The Present State The Present State of Sami Research in of Sami Research in

SwedenSwedenPeter SköldPeter Sköld

Centre for Sami ResearchCentre for Sami ResearchUmeå UniversityUmeå University

SwedenSweden

Who are the Sami?Who are the Sami?

A stereotype A stereotype understanding understanding focusing on focusing on

Snow and cold Snow and cold climateclimate

ReindeerReindeer

””Strange” clothesStrange” clothes

Where did the Sami come Where did the Sami come from?from?

Central-Asian origin?Central-Asian origin? Finno-Ugric languageFinno-Ugric language Scandinavian origin?Scandinavian origin? The oldest The oldest

archeological sites archeological sites claimed to be of Sami claimed to be of Sami origin are 10 000 origin are 10 000 years oldyears old

Early sourcesEarly sources

Roman historians Roman historians (Plinius & Tacitus)(Plinius & Tacitus)

Icelandic sagasIcelandic sagas

Olaus Magnus Olaus Magnus (1555)(1555)

Johannes Schefferus Johannes Schefferus (1673)(1673)

1550-1635 – 1550-1635 – territorial and legal periodterritorial and legal period

Church buildingChurch building MarketsMarkets CourtsCourts Tax sheriffsTax sheriffs TradeTrade Sami text booksSami text books

Reindeer herdingReindeer herding

Higher taxes (fish and Higher taxes (fish and furs) furs)

Increased tradeIncreased trade Supply of flour and Supply of flour and

butterbutter Growing populationGrowing population Decrease of trade and Decrease of trade and

supplysupply Population crisisPopulation crisis Full-scale reindeer Full-scale reindeer

herdingherding

1635-1673 Mining period1635-1673 Mining period

Increased interest in Increased interest in the Baltic areathe Baltic area

1635 – Nasa silver 1635 – Nasa silver minemine

Compulsory Compulsory transport duties for transport duties for the Samithe Sami

Out-migrationOut-migration Population decreasePopulation decrease

Sami religionSami religion

Shamanistic (the Shamanistic (the noaidi)noaidi)

Practical sacrificesPractical sacrifices Panteon of godsPanteon of gods Different Different

fenomenologyfenomenology Death penaltiesDeath penalties Slow process of Slow process of

christenizingchristenizing

1673-1749 – Colonization 1673-1749 – Colonization excluding the Samiexcluding the Sami

1673 – The Settlement 1673 – The Settlement ActAct

The Parallel TheoryThe Parallel Theory Slow processSlow process Legal protection of the Legal protection of the

SamiSami Sami Taxation LandsSami Taxation Lands Great Swedish Great Swedish

ExpectationsExpectations

1749-18461749-1846Colonization including the SamiColonization including the Sami MercantilismMercantilism 1751 The Lapp 1751 The Lapp

CodicillCodicill Sami settlementsSami settlements The Era of Sami The Era of Sami

Legal BacklashLegal Backlash Less reindeer Less reindeer

herders, larger herders, larger reinder herdsreinder herds

1846-1913 The Era of 1846-1913 The Era of AssimilationAssimilation

Increasing scientific Increasing scientific interest (race interest (race biology)biology)

””A dying race”A dying race” Reindeer herding Reindeer herding

lawslaws Sami ethnicitySami ethnicity The loss of rightsThe loss of rights Borders are closedBorders are closed

1913-1971 The Era of 1913-1971 The Era of SegregationSegregation

PaternalismPaternalism The clash of The clash of

reindeer herding reindeer herding methodsmethods

””The Lapp should The Lapp should be a Lapp”be a Lapp”

A process of A process of modernizationmodernization

1971- Political Integration1971- Political Integration

Political Political mobilizationmobilization

Sami organizationsSami organizations Media: a shifting Media: a shifting

focus from reindeer focus from reindeer herding to conflictsherding to conflicts

Legal processesLegal processes The Swedish Sami The Swedish Sami

ParliamentParliament ILO 169ILO 169

The importance of research based The importance of research based knowledgeknowledge has increased within a has increased within a wide range of areaswide range of areas

The Swedish and the Sami societies, The Swedish and the Sami societies, desicion makers, researchers, desicion makers, researchers, teachers, politicians, investigators, teachers, politicians, investigators, officials and others lack the sufficient officials and others lack the sufficient knowledge for handeling the Sami knowledge for handeling the Sami related questions of todayrelated questions of today

Government proposal of 22 Government proposal of 22 March 2005, March 2005, Research for a Research for a

Better LifeBetter Life””of great importance that different of great importance that different

branches of the Sami related branches of the Sami related research more extensively co-research more extensively co-operate and that structures for operate and that structures for broader collaboration between broader collaboration between different research disciplines are different research disciplines are formed in order to achieve synergy formed in order to achieve synergy effectseffects””

National responsibilityNational responsibility

NORWAY: Centre for Sami studies, NORWAY: Centre for Sami studies, TromsTromsøø

FINLAND: Giellagas Institute, OuluFINLAND: Giellagas Institute, Oulu

SWEDEN: Centre for Sami Research, SWEDEN: Centre for Sami Research, Umeå (?)Umeå (?)

Model for the structure and co-ordination Model for the structure and co-ordination of Sami research in Swedenof Sami research in Sweden

Research councils

Sami Parliament

Ministries

Government officesAnd communities

International partners

Youth organizations

Equality councils

Media

Archives and museums

Universitiesand

institutes

Co-ordinator

Arctic Human Development Arctic Human Development ReportReport

BASIC SYSTEMSBASIC SYSTEMS

DemographyDemography Society and cultureSociety and culture Ekonomic systemsEkonomic systems Legal systemsLegal systems

CROSS THEMES CROSS THEMES Resourse control Resourse control Society development Society development HealthHealth EducationEducation Gender perspectivesGender perspectives International International

relationsrelations

The Sami perspectiveThe Sami perspective

INFORMATION TEXT INFORMATION TEXT BOOKBOOK

politics & societypolitics & society historyhistory industriesindustries culture culture language language religionreligion Sami futureSami future

EU-PROJECTS 2002-2006EU-PROJECTS 2002-2006 reindeer herding reindeer herding identityidentity archives archives health issues health issues gender perspectivesgender perspectives companies and tourismcompanies and tourism handicrafts handicrafts the development of Sami the development of Sami

villagesvillages informationinformation educationeducation

PrerequisitesPrerequisites

Infrastructure (source materials, data Infrastructure (source materials, data bases)bases)

Coordination Coordination

Competent researchers Competent researchers

Strengthened economic resources Strengthened economic resources

InfrastructureInfrastructure

Population Data Base SápmiPopulation Data Base Sápmi

The Sami Press Archive The Sami Press Archive

Sami Legal ArchiveSami Legal Archive

AimsAims

Improved general knowledgeImproved general knowledge

Response to the needs of the Sami and the Response to the needs of the Sami and the Swedish societiesSwedish societies

Response to scientific needsResponse to scientific needs

InternationalizationInternationalization

ILO:s convention nr 169ILO:s convention nr 169

””initiatives in educational purposes shall be initiatives in educational purposes shall be taken in all areas of national interest, and taken in all areas of national interest, and especially among those in direct contact especially among those in direct contact with indigenous peoples, in purpose to with indigenous peoples, in purpose to remove eventual prejusties against these remove eventual prejusties against these peolples. Efforts shall therefore be carried peolples. Efforts shall therefore be carried out to secure that school text books in out to secure that school text books in history and other educational material give history and other educational material give a fair, exact and informative description of a fair, exact and informative description of the societies and cultures of these peoples the societies and cultures of these peoples ””

ImplementationImplementation

Education and recruitingEducation and recruiting

Dialogue and cooperation Dialogue and cooperation

Improved pedagogics and profiling Improved pedagogics and profiling

New research projects New research projects

The Process of ColonizationThe Process of Colonization

HistoryHistory LawLaw SociologySociology International perspectivesInternational perspectives

Local economiesLocal economies

Reindeer herdingReindeer herding Land utilizingLand utilizing Hunting and fishingHunting and fishing Tourism Tourism Food productionFood production

Health researchHealth research

Disease specifiedDisease specified Work relatedWork related NutritionNutrition Life styleLife style

Culture and identityCulture and identity

Ethnology and anthropologyEthnology and anthropology Music (jojk)Music (jojk) LiteratureLiterature HandicraftHandicraft

Linguistic researchLinguistic research

Language preservationLanguage preservation Pedagogics och didacticsPedagogics och didactics Linguistic sociologyLinguistic sociology LexicographyLexicography

Society researchSociety research

Media and information Media and information Text booksText books Basic structuresBasic structures Politics and democracy Politics and democracy Gender perspectives and equalityGender perspectives and equality

DemographyDemography

MigrationMigration FamiliesFamilies Population developmentPopulation development Cultural geographyCultural geography

Environment ResearchEnvironment Research

Sustainable developmentSustainable development International perspectivesInternational perspectives Traditional knowledgeTraditional knowledge Flora and faunaFlora and fauna

The population development The population development in Sápmiin Sápmi

The relation Sami - The relation Sami - settlerssettlers

From majority to From majority to minority minority

High mortalityHigh mortality Cultural differencesCultural differences Migration to Migration to

NorwayNorway

Population structurePopulation structure

Larger proportion Larger proportion of Swedish settlers of Swedish settlers in the younger in the younger cohortscohorts

Larger proportion Larger proportion of Sami in the older of Sami in the older cohortscohorts

Age-specific Age-specific mortalitymortality

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

0 år

1-2 år

3-4 år

5-9 år

10-14 år

15-19 år

20-24 år

25-29 år

30-34 år

35-39 år

40-44 år

45-49 år

50-54 år

55-59 år

60-64 år

65-69 år

70-74 år

75-79 år

80- år

Ålder

%

Samer

Svenskar

The Sápmi Population Data The Sápmi Population Data BaseBase

Individually linkedIndividually linked Complete life Complete life

biographiesbiographies Family Family

compositioncomposition Mortality with Mortality with

causes of deathcauses of death MigrationMigration

Child birthsChild births

Deaths at child Deaths at child birth twice as high birth twice as high among Swedish among Swedish settlerssettlers

Lower Sami fertility Lower Sami fertility

Cultural differencesCultural differences

MarriagesMarriages

StrategiesStrategies

PatternsPatterns

Mixed marriagesMixed marriages

Re-marriages Re-marriages

Epidemiologic transitionEpidemiologic transition

Change of Change of disease pattern disease pattern

Diseases of Diseases of civilisationcivilisation

Public healthPublic health

General mortalityGeneral mortality

Sami mortality twice as Sami mortality twice as high until 20th centuryhigh until 20th century

High Sami mortality: High Sami mortality: Tbc, pheneumonia, nerv Tbc, pheneumonia, nerv feversfevers

High Swedish mortality: High Swedish mortality: smallpox, typhus, smallpox, typhus, diptheria, dysenterydiptheria, dysentery

Today: no differences Today: no differences except for accidents except for accidents (drowning and freezing (drowning and freezing

vehicles)vehicles)

Infant and childhood mortalityInfant and childhood mortality

2-3 times higher 2-3 times higher among the Sami among the Sami

Neonatal mortality Neonatal mortality BreastfeedingBreastfeeding Access to health Access to health

carecare ClimateClimate

Ethno biologyEthno biology

Prerequisits of Prerequisits of reindeer herding reindeer herding

The importance of The importance of fishingfishing

Effects of settlementsEffects of settlements Hunting and gathering Hunting and gathering Traditional medicine Traditional medicine Cultural response to Cultural response to

crisescrises

SmallpoxSmallpox

The Latin American The Latin American experienceexperience

The Swedish The Swedish experienceexperience

VaccinationVaccination

Smallpox in SápmiSmallpox in Sápmi

Low Sami smallpox Low Sami smallpox mortalitymortality

High frequence of High frequence of epidemicsepidemics

Cultural Cultural understanding of a understanding of a diseasedisease

Fatalism or flightFatalism or flight

Barents Euro-Arctic RegionBarents Euro-Arctic Region

6 million inhabitants6 million inhabitants 3 x the size of France 3 x the size of France 3.5 persons / km23.5 persons / km2 Murmansk and Murmansk and

Arkhangelsk largest Arkhangelsk largest citiescities

Largest age-group 40-Largest age-group 40-49 years49 years

Greatest natural Greatest natural resources in all Europeresources in all Europe

Present-day problemsPresent-day problems

PollutionPollution Cultural Cultural

assimilationassimilation Language Language

preservationpreservation Political influencePolitical influence Social problems Social problems

(marginalization)(marginalization) Health (alcohol)Health (alcohol)

The Sami – an indigenous The Sami – an indigenous peoplepeople

The complex SápmiThe complex Sápmi

The united SápmiThe united Sápmi

The global SápmiThe global Sápmi