the politics of web 2.0 - e-government or state surveillance and cyber wars?

THE POLITICS OF WEB 2.0E-GOVERNMENT OR STATE SURVEILLANCE AND CYBER WARS?

Mario Lubenka

Abitur Hessen 2015 – presentation exam

Political Science and Economy

22

STRUCTURE

• What is Web 2.0?

• Uses of the internet

• Internet in daily life

• Wisdom of the crowd

• Use for politics – Case study: Barack Obama

• Impact of the internet on political decisions

• eGovernment

• Risks of the internet

• Security issues

• NSA – Techniques and goals

• Cyber-war

• Internet laws

• “Territorial rights” – possession of the internet

• International Cyber Laws

• Conclusion

Mario Lubenka - Abitur Hessen 2015 - presentation exam - Political Science and Economy

3

WHAT IS WEB 2.0?

• Web 2.0 - Definition


• Uses of the Internet

• Risks of the Internet

• Internet laws

• Conclusion

44

WEB 2.0 - DEFINITION


Web 2.0

Social

Media

Crowd

Sourcing

Internet

Business

Collective

intelligenceIndustry 4.0

Interaction, collaboration

5

USES OFTHE INTERNET

• Internet in daily life

• Wisdom of the crowd

• Use for politics – Case study: Barack Obama

• Impact of the internet on political decisions

• eGovernment


•What is Web 2.0?


• Internet laws

• Conclusion

6

COMMUNICATION (SN)

• Creating and sharing content,

connecting with others

CROWDFUNDING • realising own ideas

• demand => innovations

ECOMMERCE & EBANKING• Shopping, Online Banking

• Stock market, forex trade


THE INTERNET IN DAILY LIFE

• Research/School/Education

• Entertainment

• Opinions (reviews, tests, …)

• …

• Politics?

OTHER USES:

77

• Starbucks

• Wisdom of the crowd (Collective Intelligence)

• feedback for improvement

• helped strengthening the brand and staying competitive – for free

• customers ≈ creative consultants

• Chance for politics

• Participation of the people

=> Key principle of a democracy


WISDOM OF THE CROWD

88

• use of social media (Twitter)

• 2008 election campaign

• @BarackObama – support

• Support for policies; respond to the public

• @WhiteHouse for presidential activities

• own “social network”: my.barackobama.com (2008)

• 2012: Reddit Ask Me Anything (AMA)

• 10 of 22.000 comments and questions answered

• Addressed unlikely voters

• Communication stream: People Politics


USE FOR POLITICS:CASE STUDY – BARACK OBAMA’S ELECTION CAMPAIGN

99


DIGITAL VS TRADITIONAL MEDIA

Survey on the frequency of media usage of Germany’s youth (14-29yrs) 2013, Statista.com

• Conveying political messages

Social Networks

talkativeness

1010

• Potential to change

• Organising protests

• 2006: supporting campaign for an Egyptian blogger

• February 2008: protests against the Marxist rebel group FARC

• 2011: Revolution in Egypt

• Online petitions

• 2009: against indexing and blocking of internet sites (Zugangserschwerungsgesetz)


IMPACT OF THE INTERNET ON POLITICAL DECISIONS

1111

EGOVERNMENT

• Digital administration

• Estonia

• First country with online elections

• 97% online banking

• High-speed internet = basic right

• Germany: eGovernment law

• 01.07.2014: acceptance of electronic

documents by federal and state authorities

• 01.01.2015: allowance of electronic

proof of identity

• 01.01.2020: digital records


12

RISKS OF THE INTERNET

• Security issues

• NSA – Techniques and goals

• Cyber-war


•What is Web 2.0?


• Internet laws

• Conclusion

1313

SECURITY ISSUES

• 2007: Aurora Experiment (US Homeland Security)

• 2011: LÜKEX experiment (BSI)

• 2013: APG, Austria: almost blackout

• No attack – wrong command

• BELGACOM

• hacked by NSA and GCHQ

• Client: European Commission


1414

NSA – TECHNIQUES AND GOALS

• PRISM => email, videos, photos, files, social networks

• XKeyscore => real-time internet monitoring

• phone records

• Undersea Cable Tapping


1515

THE STRUCTURE OF THE INTERNET


1616

NSA – TECHNIQUES AND GOALS

• Goals („Black Budget“)

1. Cyber-espionage and mass surveillance

2. Gain access to critical infrastructure

3. Complete control over the internet

• Partnership with British GCHQ

• control over mobile networks

• Partnership with German BND

• Transfer and share of secret information (BND → NSA)

• BND can probably use XKeyscore


1717

CYBER-WAR

• Different concepts => different definitions

• „employment of computer network operations with the intent of denying

adversaries the effective use of their own computers, information systems

and networks“ (USA)

• Examples

• 1980: Russia => pipeline sabotaged and destroyed

• 2007: Estonia => digital infrastructure -> DDoS

• 2010: Iran => Reactor Turbines -> STUXNET


1818

CYBER-WAR

• Attribution problem

• Critical infrastructure

• internet exchange points

• no emergency calls

• >100 states developing cyber programmes

• e.g. Tunisia, Iran

• NSA: automatic reverse shot system


19

INTERNET LAWS

• “Territorial rights” – possession of the internet

• International Cyber Laws


•What is Web 2.0?



• Conclusion

2020

• Names and numbers regulation

• Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN)

• No uniform Internet law

• How to behave: Etiquette in technology (“Netiquette”)

• Legal aspects: License agreements, copyright, legal preconditions


„TERRITORIAL RIGHTS“ – POSSESSION OF THE INTERNET

Shrinkwrap license clickwrap license Browsewrap license Terms of Service (TOS)

Local law

USA ✔ - EU ✖

2121

• no need for internet law

• Everyday cases in new technology?

• need for internet law

• Definitions of internet architecture and informal norms

• International standards

• mass surveillance ↯ Article 12 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

• 2002: Brussels Regulation

• uniform jurisdiction and enforcement

=> model for global internet jurisdiction(?)


INTERNATIONAL CYBER LAWS

2222

• Tallinn Manual

• NATO Cyber Defense Centre of Excellence (CCD CoE)

• Proposal for a „Law of Cyber War“

• Cyber warfare ≈ other military operations

• Response by military activities (rule 5.13)

• Act must be attributable to a state (rule 6.6)

• UN Charter Art 51 ✔

• Attribution problem ❢

• Tallinn 2.0

• sovereignty, jurisdiction, intervention

• International participation


INTERNATIONAL CYBER LAWS

23

CONCLUSION

Political implications of the Internet:

eGovernment or state surveillance & cyber war?


•What is Web 2.0?



• Internet laws

24

Political chances of the internet

• Importance for the future

• direct contact to the people (Obama)

• potential to change; increased talkativeness

• wisdom of the crowd

• easier and cheaper administration (eGovernment)

Political risks of the internet

• security issues

• no uniform laws

• Tallinn 2.0 (?)


CONCLUSION

25


HTTPS://DONOTTRACK-DOC.COM

2626

SOURCES• http://www.atlantic-community.org/app/webroot/files/articlepdf/Web_2.0_Change_Politics.PDF, 08.04.2015, 07:52 Uhr

• http://dare.uva.nl/document/466647, 08.04.2015, 07:54 Uhr

• http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/42/42978/1.html, 08.04.2015, 08:18

• http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/32/32707/1.html, 08.04.2015, 08:20

• http://wirtschaftslexikon.gabler.de/Definition/web-2-0.html, 06.05.2015, 21:54

• http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/community/profile/sbo/Die-Luege-vom-rechtsfreien-Raum-Internet-id15158066.html, 06.05.2015, 21:56

• http://www.uni-muenster.de/Jura.itm/hoeren/materialien/Skript/Skript%20Internetrecht_April_2011.pdf, 06.05.2015, 21:59

• https://www.datenschutzzentrum.de/uploads/vortraege/20140128-Hansen-EuropaeischerDatenschutztag-BigDataBond-2.0.pdf, 06.05.2015, 22:13

• http://www.dirk-koentopp.com/downloads/saalbach-cyberwar-methods-and-practice.pdf, 23.04.2015

• http://motherboard.vice.com/de/blog/wie-man-das-rueckrat-des-internets-hackt, 16.05.2015

• http://www.cio.bund.de/SharedDocs/Kurzmeldungen/DE/2013/mitMS/e_government_gesetz.html, 08.05.2015

• https://www.icann.org/resources/pages/welcome-2012-02-25-en, 18.05.2015

• http://www.vox.com/2014/7/9/5880403/13-ways-the-nsa-spies-on-us, 19.05.2015

• https://nsa.gov1.info/surveillance/, 19.05.2015

• Rusdad, Michael L.: Global Internet Law in an nutshell, 2nd Edition, West Academic Publishing, 2013

• Cyberkrieg – Angriff aus dem Netz, Spiegel Geschichte, 2011

• Die Story im Ersten: Schlachtfeld Internet, ARD, 2015

• Interactive „Do not track“-Serie by Bayrischer Rundfunk and ARTE - https://donottrack-doc.com


2727

IMAGE SOURCES• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/Internet_map_1024_-_transparent.png, 27.03.2015

• https://oye2906.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/web-1-0.png, 27.03.2015

• http://i.cbc.ca/1.2951841.1423590880!/fileImage/httpImage/image.jpg_gen/derivatives/16x9_620/twitter-newsweek.jpg, 01.05.2015

• http://www.francetvinfo.fr/image/754yxaqn4-efdf/1000/562/5944501.jpg, 01.05.2015

• https://www.flipkey.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/social-media-logos.jpg, 01.05.2015

• http://s3.amazonaws.com/Edcanvas/15349/local/webevolve.jpg, 01.05.2015

• http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-Q5jA4W1xllE/TfIQ2nn1FLI/AAAAAAAAAOQ/R3Jm1DSf5XA/s1600/nobodyknowsyoureadog1.gif, 01.05.2015

• https://www.kaamranhafeez.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/23591.jpg, 01.05.2015

• http://i.imgur.com/oz0a7.jpg, 04.05.2015

• http://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/politics-word-cloud-17738237.jpg, 05.05.2015

• http://i.imgur.com/gzKRtTt.jpg, 06.05.2015

• http://image.slidesharecdn.com/14-02-13-sia-trustedidforgovservices-140225050350-phpapp02/95/the-role-of-trusted-digital-identity-in-enabling-the-egovernment-2020-vision-22-638.jpg, 17.05.2015

• http://images.clipartpanda.com/empty-nest-clipart-9T4xyAETE.jpeg , 18.05.2015

• http://media.indiatimes.in/media/content/2013/Jul/166054890_1374059674_540x540.jpg, 18.05.2015

• https://termsfeed.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/adobe-flash-eula-accept-1.jpg, 18.05.2015

• http://www.softinterface.com/images/ShrinkWrap_WCX2.JPG, 18.05.2015

• http://lifeinlofi.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/instagram-TOS-1212.jpg, 18.05.2015

• http://thomasrid.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/fp.jpeg, 19.05.2015

• http://www.youtube.com/yt/brand/media/image/YouTube-logo-full_color.png, 17.05.2015

• http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Coursera_logo.PNG, 17.05.2015

• https://www.fractuslearning.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/udemy_logo_640-635x423.jpg, 17.05.2015

• https://techstuffiwant.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/lynda_logo-460x232.gif, 17.05.2015

• http://media.corporate-ir.net/media_files/irol/17/176060/KindleLogos/Kindlelogo/scr2555-proj697-a-kindle-logo-rgb-lg.jpg, 17.05.2015

• Sherlock, Episode S02E03, BBC


THANK YOU FORYOUR ATTENTION!

Mario Lubenka

Abitur Hessen 2015 – presentation exam

Political Science and Economy

29

INTERNET OF THINGS

SEMANTIC WEB („WEB 3.0“) VIRTUAL REALITY


FUTURE OUTLOOK

3030


http://www.huffingtonpost.com/john-m-eger/the-internet-of-everything-boring-but-so-important_b_7193622.html

3131

Data by user

• Registrations

• Likes, shares, wish lists

COLLECTION AND USE OF DATA


user profile

Data by tracking

• Cookies

• Unique Device-IDs

• smartphone

(GPS, accelerometer, gyroscope, …)

Digital MarketingSelling on the

black market

3232

COLLECTION OF DATA


3333

CONDUCTING A CYBER-ATTACK


Cyber-attack

gain access

Cyber-espionage

acquire data

(and manipulation)

Cyber-crime

use data

keep access; infiltration

(malware, …)

hacking of passwords,

phishing, exploits, backdoors

Sony, T-Mobile,

credit cards

Theft of money,

identity theft, …

STUXNET, Duqu,

Flame, Regin

STUXNET, Duqu, PRISM,

XKeyScore, Tempora

Controlling cyber space

in case of conflicts (NSA)

Cyber-warattacks on and damage

of critical infrastructure

3434

IDENTIFYING AN ATTACK

• Attribution problem

• IP spoofing, botnets

• Digital fingerprint

• Code fragments

• Language, patterns, names


3535

DIGITAL FINGERPRINT – CODE ANALYSIS


1+2=?

3636

DEFINITIONS OF CYBER-WAR

• The Congressional Research Service:

“warfare waged in cyberspace. It can include defending information and computer

networks, deterring information attacks, as well as denying an adversary’s ability to

do the same. It can include offensive information operations mounted against an

adversary, or even dominating information on the battlefield.”

• Government security expert Richard A. Clarke:

“actions by a nation-state to penetrate another nation’s computers or networks for

the purposes of causing damage or disruption.”

• Former National Security Advisor and CIA Director Michael Hayden:

“deliberate attempt to disable or destroy another country's computer networks.”

• US Army: „extends cyber power beyond the defensive boundaries of the Global

Information Grid [=military network] to detect, deter, deny and defeat adversaries.

Cyber war capabilities target computer and telecomunication networks and

embedded processor sand controllers in equipment, systems and infrastructure.“


3737

CLASSIFICATION SCHEME BYANDREAS M. KAPLAN & MICHAEL HAENLEIN• Six different types of social media

• collaborative projects (e.g. Wikipedia)

• blogs and micro-blogs (e.g. Twitter)

• content communities (e.g. YouTube, DailyMotion)

• social networking sites (e.g. Facebook)

• virtual game-worlds (e.g. World of Warcraft)

• virtual social worlds (e.g. Second Life)

• Mobile social media


3838

FACEBOOK‘S INFLUENCE IN POLITICS

• Saudi Arabia (2008)

• national hunger strike against the

kingdom’s imprisonment of political

opponents organised by a Facebook group

• Egypt (2011)

• nationwide work strike against the government

• USA (2008)

• Obama used Facebook to help build a following mainly among college students


3939Mario Lubenka - Abitur Hessen 2015 - presentation exam - Political Science and Economy

4040

OBAMA ON

• Started earlier with using Facebook

than his opponents

•$643,000 of $16 million Internet budget to promote his

Facebook account

•Hired Chris Hughes (co-founder of Facebook) to build his own

little social network

37.739.34818.12.2013


4141

OBAMA ON

•Official Twitter account: @BarackObama

• used for election efforts

• run by #Obama2012 campaign staff

• Tweets from Obama signed with “- bo”

•White House's Twitter account: @WhiteHouse

• presidential activities

• e.g. posts about Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)


4242

OBAMA ON

•promote legislation and support for his policies

• Responds to the public regarding the economy and

employment

•06.07.2011: "Twitter Presents Townhall @ the White House” -

ask questions (#AskObama)

@BarackObama(registered: 05.03.2007)

@SenJohnMcCain(registered: 23.01.2009)

@MittRomney(registered: 30.04.2007)

@WhiteHouse(registered: 21.04.2007)

12.06.2012 16.505.044 1.732.467 ~650.000 < 3.000.000

17.10.2013 38.360.833 1.843.382 1.545.603 4.286.193

16.11.2013 39.926.514 1.848.777 1.546.416 4.361.100

17.12.2013 40.570.755 1.852.638 1.549.359 4.433.183

08.04.2015 57.660.723 1.953.783 1.625.086 6.006.920Mario Lubenka - Abitur Hessen 2015 - presentation exam - Political Science and Economy

4343

MY.BARACKOBAMA.COM

• One key element of his success

• Every member had to upload a photo and provide information about him- or herself

• Create blogs, post photos, form groups

• Online tools for members to identify neighbours that might be potential voters and

report back on any resulting conversations

http

://b

logs.la

w.h

arv

ard

.ed

u/a

nderk

oo/file

s/2

00

8/11/m

ybo.jp

g

[!]


4444

MY.BARACKOBAMA.COM

• criticism

• collects data about the people (~Facebook)

• “Online tools for members to identify neighbours that might be potential voters

and report back on any resulting conversations”

-> privacy?, spying on the people

http

://b

logs.la

w.h

arv

ard

.ed

u/a

nderk

oo/file

s/2

00

8/11/m

ybo.jp

g


4545

MY.BARACKOBAMA.COM

2008 campaign

accounts to "organize their local communities on behalf of Barack Obama" 2.000.000

events organized 200.000

articles in blogs 400.000

videos that supported Obama were posted into YouTube via the official website 400.000

volunteer groups 35.000

donations (70.000 people) $30.000.000

Phone calls via the website’s virtual phone 3.000.000Mario Lubenka - Abitur Hessen 2015 - presentation exam - Political Science and Economy

4646

OBAMA ON

• 29.08.2012:

surprise half-hour visit

• Ask Me Anything (AMA) format:

3.8 million page views on the first page of his self-post

• 22.000 comments and questions;

10 he answered

• most difficult decision made during his first term

• a plan to end the corruption of money in politics

http://i.imgur.com/oz0a7.jpg

=> Obama's campaign addressed unlikely voters


4747

DEMOCRATISATION OF SOCIAL MEDIA(„WEB DEMOCRATISATION“)

•Web democratisation

• the way people access and contribute to the Internet

• First: Internet for publishing; information flow in one direction

• opened up Web content

• active participation (e.g. comments, reviews, Wikipedia, …)

•15. century: printing press to publish own ideas

• nowadays: anyone can share his or her opinion and

participate in politics


4848

PROS OF DEMOCRATISATION

• real-life benefits

• Getting help on message boards

• Possibility to spread regional news

• old friends can reconnect and share memories

• everyone can participate (e.g. in politics)

• […]


4949

CONS OF DEMOCRATISATION

•Andrew Keen:

• tendency to believe that all our thoughts and feelings deserve to be posted,

read and discussed => digital narcissism

• „When everyone claims to be an author, there can be no art, no reliable

information, no audience. A flattened media is a personalized, chaotic media

without that essential epistemological anchor of truth.”

• Everything mixes -> no order -> anarchy

• faked likes/followers = manipulation• rumors that @MittRomney bought followers• DailyMail: statistics show that 50% of @BarackObama ‘s followers are fake

• not clear if a person (liker/follower) is real


5050

CONCLUSION

Pro Con

• real-life benefits• Getting help on message

boards

• Possibility to spread

regional news

• old friends can reconnect

and share memories

• everyone can participate

(e.g. in politics) […]

• „digital narcissism”

-> anarchy

• manipulatable


5151

SOURCES ON SOCIAL MEDIA ATTACHMENT

• http://www.ovrdrv.com/social-media-map/ - 17.10.2013, 17:22 Uhr

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_media#Classification_of_social_media - 17.10.2013, 17:28 Uhr

• http://team1-gc.wikispaces.com/ARTICLE+-+Facebook+used+as+an+agent+of+political+change

– 15.11.2013, 23:51

• http://www.prismrank.com/twitter-social-authority/ - 16.11.2013, 01:42

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media - 15.12.2013, 17:16

• http://www.usnews.com/opinion/slideshows/5-ways-new-media-are-changing-politics/2 - 15.12.2013, 22:15

• http://curiosity.discovery.com/question/democratization-of-web-mean - 17.12.2013, 19:10

• http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB118461274162567845 - 17.12.2013, 19:10

• http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2430875/Barack-Obama-19-5m-fake-Twitter-followers.html

- 17.12.2013, 20:01

• http://computer.howstuffworks.com/web-202.htm - 18.12.2013, 07:11


the politics of web 2.0 - e-government or state surveillance and cyber wars?

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