ح�يم ر�� ٱل ح ـ� ر ح� ر�� ٱل ح� ٱلل حم ح� ح�

The school of thought in Islam

The position of Muslims individual

Introduction Islamic legislation Emergence of the school of thought Compilation of fiqh The school of thought The major school of thought Reason for differences The present day Conclusion

CONTENT

DefinitionsDefinition of fiqh ( (فقهunderstanding, but it is simply translated into English as “Islamic law”

الدىن ف ىفقه خىرا به الله ىرىد ما“To whomever Allah wishes good, he gives the fiqh (true understanding ) of the religion “

Technically, fiqh is refers to as science of deducing Islamic law of evidence found in the sources of Islamic law.

Introduction

The word madhhab is derived from an Arabic word meaning ذهب "to go" "to take as a way"

معين المجتهد اإلمام وجود فكرة بأكملها المدرسة المذهب يمثل

A madhhab represents the entire school of thought of a particular mujtahid Imam, such as Abu Hanifa, Malik, Shafi'i, or Ahmad--together with many first-rank scholars that came after each of these in their respective schools, who checked their evidences and refined and upgraded their work.

معينة مسألة على والحديث .للقرآن

Most importantly it is refers to a mujtahid's choice in regard to a number of interpretive possibilities in deriving the rule of Allah from the primary texts of the Qur'an and hadith on a particular question.

The sources of Islamic legislation The Quran

The Sunnah

The opinion of the sahabah

Qiyas

Islamic legislation

The removal of difficulty The reduction of religious obligation The realization of public welfare The realization of universal justice

The Prophet (saw) said: “The best of people are those that bring most benefit to the rest of mankind.” (Daraqutni, Hasan Hadith)

 The basis of Islamic legislation

The development of fiqh ,falls traditionally in to six major stages names as fallows:

foundation establishment Building flowering consolidation stagnation and decline .

Emergence of the school of thought

Foundation : the era of the prophet (saw) (609-632) Establishment .: the era of the righteous caliphs ,from the dealth

of the prophet to the middle of the seventh century CE(632-661).

Building: from the founding of the Umayyad dynasty (661CE) until its decline in the middle of 8th century CE.

Flowering: from the rise of the ‘Abbasid dynasty in the middle of 8th century CE to the beginning of its decline around the middle of the 10th century CE.

Consolidation: the decline of the ‘Abbasid dynasty from about 960 CE to the murder of the last Abbasid caliphs at hands of the Mongols in the middle of the 13 century CE .

Emergence of the school of thought

ى� ) ح� ي�و �� ى ح� ح� ا� ح إ�� حو ي� ح� إ�� ى� ى حو ح� ح� ٱ إ� ح� ي� �إ ح�ن ح�ا ح�   Nor does he say (aught) of (his own) Desire. (3) It is no less than inspiration sent down to him: Quran 53 vs 3-4

Quran 33 vs 45-46

The prophet is the only source of Islamic jurisprudents

The time of the prophet

One madhhab The mudhhab of the sahabah

Consensus of the sahabah (ijtimah )

The period of the companion (sahabah)

8th century ummayad dynasty

Reason for compilation To preserve the ijtihad of the rightly guided

caliph To prevent the new caliph manipulating the

fiqh to justify their deviation The dispersion of U’lama (Muslim scholar)

Compilation of fiqh

Imam Awzaa’ madh-hab Imam Abu Anifah madh-hab Imam Maliki madh-hab Imam Zayd madh-hab Imam laythi madh-hab Al thawri madh-hab Imam Shafi’ madh-hab Imam Anbali madh-hab Adhaairee madh-hab Jareeri madh-hab

Names of school of thought

Imam Abu Hanifa  

703 – 767 (64 years)

Imam Maliki 

717 – 801 (83 years)

Imam Shafi’ 

769- 820 (51 years)

Imam Anbali 778- 855 (77 years)

The major school of thought

was born to a non-Arab father raised in Kufa, and died in Baghdad Considered as minor tabi’un (the follower of

student of the sahabah) Ahlau ra’hi (People of reasoning) Hanafi follower are mostly find in India,

Afghanistan, pakistan, Iraq, syria, Turkey, Guyana, trinidad, and north of Egypt.

Imam al-Nu΄man ibn Thabit (Abu Hanifa)

He was born in the holy city of Madina, Ahlu l hadith (people of Hadith) Famous compilation (Al muwatta’) follower are mostly find in Sudan, North

Africa (Tunisia, Algeria and morocco ), west Africa (Nigeria, Mali, Chad, etc.) Arabian Gulf states (Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain).

Imam Malik Ibn Anas

Imam Shafi΄i was born in Hijaz his school of thought emerged in Egypt. Study under imam Maliki and memorized

the whole of Imam Maliki book (muwatta’). He combined both the teaching of the

Madinah and Iraq knows as people of hadith and the people reasoning .

follower can be found majorly in Egypt, Malaysia, Indonesia, East Africa, (Kenya ,Tanzania)

Imam Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi΄i

He was born and died in Baghdad.

His vast collection known as Al musnad, which contained about 30,000 hadiths as well as various opinions of the sahabah concerning their interpretation

He only gained popularity in Najd (a region of the Arabian Peninsula) due to the ideas of Muhammad ibn ‘Abd al-Wahhab, the founder of Wahabism.

Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal

Differences among the sahabah

Ibu umar (madeenah) people of hadith Abdullah ibn mas’ud (kuffa) people of

reasoning

Word meaning Narration of hadith Admissibility of certain principle Method of Qiyas

Reason for differences

following the Qur'an and sunna instead of following the madhhabs

The Qur'an and the hadith, has been conveyed to us through Islamic scholars.

To follow a madhhab means to follow a super scholar who not only had a comprehensive knowledge of the Qur'an and hadith texts relating to each issue he gave judgements on, but also lived in an age a millennium closer to the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) and his Companions,

The present day

Quranic evidence Surat al-Nahl,  " Ask those who recall, if you

know not " (Qur'an 16:43),  Surat al-Nisa, 

" If they had referred it to the Messenger and to those of authority among them, then those of them whose task it is to find it out would have known the matter " (Qur'an 4:83), 

HadithScholars are heir of the prophet

The present day

Absent of Qualified muslim scholars

Taqleed (blind following)

Absent of caliphate (Muslim Leader)

The present day

The issue of the mathaahib is simple and complex All the scholars of the major schools were 100%

united in all the major issues in Islam.

And hold fast, All together, by the rope which God (stretches out for you), and be not divided among yourselves; Quran 3 vs 103

Be a teacher, a student or a questioner

Tolerance and Dynamic approachاعلم Allah knows bestالله

Conclusion