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SimBuild SimBuild 2004 IBPSA 2004 IBPSA- USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4 August 4- 6, 2004 6, 2004 The Practical Application of The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real Building Designing a Real Building Peter Simmonds Peter Simmonds Bungane Bungane Mehlomakulu Mehlomakulu IBE Consulting Engineers IBE Consulting Engineers

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SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingDesigning a Real Building

Peter Simmonds Peter Simmonds Bungane Bungane MehlomakuluMehlomakulu

IBE Consulting EngineersIBE Consulting Engineers

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Case Study: The BuildingCase Study: The Building

1.1 Million 1.1 Million sqftsqft46,000 46,000 sqftsqft per floorper floorLarge Atrium spaceLarge Atrium space

Base case conditioning systemBase case conditioning systemOverhead VAVOverhead VAV

Alternates: Alternates: Underfloor air distribution systemUnderfloor air distribution system

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Analysis MethodologyAnalysis Methodology

Load AnalysisLoad AnalysisComfort AnalysisComfort AnalysisEnergy AnalysisEnergy AnalysisChiller Plant AnalysisChiller Plant AnalysisComputation Fluid DynamicsComputation Fluid Dynamics

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

DiscussionDiscussion

Load Validation Load Validation Presenting Comfort AnalysisPresenting Comfort AnalysisEnergy AnalysisEnergy AnalysisAcceptance of Chiller Plant AnalysisAcceptance of Chiller Plant Analysis

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Methodology: Load AnalysisMethodology: Load Analysis

ASHRAE Load Calculations in Excel ASHRAE Load Calculations in Excel spreadsheetspreadsheet

Based on Basis of Design Documentation and Based on Basis of Design Documentation and areas. Continually updated through the design areas. Continually updated through the design phase. Included:phase. Included:

EPD, LPD, EPD, LPD, OccOcc. Dens. OA Loads, Coil loads. Dens. OA Loads, Coil loads

Trane TraceTrane TraceLoad validation against industry standardLoad validation against industry standard

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Methodology: Comfort AnalysisMethodology: Comfort Analysis

ROOM module of E+TA ROOM module of E+TA Used to determine comfort conditions in each Used to determine comfort conditions in each space for different conditioning systemsspace for different conditioning systems

Results from comfort analysis: space dry Results from comfort analysis: space dry bulb, mean radiant temperature, operative bulb, mean radiant temperature, operative temperatures entered into energy temperatures entered into energy simulation software, and Trace Load simulation software, and Trace Load calculation softwarecalculation software

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Results: Comfort AnalysisResults: Comfort AnalysisInternal Dry Bulb Temperatures, Overhead VAV

(Varying Air Changes, Constant Supply Temperature 13°C)

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Hour of Day

Tem

pera

ture

(°C

)

External Temperature 8ach_23C (TAM RP 1) 6ach_23C (TAM RP 1) 4ach_23C (TAM RP 1)3ach_23C (TAM RP 1) 2ach_23C (TAM RP 1)

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Results: Comfort AnalysisResults: Comfort AnalysisPercentage People Dissatisfied, Overhead VAV

(Varying Air Changes, Constant Supply Temperature 13°C)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Hour of Day

Peop

le D

issa

tisfie

d %

8ach_23C (TAM RP 1) 6ach_23C (TAM RP 1) 4ach_23C (TAM RP 1) 3ach_23C (TAM RP 1) 2ach_23C (TAM RP 1)

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Results: Comfort AnalysisResults: Comfort AnalysisPercentage People Dissatisfied, Displacement Ventilation

(Varying Air Changes, Constant Supply temperature 17°C)

0

10

20

30

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Hour of Day

Peop

le D

issa

tisfie

d %

3ach_17C (TAM RP 1) 3.5ach_17C (TAM RP 1) 2.5ach_17C (TAM RP 1)

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Results: Comfort AnalysisResults: Comfort AnalysisPredicted Mean Vote, Overhead VAV

(Varying Air Changes, Constant Supply Temperature 13°C)

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Hour of Day

Pred

icte

d M

ean

Vote

8ach_23C (TAM RP 1) 6ach_23C (TAM RP 1) 4ach_23C (TAM RP 1) 3ach_23C (TAM RP 1) 2ach_23C (TAM RP 1)

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Results: Comfort AnalysisResults: Comfort AnalysisPredicted Mean Vote, Displacement Ventilation

(Varying Air Changes, Constant Supply temperature 17°C)

-1

-0.5

0

0.5

1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Hour of Day

Pred

icte

d M

ean

Vote

3ach_17C (TAM RP 1) 3.5ach_17C (TAM RP 1) 2.5ach_17C (TAM RP 1)

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Comfort Analysis to Energy AnalysisComfort Analysis to Energy Analysis

Optimizing Space comfort conditions and Optimizing Space comfort conditions and then analyzing energy consumption.then analyzing energy consumption.Understanding parameters PMV/PPD and Understanding parameters PMV/PPD and how they related to load calculations, and how they related to load calculations, and current simulation software.current simulation software.

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Methodology: CFDMethodology: CFD

Used to model large atrium spaceUsed to model large atrium spaceComplex results and analysis omittedComplex results and analysis omittedProvided average space temperature used Provided average space temperature used to input into simulation software.to input into simulation software.

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Methodology: CFDMethodology: CFD

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Results: Load AnalysisResults: Load Analysis

Trace Load: 1,900 tonsTrace Load: 1,900 tonsExcel Spreadsheet: 2,000 tonsExcel Spreadsheet: 2,000 tonsVisualDOE: 1,950 tonsVisualDOE: 1,950 tons

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Methodology: Energy AnalysisMethodology: Energy Analysis

VisualDOE, DOE 2.1 used for building VisualDOE, DOE 2.1 used for building annual energy analysis.annual energy analysis.Building EPD, LPD and occupancy Building EPD, LPD and occupancy densities based up Basis of Design densities based up Basis of Design documentationdocumentationAnalysis of all 8,670 hrs of the year Analysis of all 8,670 hrs of the year performed for each conditioning system performed for each conditioning system alternate,alternate,

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Methodology: Chiller Plant Methodology: Chiller Plant AnalysisAnalysis

MS Excel spreadsheet used with manufacturer�’s MS Excel spreadsheet used with manufacturer�’s chiller partchiller part--load performance data to determine load performance data to determine overall plant part load operation.overall plant part load operation.Spreadsheet included Chiller part load, primary, Spreadsheet included Chiller part load, primary, secondary pumps, condenser water pumps, secondary pumps, condenser water pumps, cooling towers.cooling towers.Overall chiller plant performance calculated in Overall chiller plant performance calculated in kW/ton.kW/ton.

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Methodology: Chiller Plant Methodology: Chiller Plant AnalysisAnalysis

System Description:

= shading denotes calculated cells= denotes information to be entered

Load/Chiller= 800 TonsCWS= 42 F CWS= 90 F

CHWR= 54 F CWR= 80 F

constant speed compressors, constant condenser water flow, constant primary chilled water flow, variable sRelief is provided on the condenser water as the chiller plant load varies.Chilled water temperature is maintained at 42-54 F under all part load conditions. The only exception is w

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Methodology: Chiller Plant Methodology: Chiller Plant AnalysisAnalysis

Why not VisualDOE?Why not VisualDOE?Information to develop DOE 2.1 chiller curves Information to develop DOE 2.1 chiller curves for VFD chillers not readily available at the for VFD chillers not readily available at the time.time.Unable to analysis variable primary Unable to analysis variable primary evaporator flow or variable condenser water evaporator flow or variable condenser water flow.flow.

Approximate annual energy consumption Approximate annual energy consumption based on VisualDOE hourly chiller part based on VisualDOE hourly chiller part load operation.load operation.

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Results: Chiller Plant Results: Chiller Plant PerformancePerformance

Base peak load 2,000 tons + 400 tons reserve: Base peak load 2,000 tons + 400 tons reserve: 2,400 ton chiller plant over three 800 ton chillers2,400 ton chiller plant over three 800 ton chillersAnalysis considered: Analysis considered:

Constant Speed chillers, const. primary flow, w/ var. Constant Speed chillers, const. primary flow, w/ var. secondary flow and const. condenser flow.secondary flow and const. condenser flow.VFD chillers, w/ var. primary flow, var. secondary flow VFD chillers, w/ var. primary flow, var. secondary flow and constant condenser flow.and constant condenser flow.VFD chillers, var. primary flow, var. secondary flow VFD chillers, var. primary flow, var. secondary flow and var. condenser flow.and var. condenser flow.

Additional chiller plant configurations could be Additional chiller plant configurations could be analyzed using this method.analyzed using this method.

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Results: Chiller Plant Results: Chiller Plant PerformancePerformance

0.680.670.700.750.670.720.790.660.781.32

VFD Chillers Const. Condenser

0.710.680.670.740.670.680.780.660.771.25VFD ChillersVar. Condenser

0.750.760.790.820.760.790.860.750.851.22Primary/

Secondary

100%

(2400 Tons)

90% \

(2160 Tons)

80%

(1920 Tons)

70%(1680 Tons)

60%(1440 Tons)

50%

(1200 Tons)

40%(960 Tons)

30%

(720 Tons)

20%

(480 Tons)

10%

(240 Tons)

Percentage Load Configuration

Chiller Plant Electrical Consumption at Part Load

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Results: Chiller Plant PerformanceResults: Chiller Plant PerformancePercentage Hours at Part Load

0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

40.0%

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400

Chiller Plant Load(Tons)

Perc

enta

ge o

f Tot

al O

pera

ting

Hou

rs

1st Chiller Operating Zone 2nd Chiller Operating Zone

3rd Chiller Operating Zone

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Results: Chiller Plant Results: Chiller Plant PerformancePerformance

1,952,017VFD Chillers Var. Condenser Flow

2,013,536VFD Chillers Const. Condenser Flow

2,134,257Primary/ Secondary

kWh/YearConfiguration

Chiller Plant Annual Electrical Consumption

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Results: Energy AnalysisResults: Energy Analysis

Mandate to achieve < 55 Mandate to achieve < 55 kBtuh/sqftkBtuh/sqft �•�• yryrBase case VAV 46.2 Base case VAV 46.2 kBtuh/sqftkBtuh/sqft �•�• yryrUnderfloor 43.4 Underfloor 43.4 kBtuh/sqftkBtuh/sqft �•�• yryrDaylight controls + Reduce occupancy: Daylight controls + Reduce occupancy: 32.8 32.8 kBtuhkBtuh/ / sqftsqft �•�• yryr

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Results: Energy AnalysisResults: Energy Analysis

46.643.8

35.934.4 33.2

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

KB

TU/F

T2

Base Case Optimized Underfloor Optimized Underfloor+ Daylighting

IBE Optimized 1 IBE Optimized 2

Alternate

Building Energy Performance Per Alternate

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Results: Energy AnalysisResults: Energy Analysis

Annual Energy Consumption reduced from Annual Energy Consumption reduced from 55 55 kBtuh/sqftkBtuh/sqft �•�• yr to 46.2 yr to 46.2 kBtuh/sqftkBtuh/sqft �•�• yr yr 16% reduction16% reductionProbably performance at 32.8 Probably performance at 32.8 kBtuh/sqftkBtuh/sqft�•�• yr a 40% reductionyr a 40% reduction

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Discussion: Check SumsDiscussion: Check Sums

Energy check sums Energy check sums useful in traditional useful in traditional design and analysis: design and analysis:

kBtuhkBtuh/ / sqftsqft �•�• yryrSqftSqft/ton/tonCFM/ CFM/ sqft

Values redefined for Values redefined for performance performance buildings:buildings:

32.8 32.8 kBtuh/sqftkBtuh/sqft �•�• yryr550 550 sqftsqft/ton/ton1.2 CFM/1.2 CFM/sqftsqft sqft

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

ConclusionsConclusions

Part load operation of chiller plantsPart load operation of chiller plantsOptimize configuration: What�’s good for the peak isn�’t Optimize configuration: What�’s good for the peak isn�’t necessarily good for the year. Annual analysis yields the best necessarily good for the year. Annual analysis yields the best resultsresults

Developing design parameters from comfort analysis is Developing design parameters from comfort analysis is possible, and parameters can be used to provide possible, and parameters can be used to provide operating set points for annual energy simulation operating set points for annual energy simulation program.program.End result:End result:

More comfortable buildingsMore comfortable buildingsReduced annual energy consumption = lower annual operating Reduced annual energy consumption = lower annual operating costs.costs.

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

The Practical Application of Building The Practical Application of Building Simulation Tools in Designing a Real BuildingSimulation Tools in Designing a Real Building

Continuing ResearchContinuing Research

Energy analysis and load software for:Energy analysis and load software for:High efficiency chiller plants (VFD chillers, High efficiency chiller plants (VFD chillers, variable flow, etc.)variable flow, etc.)Displacement ventilationDisplacement ventilationHybrid airHybrid air--radiant systemsradiant systems

SimBuildSimBuild 2004 IBPSA2004 IBPSA--USA Boulder, CO USA Boulder, CO August 4August 4--6, 20046, 2004

Thank YouThank You

Open DiscussionOpen Discussion