the president of india is the head of state of the republic of india

7/27/2019 The President of India is the Head of State of the Republic of India

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The President of India is thehead of stateof theRepublic of India. The President is the formalhead of theexecutive,legislatureandjudiciaryof India and is thecommander-in-chiefof theIndian Armed Forces.

The President isindirectly electedby the people through elected members of theParliament of

India(Lok SabhaandRajya Sabha) as well as of thestate legislatures(Vidhan SabhasandVidhan Parishad) and serves for a term of five years. Historically, ruling party (majority in theLok Sabha) nominees (for example,United Progressive AlliancenomineeShriPranabMukherjee) have been elected or largely elected unanimously. Incumbent presidents arepermitted to stand for re-election. A formula is used to allocate votes so there is a balancebetween the population of each state and the number of votes assembly members from a state cancast, and to give an equal balance between State Assembly members and the members of theParliament of India. If no candidate receives a majority of votes, then there is a system by whichlosing candidates are eliminated from the contest and their votes are transferred to othercandidates, until one gains a majority.

AlthoughArticle 53of theConstitution of Indiastates that the President can exercise his or herpowers directly or by subordinate authority,[2]with few exceptions, all of the executive authorityvested in the President are, in practice, exercised by thepopularly electedGovernment of India,headed by thePrime Minister. This Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister with thehelp of theCouncil of Ministers.

The President of India resides in an estate inNew Delhiknown as theRashtrapati Bhavan[3](which roughly translates asPresident's Palace). The presidential retreat isThe RetreatinChharabra,ShimlaandRashtrapati Nilayam(President's Place) inHyderabad.

The13thand current President isPranab Mukherjee, who waselected on 22 July 2012, and

sworn-in on 25 July 2012. He is also the firstBengalito be elected as President.

[4]

He took overthe position fromPratibha Patil, who was the first woman to serve in the office.[5]

Contents

1 Origin 2 Powers and duties

o 2.1 Legislativeo 2.2 Appointment powerso 2.3 Financial powerso 2.4 Judicial powerso 2.5 Diplomatic powerso 2.6 Military powerso 2.7 Pardoning Powerso 2.8 Emergency powers

2.8.1 National emergency 2.8.2 State emergency 2.8.3 Financial emergency

3 Selection process
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ati_Bhavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Delhihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-The_Constitution_of_India-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_53_.7BExecutive_power_of_the_Union.7Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Progressive_Alliancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vidhan_Parishadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vidhan_Sabhas&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_legislaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajya_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lok_Sabhahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_electionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-chief#Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judiciary_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state


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o 3.1 Eligibilityo 3.2 Conditions for Presidencyo 3.3 Election processo 3.4 Oath or affirmation

4 Emoluments

5 Removal 6 Succession 7 Important presidential interventions in the past

o 7.1 Proving majority in the parliamento 7.2 Proof of Majority to form a Governmento 7.3 Pocket Veto of the Postal Billo 7.4 Rashtrapati Bhavan communiquso 7.5 Offices of Profit Bill

8 Living former Presidents of India 9 See also 10 References

11 External links

Origin

Republic of India

This article is part of the series:

Politics and government of

India

Union Government[show]

Elections[show]

Political parties[show]

Localand state govt.[show]

Other countries
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AtlasGovernment of India portal

v t e

India achieved independence from theBritish Ruleon15 August 1947, initially as aDominionwithin theCommonwealth of NationswithGeorge VIas theking of India, represented in thecountry by agovernor-general.[6]Still, following this, theConstituent Assembly of India, underthe leadership ofDr. B. R. Ambedkar, undertook the process of drafting a completely newconstitution for the country. TheConstitution of Indiawas eventually enacted on 26 November1949 and came into force on 26 January 1950,[7]:26 making India a republic.[8]:9 The offices ofmonarch and governor-general were replaced by the new office of President of India, withRajendra Prasadas the first incumbent.[8]:1

Despite its changed status, India's leaders desired the country to remain a member of theCommonwealth.[9]Previously a change to republican status had been seen as incompatible withcontinued membership, but negotiations with the other Commonwealth members resulted inrecognition of George VI as a ceremonialHead of the Commonwealth. India thus became thefirst republic[10]to belong to the Commonwealth and this precedent was followed in subsequentdecades by other countries that either adopted a monarchy separate from that shared by theCommonwealth realmsor became republics & thus The President acts as the representative ofthe HM government as Lord Governor General & As Head of State of India giving him the titleof 'His Excellency The Right Honourable Lord Governor General & President Of TheCommonwealth Dominion Republic Of India.[11][12]

Powers and duties

Legislative

Legislative power is constitutionally vested in theParliament of Indiaof which the president isthe titular head. The President summons both the Houses (theLok Sabhaand theRajya Sabha)of theParliamentand prorogues them. He candissolve the Lok Sabha.[7]:147 These powers areformal and by convention, the President uses these powers according to the advice of the Councilof Ministers headed by thePrime Minister.[13]

The President inaugurates the Parliament by addressing it after the general elections and also atthe beginning of the first session each year. Presidential address on these occasions is generallymeant to outline the new policies of thegovernment.[14]:145

Allbillspassed by the Parliament can become laws only after receiving the assent of thePresident. The President can return a bill to the Parliament, if it is amoney billor aconstitutionalamendment bill, for reconsideration. When, after reconsideration, the bill is passed and presented
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to the President, with or without amendments, the President is obliged to assent it. The Presidentcan also withhold his assent to a bill when it is initially presented to him (rather than return it tothe Parliament) thereby exercising apocket veto.[15]

When either of the two Houses of theParliament of Indiais not in session, and if government

feels the need for immediate procedure, the President can promulgate ordinances which have thesame force and effect as laws passed by Parliament. These are in the nature of interim ortemporary legislation and their continuance is subject to parliamentary approval. Ordinancesremain valid for no more than six weeks from the date the Parliament is convened unlessapproved by it earlier.[16]

Appointment powers

The President appoints, asPrime Minister, the person most likely to command the support of themajority in theLok Sabha(usually the leader of the majority party or coalition). The Presidentthen appoints the other members of the Council of Ministers, distributing portfolios to them on

the advice of the Prime Minister.[17]:72

The Council of Ministers remains in power during the 'pleasure' of the President. In practice,however, the Council of Ministers must retain the support of the Lok Sabha. If a President wereto dismiss the Council of Ministers on his or her own initiative, it might trigger aconstitutionalcrisis. Thus, in practice, the Council of Ministers cannot be dismissed as long as it commands thesupport of a majority in the Lok Sabha.

The President is responsible for making a wide variety of appointments. These include:[17]:72

GovernorsofStates

TheChief Justice, other judges of theSupreme CourtandHigh Courts of India TheAttorney General TheComptroller and Auditor General TheChief Election Commissionerand other Election Commissioners The Chairman and other Members of theUnion Public Service Commission Vice Chancellor of central university and academic staff of central university through his

nominee Directors of IITs and NITs AmbassadorsandHigh Commissionersto other countries[13][18]:48

Financial powers

Allmoney billsoriginate in Parliament, but only if the President recommends them. He or shepresents theAnnual Budgetand supplementary Budget before Parliament. No money bill can beintroduced in Parliament without his or her assent. The President appoints a finance commissionevery five years. Withdrawal from the contingency fund of India is done after the permission ofthe President.[19][20]:48 The Contingency Fund of India is at the disposal of the President.

Judicial powers
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The President appoints theChief Justiceof the Union Judiciary and other judges on the advice ofthe Chief Justice. He or she dismisses the judges if and only if the two Houses of the Parliamentpass resolutions to that effect by a two-thirds majority of the members present.[21]

According toArticle 143of Indian Constitution, if the President considers a question of law or a

matter of public importance has arisen, he or she can ask for theadvisory opinionof theSupremeCourt.

Diplomatic powers

All international treaties and agreements are negotiated and concluded on behalf of thePresident.[22]:18 However, in practice, such negotiations are usually carried out by the PrimeMinister along with his Cabinet (especially theForeign Minister). Also, such treaties are subjectto the approval of the Parliament. The President represents India in international forums andaffairs where such a function is chiefly ceremonial. The President may also send and receivediplomats, i.e. the officers from theIndian Foreign Service.[14]:143 The President is the first

citizen of the country.[13]

Military powers

The President is the supreme commander of thedefence forces of India. The President candeclare war or conclude peace,[13]subject to the approval of parliament only under the decisionof the Council of theArmed Forces Chief staffs,Military SecretaryandPresident's Officer(Deputy Military Secretary).All important treaties and contracts are made in the President'sname.[23]He also appoints the heads of the armed forces.

Pardoning Powers

See also:Presidential pardon

As mentioned inArticle 72ofIndian Constitution, the President is empowered with the powersto grantpardonsin the following situations:[13]

Punishment is for offence against Union Law Punishment is by aMilitary Court Sentence is a death sentence[23]

The decisions involving pardoning and other rights by the President are independent of the

opinion of the Prime Minister or the Lok Sabha majority. In most cases, however, the Presidentexercises his or her executive powers on the advice of the Prime Minister and thecabinet[17]:239[24]

Emergency powers

The President can declare three types of emergencies: national, state, financial.[22]:12
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f_India#cite_note-BarringtonBosia2009-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-BarringtonBosia2009-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-BarringtonBosia2009-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-Laxmikanth2010-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-Laxmikanth2010-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-Laxmikanth2010-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-Laxmikanth2010-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-BarringtonBosia2009-24http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-Pearson-23http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-Darpan2007-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_pardonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Indiahttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_72_.7BPower_of_President_to_grant_pardons.2C_etc..2C_and_to_suspend.2C_remit_or_commute_sentences_in_certain_cases.7Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_pardonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-Pearson-23http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%27s_Officer_%28Deputy_Military_Secretary%29.&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=President%27s_Officer_%28Deputy_Military_Secretary%29.&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Secretaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-Darpan2007-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Armed_Forceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-Darpan2007-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-Chowdhury-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Foreign_Servicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Ministerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-Laxmikanth2010-22http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Indiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advisory_opinion#Indiahttp://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitution_of_India/Part_V#Article_143_.7BPower_of_President_to_consult_Supreme_Court.7Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_India#cite_note-Woods2008-21http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_India


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National emergency

See also:The Emergency (India)

National emergency can be declared in the whole ofIndiaor a part of its territory on causes of

war or armed rebellion or an external aggression. Such an emergency was declared in India in1962 (Indo-China war), 1971 (Indo-Pakistan war),[25]1975 to 1977 (declared byIndira Gandhion account of "internal disturbance").[see main]

UnderArticle 352of the India Constitution, the President can declare such an emergency only onthe basis of a written request by the Cabinet Ministers headed by thePrime Minister. Such aproclamation must be approved by the Parliament within one month. Such an emergency can beimposed for six months. It can be extended by six months by repeated parliamentary approval,there's no maximum duration.[22][page needed]

In such an emergency,Fundamental Rights of Indian citizenscan be suspended.[7]:33 The six

freedoms underRight to Freedomare automatically suspended. However, the Right to Life andPersonal Liberty cannot be suspended.(Article 21)[26]:20.6

The President can make laws on the 66 subjects of the State List (which contains subjects onwhich the state governments can make laws).[27]Also, all money bills are referred to thePresident for its approval.[20]:88 The term of theLok Sabhacan be extended by a period of up toone year, but not so as to extend the term of Parliament beyond six months after the end of thedeclared emergency.[17]:223

State emergency

If the President is satisfied, on the basis of the report of the Governor of the concerned state orfrom other sources that the governance in a state cannot be carried out according to theprovisions in the Constitution, he/she can declare a state of emergency in the state. Such anemergency must be approved by theParliamentwithin a period of 2 months.

UnderArticle 356of theIndian Constitution, it can be imposed from six months to a maximumperiod of three years with repeated parliamentary approval every six months. If the emergencyneeds to be extended for more than three years, this can be achieved by aconstitutionalamendment, as has happened inPunjabandJammu and Kashmir.

During such an emergency, the President can take over the entire work of the executive, and the

Governor administers the state in the name of the President. The Legislative Assembly can bedissolved or may remain in suspended animation. The Parliament makes laws on the 66 subjectsof the state list[28](seeNational emergencyfor explanation).

A State Emergency can be imposed via the following:

1. ByArticle 356If that state failed to run constitutionally i.e. constitutional machineryhas failed[29]:159
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2. By Article 365If that state is not working according to the given direction of the UnionGovernment.[30]

This type of emergency needs the approval of the parliament within 2 months. It can last up to amaximum of three years via extensions after each 6 month period. However, after one year it can

be extended only if

1. A state of National Emergency has been declared in the country or in the particular state.2. The Election Commission finds it difficult to organise an election in that state.

On 19 January 2013, President's rule was imposed on the Indian State ofJharkhand, making itthe latest state where this kind of emergency has been imposed.[31]

Financial emergency

If the President is satisfied that there is an economic situation in which the financial stability or

credit of India is threatened,

[32]

he/she can then proclaim a financial emergency, as per theArticle 360.[29]:159 Such an emergency must be approved by the Parliament within two months. Ithas never been declared.[33]:604

A state of financial emergency remains in force indefinitely until revoked by the President.[17]:195

The President can reduce the salaries of all government officials, including judges of theSupreme CourtandHigh Courts, in case of a financial emergency. All money bills passed by theState legislatures are submitted to the President for approval. He can direct the state to observecertain principles (economy measures) relating to financial matters.[34]

Selection process

Eligibility

Article 58of theConstitutionsets the principle qualifications one must meet to be eligible to theoffice of the President. A President must be:

Acitizen of India Of 35 years of age or above Qualified to become a member of theLok Sabha

A person shall not be eligible for election as President if he holds anyoffice of profitunder theGovernment of India or the Government of any State or under any local or other authoritysubject to the control of any of the said Governments.

Certain office-holders, however, are permitted to stand as Presidential candidates. These are:

The currentVice President. The Governor of anyState.
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A Minister of the Union or of any State (IncludingPrime MinisterandChiefMinisters).[17]:72

In the event that the Vice President, a State Governor or a Minister is elected President, they areconsidered to have vacated their previous office on the date they begin serving as President.

UnderThe Presidential and Vice-Presidential Elections Act, 1952,[35]a candidate, to benominated for the office of president needs 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as secondersfor his or her name to appear onballot.[36]

Conditions for Presidency

Main article:Electoral College (India)

Certain conditions, as perArticle 59of the Constitution, debar any eligible citizen fromcontesting the presidential elections. The conditions are:

The President shall not be a member of either House of Parliament or of a House of theLegislature of any State, and if a member of either House of Parliament or of a House ofthe Legislature of any State be elected President, he shall be deemed to have vacated hisseat in that House on the date on which he enters upon his office as President.

The President shall not hold any other office of profit. The President shall be entitled without payment of rent to the use of his official

residences and shall be also entitled to such emoluments, allowances and privileges asmay be determined by Parliament by law and until provision in that behalf is so made,such emoluments, allowances and privileges as are specified in the Second Schedule.

The emoluments and allowances of the President shall not be diminished during his termof office.

[33]:170

Election process

Whenever the office becomes vacant, the new President is chosen by anelectoral collegeconsisting of the elected members of both houses ofParliament(M.P.), the elected members ofthe State Legislative Assemblies (Vidhan Sabha) of all States and the elected members of thelegislative assemblies (M.L.A.) of two Union Territories i.e., National Capital Territory(NCT) ofDelhiand Union Territory ofPuducherry.

The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President must be subscribed by at

least 50 electors as proposers and 50 electors as seconders. Each candidate has to make a securitydeposit of 15,000 (US$230) in theReserve Bank of India.[37]The security deposit is liable to beforfeited in case the candidate fails to secure one-sixth of the votes polled.

The election is held in accordance to the system ofProportional representationby means ofSingle transferable votemethod. The Voting takes place bysecret ballotsystem. The manner ofelection of President is provided byArticle 55of theConstitution.[38]
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Each elector casts a different number of votes. The general principle is that the total number ofvotes cast by Members of Parliament equals the total number of votes cast by State Legislators.Also, legislators from larger states cast more votes than those from smaller states. Finally, thenumber of legislators in a state matters; if a state has few legislators, then each legislator hasmore votes; if a state has many legislators, then each legislator has fewer votes.

The actual calculation for votes cast by a particular state is calculated by dividing the state'spopulation by 1000, which is divided again by the number of legislators from the State voting inthe electoral college. This number is the number of votes per legislator in a given state. For votescast by those in Parliament, the total number of votes cast by all state legislators is divided by thenumber of members of both Houses of Parliament. This is the number of votes per member ofeither house of Parliament.

Although Indian presidential elections involve actual voting byMPsandMLAs, they tend tovote for the candidate supported by their respective parties.[39]

Oath or affirmation

The President is required to make and subscribe in the presence of theChief Justice of India(orin his absence, the senior-most Judge of the Supreme Court), an oath or affirmation that he/sheshall protect, preserve and defend the Constitution as follows:[40]

I, (name), do swear in the name of God (or solemnly affirm) that I will faithfully execute theoffice of President (or discharge the functions of the President) of the Republic of India, and willto the best of my ability preserve, protect and defend the Constitution and the law, and that I willdevote myself to the service and well-being of the people of the Republic of India.

Article 60, Constitution of India

Emoluments

President pay

Date established Salary in 1998 Salary in 2008

30 December 2008 50000 (US$770) 150000 (US$2,300)

Sources:[41]

The President of India used to receive 10,000 (US$200) per month as per the Third Schedule ofthe Constitution. This amount was increased to 50,000 (US$800) in 1998. On 11 September2008 theGovernment of Indiaincreased the salary of the President to 1.5lakh(US$2,300).However, almost everything that the President does or wants to do is taken care of by the annual

22.5 crore (approx. US$5 million) budget that the Government allots for his or her upkeep.[42]
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Rashtrapati Bhavan, the President's official residence, is the largest Presidential Palace in theworld.[43][44]TheRashtrapati NilayamatBolarum,HyderabadandRetreat BuildingatChharabra,Shimlaare the official Retreat Residences of the President of India.[45]Theofficial state carofthe President is a custom-built heavily armouredMercedes Benz S600(W221) Pullman Guard.

Presidential Amenities

Rashtrapati Bhavan, official residence of the President, located at New Delhi.

Rashtrapati Nilayamis the official retreat of the President located in Hyderabad.

ThePresident's Bodyguardsis an elite household cavalry regiment of theIndian Army.

Air India Oneis the call sign of any aircraft carrying the President. The aircraft are

operated as VIP flights by theIndian Air Force.

Removal

The President may be removed before the expiry of the term throughimpeachment. A Presidentcan be removed for violation of theConstitution of India.[46]

The process may start in either of the two houses of theParliament. The house initiates theprocess by levelling the charges against the President. The charges are contained in a notice that
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has to be signed by at least one quarter of the total members of that house. The notice is sent upto the President and 14 days later, it is taken up for consideration.

A resolution to impeach the President has to be passed by a special majority (two-third majorityof the total number of members of the originating house). It is then sent to the other house. The

other house investigates the charges that have been made. During this process, the President hasthe right to defend oneself through an authorisedcounsel. If the second house also approves thecharges made by special majority again, the President stands impeached and is deemed to havevacated his/her office from the date when such a resolution stands passed. Other thanimpeachment, no other penalty can be given to the President for the violation of theConstitution.[17]:69

No president has faced impeachment proceedings so the above provisions have never beenused.[47]

Succession

In the event of a vacancy created for the President's post due to death, resignation, impeachment,etc.,Article 65of theIndian Constitutionsays that theVice President of Indiawill have todischarge the duties.[26]:20.10 The Vice President reverts to office when a new President is electedand enters office. When the President is unable to act because of absence, illness or any othercause, the Vice President discharges the President's functions until the President resumes theduties.

A Vice President who acts as or discharges the functions of the President has all the powers andimmunities of the President and is entitled to the same emoluments as the President.

TheIndian Parliamenthas enacted the law ( The President (Discharge Of Functions) Act,1969)[48]for the discharge of the functions of the President when vacancies occur in the officesof the President and of the Vice President simultaneously, owing to removal, death, resignationof the incumbent

the president of india is the head of state of the republic of india

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