only30% of the fossil fuel burnt in the combustion chamber is converted into useful mechanical energy and the rest70% is wasted in the form of exhaust gas and heat energy. In this paper a new onboard power generationtechnology based on thermophotovoltaic system in IC engine has been proposed and results were simulated.

Keywords: TPV, GaSb, Emitter, Engine cylinder.

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator: a feasible option for mini/micro/pico hydro in remotevillage electrification in India

Rajkumar Viral 1, Tarannum Bahar 21Department of Electrical & Electronics Engg. Bhagwant Institute of

Technology, Muzaffarnagar-251315 (U.P.), IndiaEmail: [email protected],[email protected],M:098976751902Department of Electrical Engg., Vira College of Engg.,Bijnor-246701

(U.P.), IndiaEmail: [email protected],[email protected]

Abstract The Remote Village Electrification aims to providing basic lighting/electricity facilities through

renewable energy sources (Solar, wind, Small hydro etc.) in those un-electrified remote census/hamlets villages,where grid connectivity is either not feasible or not cost effective. Among renewable energy sources, the SmallHydropower Projects (SHPs) are advantageous owing to short gestation period, inexpensive operation &maintenance and most importantly environment friendly. Moreover, SHP is the oldest and yet the most reliableof all renewable energy sources.

Conventionally, in SHPs two types of generators namely, synchronous generator (alternator) or inductiongenerator can be used to convert the mechanical energy of flowing water into the electrical energy. The PermanentMagnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) has certain advantages over conventional generators. As compared tothe induction & synchronous generator in a PMSG no electrical energy is absorbed by the field excitationsystem and thus there are no excitation losses, which mean substantial increase in the efficiency; no brushes areneeded in this case, thus their frequent replacement is avoided. Also for energy production solutions with lowerinvestments.

In this Paper, a mathematical model of the Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) interms of two axes d-q variables is developed to analyse the operation of it under low speed such as in MicroHydro Power (MHP) projects. A MHP usually a low speed projects driven by uncontrolled micro hydro turbines.The single point operation of these generators is realized; in such a manner that speeds, voltage, currents ofgenerators remain constant under various operating loads conditions. Here the proposed electrical system aremodeled and simulated in MATLAB using Simulink and Sim Power System (SPS) set toolboxes and differentaspects of the proposed system are studied. On the basis of this model different characteristics of PMSG are

28

analyzed which shows its suitability in SHPs (mini/micro/pico) for low speed application in the range of microhydro (up to 100kW by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) in India)

Keywords: Renewable Energy Sources; RVE; PMSG; SHPs; MATLAB/Simulink etc.

Natural Gas; An Emerging, Clean And Green Fuel For The Indian MarketNitin Kapil Sharma

1 & Ajay Sahu

2

1,2Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), Rae Bareli -229316 (U.P.), India



AbstractThe Natural gas market in India evolves a little slowly till 1999-2000, after that Natural gas as a source

of clean and sustainable energy is well recognised by Indian consumers. Gas Authority of India limited was thefirst company to start with the city gas distribution network in Delhi with nine CNG stations in 1997. TodayNatural gas is becoming a fuel for choice for many domestic, commercials, transportation and industrial users;this is because of its cost, operational and environmental benefits. The major concern today is the availability ofgas and infrastructure for supply of natural gas at the at the point of consumption. The city gas distributioncompanies are playing a major role in developing the pipeline infrastructure in their defined area of operations.The paper focuses up on the demand potential of the natural gas market in the Delhi region, which is estimatedby the door to door survey in industrial areas. The paper also gives the overview of natural gas reserves,production and consumption worldwide and various companies that are into natural gas business in India.

Keywords: City gas distribution, proven reserves, LNG trains, Re gassified natural gas, Gas Sale Agreementand force majeure

Pricing Model for Wind EnergyJaimol Thomas1, S. Ashok2, T.L. Jose3

1Department of Electrical EngineeringSaintgits College of Engineering,

Pathamuttom, Kottayam, Kerala 686 532 IndiaEmail : [email protected]

Department of Electrical EngineeringNational Institute of Technology,

Calicut, 673 601, IndiaEmail : [email protected]

Department of Electrical EngineeringNational Institute of Technology,

Calicut, 673 601, IndiaEmail : [email protected]

AbstractThe major issue with the existing energy pricing methods is that they do not have a uniform method for

pricing energy. The proposed model gives a generalized method for determining energy price for generatingcompanies, independent power producers, regulatory commissions etc. It incorporates the power quality andreliability issues, also environmental externality costs and penalty for deviation from scheduled energy inaddition to the common economic components. The study explores average monthly wind speed variations andthe monthly energy production of a typical wind generator of 1.65 MW capacity operating in the state of TamilNadu, in India.

Keywords : Wind Energy, Energy Pricing, CDM Benefit, Penalty, Environmental Externality Cost

29

Materials Challenges In Present And Future Wind EnergyK.K Siva Kumar Reddya, Sivasakthivel.Ta,a Department of Mechanical Engineering,

National Institute of Technology, Silchar-788010, Assam, India.Email Id: [email protected]

AbstractThe main concept currently in use in wind energy involves horizontal-axis wind turbines with blades of

fiber composite materials. This turbine concept is expected to remain as the major provider of wind power inthe foreseeable future. However, turbine sizes are increasing, and installation offshore means that wind turbineswill be exposed to more demanding environmental conditions. Many challenges are posed by the use of fibercomposites in increasingly large blades and increasingly hostile environments. Among these are achievingadequate stiffness to prevent excessive blade deflection, preventing buckling failure, ensuring adequate fatiguelife under variable wind loading combined with gravitational loading, and minimizing the occurrence andconsequences of production defects. A major challenge is to develop cost-effective ways to ensure that productiondefects do not cause unacceptable reductions in equipment strength and lifetime, given that inspection of largewind power structures is often problematic.

Keywords: wind turbine, fiber composite materials, buckling failure, strength

Future of Wind Energy in IndiaSanjay Kumar Kar1, Sanidhya Narain2 and Atul Sharma2

1Department of Management Studies


Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), Rae Bareli -229316 (U.P.), IndiaEmail: [email protected], [email protected],

AbstractIn the old economy, energy was produced by burning hydrocarbons—oil, coal, or natural gas—leading

to the carbon emissions that have come to define our economy. The new energy economy harnesses the energyin wind, the energy coming from the sun, and heat from within the earth itself. In addition to its use for lightingand for household appliances, electricity will be widely used in the new economy both in transport and to heatand cool buildings. Fossil fuel energies exhaust natural resources and are mostly responsible for environmentalimpacts leading to climate change. On the other hand, renewable energies in general, and wind energy inparticular, produce significantly lower environmental impacts than conventional energies. India is blessed withplenty of alternate energy sources such as solar, wind, hydro and biomass. The importance of renewable energywas recognized in the country in the early 1970s. India has today many large programmes for renewable energy.Several renewable energy systems and devices are now commercially available. The development of windpower in India began in the 1990s, and has significantly increased in the last few years. The “Indian WindTurbine Manufacturers Association (IWTMA)” has played a leading role in promoting wind energy in India.The gross wind power potential is estimated at around 45,000 MW in the country, a capacity of 10,950 MW upto 31st January 2010 has so far been added through wind, which places India in the fifth position globally. Theworldwide installed capacity of wind power reached 157,899 MW by the end of 2009. USA (35,159 MW),Germany (25,777 MW), Spain (19,149 MW) and China (25,104 MW) are ahead of India. The short gestationperiods for installing wind turbines, and the increasing reliability and performance of wind energy machineshas made wind power a favored choice for capacity addition in India. This paper discusses economic viability,the technology options, their current status and opportunities and challenges in developing wind power inIndia.

Keywords: Renewable Energy, Wind Energy, Clean Energy

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Renewable Energy Sources for Managing Peak Load Power DemandSudhir Kumar1 & S.Mukherjee2

1Department of Electrical Engineering,

MITS Deemed University, Lakshmangarh-332311, Sikar, (Raj.), IndiaEmail: [email protected]


Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee- 247667(Uttrakhand), IndiaEmail: [email protected]

Abstract Power and energy security has become an important issue for the developing country like india.Energy

security which means ensuring that our country can supply lifeline energy to all its citizens at affordable cost isvery important and significant need and is an essential step forward. The demand for power is increasinggradually and so the management of peak load power demand is becoming crucial. This paper highlights thegap between peak load power demand and available power at the regional level of our country. Furthermore, itproposes the suitability of power generation from renewable energy sources to fill the gap. The problem isformulated for the optimum allocation of the various renewable energy options to meet the peak load demand atthe regional level of our India, based upon the application of a linear programming algorithm. Due to thegeological profile, potential of various renewable energy sources such as small hydel power. Power extractedfrom solar photovoltaic, wind power, co-generation and biomass energy are varying from region to region. Acomputational result indicates that the power generated by renewable resources is quite suitable to meet thepeak load power demand and in fact some of regions have the potential, which can be transferred to the otherregions utilizing the existing transmission line network in India.

Keywords: Peak Load Demand, Renewable Energy, Optimization, Transmission line, Generation

Enhancement of Hydrogen Storage Capacity of Pd-functionalized Multi-walled Carbon Nanotubes byPolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) Capping

Priyanka Singh, Anuradha Mallia, Suresh GokhalePhysical & Materials Chemistry Division,

National Chemical Laboratory, Pune 411008, IndiaEmail: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

AbstractHydrogen as energy carrier has the capability to offer a clean and efficient energy system for both

mobile and stationary power generation. However, its use has remained marginal for the want of cost effective,compact and safe storage solutions. Among the existing storage methods, hydrogen storage by physisorptionappears very adaptable because the adsorbed gas can be released reversibly. In materials, carbon-basednanostructures have been extensively studied for hydrogen storage application. It is also suggested that Pd-functionalized carbon nanotubes can be a promising hydrogen storage material.

We report here the results of surface modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) withPVP capped palladium nanoparticles to achieve better hydrogen storage capacity. From the sorptionmeasurements, it was found that Pd-functionalized MWNTs with PVP capping adsorbed 2.3 times more hydrogenthan Pd-functionalized MWNTs without PVP capping.

Keywords: Carbon nanotubes, chemical functionalization, hydrogen storage

31

Power Generation Through RenewableSubhash Chandra, Vanshika Singh

[email protected],[email protected] VidyapeethWomen’s University, Jaipur(Raj.)

Abstract

Renewable resources are resources that can be renewed after being used. Trees for example are a renewableresource because more trees can be grown. Rapidly renewable resources are resources that can be renewedquickly for example bamboo. Renewable energy is energy that can be renewed after use. Solar energy is a greatexample of a renewable energy. The sun can keep giving energy because the sun is always shining. The energyis renewed. Tioga Energy specializes in the renewable solar power energy. Renewable energy is derived fromnatural processes that are replenished constantly. In its various forms, it derives directly from the sun, or fromheat generated deep within the earth. Included in the definition is electricity and heat generated from solar,wind, ocean, hydropower, biomass, geothermal resources, and biofuels and hydrogen derived from renewableresources. Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides,and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished).

Keywords: Solar energy,Biofuels,Tioga energy,Geothermal energy

A Review of Sustainable Approach for Bio-Hydrogen Production from Industrial Wastewater

Richa Kothari 1*, D.P.Singh 1, V V Tyagi2

aSchool of Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University,Lucknow, (U.P.), India, 226025.

bCentre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, 110016, India.

AbstractHydrogen is considered as an ultimate cleanest energy carrier to be produced from renewable sources.

Presently, hydrogen is generated mainly from fossil fuels, biomass and water/wastewater through thermo-chemical, electrochemical or microbial fermentation processes. Among this hydrogen generation from wastewateris one of the promising approach. So, exploitation of wastewater as substrate for hydrogen production withconcurrent wastewater treatment is an attractive and effective way of tapping clean energy from renewableresources in a sustainable approach. As a new clean energy source, the demands for and use of hydrogen fuelare rapidly increasing.

Therefore, bio-hydrogen production technology is being developed to reduce operation costs in manycountries. In this article, bio-hydrogen production from various types of industrial wastewater with sustainableapproach i.e. fermentation is reviewed. Different parametric aspects associated with this sustainable approachfor better energy production also the part of this research article.

Keywords: Bio-hydrogen, Industrial wastewater, Fermentation

32

Modification of Diesel Engine for Biogas as a Fuel and Tuning forPower Generation

Bhupender Sharma1, Megha Sharma2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Alwar Institute of Engineering Technology, Alwar INDIAE-mail: [email protected]

2Department of Mechanical & Automobile Engineering, Amity School of Engineering & Technology, AmityUniversity Noida INDIA


AbstractIn this work the diesel engine is convert and tune to run on duel fuel and single fuel mode for electricity

production using biogas 80% and diesel 20% as fuel. The engine taken under study was a Kirlosker 553cc,Rated Output 3.7 kW, 2 valve engine coupled to an induction motor to produce electricity at 50 Hz. InModifications included an addition of biogas carburetor for air-fuel mixing, so the boost pressure can be adjusted.When the induction motor was synchronized to the power grid, the running speed of the engine was 1,500 rpm.Optimal engine efficiency was achieved at 26.6% ignition timing at 480 before top dead center. The producergas (80%) is taken as a primary fuel consists of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), and methane (CH4)along with carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen (N2) and diesel (20%) is taken as a secondary fuel. This producergas so obtained from the Biomass Gasifier using Mustered husk as a biomass. This producer gas has a lowcalorific value gas with typical higher heating value in the range of 5.4-5.7 MJ/m3. The producer gas can bedirectly burned in a burner to provide thermal energy or it can be used as a fuel in an engine to provide mechanicalpower or electricity.

Keywords: Diesel Engine, mustard husk, biogas, biogas gasifier, modification.

Biological pretreatment of lignocellulosic substrates for enhanced delignification and enzymaticdigestibility

Saritha M, Anju Arora and LataDivision of Microbiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, N. Delhi 110012

Email: anjudev@ yahoo.com

AbstractSheer enormity of lignocellulosics makes them potential feedstock for biofuel production but, their

conversion into fermentable sugars is a major hurdle. They have to be pretreated physically, chemically orbiologically to be used by fermenting organisms for production of ethanol. Each lignocellulosic substrate is acomplex mix of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, bound in a matrix and these components have to be separated.While cellulose and hemicellulose yield fermentable sugars, lignin is the most recalcitrant polymer, consistingof phenyl propanoid units. Many microorganisms in nature are able to attack and degrade lignin, thus makingeasy access to cellulose. Such organisms are abundantly found in forest leaf litter and composts and especiallyinclude the wood rotting fungi, actinomycetes and bacteria. These microorganisms possess enzyme systems toattack, depolymerize, and degrade the polymers in lignocellulosic substrates instead of harsh chemical treatments.Current pretreatment research is targeted towards developing processes which are mild, economical andenvironment friendly and support subsequent saccharification of cellulose and its fermentation to ethanol.Besides, being the critical step it also is cost intensive. Biological treatments with white rot fungi and Streptomyceshave been studied for delignification of pulp and increasing digestibility of lignocellulosics for animal feed andalso for bioremediation of paper mill effluents.

Such lignocellulolytic organisms can prove extremely useful in production of bioethanol when used forremoval of lignin from lignocellulosic substrate and also for cellulase production. Our studies on treatment ofhardwood and softwood residues with Streptomyces griseus isolated from leaf litter showed that they enhanced

33

the mild alkaline solubilisation of lignins and also produced high levels of the cellulase complex when growingon wood substrates. Lignin loss (Klason lignin) observed was 10.5 and 23.5 % in case of soft wood and hardwood respectively. Thus, lignolytic actinomycetes and white rot fungi can be exploited for developingpretreatment process for lignocellulosic substrates and facilitating efficient enzymatic digestibility of cellulose.

Keywords: Bioethanol, Biological pre-treatment, Delignification, Lignocellulose, Solid state fermentation

Energy saving potential of organic fertilizer cum pesticide alternatives from biomass wastesShivani Chaturvedi*1, Geetanjali Kaushik1,Arvind Chel2 Balraj Singh3

1Centre for Rural Development and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi.Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.

*Email: [email protected]: [email protected]

2Centre for Energy Studies, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi. Hauz Khas, New Delhi-110016, India.Email: [email protected]

3Centre for Protected Cultivation Technology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New DelhiEmail: [email protected]

AbstractModern agriculture with its high energy inputs, coupled with energy crisis and global climate change is

a priority area for reduction in energy consumption. Biomass wastes - Jatropha and tobacco wastes have potentialto be used as organic fertilizers on account of high nutrient content and in addition also possess high pesticidalactivity. These wastes prove to be a viable alternative to the energy intensive chemical fertilizers and pesticidesfor floriculture, thus contributing to the mitigation of global climate change.

Keywords: Energy; Fertilizers; Pesticides; Climate change.

Impact of Hot Water on Sugar Recovery from Corn StoverM.S Dhanya

1, S. Prasad

2 and H.C Joshi

3

1,2,3Division of Environmental Sciences,

Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI), New Delhi-110012, India1Email: [email protected]

2Email: shiv_drprasad @yahoo.co.in


AbstractThe present investigation was carried out to study the effectiveness of hot water pretreatment for the

sugar recovery from corn stover for ethanol production. The corn stover at a solid loading rate of 10% was pretreated at 121oC with hot water at different residence times of 5, 10, 30 and 60 minutes. The sugar recoverieswith these pretreatment were 6.16, 7.59, 8.48 and 9.98 times respectively than that of control treatment of cornstover. High sugar recoveries were noticed after treatment with high residence time which efficiently solubilizedlignin and made the material accessible to enzymes and yeast for fermentation.

Keywords: corn stover, hot water, pre treatment, residence time

34

Adsorption of Carcinogenic Dye on agricultural biomass used as adsorbent in Column Operation

Rahul Mishra1, Praveen Kushwaha2, Shamik Chowdhury3, Papita Saha4*

Department of BiotechnologyNational Institute of Technology, Durgapur, India

1 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

3 Email: [email protected] Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Legislation about toxic substances in industrial wastewaters is becoming increasingly strict; consequently,a large number of researchers are addressing the variety of issues in this area. Dyes are common constituents ofeffluents discharged by various industries, particularly the textile industry. The present study was undertaken tofind out a suitable low cost, environmental friendly and highly effective bio-sorbent to remove safranine dyefrom aqueous solution. For this a continuous packed bed column experiment was carried out by using RiceHusk as a bio-sorbent. Experimental data confirmed that the breakthrough curves were dependent on initial dyeconcentration, pH of the solution, flow rate. Four models: Thomas, Adams-Bohart, Yoon-Nelson and BDSTmodels were applied to the experimental data to determine the characteristics parameters of the column usefulfor process design. The experimental results showed that BDST model and Yoon-Nelson model better representthe data than other models. Maximum adsorption capacity of 11.1×104 mg/g and 1.97× 10 4 mg/g was observedwith Thomas model and BDST model respectively at aqueous safranine concentration of 100 mg/l with pH 7 at4.5 ml/min flow rate. Least sum of square (SS) and ÷2 error analysis were performed to find the best fit modelwith experimental data. BDST model, Yoon-Nelson model gives the minimum SS and ÷2 values at differentsafranine concentration and pH values respectively.

Keywords: Rice Husk, Textile effluents, Aqueous safranine, Packed Bed, Biosorption, Biosorbent, BreakthroughCurve, Breakthrough time

Method To Maintain And Increase The Production Of Bio-Gas By 33% Used For ElectricityGeneration: A Theoretical Study

Ankur Agarwal11Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Harcourt Butler Technological Institute Kanpur-208002 (U.P.), IndiaEmail: [email protected]

AbstractAnaerobic digestion of bio-gas inside the digester occurs at particular temperature range. Research

shows that the production can be increased by 33% by switching over from mesophilic temperature range (30-40°C) to thermophilic temperature range (50-60°C). Even then, biogas plants generally work in mesophilicrange because the large amount of energy is required to maintain the high digester temperature. This hugeenergy input is required round the clock which makes biogas practically impossible as a permanent, continuousand cheap source of energy.

At present the digester temperature is maintained by burning the produced biogas which increase thebiogas production per unit of biomass but it is not a cost effective method as in totality it result into lesserproduction of gas.

35

Biogas used for electricity production has CNG Generator which consumes biogas and produceselectricity. Generator also produces high quantity of exhaust gas due to the burning of biogas (fuel). This hugeenergy content is used to partially maintain the digester temperature by converting the heat content of hotexhaust gas into hot water at about 90 °C by a heat exchanger. Solar Water Heaters are installed to heat water to90°C which works for specific time of a day. A hybrid system is created in which hot water is taken fromgenerator and solar panels and is stored in a tank from where it is distributed as the temperature of digester fallsbelow 50°C. The temperature in digester is maintained by pouring fresh slurry at 60 °C and heating it in thedigester by circulating hot water inside heating coils, builds inside the digester. To regulate temperature insidethe digester a Temperature Control System is developed which modulates the flow of hot water.

Keywords: biogas, thermophilic, anaerobic digestion, biogas for electricity, renewal energy

Lab Scale Cultivation of Microalgae Botryococcus Braunii and Scenedesmus Dimorphus and Effect ofLocal Conditions

Rohit Kumar & A. K. Sinha1

Catalysis conversion and process Division,Indian Institute of Petroleum, Dehradun-248005 India (U.K.), India


Abstract Algae are simple organisms that are mainly aquatic and microscopic with higher photosyntheticefficiency than other biomass and also algae are economical choice for biodiesel production due to its availabilityand low cost. In the present study two types of green Microalgae Botryococcus Braunii and ScenedesmusDimorphus were cultivated on lab scale and effect of local conditions such as temperature, humidity, pH of themedia, normal sunlight, CO2 content on their growth was investigated. Both the strains of microalgae werecultivated using Modified BOLD 3N media with the initial pH of 6.8 and this pH was maintained at 6.8-7.0 i.e.,neutral by adding HCl and NaOH respectively throughout the complete study. The algal growth was measuredin terms of optical density measurement and this study shows that the local ambient conditions like temperature(i.e., 25-30ºC), humidity, normal sun light and pH 6.8-7.0, 2-4% CO2 are need to be the rapid growth of bothstrains i.e., Botryococcus Braunii and Scenedesmus Dimorphus.

Keywords: Microalgae, Botryococcus Braunii, Scendesmus Dimorphus, Optical Density, CO2 Content

Waste to Energy from kitchen Waste Materials (Biogas Plant)Sachin Untawale1, Rajkumar chadge2, S.R.Lanjewar3

Department of Mechanical EngineeringYeshwantrao Chavan College of Engineering (YCCE), Nagpur-441110(M.S.), India

Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Millions of cubic meters of methane in the form of swamp gas or biogas are produced every year by thedecomposition of organic matter, both animal and vegetable. It is almost identical to the natural gas pumped outof the ground by the oil companies and used by many of us for heating our houses and cooking our meals.

In the past, however, biogas has been treated as a dangerous by-product that must be removed asquickly as possible, instead of being harnessed for any useful purposes. It is only really in very recent times thata few people have started to view biogas in an entirely different light, as a new source of power for the future.

36

The impending scarcity of petroleum threatens the world’s fuel supply. Mankind can face this threatsuccessfully with the help of biogenous methane, but the world is yet to take full advantage of this technology,because its practitioners have so far ignore the basic tenet of science – viz. output of work is dependent on theenergy available for doing that work.

In this paper we have built a portable biogas plant which proves to be of great help by providing fuelwhich acts as alternative for fossil fuels. In this paper we have gone through a detailed study of biogas, itsproduction and various biogas plants. With the information we collected we have fabricated and installed afloating drum biogas plant which is very effective for small scale use. It has been running successfully for lastone and half month.

Keywords: Waste to energy

Process for Conversion of Biomass to BiodieselS.V.A.R.Sastry

1, A.K.Gupta

2 & P.Ramesh

3

1Department of Chemical Engineering,

M.V.G.R. College of Engineering (MVGRCE), Vizianagaram -535005 (A.P.), IndiaEmail: [email protected]

2Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi, New Delhi-110016

3Department of Chemical Engineering,M.V.G.R. College of Engineering (MVGRCE), Vizianagaram -535005 (A.P.), India

AbstractBiodiesel is made from non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable resources. Biodiesel can be produced in

many ways. The method used in the laboratory was transesterification which is actually replacement of alcoholgroup from an ester by another alcohol. The reaction was carried out by varying different parameters, likeamount of catalyst in reaction, ratio of methyl alcohol to Jatropha oil, temperature and stirring on the reaction;to find the best conversion of oil to biodiesel. Alkali catalysed transesterification is considered to be the bestamongst all methods available for the production of biodiesel from fresh oil. Our aim is to establish the parametricdependency of the reaction.

Keywords: Biodiesel; Conversion; Parameters; Rate-equation; Reaction; Transesterification

Heat Transfer During Freezing Of Pcm In Vertical Cylinders-Conduction ControlSubrahmaniyam Susarla

Stanley College of Engineering and Technology for Women, Chapel Road,Abids,Hyderabad-500001,INDIA

E-mail:[email protected]

Abstract Freezing and melting of phase change materials(PCM) are the transport processes in latent heat

thermal energy storage systems.Accurate prediction of freezing/melting rates is vital to design of such systems.Inthis paper,a comparative study of two PCMs,n-octadecane and a paraffin wax is presented.Freezing experimentswere conducted under isothermal surface conditions in copper/steel cylinders.The initial liquid temperaturewas maintained within two degrees of melting point to minimize natural convection during freezing.Partialfrozen mass –time data were obtained.The range of variables covered are: Volume of PCM:50 to500cc,temperature drop over frozen PCM:5 to 50C.Comparison of frozen mass-time data with theory and datacorrelation are discussed.

Keywords: freezing, PCM, cylinder, conduction control, Stefan,Fourier

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Constrained and Unconstrained PCM melting inside spherical capsuleS.A.Khot1, N.K.Sane2, B.S.Gawali3

Latthe polytechnic Sangli (Maharashtra) [email protected]

2 ,3 Walchand College Of Engineering Sangli (Maharashtra) [email protected], [email protected]

AbstractThe study of melting phenomena of Phase Change Material (PCM) needs to be understood for the

design of thermal storage systems. The constrained and unconstrained melting of PCM inside a spherical capsuleusing paraffin wax is investigated. The experiments are carried out with different wall temperatures. PCMmelting is constrained in spherical capsule using thermocouples used to measure the temperatures in capsule.The visualization of melting process is obtained using digital camera. The qualitative and quantitative informationon solid-liquid interface of phase change process is compared. It is observed that, the solid PCM is restrictedfrom sinking to the bottom of the spherical capsule in constrained melting.

Keywords: Constrained melting, unconstrained melting, Phase change material (PCM), Thermal energy storage(TES), Visualization, solid-liquid phase front

Optimization of PCM use in buildings through computer simulationL. Rusch1, 2, S. Behzadi1, M.M. Farid1, J.J.J Chen1 & F. Kuznik2

1Department of Chemical & Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland,Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New-Zealand

Email: [email protected] Institute of Applied Sciences of Lyon, Université Lyon 1,Bât Freyssinet, 40 Rue des Arts, 69621 Villeurbanne Cedex, France


AbstractPhase Change Materials (PCMs) have been studied and implemented in many practical application

including buildings, for the efficient use of energy and human comfort. PCMs reduce indoor temperaturefluctuation and contribute to increase thermal comfort and reduced energy consumptions. This paper focuses,through the use of computer simulation, on the effect of the use of PCM in a conventional three-bedroom house.To create a realistic and accurate model, schedules for lighting, occupancy, heating and cooling were alsoincorporated. An approximate economic consideration of the payback time for PCM was also performed andfound to be acceptable compared to the life time of a house.

Keywords: PCM, energy conservation, thermal mass, building simulation, payback time

Thermal characteristic investigation and improvementof metal – sheet roofing using PCM

Chang–Ren Chen1, Nguyen Vu Lan1 & Su Wei Yao1

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan, TaiwanEmail addresses: [email protected]; [email protected] & [email protected]

AbstractDue to low thermal resistance, under strong sunlight, metal – sheet roofing may gain up to about 90 ~

100oC and make a stiflingly hot air of more than 40oC inside the closed room it covers, which may affect badly

38

to people’s health and cause a large waste of energy, i.e. electricity, for running cooling systems. In order toimprove thermal resistance of metal sheet roofing, several metal – sheet models containing a PCM layer togetherwith several other insulation materials (i.e. EVA, PU…) have been experimentally investigated with a stablesolar radiation modeling system which can offer a radiation density of around 1200W/m2. The models havebeen set to face that strong radiation within 4 hours (similar to or even more than the real period in the clearestsunny day at noon time) and then cool down naturally, all without any external wind on the outer surface.Results show that, while initial room temperature is 25oC, with the best model with PU+EVA+PCM, the insideair average temperature has been maintained at 27oC for up to 2 hours and has reached the maximum of only32.7oC within 2 hours before dropping down again in the succeeding cooling period. This assures a much moreconvenient indoor air temperature condition and also good reduction of energy consumption for air conditioningpurpose.

Keywords: Metal Sheet Roofing Using PCM, Corrugated Roofing Using PCM, Thermal ResistanceImprovement, Energy Saving.

Designing Foot Massage Container and Analyzing The Heat Energy Storage & Release By Using PCMAshaq Ayesh Alsedran1, Shu-Huang Sun1, Chang–Ren Chen1 ,

Atul Sharma2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan, TaiwanEmail: [email protected]

2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), Rae

Bareli -229316 (U.P.), IndiaEmail: [email protected]

AbstractStoring and releasing the heat energy is a big subject now a day because of finding renewable energy is

the same important as saving the energy in our life. In this paper, we use the latent heat of Phase Change (solid-liquid) Materials (PCMs) for heat energy, which has shown high heat capacity per unit volume.

In this case we will study the performance of PCMs by using it in foot massage container. We designthe foot massage container and use PCMs package in it. By using phase change materials in the foot massagepot we can keep the water worm longer for human use. We can save money and fuel energy by saving heatenergy. If we use in the foot massage pot 400 grams of 45°C PCM and polystyrene (PS) in 4 liters of water wecan increase the warming of the water from 40 minutes to 95 minutes.

Keywords: Foot Massage Container, PCM

Experimental and numerical analysis of Phase Change Material melting inside Spherical CapsuleS.A.Khot1, N.K.Sane2, B.S.Gawali3

1 Latthe polytechnic Sangli (Maharashtra) IndiaEmail: [email protected]

2 3Walchand College Of Engineering Sangli (Maharashtra) IndiaEmail: [email protected], [email protected]

AbstractThis paper is aimed at understanding the melting behavior of paraffin wax as Phase Change Material

(PCM) encapsulated in a spherical capsule, used in latent heat thermal storage system. The experimental set isdesigned and developed for the study of behavior of PCM. The melting phase front and melting fraction of the

39

PCM are analyzed and compared with numerical solution obtained by CFD. The heat for melting of PCM in thecapsule is provided by hot water surrounding it. The experimental temperature distribution and numericallyobtained has a good agreement. Comparison is also made to study the liquid fraction rate under constrained andconstrained conditions

Keywords: CFD, Phase Change Material (PCM), Thermal energy storage, Visualization, Solar domestic hotwater (SDHW)

Latent Heat of Binary Phase Change Materials and their Applications in Thermal Energy StorageDevices

Ganga SharanDepartment of Physics,

Municipal Post Graduate College, Mussoorrie, Dehradun-248179 (U.K.) IndiaEmail: [email protected]

AbstractLatent heat and other thermodynamic quantities of binary phase change materials (BPCM) are calculated

using a lattice model.The lattice model is solved using mean-field approximation and the mean-field free energyis transformed using Legendre transformation to obtain a formula for enthalpy from which latent heat andspecific heat of mixtures are calculated. The set of analytical equations obtained allows us to calculate thelatent heat of mixtures and enables us to find the composition of highest latent heat- a parameter used inidentification of substances that can be used in thermal energy storage devices. The results are presented fortwo representative binary mixtures: eutectic and solid-solution. Solid-liquid phase transformation in eutecticbinary mixtures is a two step phenomenon- a step like change and gradual- melting. This thermodynamic natureof phase transition in binary mixtures can be used to minimize overheating in latent heat energy storagedevices.

Keywords: Latent heat, binary mixture, binary phase change materials, eutectic-mixtures, enthalpy, lattice-model, phase-diagrams, latent heat energy storage devices, overheating, thermal stability.

Phase Change Materials for Thermal Energy Storage ApplicationsAtul Sharma

1, D. Buddhi

2 & C.R.Chen

3 And Ashok Saini2

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT),

Rae Bareli -229316 (U.P.), IndiaEmail: [email protected]

2Shivalik College of Engineering, Dehradun, India

Email: [email protected] of Mechanical Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan, Taiwan


AbstractThermal energy storage provides a reservoir of energy to adjust this mismatch and to meet the energy

needs at all times. It is used as a bridge to cross the gap between the energy sources, the sun, and the application.So, thermal energy storage is essential in the any type of the thermal system.

Thermal energy storage (TES) technologies in general and phase change materials (PCMs) in particular,have been topic in research for the last 20 years. Traditionally, available heat has been stored in the form ofsensible heat (typically by raising temperature of water, rocks, etc). Latent heat storage on the other hand, is a

40

novel and developing technology, which has found considerable interest due to its operational advantages ofsmaller temperature swing, smaller size, and lower weight per unit of storage capacity. The interest on thermalenergy storage by using PCMs has risen in recent times since they have desired thermodynamic and kineticcriteria for low temperature latent heat storage.

Among the several thermal heat storage techniques latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) systemshas high energy density with a property to store heat at a constant temperature at its transition temperature.PCMs have been widely used in latent heat thermal storage systems for heat pumps, solar engineering, andspacecraft thermal control applications. There are large numbers of PCMs that melt and solidify at a wide rangeof temperatures, making them attractive in a number of applications. The uses of PCMs for heating and coolingapplications for buildings have been investigated within the past few decades. Therefore, in this paper, anattempt has been taken to summarize the investigation of the available thermal energy storage systemsincorporating PCMs for use in different applications.

Keywords : Solar Energy, Thermal Energy, Phase Change Materials

Energy Storage System as a Future Alternative Fuel for Transport Sector to Address Global WarmingIssues

Bharat Raj Singh 1*

& Onkar Singh 2


SMS Institute of Technology, Kashimpur Beruha, Near Gosainganj, Lucknow-Sultanpur Road, Lucknow-227125,Uttar Pradesh, India.

Email: [email protected] of Mechanical Engineering,

Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Nawabganj, Kanpur-208002, Uttar Pradesh, IndiaEmail: [email protected]

AbstractGlobal warming is serious issues to the survival of mankind. The main reason of this issue is excessive

consumption of hydrocarbon fuel in transport sector, power sector and fast industrialization. Transport sectoralone is releasing tail pipe emissions to the extent of 77.8% in developed countries or fast developing countries.They are releasing a large quantity of carbon dioxide thereby causing serious threat to the global warming. Ascivilization is growing the fuel reserves are depleting very fast. A noted US geophysicist Marion King Hubbertin 1956 predicted that US Fuel reserves may peak by 1975 and fuel crisis may be noticed within 40 years (i.e.by 1995). In 2003, Aleklett and Campbell informed that by 2010 most of the countries may face peak oil dayand with the current rate of fuel consumption, 80% of fuel may be consumed by 2020-30. Worldwide researchesare now being made to supplement the energy by renewable sources and alternate energy and to reduce greenhouse hydrocarbon fuel. Major thrust is given towards wind, hydropower, tidal and nuclear power generation.Efforts are also being made for storage of the energy and its better utilization. This paper describes the energyconversion system from atmospheric air as an alternative fuel to run prime movers when air is compressed andstored by alternative energy sources like wind, solar energy etc., or by utilizing disaster energy. It can be used asclean energy source for running domestic appliances, light vehicles etc. as zero pollution fuel source, and checkthe global warming.

Keywords: emission, global warming, hydrocarbon, compressed air, energy storage.

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Temperature Controllability of a Household Freezer with Phase Change Material during PowerFailure

B. Gin 1, M.M. Farid

2 & P.K.Bansal

3

1Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering,

The University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandEmail: [email protected]

2 Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering,The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Email: [email protected] of Mechanical Engineering,

The University of Auckland, Auckland, New ZealandEmail: [email protected]

AbstractThis paper presents experimental and modeling results of a freezer with panels of phase change material.

In order to assess the PCM effectiveness to maintain internal freezer air temperatures, the electrical power tothe freezer was switched off for certain duration to simulate the effect of “power failure” in developing countriesas well as electrical power shifting plans. Interestingly, the energy consumption of the freezer was almostconstant irrespective of whether the freezer was running continuously or under power failure mode, and with orwithout the PCM. The effect of temperature fluctuations on food quality was assessed with and without PCMby monitoring the size of ice crystals in ice cream over a 2 week period with daily power failure. The averageice crystal size remained constant after 2 weeks with PCM, while the average ice crystal size rose considerablywithout PCM. CFD modeling was performed for the freezer containing food to predict the change in airtemperature during the power loss event. However, product temperature was under predicted by the model.

Keywords: Phase change material, freezer, energy consumption, food quality, CFD

Investigation of a plastic injected container of PCMfor temperature rapid–balancing and long–maintaining

Chang–Ren Chen1, Shu–Huang Sun1, Nguyen Vu Lan1 & Eissa Alnammi1

1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan, TaiwanEmail addresses: [email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected] &

[email protected]

AbstractIn this study, a Phase Change Material (PCM) container made of plastic by injection molding process

has been designed in a suitable structure to store PCMs in combination with a vacuum layer acting as anexcellent insulated outer cover. The target of this design is to create a rapid temperature balancing containerwhich can firstly absorb heat from the stored substance to change its temperature within several minutes into adesired value, set by the melting temperature and type of used PCMs, and then keep that temperature last longeras the absorbed heat is later released. Models in different shape using a commercial PCM (called PW-63) withmelting temperature of 63oC have been made and tested carefully in laboratory. The best results, derived fromthe multi-layer structure, have shown that average temperature of boiled water (stored substance) reached thedesired range of 55 ~ 65oC within only about 15 minutes and this temperature range lasted within nearly 5hours. This time is even much longer for lower temperature desired value. This is a big advantage comparedwith vacuum container without PCM (in which the desired range was reached after about 4 hours but lasted foronly more than 2 hours), which is normally considered a very good device for isolating storage. With this goodperformance, the plastic multi-layer PCM container can become a good solution for stainless steel PCM container

42

in heat transfer enhancement in latent heat storage applications using PCMs. It also brings along other advantagescompared with stainless steel container such as lighter weight, cheaper, faster and easier mass-production bymeans of plastic injection process.

Keywords: Plastic PCM Container, Temperature Rapid Balancing, Two – Layer Container

Preparation and characterization of PVP based polymer electrolytes forSolid state battery applications

Ch.V.Subba Rao1, M.Ravi1, V.Raja2*, P.Balaji Bhargav3, A.K.Sharma1, V.V.R.N.Rao1

1 Department of Physics, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India2 Department of Physics, N.B.K.R. Science & Arts College, Vidyanagar, India

3 SSN Research Center, Kalavakkam, Chennai

AbstractPoly (vinyl pyrrolidine) (PVP) based solid conducting polymer electrolyte films complexed with sodium

iodide (NaI) salt were prepared using solution casting technique. Structural characterization was performedusing X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) technique.The temperature dependence of conductivity was performed usingAC Impedance analyzer in the frequency range of 0.1 KHz to 1MHz. The dominant conducting species in thepresent electrolyte system was determined using Wagner Polarization technique and dominant conducting specieswere found to be ions rather than electrons. Solid state batteries were developed using the present solid polymerelectrolyte system and discharge characteristics were observed over the load of 100 K ohm.

Keywords: PVP electrolytes, XRD, Electrical conductivity, Transference number, Battery

Cold Storage: A View of Energy Efficient Technologies and PracticesVipin Yadav

Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT), Rae Bareli, India 229 316Email: [email protected]

AbstractA cold storage facility is a complex thermal system that works for the preservation and efficient utilization

of perishable food commodities. It generally comprises a specifically designed building space, one or morerefrigeration unit/s, material handling provisions, ancillary power generation unit and several other criticalcomponents. Considerable technology up-gradation has occurred around the globe in this regard and consequently,highly energy efficient refrigeration units, excellent performance thermal insulations, innovative techniques tofurther reduce the building heat loads etc. are now available.

India is a country with above 17 percent of world population, widely spread agricultural land withmostly favorable meteorological conditions. Country is yet striving hard for self-sustenance in terms of allkinds of food products. Time and space non-uniformity in food production is a challenge that can be only dealtwith by adopting standard technological measures. There are nearly 5400 working cold storage units with over23.6 million metric tons of storage capacity; and the expansion to higher capacity is desperately needed. Thepaper begins with basic relevant information regarding cold storages particularly in Indian context.

Sparsely available reliable information indicates below the mark (in fact, poor) performance of majorityof these units in terms of overall energy consumption, energy auditing and overall facility management. Gross-wastage of high grade energy can be easily averted through little but sincere efforts. In order to reduce theoverall energy consumption levels by a cold storage unit, few critical points are discussed which need to betaken care off during design, construction and application phases.

43

Incorporation of energy efficient refrigeration units can significantly improve the overall performanceof any cold storage utility. Technical information is presented regarding the more energy efficient refrigerationunits. Bottlenecks in employing other alternate sources of energy which are cheap and readily available are alsoexplored.

The emission of carbon dioxide and other green house gasses into the atmosphere at large scales isa big issue. The paper concludes emphasizing, firstly, the need of elevating the cold storage units to higherenergy efficiency levels, and secondly, employing renewable energy sources like solar energy for the operationof such facilities.

Keywords : cold storage, energy efficiency, alternate energy sources, clean energy

Energy Saving Techniques Used In Food RefrigerationMunesh Kumar Sharma1, D Buddhi2 and Ashok Saini3

1 Department of Mechanical Engg., Millennium Institute of Technology, Saharanpur2 Director, Shivalik Engineering College, Dehradun

3 A2Z Solutions, Gurgaon, India

AbstractFood transport refrigeration is a critical link in the food chain not only in terms of maintaining the

temperature integrity of the transported products but also its impact on energy consumption and CO2 emissions.Energy saving in food refrigeration is an important issue in the performance of a ‘cold chain’. In this paper theenergy consumption characteristics of the refrigeration equipments from the processing facilities, cold stores,refrigerated transportations, refrigerated display cabinets, to the domestic refrigerators are introduced andthereafter the energy saving opportunities in food refrigeration industry are presented in terms of the systemdesign, equipment selection, construction, operation, management and monitoring of the cold chain.

Keywords: Food refrigeration, Cold chain, Energy saving.

Techno-Economic Analysis of Active Air-Conditioning System With Thermal Storage for VariousClimatic Zones Of India

G S Sharma1 and D.Buddhi 2 Ashok Saini3

1Mathura Devi Institute of Technology and Management Indor, IndiaEmail: [email protected]

2Sivalik College of Engineering Dehradun, Indiaemail: [email protected]

3 A2Z Solutions, Gurgaon, India

Abstract In order to size the chiller and to decide storage capacities, a detailed analysis of the combinedperformance of the chiller and thermal storage for each hour of the design day cooling cycle must be performed.However, an initial estimate can be performed by applying simple available formulas and by making someassumptions of the chiller capacity during the day and night time. The basic steps in sizing a cool storagesystem are as follows :

a. Determine Accurate Building Load Profile.b. Select the Design Day System Operating Strategy.c. Calculate the Initial Size and Initial Storage Capacity.d. Select the Appropriate Storage Technology.e. Refine and Finalise the Chiller and Storage Equipment Selection.

44

The first and important step in the sizing procedure is to determine an accurate design day building loadprofile.The objective of this paper is to size designing of air conditioning system with latent heat storagesystem for differents climatic condition of india. The calculations are also made for latent heat storage systemhaving 9ºC and 0ºC PCM with differents capacity combination and tariffs.

For size designing of Air-Conditioning system with thermal storage device, five Indian Cities viz : (i)Indore (ii) Delhi (iii) Mumbai (iv) Bangalore (v) Jodhpur as representive of mild composite,composite, hot andhumid, moderate and hot dry respectively.

Based on data collected from meterological department and by using above equations Annual temperatureprofile and peak load profile of indore, delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Jodhpur were prepared. Based on heatload profile prepared for identified cities maximum total hourly cooling load in peak month requirements, theequipments were selected for 9ºC & 0ºC latent heat storage materials. A details comparison of storage operatingstrategies by considering following options were prepared . Using 9 ºC pcm for latent heat storage with 50%TR Chiller,65% TR chiller and 80 %TR chiller capacity in each city.

a. Using 0ºC pcm for latent heat storage with 50 %TR Chiller, 65% TR Chiller and 80 %TR chillercapacity in each city.

b. Using 0ºC PCM for latent heat storage with 50 %TR Chiller 65 %TR Chiller and 80 %TR chillercapacity in each city.

Capital cost of the system is one of the main factor which affects the implementation of decision madewhether one should go for conventional system or non conventional system. For that capital cost comparisonhas been prepared Based on Equipment selected using 9ºC & 0º C latent heat storage . The pay back periodcalculations were made using capital cost , operating costs and TOD of the system.

Efficient Energy Supply for Heating and CoolingAlojz Poredos

University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Mechanical EngineeringAskerceva cesta 6, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia


AbstractSupplying customers with heating and cooling energy from district energy systems essentially contributes

to rational use of energy and to environmental protection. In the past few years, the use of district cooling hasbeen significantly increased in some countries.

The energy supply of cooling and heating for urban districts is usually separated. While a part ofdistrict is supplied with natural gas or uses liquid fuels for heating purposes, the other part may be supplied byheat from district heating network. Cooling systems are usually based on use of electric energy and are in mostcases very small units. In this case, cooling capacity of such a unit covers needs of only some small building,office or even apartment, and not cooling needs of whole district or group of buildings. Many times the use ofparticular technologies is energetically inefficient and environmentally not friendly. Since there may be manydifferent energy sources in the same environment, such cooling and heating technologies should be used, thatare environmentally, technically and economically most acceptable.

In the paper concepts of energy supply systems are presented and their energy efficiencies are discussed.The possibilities of improvement of existing systems are pointed out. The development directions of energysystems in urban districts are presented. Based on analysis, the solutions which enable energetically, economicallyand environmentally best results are presented. A method for the exergetic efficiency determination of different

45

kinds of chillers is described and a comparison of the chillers’ exergetic efficiency in a trigeneration systemincluding the whole cooling loop is shown.

Keywords: energy, efficiency, supply, cogeneration, trigeneration

Energy Recovery Possibility from Dhapa Landfill Site, Kolkata – A Case StudySubhasish Chattopadhyay

1, Amit Dutta

2 , Subhabrata Ray

31

Department of Civil Engineering,Bengal Engineering and Science University, Shibpur; Howrah-711103, India.

E-mail : [email protected] of Civil Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata -700032, India.

E-mail : [email protected]. of Chemical Engineering, Indian Inst. of Tech., Kharagpur-721302, India.

E-mail : [email protected]

AbstractEnergy needs to be conserved to protect the environment from drastic changes, to save the depleting

resources for future generations. Countries all over the world have started to ponder over a new energy policywith a possibility of having no or limited impact. Energy is broadly classifies into two main groups: renewableand Non-renewable. Renewable energy i.e. sun, wind, rain, tides are available in the abundant quantity, havelow carbon emissions, helps in stimulating the renewable power generation but initial costs are quite steep forsetting up a plant. Non-renewable energy sources are available in nature only in limited amount in the form offossil fuels, natural gas, oil and coal which are apparently cheap, easy to use but can not be reproduced i.e. leadsto resource depletion, not environmental friendly, cause global warming and also have serious health effect.The renewable sources are, so to say, more or less pollution free, environmentally clean and socially acceptable.Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills are a significant renewable source of methane emission. Instead ofallowing Landfill gas (LFG) to escape into the air, it can be captured, converted and used as an energy source.The enormous increase in the quantum and diversity of waste materials generated by human activity are potentiallyharmful to the general environment and public health. It leads to an increasing awareness about an urgent needto adopt scientific methods for safe disposal of wastes. Kolkata, one of the four metropolitan cities in India,187.33 sq.km. area with 8 million total populations generates about 3000 Ton/day of (MSW). Daily around98% of the total MSW is dumped at Dhapa having an area of 21.5-hectare and around 2% is in Garden reacharea. The disposal system is practically open dumping; neither well compacted nor covered, without gas recoveryand controlling system which results in significant greenhouse gas emission. Methane is a primary constituentof LFG. Globally, landfills are the third largest anthropogenic emission source, accounting for about 13% ofglobal methane (CH4) emissions, which is equivalent to around 818 million metric tones of CO2 (MMTCO2E).The major factors driving LFG emission levels are: the quantity of organic material deposited in landfills,nature of landfill practices, degree of anaerobic decomposition, and the level of landfill methane recovery andcombustion (e.g., energy use or flaring). Composition of LFG (% by volume) is CH4 (47.7%), CO2 (47.7%),H2S (0.01%), CO (0.1%), Trace components (0.5%) and rests are N2 (3.7%), O2 (0.8%) and H2 (0.1%). Rate ofgas recovery is estimated by Land GEM method from the existing, almost exhausted landfill site. After closure,amount of recovered methane is 143392.85 Ton considering 50% recovery. For future MSW disposal facilities,two phased, each having 10 years, engineered landfill is proposed. From this proposed site the estimated amountof methane is 419852 Ton considering 75% recovery due to engineered landfill. In both the cases gas recoveryis considered up to 15 years after final closure. Energy generation from existing landfill and proposed landfillare 7.59 x107 MJ. and 22.22x107 MJ.

Keywords: Renewable energy, Landfill gas, Engineered landfill, Green house gas, Municipal solid waste.

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Assessment of Energy Conservation Potential in Municipal Sector:A Case Study of Uttar Pradesh Municipalities

Sachin Kumar Verma 1 , Paresh Kumar 2 , Gaurav Singh3

1State Designated Agency, Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd., Lucknow, (UP)Email: [email protected]

2 Department of Applied Science, S.D.College of Engg & Tech, Muzaffarnagar, (UP)Email: [email protected]

3Department of Chemical Engg, S.D.College of Engg & Tech, Muzaffarnagar, (UP)Email: [email protected]

AbstractDrinking water supply is one of the main services provided by municipalities. Source of water varies

from surface water in form of rivers, canals, dams, lakes and ground water in form of tube well, bore wells andopen wells.

Among 6300 consumers with connected load of 210MW, the annual energy consumption of Publicwater works is about 696 MU. Uttar Pradesh Water works system serves 627 Major towns with a population of31.43 million through 4021 tube-wells, 1,32,200 hand-pumps and distribution system spread over 30000 KM.The aggregate supply of water is 4467 MLD among 627 towns. The annual electricity sale to public lightingand public water works & sewage works out to 1.183 BU. For the 13 major Municipalities and MunicipalCorporations considered, annual electricity consumption for street lighting is 0.361BU and annual consumptionfor water & sewage pumping is 0.696 BU. Based on sample studies, the energy savings potential for streetlighting in above municipalities & corporations is assessed to be 25% and works out to 0.09 BU per annum,while the energy savings potential for water works & sewage in municipalities & corporations is assessed to be20% and works out to 0.139 BU per annum. The aggregate sectoral saving potential among the above works outto 0.229 BU.

Keywords: Municipal, Potential, Sectoral, Sewage, Consumption

Energy Saving Potential in Thermal Power Plants in State of Uttar Pradesh by 1% Improvement inEfficiency

Sachin Kumar Verma1 , Paresh Kumar2 , Gaurav Singh3

1State Designated Agency, Uttar Pradesh Power Corporation Ltd., Lucknow, (UP)Email: [email protected]

2 Department of Applied Science, S.D.College of Engg & Tech, Muzaffarnagar, (UP)Email: [email protected]

3Department of Chemical Engg, S.D.College of Engg & Tech, Muzaffarnagar, (UP)Email: [email protected]

Abstract

The main objective of this GHG Inventory is nothing just only to find out the CO2 Emissions from Coal& Oil Based Thermal Power Stations in State of Uttar Pradesh till 2007-08 and also stumble on Energy &Environment Saving Potential in the same just by improving 1% efficiency of Thermal Power Plants. Thispaper is also clarified why Energy Efficiency is important in Thermal Power Plants and also what the norms areto notified the Thermal Power Plants as a Designated Consumers. Designated Consumers means their EnergyConsumption is more than the specified Threshold limits as per Energy Conservation Act 2001. The mainemissions from coal combustion at thermal power plants are carbon dioxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO), sulfuroxides (SO), chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), and air- borne inorganic particles such as fly ash, soot, and other

47

trace gas species. Carbon dioxide, methane, and chlorofluorocarbons are greenhouse gases. These emissionsare considered to be responsible for heating up the atmosphere, producing a harmful global environment. Oxidesof nitrogen and sulfur play an important role in atmospheric chemistry and are largely responsible for atmosphericacidity. Particulates and black carbon (soot) are of concern, in addition to possible lung tissue irritation resultingfrom inhalation of soot particles and various organic chemicals that are known carcinogens. CO2, SO2, NO, andsoot emissions from each of the power plants have been computed. Emissions from combustion of thesupplementary fuels such as high-speed diesel (HSD) and furnace oil used in small quantities (<1%) are notcounted in the present calculations.

Keywords: Consumption, CFC, Emission, Combustion, Designated Consumers

Energy Crisis and Development ManagementS.N. Chauhan1, Paresh Kumar2

1S.D. College of Engg. & Technology, Muzaffarnagar-251001 (U.P.), IndiaE-mail- [email protected]

2Deptt. of Applied Science, S.D. College of Engg. & Tech, Muzaffarnagar-251001 (U.P.), IndiaE-mail- [email protected]

AbstractThe universe is energy dependent. The man and machine need energy for functioning. Without energy,

neither a man nor a machine can work. The so-called modern development is obviously depending on theavailability and consumption of energy and, therefore, the development of any nation or society can easily beassessed by scaling the level of consumption of energy which may be non-renewable (coal, fossil fuel,hydroelectricity) or renewable (solar energy, wind energy, thermal energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy andbio energy etc). The rapid growth of development process in terms of industrialization and urbanization hashighly impacted the treasure of energy resources which in turn resulting in complete exhaustion of traditionalsources of energy worldwide. Now, many countries are depending upon import from other countries orconcentrating on developing their renewable sources of energy. Broadly, the availability and consumption ofenergy resources have significantly influenced the world community in two ways viz (i) pro-economicdevelopment and (ii) anti-environment. The statistics reveal the increasing tendency in demand of variousenergy sources. Consequently, all sources of energy which have created the hydra headed problem of energycrisis in the world, are under stress.

Keyword: Energy, Development, Eradicate, Renewable, Hydra headed, Sustainable.

Financing Power Generation Various Means And Alternatives1Manoj Kr. Singh, 2S. V. Singh, 3Varun Singh, and 4Jainendra Gupta

Department of Mechanical EngineeringCollege of Engineering Science and Technology, Mohanlalganj, Lucknow.


Abstract

Financing Power Generation is a global problem. Further, it is equally burden-some for the advancedas well as for the relatively less advanced countries. India currently suffers from a major shortage of electricgenerating capacity. India suffers from a several shortage of electric capacity. According to the World Bank,roughly 40% of residences in India are without electricity. In addition black outs are common occurrencesthroughout the country’s main cities. The World Bank also reports that one-third of Indian business believe thatunreliable electricity is one of their primary impediments to doing business. Further compounding the situation

48

is that total demand for electricity in the country continues to rise and is outpacing increases in capacity.Adequate additional capacity has failed to materialize in India light of market regulations, insufficient investmentin the sector, and difficulty in obtaining environmental approval and funding for thermal, hydro, and nuclearprojects.

So our motive is that energy is a source of water. we want to focus on this point now a days we havegenerated only 90,000 MW of energy but we have required 1,44,543 MW of energy lack of 55,543 MW ofenergy means crisis of energy.

In the coming year 2012 we will require 2,00,000 MW energy. In coming year 2020 we will require4,00,000 MW energy. So we have focus on energy with a systematic way, plan wise etc.

Dream of former president A.P.J Abdul Kalam is in 2020 maintain a gap between rural area and townarea so each and every thing possible with plan, model, design, simulate, control, implement tariff then obtaina complete solution of energy. Utilization Generation Strategy with focus on low cost generation, optimizationof power capacity, controlling the input cost, optimization of fuel mix technology upgradation and utilization ofnon conventional energy sources. Transmission strategy with focus on development of national grid includinginterstate connections, technology upgradation and optimization of transmission cost.

The World is under going a period of global climate change. Growing demand of energy despite limitedfossil fuel reserves and growing environment concerns due to increase of carbon dioxide and methane wellknown green house gases, is undoubtedly the major challenge of the 21st century. It is of an Internationalimportance that technological solutions can be brought to bear to solve these problems as well as providingalternative sources of power and energy. Since the quantity of available energy from conventional recourses isdepleting day by day, development of renewable energy technologies and improvement of conventionaltechnologies become necessary to meet the energy demand in the future.

Key Words: Power Grid, Grid code, energy security, Energy Conversion, Power simulation. implementationtariff etc.

Energy Audit (Data Logging) to Improve Energy Efficiency Of Electrical SystemJaypreet Keer

1& Sonali Dasgupta

2

1Department of Electronics/Electronics&Telecommunications Engineering,

J D College Of Engineering,Nagpur-441501(Maharashtra),India.Email: [email protected]

2Department of Electronics/Electronics&Telecommunications Engineering,

J D College Of Engineering,Nagpur-441501(Maharashtra),India.Email: [email protected]

AbstractElectrical energy which form a vital energy input in any industrial activity, is demanding increasing

attention on account of escalating power costs and cripping power shortages. Thus, a systematic approach isrequired for reducing the power consumption and increasing the energy efficiency without adversely affectingits productivity and this is provided by “Energy Audit”. Energy Audit is done to get an overview of energyconsumption and losses occurring in the distribution of power.

Keywords: Energy Audit, Energy Efficiency, Data Logging.

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Energy Efficient BuildingR. N. Khare,

Shri Rawatpura Sarkar Institute of Technology, Raipur,[email protected]

Dr. R. L. Sawhney, Ex HOD, SEES, D.A.V.V.,IndoreDr. D. Buddhi, Director SCE,Dehradun,India

AbstractThis paper presents the performance of an earth air –pipe system installed for natural air-conditioning

process, residential building at a Gulmohar farm house (situated at about 45kms south-west from New Delhi,Latitude 28 degree 2’N,Longitude 27degree 0’E on Gurgaon-Patoudi road-Haryana State) has been experimentallyevaluated. Site of farmhouse is flat agricultural land with sandy soil. Earth because of its large mass and lowthermal conductivity provides very stable thermal environment. The hourly temperature fluctuations (periodicity24hours ) of the earth surface die down within 15-20 cm from the earth surface as hourly thermal wave travelsdownward. Hence at a depth of about 4-5m, earth provides a very stable thermal environment in that region.The temperature at these depth will be equal to the annual average of the sol air temperature of the earth surfacewhich for an unshaded dry earth surface in Delhi climate is 26-28 degree centigrade, therefore for the largestorage capacity of the soil Earth). The stable environment in the earth at 26-28degree centigrade (thermallymost comfortable range) can be used for creating thermal comfort conditions in building spaces by directly orindirectly coupling them to this stable environment. With growing concern towards Energy conservation andthe Environment, there has been renewed interest in the aspects of Architecture that lead to thermal comfortinside a building in a natural way by a suitable soil –energy arrangements. The system consists of two mainrectangular tunnels (0.8m x 0.6m) of length 67.5m buried at a depth of 4m .The two tunnels at the two ends arejoined together into one tunnel of 0.8mx0.6m sizes. At one end the tunnel is connected to a 3 hp blower. At theother end the tunnel is divided into four channels (0.25mx0.25m each), three of which are further divided intotwo with the help of PVC pipes of dia 25cm. The seven pvc pipes open up into different rooms of a main housewhich is under construction at the farm house of Wazirpur. So it is observed that this natural air-conditioningsystem is not success for heating purpose and now needs for further research works for making it most effectiveand successful.

Design Guidelines For Sustainable CampusesAnoop Sharma

1, Ashwani Kumar

2, Sumant Sharma

3

1Lecturer, School of Architecture & Landscape Design,

Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra- Jammu (J&K) IndiaEmail: [email protected]

2Senior Lecturer, School of Architecture & Landscape Design,

Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra- Jammu (J&K) India.Email: [email protected]

3Lecturer, School of Architecture & Landscape Design,

Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Katra- Jammu (J&K) India.Email: [email protected]

AbstractEnergy is single largest debate, multifaceted the globe in the last decade or so. So, the demand of

generating greater potential resources of energy is emphasized the supreme alongside optimization of alreadyavailable energy resources ought to be carried out with greater thrust. Construction sector is the largest financialsector in Modern India with the upshot that building sector is consuming 52% of the total energy consumption.So, Architects, builders & engineers have a greater commitment to address this issue of energy crisis.

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As campuses are blossoming at a great rate, so the paper shall focus on drawing some notable findingson analysis of two existing institutional campuses, we are familiar & experienced with, present in a particularclimatic zone for better energy-optimization & ecological balance. Accordingly different strategies for sustainablecampus development shall be proposed at the holistic level. The paper shall also open a discussion area aboutthe astuteness of campuses w.r.t. to their socio-economic aspects, role of the decision makers & designers,which may be responsible for non-sustainability.

Keywords: Energy, optimization, architects, ecological balance, sustainable campus, socio-economic

Solar Heat Gain through Window in Composite Climatic Region of Indore city in Mid Western India1Mahendra Joshi, 2R.L.Sawhney, 3D.Buddhi

1Department of Civil Engineering, BBS College of Engineering & Technology, Allahabad, India.Email [email protected]

2. TERI University, New Delhi, IndiaEmail [email protected]

3. Shivalik College of Engineering, Dehradun, IndiaEmail [email protected]

AbstractBuildings in most countries around the world require large amounts of energy both for cooling and

heating. Solar heat gain, SHG particularly via fenestration, typically dominates cooling performance in buildings.More solar radiation means more total solar heat gain, and hence, more cooling requirements. Hence, it isdesirable to have solar heat gain factors, SHGFs data that represent the prevailing weather conditions foraccurate determination of heating and cooling loads in buildings. In this communication solar heat gain factorsand solar heat gain have been estimated using the available monthly average of hourly values of global irradiance,diffuse irradiance and ambient temperature using the ASHRAE standard of fenestration heat balance.

For determination of SHGFs and SHG, a room of fixed size 6m long 4.5m wide and 3m high has beenconsidered. The window was assumed to be centrally placed in 4.5m side. The task level was fixed at 0.6375mfrom the floor and the solar heat gain at each hour for the average day of the months of June (peak summermonth) and December (peak winter month) has been estimated through the room. In the first part the effect ofthe orientation of the window and the area of the window on the rate of heat gain was analyzed. In the secondpart, the effects of orientation and overhang size on the solar heat gain for each hour of the day and the total heatentering the room during the office hours from a fixed area (2.4m2) window was analyzed. It is found thatduring the month of June at Indore the maximum total heat during the office hours from an un-shaded windowreceived from the east/west window is 2.6 kWh/m2 and from south window and north window it is 2.0 kwh/m2

and 2.1 kWh/m2 respectively, while during the month of December, the heat gain during the office hours receivedfrom the south window is 4.3 kWh/m2.The heat received from the north window and east/west window duringthe same period is found to be 0.75 kWh/m2 and 1.8 kWh/m2 respectively. As the latitude of Indore is 22.70, thesun during the month of June at solar noon will be almost in zenith, and so the effect of overhang on the directgain from the south will be minimal. While analyzing for effect of the size of the overhang on the total heatgain, it was found that during the month of June the heat gain during the office hours through east/west windowsfirst decreases with overhang size and then becomes constant. While for both north and south window it isindependent of the overhang size. During the month of December, the total heat gain during the office hoursfrom south window decreases significantly with overhang size, while for east/west window the decrease is less.The total heat gain from the north window as expected was found to be independent of overhang size.

Keywords: SHGFs, SHG,THG ,TSHGF,ASHGF,SHGF’

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Solar-Based Space Cooling System in Buildings - A Case StudyFarhad Ilahi Bakhsh

1, Mohd tariq

2 & Sarfraz Alam Khan

3


Zakir Hussain College Of Engineering And Technology, AMU-202002 (U.P.), IndiaEmail: [email protected]

2 Department of Electrical Engineering,


3 Department of Computer Engineering,


AbstractThe radiative energy from the sun that keeps our planet warm exceeds by far the current primary energy

supply used by mankind for its comfort, leisure and economic activities. It also exceeds vastly other energysources at ground level such as geothermic or tidal energy, nuclear power and fossil fuel burning. Indeed, theprospects of climate change and, eventually, fossil fuel depletion, trigger a growing interest in renewable energiesin general, solar energy in particular. Solar thermal energy are used today in many applications as they have theadvantage of being maintenance and pollution free. The survey shows that 40% of the world’s energy consumptionis used in building operations (IEA 2007):

• Heating (hot water, process steam, space heating)• Cooling (air conditioning, cold storage)• Electricity• Lighting (artificial, ambient)

Various surveys show that the biggest electrical consumers are lighting and air conditioning accountingfor about 50% of the total electrical energy consumed. The use of solar thermal cooling can reduce theconventional electric AC loads. In this paper a systematic study of Central Library of Aligarh Muslim University(AMU) - Maulana Azad library has been carried out. The study shows that the load on the grid has reduced, byutilizing solar-based space cooling systems to meet daytime and summer season peak load, and also it is costeffective in long run of life.

Keywords: Solar Energy, Solar-Based Space Cooling, A.C., Cooling System, COP.

Energy Conscious Sustainable Building ConstructionPradeep Kumar 1 & Anita Tripathi 2

1 Department of Civil Engineering,Harcourt Butler Technological Institute (HBTI), Kanpur-208002, (U.P.), India

Email: [email protected] Department of Electrical Engineering,

Maharana Pratap Engineering College (MPEC), Kanpur-208020, (U.P.), IndiaEmail: [email protected]

AbstractIt is a known fact that the buildings are the most essential requirements for society and the men’s

preference for appropriate and controlled thermal environment is the main reason for construction of buildings.It is equally known that the buildings account for a large proportion of the overall energy consumption. As thedevelopment of society is gaining pace with time, the demand for energy is increasing many folds. The situation

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in the developing countries like India is reaching serious proportion as the energy needs are to be met with thefast growing population and maintaining sustainable development. In this context, use of passive concepts tomeet the occupants’ need for thermal comfort and effective savings of conventional energy has become theneed of hour. These concepts separate out the inside space from the uoter one and create stable and comfortableconditions for living. In this paper, an attempt has been made to highlight the importance of atmosphericparameters like solar radiation, humidity, wind velocity and sky conditions in optimum design of building sothat heating and cooling loads on a building could be reduced and the living conditions could be made morecomfortable with more energy efficiency.

Keywords: Thermal insulation, Solar radiation, Building envelope, Bioclimatic design, Solar greenhouse

Trigeneration – Energy Efficiency in BuildingsAnant Shukla

Indo German Energy Program (IGEN), German Technical Cooperation (GTZ)Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE), 4th Floor, Sewa Bhawan, RK Puram, Sector 1, New Delhi 110066


AbstractPower supply, quality and reliability are the basic requirement of a building. Reliable supply of quality

power is now even more critical to the Indian building sector consisting of Hotels, Hospitals, Airports, Industry,Data Centres, Residential Societies, BPOs, etc. For many buildings and industries reliable power supply andmanageable costs for cooling and heating are of utmost interest. Generally this power source is either a captivepower plant or a diesel generator. Diesel generators are a big cause of environmental pollution and are also veryless efficient i.e. 33 % in terms of delivery of energy from the primary fuel Diesel. With improving gas supplyto major cities and industry, Trigeneration by utilizing waste heat for cooling and/or heating offer uninterruptedpower supply and reduced cost for cooling and heating which is more than 80 % efficient as compared toconventional power production through DG set.

Key words: Trigeneration, Natural Gas, Energy Efficiency

Pyrolysis of Plastic Waste for the Production of Fuels and Light Weight Paraffin’sSam Behzadi1, Mohammed. M. Farid1* & Kelly Laus1

1Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering,University of Auckland, New Zealand


AbstractIn this paper the pyrolysis of low and high density polyethylene and polypropylene for fuel and wax

production was investigated. The use and manufacture of plastic products is increasing dramatically worldwidewhich has resulted in significant amount of environmentally harmful waste materials. Majority of these materialsare mainly landfill, moreover the predominant recycling means is through mechanical methods, where theoutput products have a relatively low value. In this research the tertiary recycling method of pyrolysis has beenproposed and used as an alternative recycling method for the production of significantly higher value than thatobtained from mechanical recycling. Pyrolysis involves the thermal degradation of polymers in an inertatmosphere. The endothermic reaction breaks the plastic polymer chain into smaller hydrocarbon fragments.The conditions of pyrolysis can be tailored to produce varying amounts of gaseous, liquid, wax and char products.The liquid oil product has potential applications as fuels, and the wax product as either raw material for theplastic industry or as paraffin substitute for various commercial applications.

Keywords : Pyrolysis, waste plastics, fuels, wax, waste reduction

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Plastic: Waste to FuelS. T. Mhaske, Pravin G. Kadam, Bhushan J. Pawar

Department of Polymer Engineering,Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai-400019, Maharashtra,


AbstractPlastics consumption has increased rapidly throughout the world. Approximately 40% of the plastics

have life duration shorter than 1 month, thus there is a huge waste stream creating a serious environmentalproblem. Thermoplastic polymers make up a high proportion of waste and this amount is continuously increasing,thus posing a more serious environmental challenge because of their huge quantity and disposal problem asthermoplastics do not biodegrade for very long time. Different methods like landfilling, incineration, gasification,recycling etc., are used to get rid of them. But by using most of these processes, the resources used to make theplastics are lost and no recovery can be made. In this world of continuously declining natural fuel sources,making of fuel from the waste plastic can be a very beneficial. Various methods like pyrolysis, fluidized catalyticcracking, thermal and catalytic cracking etc., can be used for generation of fuel from waste plastics. Plastics caneven be used as fuel themselves in blast furnace with coal. So here is a brief description of the methods used togenerate fuel from plastics, Waste Plastics.

Keywords: Plastics, incineration, waste, natural fuel, environmental challenge.

Sustainable Solid Waste Management – A Perennial SolutionSandeep Singla1 Manjeet Bansal21Department of Civil Engineering

RIMT-IET, Mandi Gobindgarh, -147301 (Pb.) IndiaEmail: [email protected]

2Department of Civil Engineering

GZSCET, Bathinda, -151001 (Pb.) IndiaEmail: [email protected]

AbstractIncreasing population, urbanization, industrialization and changing consumption patterns are resulting

in the generation of increasing amounts of solid waste and diversification of the type of the solid waste generated.Solid waste is the most visible environmental problem among many in urban areas. Increased solid wastegeneration creates more environmental problems in this region, as many cities are not able to manage it due toinstitutional, regulatory, financial, technical, and public participation shortcomings.

Common problems for Municipal Solid Waste management in the region include institutionaldeficiencies, inadequate legislation and resource constraints. Long and short term plans are inadequate due tocapital and human resource limitations. There is a need to practice integrated solid waste management approach.Although some governments have formulated policies for environmental protection, they were only implementedin the national capital cities. In rural areas, open dumping is still considered the most popular method of solidwaste disposal.

Based on citizen perceptions and civic demands Sustainable Solid Waste Management is the resultgiving a permanent and logical alternative to the society. Sustainable solid waste management based on “cradleto grave” approach and the 3R principle of Reduce, Reuse and Recycle aims at attaining highest quality ofcleanliness on a permanent and sustained basis taking into account the ecological and economical aspectsassociated with the functioning of the system as a whole. The sustainable solid waste management provides an

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opportunity for live partnership between the government and the people. This review paper reveals that on thebasis of sustainable solid waste management handling Municipal waste, medical waste, and toxic industrialwaste can be improved and also improvement in the quality of life can be achieved through better healthconditions.

Energy Recovery from Waste Plastic by Thermal and Catalytic Processes: A ReviewJigisha Parikh

1, Srujal Rana

2


Sardar Vallabhbahi National Institute of Technology (SVNIT), Surat-395007(Guj.)IndiaEmail: [email protected]


Sarvajanik College of Engineering & Technology (SCET), Surat-395001(Guj.)IndiaEmail: [email protected]

AbstractRecycling of plastic waste by thermal and catalytic pyrolysis processes is gaining importance to obtain

value added products that are useful as fuels or chemicals, thereby eliminating this refuse which is harmful tothe environment. During last decade, this option has undergone an important development from the promisingtechnical initiative to an alternative that is very close to reality with commercial opportunities. The presentreview highlights the thermal and catalytic pyrolysis processes. Different plastic waste which include polyethylene(low-density polyethylene (LDPE), linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), high-density polyethylene(HDPE)), polypropylene (PP), poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene-terephthalate(PET) have been pyrolysed in different types of reactors at 400-800 0C under an inert atmosphere. The yield ofsolid, liquids and gases along with the effect of different catalyst on formation of these valuable products havebeen discussed.

Key Words: Pyrolysis, Thermal, Catalyst, Oil, Chemicals

Clean Development Mechanism: A Roadmap To Sustainable DevelopmentNeelaksh Sheel1 and Shalini Sheel2

1ITM Meerut, IndiaContact No: +91-9410150941


2CMD Modinagar, Ghaziabad, IndiaContact No: +91-9997068418


AbstractOne of the biggest challenges of the present century is to meet the energy demands across the globe.

The growing population, the increasing developments and depleting traditional energy sources, are some of thefactors associated with increasing energy demands in both the developed and developing countries. Globalwarming and climate changes are the additional contributing factors posing challenge to the survival of humanbeing.

So what is the solution? Apart from developing renewable energy technologies, energy saving initiativesis equally important as energy saved today means energy gained for tomorrow. With growing public environmentalawareness, and the increasing media attention towards global warming and climate change issues, world is

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focusing on strategies to adapt and mitigate impacts of the Climate Change. Since the conference on Environmentand Development held in 1992, series of international treaties were established, such as United Nation FrameworkConvention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol.

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), as part of the Kyoto Protocol, is an initiative to meet thechallenges faced by the impending threat of climate change. It is intended to serve the dual purpose of assistingdeveloping countries in their pursuits for sustainable development as well as providing opportunity to developedcountries to contribute towards reduction of the greenhouse gases at lower costs.

The CDM offers industrialized countries the possibility to engage in economically and environmentallycompetitive emission reduction projects in developing countries. Projects related to Renewable energy andEnergy efficiency (waste management, industrial processes, switching to alternative fuels, oil/gas) are includedin CDM. India is considered an excellent country for developing CDM projects due to its vast market potentialfor both urban and small-scale renewable energy projects.

The present paper is an endeavor to gain deeper insights into CDM issues and challenges, the businessopportunities associated with CDM and how CDM contributes to sustainable development as well as thesustainable development indicators to evaluate CDM projects.

Key Words: Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change, Developing Countries,Sustainable Development, Renewable energy

Start up Biological Treatment of Triethylamine by a Biotrickling Filter Packed with Lava RocksN Mehrdadi*, A.Pazoki*** M. Mir Mohammadi**

* Associate Professor, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.E-mail: [email protected]

***Department of mining and geology, Lorestan University, khorram Abad, Iran** Research scholar, Faculty of Environment, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

AbstractThe time for start-up of a biological treatment biotrickling filter is directly proportional to the

concentration of microbial population .By seeding, it is possible to reduce the time required to reach in steadystate condition. In a very real sense, many of the environmental problems faced by today’s world are of relativelyrecent occurrence. Industrial production, however, has evolved in a more linear mode, with input of raw materialsand output of useful and seemingly useless (waste) products. Both municipal and industrial wastewater treatmentplants were originally designed in part of speed up the natural processes by which water purifies itself. ABiotrickling system, rather similar to a biofiltration system, contains packing materials such as wood, ceramic,or plastic and is operated with the recirculation of liquid through the packing(m1 6-7). The recycle liquidenables a better control of the conditions; hence, biotrickling filters are usually more effective (on a volumetricbasis) than biofilters. Amines are widely used as catalysts in casting operations. They are also the major pollutantsin the gaseous emissions of chemical manufacturing factories (epoxy resins and polymers). During the productionof casting cores with the so called “cold-box-process”, polyurethane is used as a binder in the sand core.Considerable amount of amine vapor is used in this process and is partly liberated to the ambient air. Tertiaryamines, such as triethylamine (TEA), are the main gaseous catalysts comprising the majority of nitrogenousemissions. Sampling of TEA in cold-box unit in an auto-making company in Iran indicates the averageconcentration of 430 mg/m3 in emission duct. Biofiltration of TEA vapor used as a catalyst in castingoperations was evaluated.

In this study using a biotrickling filter with lava rocks packings (size range of 2–4 cm with average of3 cm and specific surface area of 77 m2/m3) for treatment of TEA in air stream.

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For finding the effect of EBRT on the TEA removal efficiency, tests were performed at EBRT of 156,52 and 31 sec and a constant liquid recirculation velocity of 3.466 m3/m2/hr.

Results indicate that for a test period of 65 days TEA removal efficiencies of more than 98% wereobtained with an EBRT of 156 sec and loading rates of less than 48 g/m3/hr. At loading rates of less than 56 g/m3/hr a removal efficiency of more than 90% were obtained with an EBRT of 156 sec. Influent TEA concentrationwas 500-2600 mg/m3 and maximum elimination capacity was 51 g/m3/hr. With an EBRT of 52 sec for a testperiod of 25 days TEA removal efficiencies of more than 90% were obtained and loadings of lower than 57 g/m3/hr. Influent TEA concentration was 235-930 mg/m3 in the phase and maximum elimination capacity was53.4 g/m3/hr. With an EBRT of 31 sec for a test period of 15 days influent TEA concentration was 141-610 mg/m3 and maximum elimination capacity was 53.6 g/m3/hr.

Keywords: Biotrickling Filter, Triethylamine, Biodegradation, Lava Rocks, Biological Treatment, Biomass.

Performance And Cost Evaluation Of Gas-Fired Single And Double Effect Absorption SystemsM. Altamush Siddiqui

1 & Mohd. Imran Ansari

2

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh-202002(U.P.), India1Email: [email protected]


AbstractThermodynamic analysis of single and double effect vapour absorption cycle using LiBr-H2O solution

has been carried with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and compressed natural gas (CNG) as separate sources ofenergy. Mathematical equations for heating value of the two gases have been developed. The analysis is doneper tonnage of refrigeration of the system for temperatures in the evaporator between 5oC to 10oC, in the highpressure condenser between 80oC to 100oC and the (low pressure) condenser between 30oC to 40oC. Theabsorber temperature is taken equal to the (low pressure) condenser temperature, while the heat of condensationfrom the high pressure condenser operates the low pressure generator.

The analysis consists of finding effects of the generator, condenser and evaporator temperatures on thecoefficient of performance, volume flow rates and costs of LPG and CNG required by the two systems. Thevolume flow rate of the gas to be used is calculated and its cost estimated using present worth method. Themaximum COP of single effect cycle comes out to be in the range of 0.7-0.86, while for the double effect cycleit ranges between 1.2-1.55. Decrease in the cost of LPG and CNG required by the double effect system, fromthose required by the single effect system turns out to be around 42% and 38%, respectively. However, cost ofLPG obtained from the open market comes out to be around 115% higher than the cost of CNG in the doubleeffect cycle, although the cost of LPG procured at the subsidized rate is only 4% higher than the CNG. The costof LPG from the open market is estimated to be around 128% more than the cost of CNG in the single effectsystem.

Keywords: Single and double effect systems, Vapour absorption cycle, LiBr-H2O solution, Liquefiedpetroleum gas, Compressed natural gas

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The Design Of The Human Power Energy GeneratorDavid King Jair1, Ming Chun Hsieh 2, Hong Ji 2, Y.H. Wang 2

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.Email:[email protected]

2 Department of Electronic Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan, Taiwan, R.O.C.Email:[email protected]

AbstractThis paper presents an axial flux permanent magnet (AFPM) based generator which is suitable for

supplying generating power from human body motion. In this study, a new type of the human power energygenerator (HPEG) were designed, fabricated and tested under different rotational speeds and wire configuration.Based on the results, the maximum output power of the developed HPEG can achieve 300W at the rotationalspeed of 790rpm. Even if in land travel, it can achieve 100W at the normal speed of 30 km/h. The HPEG can bealso employed as an emergency power generation and battery charging for household appliances and exercisesystems that do useful work generating power while exercising.

Keywords: planetary, axial-flux, permanent-magnet, power generator, HPEG

Ejector Nozzle Design by Numerical Simulation for the Ejector Type Air-Conditioner SystemChang – Ren Chen1, Huann-Ming Chou1, Carlos Basagoitia1,

Atul Sharma21Department of Mechanical Engineering,

Kun Shan University, Tainan 71003, Taiwan, R.O.C.Email: [email protected]

2Department of Mechanical Engineering,Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology (RGIPT),

Rae Bareli-229316 (U.P.), INDIAEmail: [email protected]

AbstractThis paper presents numerical analyses for the study of the ejector nozzle of a solar aided ejector-based

air conditioner system which uses water as working fluid. Analyses of steady-state computational fluid dynamics(CFD) were conducted in order to corroborate and optimize the results of previous one dimensional studies ina three dimensional simulation. Several valuable discoveries were found through the simulation: Optimalconditions of geometry for known mass flow rates and temperatures were found; different dimensions of thenozzle were found as optimal for the same conditions proposed in previous literature; it was also proven thatgeometries and initial conditions, proposed in other literature, don’t always yield physically reasonable results.

Keywords: Ejector, Nozzle, Design, Solar, Simulation, Air Conditioner.

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Experimental Investigation on Aerodynamic Shape of Indian Railway Train with Diesel Loco WDP -4GM: A Case Study

Siddharth Jain 1, Lokender Singh 1, B K Gandhi 1 & K M Singh 1

1Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, IIT Roorkee - 247 667(UK), IndiaEmail: [email protected] , [email protected]

AbstractThis paper presents an experimental investigation of the aerodynamic shape of Indian railway loco

WDP-4GM designed to reduce flow separation at its various portions, resulting in less drag, better aerodynamicstability and the fuel economy of the train at high speeds. Resistance to the forward motion of a passenger trainat high speed is dominated by aerodynamic drag, because air resistance increases proportional to the square ofspeed and about 48 km/h, it becomes a dominant limiting factor. Hence, experiments were carried out at variousspeeds for loco alone, loco with one and two passenger cars for aerodynamically shaped train. The variation ofpressure over the locomotive and passenger cars has been measured to study the flow field over train. Theaerodynamic forces have also been measured to determine drag at different speeds. The results show that theaerodynamic shape leads to significant reduction in drag, and should be employed in place of existing design ofthe locomotive in order to increase the fuel efficiency as well as the economy. It is observed that the use of thenew aerodynamic shape of the train results in 36-49% reduction in aerodynamic drag and much better fueleconomy (for example, for a train of fifteen cars operating at 90 km/hr, estimated diesel savings are 2 Crores perannum).

Keywords: Experimental investigation, Fuel economy, Aerodynamic drag, Aerodynamic stability

A comparative study of film cooling effectiveness modelsFor gas turbine blades

Sanjay Kumar1, Onkar Singh2

1UP Technical University, Lucknow, U.P., India(presently at HBTI, Kanpur, U.P. India)e-mail: [email protected]

2Mechanical Engineering Department,Harcourt Butler Technological Institute, Kanpur, U.P., India

AbstractFilm cooling of gas turbine blades is generally used in most of gas turbines having turbine inlet

temperature values more than 1300 K. Various studies have been performed on the film cooling of gas turbineblades for predicting the film cooling effectiveness. Also the number of empirical correlations have been proposedfor getting the adiabatic film cooling effectiveness. Cooling effectiveness is a function of different variableslike coolant-hole diameter, coolant-injection angle, hole spacing, number of rows of holes, and different nondimensional parameters e.g. blowing ratio, Reynolds number, Prandtl number etc. In view of complexity inmathematical modeling most of the studies in this area have been experimental studies however the mathematicalmodels have been developed with number of assumptions. In this paper the comparative study of three differentfilm cooling effectiveness correlations has been carried out. Results show that the film cooling effectivenessobtained by each correlation increases with the downstream distance from the holes and the effectivenessdecreases with increasing coolant injection angle. The influence of variation of coolant injection angle anddownstream distance to hole-diameter ratio on the cooling effectiveness has been studied here in order tounderstand their sensitivity for cooling performance. The results obtained from the mathematical models havebeen compared with experimental studies and the conclusions drawn accordingly for the specific model withrespect to its suitability.

Keywords: film cooling, gas turbine blades, effectiveness, correlations

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An Efficient Neuro-Fuzzy Control of Heat Exchanger System: A Comparative AnalysisSubhransu Padhee & Yaduvir Singh

Department of Electrical and Instrumentation Engineering,Thapar University, Patiala, Punjab, India


AbstractIn this research paper, a hybrid fuzzy PID controller is developed to control the outlet temperature of a

shell and tube heat exchanger. The designed controller regulates the temperature of the outgoing fluid to adesired set point in the shortest possible time irrespective of load, process disturbances, equipment saturationand nonlinearity. The fuzzy PID controller provides a satisfactory performance in both steady state and transientstate. It overcomes the drawbacks of conventional PID controller and feedback plus feed-forward controller.The developed hybrid fuzzy PID controller has demonstrated 85.3% improvement in the overshoot and 74%improvement in settling time as compared to the classical controller. Also, control accuracy is 100% as steadystate error eventually becomes zero. A novel neuro-fuzzy controller is proposed in the paper which gives bettercontrol action than any conventional controller.

Keywords: Feed-forward controller, Fuzzy PID controller, PID controller, Shell and tube heat exchanger

Pump Working As Turbines: A Sustainable Source For Electricity Generation In IndiaHimanshu Nautiyal and Varun

Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur (H.P.) India (Email:[email protected], [email protected])

AbstractDue to high prices and fast depletion of conventional fossil fuels for electricity generation the need of

renewable and sustainable energy sources has been increased. Among all renewable energy resources, smallhydro is one of the most promising sources of electricity generation. The main barrier in establishing the smallhydropower (SHP) projects is the selection of turbine for such very small capacity projects (especially microand pico hydropower projects). For small power schemes, turbine is not easily available and specially designedturbines increases the equipment cost of the project.

Reverse running centrifugal pump is one of the most appropriate solutions to reduce the equipment costof small hydro projects. Also, it allows establishing the power projects in very small water resources. In India,these types of small water resources are found in abundance. Centrifugal pump as turbine (PAT) is very helpfulto harness power from water resources without any mechanical and environmental problem. In this paper, thescope of pumps working as turbines to harness power through SHP projects in India is discussed.

Key words: Small hydropower, Pump as turbine, Rural Electrification

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New Hope For Clean Energy through Exploring SpaceN.K.Mishra1 and Aditya goel2

1Department of Applied Sciences and HumanitiesThe Technological Institute Of Textiles and Sciences, Bhiwani 127021-(Haryana)

2Department of Information TechnologyThe Technological Institute Of Textiles and Sciences, Bhiwani 127021-(Haryana)


Abstract It is most spectacular that non-conventional forms of energy i.e. renewable sources of energy has veryvital & promising role on our whole civilization. No doubt our rich cultural heritage and very extraordinaryscientific development was some commulative and exhaustive manipulations in each and every fact of ourlives. Nowadays we have to be very efficient and able to use all these abundant sources of renewable energy toharness our economical and social growth without earning any ecological imbalances and concern to our uniqueplanet Earth looking after each and every kind of life human, animal, plants as well as organisms. The SolarPower Satellites were used for collecting the solar power and then that energy is sent to Earth using Microwavesfrom the small antenna on the satellite to the very large area on the ground known as Rectenna. These SPSsdelivers the power without disturbing Life-Cycle, environmental balance and Pollution level. SPSs receives thesolar energy in intense form, Moreover Space is free from the day-night Cycles and changing Weather Problems.There can be various orientations for these SPSs like Geosynchronous, L1, L2, L3 Earth sun Lagrange Pointwhich is specially used for the Scientific Purposes. SPSs need an enormous antenna and the ground station anever larger Rectenna due to phenomenon of Diffraction. Energy from SPSs are reliable and better than theWind, geothermal, Ground Based Solar Systems, Biomass and Nuclear Energy since it supplies Energy on largescale at Low cost and there are no associated problems like flooding, radiation, terrorism, waste Matter, acidrain, Carbon Di-Oxide and other GHGs etc. Since this form of Energy is transported by Power Lines, hencethere is no fuel consumption and Thus It is clean form of energy too. So viewing all these benefits we could verywell guess how profitable and futuristic it can be to achieve our objective to meet our Energy challengeswithout any concern over the Planet earth.

Keywords: SPS- Solar Power satellites, GHG- Green House Gasses, Rectenna, Geosynchronous, LagrangePoint

Electrochemical investigations on PEMFC prepared with Pt nano particles at ultra low Pt loadingP. Balaji Bhargav1, Li-Chung Chen 2, Fangbor Weng 2, Ay Su 2, Shawn D. Lin 2,3*

1 SSN Research Center, Kalavakkam, Chennai, India2 Fuel Cell Center, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan

3 Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei106,Taiwan

AbstractIn order to reduce the cost of the fuel cell without sacrificing the performance, research has to be

focused on reducing the platinum content in the electrodes. In the present study, platinum nano particles wereprepared by methanol reduction using sodium citrate as stabilizer. The gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) wereprepared by coating platinum nano particles with ultra low loading (0.08 mg/cm2). Membrane electrode assembly(MEA) with 5cm2 surface area was prepared by sandwiching Nafion 212 membrane in between these twoGDEs at optimized temperature and pressure. Same catalyst loading was maintained at both anode and cathodesides. Polarization curves were recorded at different temperatures. The cell performance was found to decreasewith increase of temperature. Electrochemical active surface area measurements were carried out using cyclicvoltammetry studies. Electrochemical impedance studies were performed at different temperatures with in the

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frequency range 0.1 Hz-10KHz. at different cell as well as humidified temperatures. The charge transportresistance value found to increase with the increase of temperature. This suggests that the lower performance athigher temperature can be due to water flooding. The MEA was found to have long shelf life. Using the presentmethod of fabrication of electrodes, we can control the Pt loading and there by decreasing the cost of the cellwith compatible performance.

Key words: Pt nano particles, IV characteristics, cyclic voltammetry, EIS studies

Periodic Review Of Storage Potential Of Hydropower Projects In MaharashtraC.S.Modak 1 V.B.Pandhare 2 S.N.Kulkarni 3 S.K.Kalvit 4

Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Dindori Road, Nashik – 422004, (M.S.), IndiaPhone 0253-2534676,

E mail [email protected]

AbstractHydropower is a green power and it is the cheapest source of power amongst all other sources over a

long run. The hydropower projects are doubly benefiting in the sense the water from the reservoir after generatingthe power can be further used for irrigation and other purposes. Construction of hydropower project requires alot of expenditure to be incurred so it is vital for these projects to sustain for longer period and generate thedesired units of power as contemplated during planning. It is also important to see that the hydropower schemesrun to their fullest capacity. Water is the prime energy resource in hydropower schemes and availability ofwater in the reservoir governs the quantum of power generation. In this context, the correct and timely assessmentof water storage capacity of hydropower projects to confirm the adequacy of the storage in the reservoir forplanned hydropower generation is an absolute necessity today. For this, it is necessary to conduct periodicalcapacity assessment surveys of these reservoirs. The assessment can be done by DGPS bathymetric survey orby satellite remote sensing technique, independently or using a combination of these two methods.

In Maharashtra, there are about 6 major Govt. owned hydropower projects namely, Koyna, Tillari,Bhandardara, Vaitarna, Pench and Ghtghar pumped storage scheme etc and about 7-8 Private hydropowerschemes viz, Mulshi, Bhira I, and II, Khopoli, Bhivpuri, Bhandardara etc each with installed capacity more than30 MW. Koyna hydropower project alone with installed capacity of 1920 MW shares about 60 % of totalhydropower generation in Maharashtra which is about 3100 MW. More over, there are about 20-25 mini - microhydropower schemes functioning on irrigation projects as low head - low discharge generating station withinstalled capacity ranging from 1 MW to 15 MW. The contribution of mini hydel schemes is about 125 MW.Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Nashik which is R & D wing of State’s Water Resources Departmenthas taken a review of the storage potential of nearly all major Govt owned hydroelectric projects (reservoirs)along with Mulshi hydropower project owned by MS Tata Power Company, in the recent past and has beenplanning temporal surveys of these reservoirs in near future. The catchment area of all these projects is hillyand woody. Major part of these catchments is occupied by forest i.e. by greater biomass cover. More over, thesecatchment areas are less disturbed because of minimum developmental activities. The institute has also conductedcapacity assessment and sedimentation surveys for many reservoirs on which mini - micro hydropower schemesare functioning. The storage potential of these reservoirs has been assessed by conducting Hydrographic surveyor by satellite remote sensing survey. By and large, the surveys have indicated that so far there is no appreciableeffect of siltation as far as power generation and damages to blades and runner is concerned.

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Wave Power Conversion Systems For Electrical Energy ProductionBhanu Chaddha

College of TechnologyG.B.Pant University of Agriculture &

Technology, [email protected]

AbstractWave power refers to the energy of ocean surface waves and the capture of that energy to do useful

work. Sea waves are a very promising energy carrier among renewable power sources, since they are able tomanifest an enormous amount of energy resources in almost all geographical regions. The wave energy isunevenly distributed over the globe. The global power density distribution of the oceans between thelatitudes of 30° and 60°on both hemispheres, where winds blow with more intensity, have the best sites forcapturing wave power. The global theoretical energy from waves corresponds to 8x10^6 TWh/year, which isabout 100 times the total hydroelectricity generation of the whole planet. To produce this energy usingfossil fuels it would result an emission of 2 millions of tons of carbon dioxide. This means that wave energycould contribute heavily for the attenuation of pollutant gases in the atmosphere, as defended by theKyoto Protocol. The global wave resource due to wave energy is roughly 2 TW and Europe representsabout 320 GW, which is about 16% of the total resource. However, for various reasons, it is estimated thatonly 10 to 15% can be converted into electrical energy, which is a vast source of energy, able to feed the presentall world. Eventually, wave energy could make a major contribution by yielding as much as 120 TWh/year forEurope and perhaps three times that level worldwide. The oceanic wave climate (i.e. far offshore) offersenormous levels of energy. As waves approach the shore, energy is dissipated, leading to lower wave powerlevels on the shoreline. The sea wave’s motion can be converted into mechanical energy by using proper wavepower mechanisms. The Wave energy is not expensive to operate and maintain, no fuel is needed and no wasteis produced. The MW cost installed to be competitive is situated between 0.5 to 0.6 M€/MW and theeconomic competitive is attainable when is installed at least a power of 6.8 GW. In present scenario,political considerations over the security of supplies, environmental concerns related to global warmingand sustainability are expected to move the world’s energy consumption away from fossil fuels so all we areconsidering renewable energy resources which can be the reliable alternative for fossil fuels. So in this paper ,wave energy is on the focus as a immense source of energy which is in its early stage of development& should be promoted.

Keyword: wave energy, global power distribution, hydroelectricity, electrical energy, wave motion, renewableenergy resources.

Energy Resource planning for Cooking and Heating– A Fuzzy Goal Programming ApproachA.M. Jinturkar1, S.S.Deshmukh2, G.R. Chavan3

1,3Anuradha Engineering College, Chikhli 443201, India,[email protected]

2Centre for Environmental Strategy, University of Surrey, United [email protected]

AbstractA fuzzy goal programming approach has been used for rural energy resource allocation for heating and

cooking. The detail survey has been conducted to determine the potential of biogas and biomass and to findenergy consumption pattern in the four villages of Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India. Four fuzzy objectivefunctions and six constrains based on the local availability are considered in this model. Four scenarios havebeen developed which are equal priority, cost priority, emission priority and local resources priority. Due to vast

63

uncertainty in energy data at micro level, fuzzy goal approach has been found suitable to take into considerationthe variation in energy consumption rate. The proposed model can provide the best possible options for micro-level energy planning to the decision maker

Keywords: Energy planning, fuzzy goal programming, cooking energy, heating energy

Social, Environment And Economic Aspects Of Hydropower Energy In Developing CountriesSurya Bhushan Tiwari

A.M.U., Aligarh 202002 U.P. [email protected]

AbstractIn physics, energy is a quantity that can be assigned to every particle, object, and system of objects as

a consequence of the state of that particle, object or system of objects. The word energy derives from Greekword energeia, which possibly appears for the first time in the work Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle in the 4thcentury BC. In 1021 AD, the Arabian physicist, Alhazen, in the Book of Optics, held light rays to be streams ofminute energy particles, stating that “the smallest parts of light” retain “only properties that can be treated bygeometry and verified by experiment” and “they lack all sensible qualities except energy.” As we move into thetwenty-first century, global economic prosperity is driving the consumption of energy to record levels, withelectricity consumption anticipated to increase at rates faster than overall energy supply. The vast majority (80per cent) of energy today is provided from thermal sources, i.e. coal, gas and oil; but there are growing globalconcerns regarding the lack of sustainability of these forms of energy that bring into question their use in along-term energy strategy. The inherent technical, economic and environmental benefits of hydroelectric powermake it an important contributor to the future world energy mix, particularly in the developing countries. Thesecountries have a great and ever-intensifying need for power and water supplies and they also have greatestremaining hydro potential. Development is a basic human right, as few would deny. Energy policy makers mustmeet the ire irresponsibility in exploring the most rational options for meeting the energy needs of the developingworld, while protecting the environment to the maximum possible extent, for example by limiting greenhousegas emissions. Any infrastructure development inevitably involves a certain degree of change. The constructionof dams, and their associated reservoirs and hydroelectric power plants, creates certain physical and socialaspects, and a large amount of attention has focused in recent years on the negative impacts only. Less accounthas been taken of the benefits of hydropower and of the knowledge and willingness which exists within theprofession to anticipate, mitigate and/or compensate for negative aspects. My research paper is based on therole of hydropower social environmental and economic aspects of hydrdropower energy in developing countries.The potential for future hydropower development throughout the world. The inherent benefits of hydropower,both technical and environmental, in comparison with other energy options. A review of specific environmentaland social impacts, and examples of mitigation measures. Recommendations on best practice for future projects.The potential way forward for hydropower development. As will be clear from this paper, the dam and hydroprofession today does not only comprise technicians, but it is a multi-disciplinary body including environmentalspecialists, ecologists, biologists, social scientists and economists. Together they represent a wealth of expertisewhich can ensure that future projects are planned, constructed and operated with full respect for society and theenvironment.

Key Words: - Hydropower, environmental, inherent, protecting, development

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Renewable Energy for Mauritius-From sugar industry to sugarcane industry:production of biofuels, acase study of Mauritius

B.LalljeeCentre for Consultanct and Contract Research, University of Mauritius, Mauritius

e-mail:[email protected]

AbstractThe vision of the Government of Mauritius, a small (1800 sqKM2) island in the Indian Ocean, is to

transform the Country into a Sustainable Island ,(the MID Project)and a model for other Small Island DevelopingStates (SIDS). The present energy mix of this Island comprises of 22% from renewable sources (mainly fromSugarcane Bagasse). As per the new Government Energy Policy, this share from renewable sources will beincreased to 40% by the year 2025. The paradigm shift has been from Sugar Industry to Sugarcane Industrywhere Energy production occupies a very prominent position. Green Energy from Bagasse and ethanol fromfermentation of molasses will be produced from flexi-factories. Mauritius initially had some 121 small sugarfactories which has been reduced to 4 mega flexi factories producing both Energy and sugar.

Methodology.

In line with the sustainable development concept,The Republic of Mauritius has come up with itsstrategic Energy policy.The Government will encourage production of Energy from renewable sources andthere are several projects on going on wind farms,Photovoltaic,Geothermal,and harnessing of tidal energy.

The Energy Mix of the Island is given in the figure below.

This scenario will change as per the new energy policy and action plan (2009-2025).Energy from renewableswill comprise of 45% of the total energy production. The island is aiming to have self sufficiency and securityin energy with a production of 75% from renewable sources.

the president of india, smt. pratibha devising patil, is...

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