The practices and experiences

for water quality control in

China

Prof. Ma Liandi 马联弟

Division of Metrology in Chemistry, NIM, China

20, June, 2019, Cebu, Philippines

1

Importance of the Quality of Water

Water

•is an essential material to

the survival of human being

and all living things

Water Quality

➢Affects the quality of life

➢Indicates the national

development level

Water Pollution and

Protection

➢Global problem

➢Especially for developing

economies

2

Pollutions effect the water quality

3WASTEWATER ILLEGAL

DISCHARGEINDUSTRO WASTE OIL CONTAINERFARM ANIMAL SEWAGE

The Scope of Clean Water

4

• Drinking water (bottled water, tap water)

• Surface Water (river water, lake water, sea water)

• Ground water (mineral water)

• Waste water (Sewage water, Industrial waste water,

Agricultural waste water (aquaculture))

Clean Water in China

5

President Xi Jinping

indicated：

绿水青山就是金山银山

Lucid waters and

lush mountains are

invaluable assets.

Clean water is vital in

today's China

Water Quality Control System in China

6

Laws of water

protectionNational action plan for

pollution control

Lab Conformity

Assessment

Water Sampling

Samples Testing

Data Collection and

Analysis

Scheme designW

ate

r Qa

ulity

Mo

nito

ring

Quality standards and

pollutant discharge

standards

Monitoring technical

specification

Standards for testing

method

Water

Quality

Renovation

CRMs

Instruments

Calibration

Metro

log

y

sta

nd

ard

izatio

n

CCQM KCs

Accreditation CIPM-MRA

organize PT

National Laws and Action Plan

7

National Laws for Water Protection Enactment Time

Environmental Protection Law of People’s Republic of China 1979(2017)

Water Pollution Prevention and Control Law of the People's

Republic of China1984(2017)

Water Law of the People's Republic of China 1988(2016)

Marine Environment Protection Law of the People's Republic

of China1999(2016)

Environmental Impact Assessment Law of the People's

Republic of China2002(2016)

Time National action plan focus on water pollution

2011-2015 Key basin water pollution prevention and control plan

2011-2020 National groundwater Pollution Prevention and Control plan

2015-2020 Water pollution control action plan (Ten Rules of Water)

Related national standards

8

No. Content Determination items

GB3838 Surface water

environmental

quality standard

109 items, 24 Basic items include temperature, pH,

DO, COD, BOD, NH4+-N,P, N, Cu, Zn, fluoride, Se,

As, Hg, Cr, Pb, cyanide, volatile phenols, petroleum

GB5749

Standards for

drinking water

quality

106 items: Toxicological 74, Microbial 6, physical and

general chemical 20, Disinfectant 4, Radiological 2.

42 regular indicates include microorganisms, heavy

metals, cyanide, fluoride, nitrate, CHCl3, CCl4,

bromate, chlorite, odor and sapor, turbidness etc.

GB/T

14848 Quality standard

for ground water

5 class, from ‘for a variety of purpose’ to ‘not suitable

for drinking. Monitoring items include pH, NH4+-N,

nitrate, nitrite, volatile phenol, cyanide, As, Hg and Cr,

total hardness, fluoride, Pb, Cd, Fe, Mn, total

dissolved solids, Permanganate index, sulfate,

chloride, coliform bacteria

GB8978 Integrated

wastewater

discharge

standard

3 class, COD, BOD, heavy metals, Anionic surface-

active agent, Volatile phenol, etc.

Surface Water Survey and monitoring

• 262 National monitoring

stations for environmental

monitoring network of the ten

major basins;

• 2050 water quality automatic

monitoring stations for 997

rivers, 112 lakes;

• 3000 water quality monitoring

points.

9

Remote real time quality monitoring system for groundwater sample analysis

Groundwater Survey and Monitoring

• 20401 monitoring stations for

groundwater monitoring

• The network covers more

than 31 provinces, 3.5 million

square kilometers area;

• Advanced integration

technology of automatization

and information was applied

City Water Quality Inspection and Monitoring

• National urban water

quality monitoring network

11

• The national urban water

quality monitoring network

consists all provinces and

cities in China.

• Turbidity, chromaticity, odor

and odor, visible matter,

residual chlorine, total

bacteria, total coliforms,

thermotolerant coliform

bacteria, CODMn are

investigated and monitored.

12

ISO/IEC GUIDE99 “The science of measurement, embracing both

experimental and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any

field of science and technology.”

Water Quality Testing

National Chemical Measurement Traceability System

Metrology Institutes SystemNational Metrology Institute (NIM)

Province Metrology Institutes

City/county Metrology Institutes

Metrology

Different

timeDifferent

place

Different labs

/methods/persons

Traceability

Comparability

Reliability

Validity

13

Chemical Metrology Research & Service

• Measurement Methods

– Primary Methods

– Reference Methods

– Routine Methods

– Rapid Methods (on-line methods)

– New Techniques

• Certified Reference Materials

– High Purity (for traceability)

– Solutions (for calibration)

– Matrix (for method validation)

• Chemical Metrology Service

– CRM service

– Calibration service

– Proficiency Testing

– Test results assessment

奶粉5（16.3mg/kg) Z比分数

24 0610

6614 02

4965 71

42 64 51 7377 21

5552 7539 76 59 35 58 16 17 13 03 45 40 53 85 04 41 70 31 79 25 87 63 29 78 09 15 67 30 86 12 23 44 11 18 34 05 38 74 80 48 61 69 37 68

83 07 19 36 26 32 89 54 43 22 72 88 08 81 56 8250

84 28

-8.00

-7.00

-6.00

-5.00

-4.00

-3.00

-2.00

-1.00

0.00

1.00

2.00

实验室代码

Z比分数

Calibration Specifications

for Water Monitoring Instruments

Calibration

Specification No.

Instrument Parameter for water

monitoring

JJG291-2008 Dissolved oxygen meter for covered-

membrane-electrode

Dissolved oxygen

JJG548-2004 Mercury Analyzer Mercury

JJG631-2013 Ammonia-nitrogen Analyzer Ammonia-nitrogen

JJG656-2013 Nitrate-nitrogen Analyzer Nitrate-nitrogen

JJG821-2005 Total organic carbon Analyzer Total organic carbon

JJG880-2006 Turbidity meter Turbidity

JJG975-2002 Chemical oxygen demand meter Chemical oxygen demand

(COD)

JJG1012-2006 On-line automatic analyzer for

chemical oxygen demand

Chemical oxygen demand

(COD)

JJG1094-2013 On-line analyzer for total phosphorus

and total nitrogen

Total phosphorus and total

nitrogen

JJF1565-2016 On-line analyzer for heavy metals Heavy metals

JJF1609-2017 Residual Chlorine Meters Residual Chlorine14

CRM type Certificate

Mono-element standardsolution for calibration

Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Cr, K, Na, Ca, Mg, Fe, Ni, Zn, Co,

P, etc. (total 56)

Multi-elementsMulti-elements standard solution for

environmental monitoring

Anions NO3-, NO2

-, SO42-, H2PO4

-, NH4+-N, NO3

-—N

Speciation AnalysisMeHg, EtHg, Tributyltin, Dibutyltin, Triphenyltin,

trimethyl lead, etc

Mono-Organic standard

solution

Halogenated hydrocarbon，Benzenes, Phenols,

PAHs, Pesticide (total 70)

Multi-Organic standard

solution

Halogenated hydrocarbon、Benzenes、Phenols、Nitrobenzene Series (total 15)

OtherspH, Simulated natural water, COD, Total

Hardness, Chroma, Anionic surface-active agent,

Volatile phenol15

CRMs for Water Quality Monitoring

International Comparisons

No Title of

comparison

Analyte Time

1 CCQM-K59 Determination of nitrite and nitrate in

calibration solutions and natural water

2006

2 CCQM-K87 Elemental calibration solutions 2010

3 CCQM-K122 Anionic impurities (bromide, sulfate) and

Pb in salt solutions

2014

4 CCQM-K124 Trace elements and chromium speciation

in drinking water

2014

5 CCQM-P111.1 Elements and anions in seawater 2011

6 CCQM-K126 Pharmaceutical (carbamazepine) in water 2014

7 CCQM-K156 Determination of L-PFOA and L-PFOS in

Ground Water

2019

8 CCQM-

K155/P196

Elements and tributyltin in seawater 2019

9 CCQM-K/P Anions in seawater 2020

CCQM-K87 Mono-elemental

calibration solutions

CCQM-K124 Trace elements in drinking water

Cd

NIM results in CCQM Key Comparisons

18

Proficiency Testing in China

Content No. Participants Time

Determination of dichloroacetic

acid, aluminum, dissolved solids

and lindane in drinking water

CNCA-16-A09 800 2016

Determination of benzene, mercury,

boron, COD in drinking waterCNCA-15-A06 474 2015

Determination of chloroform,

nitrate-nitrogen in drinking waterCNCA-14-A05 619 2014

Determination of total hardness,

zinc, selenium in drinking waterCNCA-13-A05 433 2013

Determination of fluorine, nitrate-

nitrogen, chloride, sulfate in

drinking water

Testing ability

assessment31 2012

PTs organized by NIM and Chinese Accreditation Body jointly

NIM provide the samples and the PT reference value which connected with NIM

published CMCs

19

Proficiency Testing in China

Metrology training

20

NIM organized Symposiums, Seminars and Workshops for Metrology Training combined

with Standardization organization, Accreditation Body and Water Monitoring

organizations.

➢Introducing the concept of measurement traceability

➢Improving the technical capabilities of the testing labs

Water Measurement Traceability System

NMI

NIM China

CRMs

calibration PTs

Testing laboratories in China

Method

CIPM/MRA

KC & CMC

Sewage water

Surface Water

Groundwater

Drinking Water

Standardization AccreditationMetrology

Traceability

21

Testing

laboratories in

other countries

Other NMIs

comparability

Tra

ceability

Tra

ceability

Conclusions

• The clean water management needs National Law and

Action plans of Monitoring, and which should be based

on the reliable measurement results.

• The reliability and comparability of measurement results

come from the measurement traceability.

• Metrology acts as a fundamental role in clean water

management .

• Consolidating the Metrology, Standardization and Lab

Accreditation act as the National Quality Infrastructure

(NQI) , will support high-quality development. of society.

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