THE POTENTIAL OF TERMINALIA CATAPPA (TROPICAL ALMOND) SEED AS A SOURCE OF DIETARY PROTEIN1. C.A. EZEOKONKWO1,, 2. W.L. DODSON2Article first published online: 31 MAY 2007DOI:10.1111/j.1745-4557.2004.tb00650.xJournal of Food QualityVolume 27, Issue 3, pages 207219, August 2004

ABSTRACTThe nutritional value of Terminalia catappa seed as a source of dietary protein was investigated. The crude protein content of the seed was high (25.81%). The amino acid analysis showed a good pattern of the essential amino acids (EAA) (in g/16 g N) - leucine (7.32), isoleucine (3.58), valine (2.74), phenylalanine (3.04), tryptophan (0.9), methionine (1.48), lysine (3.39), threonine (2.94), histidine (2.96). Tyrosine (2.12) is the limiting amino acid. The protein quality of the seed was evaluated by in vivo bioassays using weanling male Sprague Dawley rats (5060 g). The indices of protein quality measured include PER, BV, NPU and TD. There were positive correlation between PER and BV (r = 0.7105), PER and body weight gain (r = 0.9157), PER and nitrogen intake (r = 0.7428). The results showed that T. catappa seed protein has a good pattern of the EAA, is highly digestible, can support growth and positive nitrogen balance and thus has a high dietary protein quality.Nilai gizi Terminalia catappa benih sebagai sumber protein diselidiki. Kandungan protein kasar dari benih itu tinggi (25,81%). Analisis asam amino menunjukkan pola yang baik dari asam amino esensial (EAA) (di g/16 g N) - leusin (7,32), isoleusin (3,58), valine (2,74), fenilalanin (3,04), triptofan (0,9), metionin (1,48), lisin (3,39), treonin (2,94), histidin (2,96). Tirosin (2.12) adalah asam amino pembatas. Kualitas protein benih dievaluasi dengan di bioassay vivo menggunakan weanling jantan Sprague Dawley (50-60 g). Indeks kualitas protein diukur meliputi PER, BV, NPU dan TD. Ada korelasi positif antara PER dan BV (r = 0,7105), PER dan bobot badan (r = 0,9157), PER dan asupan nitrogen (r = 0,7428). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa T. protein biji catappa memiliki pola yang baik dari EAA, sangat mudah dicerna, dapat mendukung pertumbuhan dan keseimbangan nitrogen positif dan tentunya memiliki kualitas protein tinggi.

Food ChemistryVolume 70, Issue 2, 1 August 2000, Pages 185191Composition and nutritional properties of seeds from Pachira aquatica Aubl, Sterculia striata St Hil et Naud and Terminalia catappa Linn J.T.A Oliveira, , I.M Vasconcelos, L.C.N.M Bezerra, S.B Silveira, A.C.O Monteiro, R.A Moreira Departamento de Bioqumica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal do Cear, PO Box 6020, Campus do Pici, 60451-970, Fortaleza, Cear, BrazilAbstractThe seeds of three wild plants (Pachira aquatica, Sterculia striata and Terminalia catappa) were analyzed to establish their chemical compositions and nutritional properties in order to investigate the possibility of using them for human and/or animal consumption. Proximate analyses showed that they have high amounts of protein and oil. However, they are deficient in various essential amino acids but P. aquatica seeds have tryptophan, threonine and phenylalanine + tyrosine contents higher than those reported for human milk, chicken egg and cow's milk. Haemagglutinating and trypsin inhibitor activities were found to be present in the seeds of P. aquatica and T. catappa but absent in S. striata. Coincidentally the rats fed on S. striata diet gained slightly in weight and presented alterations in the key internal organs which were less drastic throughout the 10-day test period. On the other hand, the rats fed on T. catappa diet maintained their body weight but suffered from stomah, small intestine and pancreas hypertrophy as well as spleen atrophy. Five out of six rats fed on P. aquatica diet died within 68 days. The remaining rat experienced enlargement of the stomach, liver, pancreas, kidneys, heart and lungs and had spleen atrophy when compared with the same organs of rats fed on egg-white diet. Hypertrophy of the pancreas and kidneys was very marked and these organs nearly doubled in dry weight in comparison with those of the egg-white control group, demonstrating that the raw seed of P. aquatica are highly toxic when fed to rats even at a meal protein concentration half that of S. striata or T. catappa, which were better tolerated by the experimental animals.Keywords Sterculia striata; Terminalia catappa; Pachira aquatica; Protein quality; Antinutritional factors; ToxicityBenih-benih tiga tanaman liar ( Pachira aquatica , Sterculia striata dan Terminalia catappa ) dianalisis untuk membentuk komposisi kimia dan sifat gizi untuk menyelidiki kemungkinan menggunakan mereka untuk konsumsi manusia dan / atau hewan . Analisis proksimat menunjukkan bahwa mereka memiliki jumlah tinggi protein dan minyak . Namun, mereka kekurangan berbagai asam amino esensial tetapi P. biji aquatica memiliki triptofan , treonin dan fenilalanin + isi tirosin tinggi daripada yang dilaporkan untuk susu manusia , telur ayam dan susu sapi . Hemaglutinasi dan kegiatan inhibitor tripsin ditemukan untuk hadir dalam biji P. aquatica dan T. catappa tetapi tidak ada dalam S. striata . Kebetulan tikus yang diberi diet S. striata naik sedikit berat dan disajikan perubahan dalam organ internal kunci yang kurang drastis selama periode uji 10 hari . Di sisi lain , tikus yang diberi T. catappa diet mempertahankan berat badan mereka, tetapi menderita stomah , usus halus dan pankreas hipertrofi serta limpa atrofi . Lima dari enam tikus yang diberi diet P. aquatica meninggal dalam waktu 6-8 hari . Sisa tikus mengalami pembesaran perut , hati, pankreas , ginjal , jantung dan paru-paru dan limpa memiliki atrofi bila dibandingkan dengan organ-organ yang sama tikus yang diberi diet putih telur . Hipertrofi pankreas dan ginjal sangat ditandai dan organ-organ ini hampir dua kali lipat dalam berat kering dibandingkan dengan orang-orang dari kelompok kontrol putih telur , menunjukkan bahwa biji mentah P. aquatica sangat beracun bila diumpankan ke tikus bahkan pada protein makan setengah konsentrasi yang S. striata atau T. catappa , yang lebih baik ditoleransi oleh hewan percobaan

The Journal of Agricultural Science The Journal of Agricultural Science/ Volume124 / Issue03 / June 1995, pp 437-445 Copyright Cambridge University Press 1995 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600073391 (About DOI), Published online: 27 March 2009

e Journal of Agricultural Science The Journal of Agricultural Science/ Volume124 / Issue03 / June 1995, pp 437-445 Copyright Cambridge University Press 1995 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600073391 (About DOI), Published online: 27 March 200

Nutritional and haemagglutination properties of several tropical seedsG. Granta1, L. J. Morea1, N. H. McKenziea1, P. M. Dorwarda1, W. C. Buchana1, L. Teleka2 and A. Pusztaia1a1 The Rowett Research Institute, Greenburn Road, Bucksburn, Aberdeen AB2 9SB, UKa2 USDA ARS, Tropical Agricultural Research Station, PO Box 70, 00681, Mayaguez, Puerto RicoSUMMARYThe nutritional potential of a number of raw tropical seeds was assessed in a series of feeding trials with rats. Seed lectin reactivity was also monitored, -amylase and trypsin inhibitory activities were determined in some of the seeds.Abelmosclius esculentus, Chenopodium quinoa, Delonix regia, Macroptilium lathyroides, Papaver sonmiferum, Parkia biglandulosa, Sesbania arabica, Terminalia catappa, Vigna subterranea, Vigna umbellata and Vigna unguiculata seeds supported moderate rat growth. The seeds contained only low levels of essentially non-toxic lectin, moderate amounts of trypsin inhibitors and negligible quantities of a-amylase inhibitors and they have great potential as dietary protein sources for man and animals.Artocarpus altilis, Canavalia ensiformis, Canavalia maritima, Dioclea grandiflora, Phaseolus acutifolius, Phaseolus coccineus and Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Processor, cv. Rosinha G2 and cv. Carioca 80 seeds were toxic. These seeds contained high levels of potentially toxic lectins. Other antinutritional factors may also have contributed to the high oral toxicity of some of these seeds.Albizia adinocephala, Albizia lebbeck, Bauhinia violacea, Cassia nodosa, Cassia tora, Dioclea sclerocarpa, Entada phaseoloides, Enterolobium cyclocarpum, Leucaena leucocephala and Moringa oleifera seeds were also highly toxic but had only low levels of essentially non-toxic lectins suggesting that the toxicity was due to other anti-nutritional factors.Bauhinia reticulata, Macrotyloma uniflorum and Tamarindus indica proteins were poorly digested and utilized. The seeds contained low levels of lectins which agglutinated only rat and cattle erythrocytes which had been pre-treated with suitable proteases. Brownea macrophylla had a similar lectin reactivity.