The Post WWII World The Post WWII World

Part I Part I Containing CommunismContaining Communism

THE COLD WARTHE COLD WAR

What was it & why did it happen?What was it & why did it happen?

Part IPart I

What was the COLD WAR?What was the COLD WAR?

Who was it between?Who was it between?– The US (and their allies) vs. USSR (and their allies)The US (and their allies) vs. USSR (and their allies)

What were they doing?What were they doing?– State of conflict, tension and competition State of conflict, tension and competition

When did this occur?When did this occur?– 1940s-early 1990s1940s-early 1990s

Why were they fighting?Why were they fighting?– Each country wanted to spread and promote its Each country wanted to spread and promote its

goals and influence around the worldgoals and influence around the world

What was the COLD What was the COLD WAR?WAR?

How did they “fight” a cold war?How did they “fight” a cold war?– Military coalitionsMilitary coalitions– EspionageEspionage– Weapons developmentWeapons development– Technological developmentTechnological development– Space RaceSpace Race– Also included “proxy” wars Also included “proxy” wars – Nuclear arms raceNuclear arms race– And of course….PROPAGANDAAnd of course….PROPAGANDA

Soviet Soviet ExpansionExpansion

Stalin expresses desire Stalin expresses desire to create “buffer zone” to create “buffer zone” of “friendly nations”of “friendly nations”– Satellite nationsSatellite nations

Actually under the control Actually under the control of the Soviet Unionof the Soviet Union

An Iron CurtainAn Iron Curtain

Winston Churchill’s “Iron Winston Churchill’s “Iron Curtain” speech marks the Curtain” speech marks the start of the Cold Warstart of the Cold War– Speech given in MissouriSpeech given in Missouri– Symbolized the ideological Symbolized the ideological

boundary separating Europe boundary separating Europe post WWIIpost WWII

– Expressed the vast Expressed the vast philosophical ideologiesphilosophical ideologies

1010

e) Churchill’s phrase e) Churchill’s phrase “iron curtain”“iron curtain” came to represent Europe’s division came to represent Europe’s division into mostlyinto mostly

1) Democratic 1) Democratic Western Europe Western Europe

2) Communist 2) Communist Eastern Europe.Eastern Europe.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvax5VUvjWQ

1313

How did the U.S. view Stalin and How did the U.S. view Stalin and his Communist regime?his Communist regime?

Cold War Propaganda – Pop Cold War Propaganda – Pop CultureCulture

Nikolai Volkoff

Hulk Hogan

1980 US Hockey

Cold War Cold War PropaganPropagan

da – da – MoviesMovies

The Soviet Union The Soviet Union point-of-viewpoint-of-view

““All communist parties must take the lead in All communist parties must take the lead in resisting the plans of American imperialist resisting the plans of American imperialist expansion and aggression in all spheres…its expansion and aggression in all spheres…its basic aim is the establishment of the world basic aim is the establishment of the world domination of American imperialism and the domination of American imperialism and the smashing of our freedom (1947).”smashing of our freedom (1947).”

1818

Truman, Stalin, and Churchill met at Truman, Stalin, and Churchill met at PotsdamPotsdam, Germany, in July 1945., Germany, in July 1945.

c) Truman pressed Stalin to permit c) Truman pressed Stalin to permit free elections in Eastern Europe. free elections in Eastern Europe.

d) The Soviet leader refused. d) The Soviet leader refused.

1919

In a speech in early 1946, In a speech in early 1946, Stalin Stalin declared that communism and declared that communism and capitalism could not exist in the capitalism could not exist in the same world.same world.

2020

2121

Truman Doctrine [1947]Truman Doctrine [1947]1.1. Civil War in Greece.Civil War in Greece.

2.2. Turkey under pressure from the Turkey under pressure from the USSR for concessions in the USSR for concessions in the Dardanelles.Dardanelles.

3.3. The U. S. should support free The U. S. should support free peoples throughout the world who peoples throughout the world who were resisting takeovers by armed were resisting takeovers by armed minorities or outside pressures…minorities or outside pressures…We must assist free peoples to We must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in work out their own destinies in their own way.their own way.

4.4. The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey The U.S. gave Greece & Turkey $400 million in aid.$400 million in aid.

2222

Marshall Plan [1948]Marshall Plan [1948]

1.1. ““European Recovery Program.”European Recovery Program.”

2.2. Secretary of State, Secretary of State, George MarshallGeorge Marshall

3.3. The U. S. should provide The U. S. should provide aid to aid to allall European nations European nations that need it. This move that need it. This move is not against any country or doctrine, is not against any country or doctrine, but against hunger, poverty, but against hunger, poverty, desperation, and chaos.desperation, and chaos.

4.4. $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe $12.5 billion of US aid to Western Europe extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but extended to Eastern Europe & USSR, [but this was rejected].this was rejected].

NATO is going to be NATO is going to be challenged…..challenged….. North Atlantic Treaty OrganizationNorth Atlantic Treaty Organization 19491949 10 W. Euro. democracies and US & 10 W. Euro. democracies and US &

CanadaCanada Defensive military allianceDefensive military alliance standardization of allied militaries and standardization of allied militaries and

technology: AKA adopting U.S. practicestechnology: AKA adopting U.S. practices Still existsStill exists www.nato.intwww.nato.int

2424

NNorth orth AAtlantic tlantic TTreaty reaty OOrganization rganization (1949)(1949)

United StatesUnited States

BelgiumBelgium

BritainBritain

CanadaCanada

DenmarkDenmark

FranceFrance

IcelandIceland

ItalyItaly

LuxemburgLuxemburg

NetherlandsNetherlands

NorwayNorway

PortugalPortugal

1952: Greece & 1952: Greece & Turkey Turkey

1955: West 1955: West GermanyGermany

1983: Spain1983: Spain

Warsaw Warsaw PactPact

Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Warsaw Treaty Organization of Friendship, Cooperation, and Mutual AssistanceMutual Assistance (1955–1991) (1955–1991)

8 communist states DEFENSE treaty in 8 communist states DEFENSE treaty in USSR & Eastern EuropeUSSR & Eastern Europe Member states: Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, the Member states: Bulgaria, Hungary, East Germany, Poland, Romania, the

Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia.Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. Communist response to NATOCommunist response to NATO 1961 Berlin Wall is built1961 Berlin Wall is built

2626

Warsaw Pact (1955)Warsaw Pact (1955)

} U. S. S. R.U. S. S. R.

} AlbaniaAlbania

} BulgariaBulgaria

} CzechoslovakCzechoslovakiaia

} East East GermanyGermany

} HungaryHungary

} PolandPoland

} RumaniaRumania

2727

The Ideological StruggleThe Ideological StruggleSoviet & Eastern

Bloc Nations[“Iron Curtain”]

US & the Western

Democracies

GOAL spread world-wide Communism

GOAL “Containment” of Communism & the eventual collapse of the Communist world.[George Kennan]

METHODOLOGIES:

Espionage [KGB vs. CIA]

Arms Race [nuclear escalation]

Ideological Competition for the minds and hearts of Third World peoples [Communist govt. & command economy vs. democratic govt. & capitalist economy] “proxy wars”

Bi-Polarization of Europe [NATO vs. Warsaw Pact]

2929

Early US ResponseEarly US Response

ContainmentContainment (1946) (1946)– Goal was to restrict Soviet expansion Goal was to restrict Soviet expansion

Crisis in BerlinCrisis in Berlin

USSR opposes Allied plan to USSR opposes Allied plan to create West German govt.create West German govt.

(6/1948) USSR blocks (6/1948) USSR blocks traffic to and from W. Berlintraffic to and from W. Berlin

Berlin Airlift Berlin Airlift – Allies drop 2 – Allies drop 2 tons of food over 10 month tons of food over 10 month period period

1949 – German division = 1949 – German division = West Germany and East West Germany and East Germany (USSR)Germany (USSR)

1955 West Germany 1955 West Germany granted full independencegranted full independence

3333

Berlin Airlift!Berlin Airlift!1948, France, Britain &1948, France, Britain &

U.S. decided to withdraw forces U.S. decided to withdraw forces allow their occupation zones to form one nation. allow their occupation zones to form one nation. Soviet Union responded by holding West Berlin Soviet Union responded by holding West Berlin

hostagehostage Soviet Union cut off highway, water, and rail Soviet Union cut off highway, water, and rail

traffic into Berlin’s western zones.traffic into Berlin’s western zones. American & British officials flew food and American & British officials flew food and

supplies into West Berlin for nearly 11 months.supplies into West Berlin for nearly 11 months.

3434

Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)Berlin Blockade & Airlift (1948-49)

3535

Post-War GermanyPost-War Germany

3636

May 1949, the Soviet UnionMay 1949, the Soviet Unionadmitted defeat and lifted the admitted defeat and lifted the blockade.blockade.

31 Americans lost their lives during 31 Americans lost their lives during the Berlin Airlift the Berlin Airlift

3737

Stalin’s successor: Nikita Stalin’s successor: Nikita Khrushchev 1953 - 1964Khrushchev 1953 - 1964

4040

B. Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe & B. Soviet Policy in Eastern Europe & ChinaChina

1.1. DeDeStalinStalinization & Rumblings of ization & Rumblings of ProtestProtest

a)a) Stalin died in 1953 Stalin died in 1953

b)b) Nikita Khrushchev becomes Soviet Nikita Khrushchev becomes Soviet leader. leader.

c)c) 1956, Khrushchev denounced Stalin 1956, Khrushchev denounced Stalin for jailing and killing loyal Soviet for jailing and killing loyal Soviet citizens.citizens.

4141

d) His speech signaled the start of a d) His speech signaled the start of a policy called policy called DeDestalinstalinizationization

(1) purging the country of Stalin’s (1) purging the country of Stalin’s memory memory

(2) Workers destroyed monuments of the (2) Workers destroyed monuments of the former dictatorformer dictator

e) Khrushchev called for “peaceful e) Khrushchev called for “peaceful competition” with capitalist states.competition” with capitalist states.

4242

4343

The The Berlin Wall!Berlin Wall!

1961, 1961, East GermanEast Germanyy built a WALL built a WALL that separated the two citiesthat separated the two cities

MassiveMassive concrete barrier concrete barrierTopped with Topped with barbed wire barbed wire & &

patrolled by guardspatrolled by guards

4444

The Berlin Wall Goes Up The Berlin Wall Goes Up (1961)(1961)

CheckpoinCheckpointt

CharlieCharlie

4545

1961 - Berlin Wall

• On August 15, communist authorities begin construction on the Berlin Wall to prevent East Germans from fleeing to West Berlin.

4646

5,000 people successfully defected, 100 – 200 deaths trying to escape

4747

Crossing Over• After Communist East Germany, democratic West Germany formed

in 1949, tens of thousands of East Germans crossed from East to West Berlin

• Some wanted to live in free nation, other simply wanted to find work

Communist Brutality• Barrier, Berlin Wall, heavily guarded

• Anyone attempting to cross risked being shot by East German guards

• Succeeded in slowing flight of East Germans, became symbol of Communist system brutality

Berlin Wall• By 1961, up to 1,000 per day made daily trip between homes in

East Germany, jobs in West Berlin

• To stop exodus, East Germany erected barrier between two halves of city

Another Crisis in Berlin

4848

The Arms Race:The Arms Race:A “Missile Gap?”A “Missile Gap?”

} The Soviet The Soviet Union Union exploded its exploded its first A-bomb in first A-bomb in 1949.1949.

} Now there Now there were two were two nuclear nuclear superpowers!superpowers!

4949

The Threat of Nuclear WarThe Threat of Nuclear War The hydrogen or H-bomb would be The hydrogen or H-bomb would be

thousands of times more powerful than thousands of times more powerful than the A-bombthe A-bomb

In 1952, the United States tested the In 1952, the United States tested the first H-bombfirst H-bomb

The Soviets exploded their own in The Soviets exploded their own in 1953.1953.

5050

The U.S. technological advantage was short-lived. Less than one year later the Soviets tested their own hydrogen bomb.

During the 1950s and early 1960s nuclear war seemed to draw ever closer as the Soviet Union and the United States raced to develop powerful new weapons. This rivalry between the world’s two superpowers became increasingly tense—and dangerous.

• 1949, Soviets successfully tested atomic bomb

• Great military advantage of U.S. over Soviet Union gone

• U.S. sought to develop even more powerful weapons

The Nuclear Arms Race

The Arms Race Begins

• Atomic bombs used energy created by splitting atoms

• Nuclear fusion—larger explosion

• 1952, U.S. tested first fusion-powered hydrogen bomb, vaporizing island on which tested

Hydrogen Bomb

5151

Massive Retaliation• On January 12, 1955

U.S. Secretary of State John Foster Dulles first announces the doctrine of Massive Retaliation.

• It threatens full-scale nuclear attack on the Soviet Union in response to communist aggression anywhere in the world.

John Foster Dulles and MacArthur in Korea, 1950

5252

• BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship

1) Willingness to go to the brink, or 1) Willingness to go to the brink, or edge, of waredge, of war

2) required a reliable source of 2) required a reliable source of nuclear weapons and airplanes to nuclear weapons and airplanes to deliver them.deliver them.

5353

a)a) Policy of Brinkmanship Policy of Brinkmanship followed during the followed during the presidencies of: presidencies of:

(1)(1) Eisenhower Eisenhower

(2)(2) KennedyKennedy

(3)(3) Johnson Johnson

(4)(4) led to one terrifying led to one terrifying crisis after another crisis after another around the whole worldaround the whole world

5454

3) The United States strengthened its 3) The United States strengthened its air force and air force and began producing began producing stockpiles of nuclear weaponsstockpiles of nuclear weapons

4) The Soviet Union responded with 4) The Soviet Union responded with its own military buildupits own military buildup

5) beginning of an arms race that 5) beginning of an arms race that would go on for four decadeswould go on for four decades

5555

5656

5. The Cold War in the Skies5. The Cold War in the Skies

a) In August 1957, the Soviets a) In August 1957, the Soviets announced the development of a announced the development of a rocket that could travel great rocket that could travel great distances—distances—

1) an intercontinental ballistic 1) an intercontinental ballistic missile, or ICBM. missile, or ICBM.

5757

On October 4, the Soviets used an On October 4, the Soviets used an ICBM to push ICBM to push Sputnik, Sputnik,

the first unmanned satellite, above the the first unmanned satellite, above the earth’s atmosphereearth’s atmosphere

event increased U.S. spending on event increased U.S. spending on education and technologyeducation and technology

5858

Sputnik• On October 4, the

Soviet Union launches Sputnik, the first man-made satellite to orbit the Earth.

• In 1958, the U.S. creates the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the space race is in full gear.

5959

Sputnik I (1957)Sputnik I (1957)

The Russians have beaten America The Russians have beaten America in space—they have the in space—they have the

technological edge!technological edge!

6060

6161

6262

6363

In October 1957 the arms race took another leap forward with the Soviet Union’s successful launch of Sputnik.

• Sputnik, history’s first artificial satellite—object orbiting earth

• Soviet military technology now feared to be in the lead

• U.S. government established National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA

• Agency would eventually return United States to forefront of space research

Sputnik• Growing threat of nuclear war

• Significant impact on people

• Built bomb shelters to help protect from nuclear explosion

• Schools led air-raid drills to prepare for possible Soviet attack

• Books, movies, comic books had plots centered on dangers of radiation, nuclear war

Public Fears

Soviet Union Launches Sputnik

6464

c) In 1958, the United States c) In 1958, the United States launched its own satellite.launched its own satellite.

US respondsUS responds– Explorer I (1958)Explorer I (1958)– Man on the Moon (1969)Man on the Moon (1969)

6565

• U-2 Incident U-2 Incident heightened heightened Cold War TensionsCold War Tensions

(1)(1) In May 1960, the Soviets shot In May 1960, the Soviets shot down a U-2 planedown a U-2 plane

(2)(2) Francis Gary Powers, the pilot Francis Gary Powers, the pilot was capturedwas captured

6666

1960 - The U-2 Affair

On May 1, an American high-altitude U-2 spy plane is shot down on a mission over the Soviet Union.

After the Soviets announce the capture of pilot Francis Gary Powers, the United States recants earlier assertions that the plane was on a weather research mission.

6767

U-2 Spy Incident (1960)U-2 Spy Incident (1960)Col. Francis Gary Col. Francis Gary

Powers’ plane was Powers’ plane was shot down over shot down over Soviet airspace.Soviet airspace.

6868

The U-2 Affair

• Powers was sentenced to ten years in prison, including seven years of hard labor, following an infamous show-trial.

• He served less than two years, however, and was released in 1962 in exchange for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel.

•Suffering major embarrassment, Eisenhower was forced to admit the truth behind the mission and the U-2 program, although he refused to publicly apologize to Khrushchev.

•This refusal caused the Paris Summit to collapse when Khrushchev stormed out of negotiations.

6969

The CIA & The Cold WarThe CIA & The Cold War

CIA used military power and influence to CIA used military power and influence to install pro-US governments install pro-US governments – The Shah in Iran in 1951The Shah in Iran in 1951– Guatemala in 1954Guatemala in 1954

US U-2 spy plane shot down over Russia US U-2 spy plane shot down over Russia in 1960 in 1960 – Pilot Gary Powers served almost 2 yrs and Pilot Gary Powers served almost 2 yrs and

was exchanged for Soviet spy Rudolf Abelwas exchanged for Soviet spy Rudolf Abel

The Cold War Turns HOT!The Cold War Turns HOT!

War in Korea (1950-1953)War in Korea (1950-1953)

Japanese control Korea 1910-1945Japanese control Korea 1910-1945 Post WWII Post WWII

– Soviet controlled North (Kim Il Sung)Soviet controlled North (Kim Il Sung)– Allied controlled South (Syngman Rhee)Allied controlled South (Syngman Rhee)– Divided at the 38Divided at the 38thth Parallel @ Potsdam Conference Parallel @ Potsdam Conference

6/25/1950 North invades the South6/25/1950 North invades the South– Truman and the UN pledge support to South Truman and the UN pledge support to South

KoreaKorea

7373

Korean War, 1950-1953• On June 25, North

Korean communist forces cross the 38th parallel and invade South Korea.

• On June 27, Truman orders U.S. forces to assist the South Koreans

• The U.N. Security Council condemns the invasion and est’d a 15-nation fighting force.

• Chinese troops enter the conflict by year's end.

• Cease fire eventually brings war to close by 1953

7474

7575

The Korean War: A The Korean War: A “Police Action” (1950-“Police Action” (1950-

1953)1953)

Syngman RheeSyngman Rhee

Kim Il-SungKim Il-Sung

““Domino Domino Theory”Theory”

Fighting in KoreaFighting in Korea General MacArthur led US General MacArthur led US

forces in Koreaforces in Korea– U.S. 350,000U.S. 350,000– Total ForcesTotal Forces

~800,000~800,000 North Koreans forcesNorth Koreans forces

– Aid from USSRAid from USSR– Aid from ChinaAid from China

Enters the war in NovemberEnters the war in November Chinese moved into South Chinese moved into South

Korea & captured the capital Korea & captured the capital of Seoulof Seoul

7777

Fighting in KoreaFighting in Korea Fighting turns to stalemate Fighting turns to stalemate

– Near the 38Near the 38thth parallel parallel MacArthur called for a nuclear attack against ChinaMacArthur called for a nuclear attack against China Truman viewed MacArthur’s proposals as recklessTruman viewed MacArthur’s proposals as reckless MacArthur tried to go over the President’s head by taking his MacArthur tried to go over the President’s head by taking his

case to Congress and the presscase to Congress and the press

– In response, Truman removed him.In response, Truman removed him. Peace talks began in 1951Peace talks began in 1951

– UN forces and North Korea signed a cease-fire agreement UN forces and North Korea signed a cease-fire agreement 6/27/19536/27/1953

Results of the warResults of the war– 54,000 US deaths54,000 US deaths– Stalemate – little land was won/lost on both sidesStalemate – little land was won/lost on both sides– North and South Korea remained dividedNorth and South Korea remained divided

8080

Today :A demilitarized zone, which still exists, separated the two countries.

The Cold War under The Cold War under President KennedyPresident Kennedy

Continued a nuclear Continued a nuclear arms builduparms buildup

Increased US Increased US participation in participation in VietnamVietnam

Created aid programs Created aid programs for developing for developing countriescountries

8282

Fidel Castro & the Fidel Castro & the Cuban RevolutionCuban Revolution 1950s, Cuba ruled by 1950s, Cuba ruled by

unpopular dictator, Fulgencio unpopular dictator, Fulgencio BatistaBatista

Backed by U.S.Backed by U.S. January 1959, A young January 1959, A young

lawyer named Fidel Castro lawyer named Fidel Castro led a revolutionled a revolution

8383

1959 - Castro takes power

• January 1, 1959 leftist forces under Fidel Castro overthrow Fulgencio Batista

• Castro nationalizes the sugar industry and signs trade agreements with the Soviet Union.

• The next year, Castro seizes U.S. assets on the island.

8484

(1) Castro nationalized the Cuban (1) Castro nationalized the Cuban economyeconomy

(2) Took over U.S.-owned sugar (2) Took over U.S.-owned sugar mills and refineriesmills and refineries

(3) Eisenhower ordered an (3) Eisenhower ordered an embargo on all trade with embargo on all trade with CubaCuba

(4) Castro turned to the Soviets (4) Castro turned to the Soviets for economic & military aid.for economic & military aid.

The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis

Soviet Missiles Soviet Missiles could not reach US could not reach US from Soviet Unionfrom Soviet Union– Began Began

constructing constructing missile launching missile launching pads in Cubapads in Cuba

– US could hit USSR US could hit USSR via missile bases via missile bases in Turkeyin Turkey

8686

• 1960, the CIA began to train 1960, the CIA began to train anti-Castro Cuban exilesanti-Castro Cuban exiles

April 1961, invaded Cuba, landing April 1961, invaded Cuba, landing

at the at the Bay of PigsBay of Pigs

8787

8888

1961 - Bay of Pigs • U.S.-organized invasion

force of 1,400 Cuban exiles is defeated by Castro's government forces on Cuba's south coast at the Bay of Pigs.

• Launched from Guatemala in ships and planes provided by the United States, the invaders surrender on April 20 after three days of fighting.

• Kennedy takes full responsibility for the disaster. Captured Cubans

8989

9090

• 1959, rebels led by Fidel Castro overthrew Cuba’s dictator• Installed Communist government• Centrally planned economy, close ties with Soviets• Actions worried United States; Cuba near Florida coast• Cuba’s alliance with Soviet Union brought Cold War close to American

territory

• U.S. government secretly trained invasion force to overthrow Castro

• April 1961, force came ashore at Cuba’s Bay of Pigs

• American officials believed invasion would start uprising against Castro

• Instead invaders quickly defeated

Bay of Pigs

• 1962, Cuban missile crisis, two week confrontation between U.S., Soviet Union over installation of nuclear missiles in Cuba

• After standoff missiles removed; U.S. agreed to remove missiles from Turkey, not attack Cuba

Cuban Missile Crisis

Communism in Cuba

9191

3. Nuclear Face-Off: 3. Nuclear Face-Off: the the Cuban Missile CrisisCuban Missile Crisis

a)a) July 1962, Khrushchev secretly began July 1962, Khrushchev secretly began to build 42 missile sites in Cubato build 42 missile sites in Cuba

b)b) American spy plane discovered the American spy plane discovered the sites. sites.

The Cuban The Cuban Missile CrisisMissile Crisis

United States U-2 spy plane United States U-2 spy plane captures the building of the captures the building of the pads on 10/14/1962,pads on 10/14/1962,– JFK institutes a blockade of JFK institutes a blockade of

Cuba on 10/22 Cuba on 10/22 – Soviet Union sent ships to Soviet Union sent ships to

deliver more materials to deliver more materials to CubaCuba

– Two days of tension as Two days of tension as nuclear war loomsnuclear war looms

9393

9494

President John F. Kennedy President John F. Kennedy demanded their removal demanded their removal

Announced a naval blockade of Announced a naval blockade of Cuba to prevent the Soviets from Cuba to prevent the Soviets from installing more missiles.installing more missiles.

KhrushchevKhrushchev agreed to remove the agreed to remove the missiles in return for a U.S. missiles in return for a U.S. promise not to invade Cuba.promise not to invade Cuba.

9595

1962 - Cuban Missile Crisis• After Bay of Pigs

invasion, the Soviet Union installed nuclear missiles in Cuba.

• After U-2 flights Kennedy ordered a naval blockade of Cuba on October 22 until the Soviet Union removed its missiles.

• On October 28, the Soviets agreed to remove the missiles, defusing one of the most dangerous confrontations of the Cold War.

9696

Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

The Cuban Missile CrisisThe Cuban Missile Crisis Soviet ships turn Soviet ships turn

away before away before reaching the reaching the blockade on 10/24blockade on 10/24

US removed missiles US removed missiles from Turkeyfrom Turkey

USSR removed USSR removed missiles from Cubamissiles from Cuba

9898

Results of the Soviet bases gave USSR range to attack the US

Crisis in GermanyCrisis in Germany

The Soviet UnionThe Soviet Union

Soviet and Warsaw Pact Soviet and Warsaw Pact troops invade troops invade Czechoslovakia (1968) Czechoslovakia (1968) – Crush a “liberalization” Crush a “liberalization”

movementmovement The "Brezhnev Doctrine“The "Brezhnev Doctrine“

– Established by Leonid Established by Leonid BrezhnevBrezhnev Head of the Politburo 1964-Head of the Politburo 1964-

1982 1982 – USSR can intervene in other USSR can intervene in other

communist states if communist states if communism is threatened in communism is threatened in any wayany way

The Vietnam War (1959-The Vietnam War (1959-1975)1975) Why does the US get involved?Why does the US get involved?

– The Domino Theory The Domino Theory If North took South it would trigger the further If North took South it would trigger the further

spread of communismspread of communism Southeast Asian nations were like a row of dominosSoutheast Asian nations were like a row of dominos

The Vietnam WarThe Vietnam War

Sides of the warSides of the war– North VietnamNorth Vietnam

Communist leader Ho Communist leader Ho Chi MinhChi Minh

Aid from USSRAid from USSR Also had allies in the SouthAlso had allies in the South

– Known as the VietcongKnown as the Vietcong– South Vietnam South Vietnam

Dictator Ngo Dinh DiemDictator Ngo Dinh Diem Aid from the USAid from the US

104104

U.S. supported South Vietnam• U.S. supported South Vietnam to keep from being taken over by

North• South Vietnam leader Ngo Dinh Diem prevented 1956 election• Also made enemies with corrupt, brutal rule

Fighting Escalates• As Vietcong influence spread, U.S. increased aid to South Vietnam• Also sent thousands of military advisors to help South Vietnamese

forces• August 1964, President Lyndon B. Johnson informed Congress two

U.S. Navy ships subject of unprovoked attack by North Vietnamese gunboats

Vietcong• Diem’s enemies formed Vietcong, “Vietnamese Communist”—not

all Vietcong Communists; all shared goal of overthrowing Diem, reuniting Vietnam

• Soon North Vietnamese entered South Vietnam, fought alongside Vietcong

Fighting Begins

105105

1964 - Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

• North Vietnamese patrol boats fired on the USS Mattox in the Gulf of Tonkin on August 2.

• On August 7, the U.S. Congress approves the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, granting President Johnson authority to send U.S. troops to South Vietnam.

106106

Vietnam WarVietnam War Important EventsImportant Events

1.1. U.S. Troops Enter the FightU.S. Troops Enter the Fight had been serving as advisers to the South Vietnamese since had been serving as advisers to the South Vietnamese since

the late 1950s.the late 1950s.

– First Major BattleFirst Major Battle Battle of the Ia Drang Valley (1965)Battle of the Ia Drang Valley (1965) US troops got hammered— “We Were US troops got hammered— “We Were

Soldiers”Soldiers”– Tet Offensive of 1968Tet Offensive of 1968

North guerillas launch massive surprise attackNorth guerillas launch massive surprise attack Turning point of the warTurning point of the war Anti-war sentiment in US increasedAnti-war sentiment in US increased Bloodiest year of the war (15,000 American Bloodiest year of the war (15,000 American

troops died)troops died)

108108

1968 - Tet Offensive• Viet Cong guerrillas

and North Vietnamese Army troops launched attacks across South Vietnam on January 30, the start of the lunar new year Tet.

• In Saigon, guerrillas battle Marines at the U.S. Embassy.

• In March, Johnson orders a halt to the U.S. bombing of North Vietnam and offers peace talks.

109109

• 1968, North Vietnamese army, Vietcong carried out daring strike against cities, other targets across South Vietnam

• Attack began on Vietnamese New Year, called Tet—came to be known as Tet Offensive

• Offensive military setback for Vietcong; still delivered heavy political blow to U.S., South Vietnamese effort

• American leaders had claimed victory in Vietnam close at hand

• Tet Offensive dramatically showed this was not case

• Attacks greatly weakened American public support for war

Weakened Support

• After Tet Offensive, war expanded into Laos, Cambodia

• North Vietnamese had supply network—Ho Chi Minh Trail

• U.S. efforts to destroy trail failed

• More Americans opposed war

Opposition Grew

Tet: A Turning Point

111111

2. The United States Withdraws2. The United States Withdraws

a)a) late 1960s, war grew late 1960s, war grew increasingly unpopular increasingly unpopular

b)b) ““HIPPEE AGE”HIPPEE AGE”

c)c) President Richard Nixon President Richard Nixon began withdrawing U.S. began withdrawing U.S. troops from Vietnam in 1969troops from Vietnam in 1969

d)d) BUT the South Vietnamese increased BUT the South Vietnamese increased their combat roletheir combat role

Vietnam War InformationVietnam War Information

““Vietnamization” Vietnamization” Policy in 1968Policy in 1968– Gradually pulled Gradually pulled

troops from the wartroops from the war– Last troops out 1973Last troops out 1973

President Nixon President Nixon arranged a cease fire arranged a cease fire – Paris Peace Accords Paris Peace Accords

(1973)(1973)– Two years later the Two years later the

North captured the North captured the SouthSouth More than 1.5 million Vietnamese

& 58,000 Americans lost their lives.

Vietnam War ResultsVietnam War Results For VietnamFor Vietnam

– Unified countryUnified country– 2 million killed2 million killed– 3 million wounded3 million wounded

For the United StatesFor the United States– 57,685 killed57,685 killed– 153,303 wounded153,303 wounded– 587 POW were released 587 POW were released

from POW campsfrom POW camps– 2,000+ personnel are still 2,000+ personnel are still

unaccounted forunaccounted for

War in Afghanistan 1979-1988 War in Afghanistan 1979-1988 Muslim Revolts Muslim Revolts

/unstable gov’t/unstable gov’t USSR invades USSR invades

AfghanistanAfghanistan– To install a pro-Soviet To install a pro-Soviet

leaderleader– Would become the Would become the

USSR’s “Vietnam” – led USSR’s “Vietnam” – led the downfall of the USSRthe downfall of the USSR

115115

c) Soviets found themselves stuck.c) Soviets found themselves stuck.

d) rebel forces outmaneuvered a d) rebel forces outmaneuvered a military superpowermilitary superpower

e) the Afgan rebel holy warriors e) the Afgan rebel holy warriors fought with American weaponsfought with American weapons

(1) (1) Mujahideen (Radical Islamic -Mujahideen (Radical Islamic -holy war)holy war)

116116

• United States had armed the rebels!United States had armed the rebels!

considered the Soviet invasion a considered the Soviet invasion a threat to Middle Eastern oil threat to Middle Eastern oil supplies. supplies.

President Jimmy Carter warned President Jimmy Carter warned the Soviets against any attempt to the Soviets against any attempt to gain control of the Persian Gulfgain control of the Persian Gulf..

117117

• stopped U.S. grain shipments to stopped U.S. grain shipments to the Soviet Unionthe Soviet Union

ordered a U.S. boycott of the 1980 ordered a U.S. boycott of the 1980 Moscow Olympics. Moscow Olympics.

1980s, a new Soviet president, 1980s, a new Soviet president, Mikhail Gorbachev, Mikhail Gorbachev,

withdrew all Soviet troops by 1989.withdrew all Soviet troops by 1989.

War in Afghanistan 1979-1988War in Afghanistan 1979-1988

Results of the warResults of the war– Over 14,000 Soviet Over 14,000 Soviet

troops deadtroops dead– Afghan losses are well Afghan losses are well

over 100,000over 100,000– Afghan civil war Afghan civil war

continuedcontinued Until Taliban took Until Taliban took

control in 1996control in 1996– Increased tension with Increased tension with

the USthe US

Anti-US Sentiment GrowsAnti-US Sentiment Grows

Revolution in IranRevolution in Iran– ““Islamic Revolution” of 1979Islamic Revolution” of 1979– Ousted pro-US regime (monarchy)Ousted pro-US regime (monarchy)– Replaced with an Islamic republic Replaced with an Islamic republic

under Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeiniunder Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Revolution in Nicaragua (1979)Revolution in Nicaragua (1979)

– Ousted pro-US regime (dictatorship)Ousted pro-US regime (dictatorship)– Replaced by the Replaced by the Frente Sandinista de Frente Sandinista de

Liberación (FSLN)Liberación (FSLN)

The Cold War of the 1980sThe Cold War of the 1980s US view of the USSRUS view of the USSR

– USSR = the “Evil Empire”USSR = the “Evil Empire”– Strong anti-communist feelingsStrong anti-communist feelings– Increased military spendingIncreased military spending

The Invasion of Grenada The Invasion of Grenada (1983)(1983)– 7,000 troops b/c of Cuban 7,000 troops b/c of Cuban

military buildup on the island military buildup on the island – 800 US medical students on the 800 US medical students on the

islandisland

121121

• Détente, Détente, a policy of lessening Cold a policy of lessening Cold War tensionsWar tensions

President Richard M. NixonPresident Richard M. Nixon move grew out of a philosophy move grew out of a philosophy

known as known as realpolitikrealpolitik term comes from the German term comes from the German

word meaning “realistic politics” word meaning “realistic politics”

122122

meant dealing with other nations in a meant dealing with other nations in a practical & flexible manner.practical & flexible manner.

U. S. continued to try to contain the U. S. continued to try to contain the spread of communismspread of communism

Moves from policy of brinkmanship to Moves from policy of brinkmanship to detentedetente

Country needed to heal its internal Country needed to heal its internal conflicts over Vietnameconflicts over Vietname

two superpowers agreed to pursue two superpowers agreed to pursue détente & to reduce tensions.détente & to reduce tensions.

123123

Nixon Nixon Visits Communist PowerVisits Communist Power

1950s strong anti-Communist 1950s strong anti-Communist positionposition

20 years later, the first U.S. 20 years later, the first U.S. president visits Communist Chinapresident visits Communist China

124124

125125

126126

S.A.L.T.S.A.L.T. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks Strategic Arms Limitation Talks

(SALT)(SALT)Nixon & Brezhnev signed the SALT I Nixon & Brezhnev signed the SALT I

TreatyTreaty five-year agreementfive-year agreement limited the number to 1972 levels of limited the number to 1972 levels of

intercontinental ballistic & intercontinental ballistic & submarine-launched missiles submarine-launched missiles

127127

1969 -- SALT• On November 17, the 1st phase of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks began in Helsinki, Finland.

• The finished agreement, signed in Moscow on May 26, 1972, placed limits on both submarine-launched and intercontinental nuclear missiles.

128128

• 1975, 1975, the Helsinki Accordsthe Helsinki Accords33 nations signed a commitment to 33 nations signed a commitment to

détente & cooperationdétente & cooperation

129129

The The CollapseCollapse of détente of détente U. S. improved relations with China & U. S. improved relations with China &

Soviet Union under presidents Nixon & Soviet Union under presidents Nixon & Ford Ford

Late 1970s, President Carter was concerned Late 1970s, President Carter was concerned over harsh treatment of protesters in the over harsh treatment of protesters in the Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

threatened to prevent a second round of threatened to prevent a second round of S.A.L.T. negotiationsS.A.L.T. negotiations

1979, Carter & Brezhnev finally signed the 1979, Carter & Brezhnev finally signed the SALT II agreementSALT II agreement..

130130

Soviets invaded Afghanistan later Soviets invaded Afghanistan later that yearthat year

1) U.S. Congress refused to ratify 1) U.S. Congress refused to ratify SALT IISALT II

2) more nations began building 2) more nations began building nuclear arsenalsnuclear arsenals

Ex) China & IndiaEx) China & India

Jimmy Carter and Soviet President

131131

E. Regan Takes an E. Regan Takes an Anti-Communist StanceAnti-Communist Stance

1) took office in 1981 1) took office in 1981

a) moved away from détente. a) moved away from détente.

b) increased defense spendingb) increased defense spending

c) put both economic & military c) put both economic & military pressure on the Sovietspressure on the Soviets

132132

1983, Strategic Defense Initiative 1983, Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)(SDI)

a program to protect against enemy a program to protect against enemy missiles.missiles.

Space based missile defense system-Space based missile defense system- not put into effect not put into effect remained a symbol of U.S. anti-remained a symbol of U.S. anti-

Communist sentiment.Communist sentiment.

133133

134134

135135

Tensions increasedTensions increased

pushed the United States & Soviet pushed the United States & Soviet Union further from détente. Union further from détente.

change in Soviet leadership in 1985 change in Soviet leadership in 1985 brought a new policy toward the U.S. brought a new policy toward the U.S.

beginnings of a final thaw in the Cold beginnings of a final thaw in the Cold War.War.

Cold War Tensions EaseCold War Tensions Ease USSR Economy of the 1980sUSSR Economy of the 1980s

– Saw a rapid decline since the Saw a rapid decline since the 1970s1970s

The New Soviet General The New Soviet General Secretary Secretary – Mikhail Gorbachev (1985)Mikhail Gorbachev (1985)

His new political ideasHis new political ideas– GlasnostGlasnost

Openness and freedom for Openness and freedom for Soviet peopleSoviet people

– PerestroikaPerestroika Restructure the economic Restructure the economic

systemsystem

The INF Treaty (1988)The INF Treaty (1988)

Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces TreatyIntermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty– Reagan & Gorbachev both signedReagan & Gorbachev both signed– Eliminated intermediate range nuclear Eliminated intermediate range nuclear

and cruise missiles and cruise missiles – Over 2,500 weapons were destroyed Over 2,500 weapons were destroyed

by 6/1/1991by 6/1/1991– Both nations were allowed to inspect Both nations were allowed to inspect

each other's military installationseach other's military installations

The End of the Cold WarThe End of the Cold War USSR announces a USSR announces a

“nonintervention policy”“nonintervention policy”– July 1988 July 1988 – No longer able to bear No longer able to bear

costs of other communist costs of other communist nationsnations

East Germany opens the East Germany opens the Berlin Wall on 11/9/1989Berlin Wall on 11/9/1989– Free election united Free election united

Germany in 1990Germany in 1990– Germany is REUNITEDGermany is REUNITED

End of “The Wall”

The End of the Cold WarThe End of the Cold War

6/1/1991 – Warsaw Pact 6/1/1991 – Warsaw Pact Nations disband their Nations disband their alliancealliance

Gorbachev resigns on Gorbachev resigns on 12/25/199112/25/1991– Boris Yeltsin elected Boris Yeltsin elected

Russian PresidentRussian President– The USSR “ceases to exist”The USSR “ceases to exist”

142142

143143

144144

145145