the politics of open data: past, present and future

148
The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future 22nd June 2015, Data Power, University of Sheffield Jonathan Gray | jonathangray.org | @jwyg

Upload: jonathan-gray

Post on 07-Aug-2015

2.136 views

Category:

Data & Analytics


5 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

The Politics of Open Data:!Past, Present and Future

22nd June 2015, Data Power, University of Sheffield Jonathan Gray | jonathangray.org | @jwyg

Page 2: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Ongoing research agenda on the politics of “digital transparency” and “open data”.

Page 3: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

What is the role of transparency and public information in democratic politics after the

“digital turn”?

Page 4: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Combination of historical, empirical and theoretical research to complicate, challenge and rethink

contemporary “politics of public information”.

Page 5: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

The project is not just descriptive.

Page 6: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

It aims to inform emerging genres of democratic intervention around data infrastructures and public

information systems as socio-technical assemblages.

Page 7: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

What is at stake?

Page 8: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

The politics of how information systems organise collective life.

Page 9: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Three parts of presentation.

Page 10: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

1. Past 2. Present 3. Future

Page 11: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

1. Unpacking different historical threads which contribute to contemporary ideals and practises of open data.

2. Tracing current constellations of different actors, concerns and political projects associated with open data on digital media.

3. Rethinking politics of public information - looking beyond disclosure to emerging forms of interventions into data infrastructures.

Page 12: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

1. Past 2. Present 3. Future

Page 13: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

1. Past!2. Present 3. Future

Page 14: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

What is open data?

Page 15: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Definitions and principles.

Page 16: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

The Open Definition (2005):!http://opendefinition.org

Page 17: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Open Government Data Principles (2007):!https://public.resource.org/8_principles.html

Page 18: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

UK Government Public Data Principles (2012):!http://data.gov.uk/library/public-data-principles

Page 19: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

How information is disclosed.

Page 20: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Legal and technical re-usability.

Page 21: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

What does this mean in practise?

Page 22: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Licenses and legal statements.

Page 23: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Open Definition - Conformant Licenses!http://opendefinition.org/licenses/

Page 24: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

“Machine readable” formats.

Page 25: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Data portals.

Page 26: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Data.gov!http://data.gov

Page 27: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Data.gov.uk!http://data.gov.uk

Page 28: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Data Catalogs!http://datacatalogs.org/

Page 29: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Encouraging re-use, including through:

• Hackdays • App competitions • Fellowships

Page 30: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

National Day of Civic Hacking!http://hackforchange.org/report/

Page 31: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

How is open data put to work? To what end?

Page 32: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Open data is not a free-floating, ahistorical concept, but a malleable idea whose meaning is continually reconfigured in response to shifting conceptions and practices of governance and

democracy in different contexts.

Page 33: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Open data as a reflection of different visions, ideals, norms and practises.

Page 34: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Studying open data as a way to explore “organising mythologies” of Western modernity.

Page 35: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Evolving constellations of ideas and practises associated with citizenship, democracy,

communication, participation, knowledge, technology, innovation, information, markets,

economics, governance and science.

Page 36: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

The unlikely rise of open data.

Page 37: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

From niche idea in legal/tech circles to international political stage.

Page 38: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Familiar histories of open data.

Page 39: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Key actors, key moments,coherent rhetoric and programme.

Page 40: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Open Government Advocates in Sebastopol, California (December 2007)

Government data shall be considered

open if it is made public in a way that complies with the

following principles… !

Page 41: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

President Obama’s Open Government Initiative (January 2009)

My Administration is committed to creating an unprecedented level of

openness in Government.

Page 42: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Prime Minister David Cameron’s “Transparency Revolution” (May 2010)

I want our government to be one of the most open and transparent in the world.

Page 43: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Open Government Partnership (September 2011)

We embrace principles of transparency and open

government with a view toward achieving greater prosperity, well-

being, and human dignity in our own countries and in an increasingly

interconnected world.

Page 44: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

G8 Open Data Charter (June 2013)

Open data sit at the heart of a global movement to create

more accountable, efficient, responsive, and effective governments

and businesses, and to spur economic growth.

Page 45: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

UN “Data Revolution” (August 2014)

Data are the lifeblood of decision-making and the raw

material for accountability.

Page 46: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

How has this happened?

Page 47: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Gray, J. (2014), “Towards a Genealogy of Open Data”.!Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=260582

Page 48: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Raymond Geuss

Giving a ‘genealogy’ is for Nietzsche the exact

reverse of what we might call ‘tracing a pedigree’.

Page 49: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

A pedigree A genealogy

1. Aims towards the positive valorization of some item

Does not aim to be legitimising (and may be taken as de-legitimising)

2. Singular origin Multiple, contested, diverse threads of development

3. Origin is an actual source of value Threads of development will likely not be a source of value

4. Unbroken line of succession from origin to present

Unlikely to be a single unbroken line of succession from multiple threads of

development to the present

5. Series of steps that preserve value in question

Different lines of development will not transmit value “down the genealogical

line to the present”

Page 50: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

How did the concept of open data come to possess the meanings that has for different

actors today?

Page 51: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

• economic value • enabling new markets • unlocking innovation • smart cities • “opening up” public services • government efficiency and cost savings • public sector reform • “smarter states” • open source and open access • civic hacking • transparency and accountability • e-democracy and public participation • data journalism and data activism • technical standards and formats • digital rights • copyright reform • access to information rights

Page 52: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Tracing different threads…

Page 53: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Political economics of information?

Page 54: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Joseph Stiglitz

Governments should only provide a service on-line if

private provision with regulation or appropriate taxation would not

be more efficient.

The “consensus view” in the US

Page 55: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Data is the new oil for the digital age.

Neelie Kroes!Former Vice-President of European Commission

Page 56: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Role of state in collective life?

Page 57: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Tim O’Reilly!Founder, O’Reilly Media

What if, instead of a vending machine, we thought of government as the manager of a marketplace?

Page 58: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Francis Maude!Minister for the Cabinet Office and Paymaster General

Openness is the first of my “five principles for

public service reform” that I developed when advising Spain about how to manage austerity

in public finances.

Page 59: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Role of information in democratic politics?

Page 60: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

1800s: Information visualisation for advocacy 1950s: Computer Assisted Reporting (CAR) 1960s: Social Survey movements 1990s: Access to Information/FOI movements 2000s: “Radical transparency” activism, civic hacking and data journalism

Page 61: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Influence Explorer: http://influenceexplorer.com/

Page 62: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

They Work For You: http://www.theyworkforyou.com/

Page 63: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Redistribution of responsibility from states onto citizens, civil society and private sector?

Page 64: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

New ideals of citizenship?

Page 65: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

1939 2009

Page 66: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

1943 2013

Page 67: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

New kinds of “data subjects”- from“armchair auditors” to “civic entrepreneurs”?

Page 68: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

1. Past 2. Present!3. Future

Page 69: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

How do these different historical threads play out in the present?

Page 70: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Open data as a highly digitally mediated policy issue.

Page 71: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Rogers, R. (2013) Digital Methods.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

Winner of 2014 Outstanding Book Award given by the International Communication Association.

Page 72: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Digital methods are “methods of the medium” designed to repurpose digital objects such as tags, likes, links and hashtags to study issues.

– Digital Methods Initiative, University of Amsterdam

Page 73: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Unpicking and mapping the constellation!of actors, issues, visions, values, practises and projects associated with open data in

various forms of digital media.

Page 74: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Cross-platform analysis, including: !• Official documents • News media • Web • Wikipedia • Twitter • Github

Page 75: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

A few examples from research in progress…

Page 76: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Open Data on Wikipedia

Page 77: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Timeline of creation of Wikipedia articles on open data

Page 78: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Top arguments for open data on different language Wikipedia editions

Page 79: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Top arguments for open data on different language Wikipedia editions

Page 80: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Economic growth is less prominent on Wikipedia than it is in other digital media.

Page 81: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Network of Wikipedia pages linking to open data page

Page 82: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Open data is more of a digital commons issue than an open government issue on Wikipedia.

Page 83: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Open Data in News Media

Page 84: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

INVESTIGATIONS

PUBLIC FINANCE

COMPANIES

DEMOGRAPHIC GROUPS

CRIME

POLITICS

WORKER CATEGORIES

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

EXECUTIVES

GOVERNMENT

CITIES

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORGANISATIONS

NATIONAL SECURITY AND FOREIGN RELATIONS

ECONOMICS

CHARITIES

PHILANTHROPY

SOCIETY

SCIENCE AND RESEARCH

CLIMATE CHANGE

LAW

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT

INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

Topics of media articles on open data in Lexis Nexis

Page 85: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

TOP SUBJECTS

LINKED TO

SPECIFIC ARGUMENTS

IN LEXIS NEXIS

DATABASE

*

Africa Newstelegraph.co.ukTechWeb*The Gazette (12 hour delay)The Guardian (London)The Toronto StarBBC MonitoringThe Irish TimesThe Times (London)The AustralianThe New York TimesIndependent.co.ukThe Daily Telegraph (London)The Washington PostInternational New York TimesHaymarketITAR-TASSThe ObserverBusiness Daily (Nairobi)*The Courier Mail and The Sunday Mail (Australia)The Globe and Mail (Canada)The Nation (Nairobi)*This Day (Lagos)Business Monitor NewsSouth China Morning PostThe Sunday Times (London)BusinessWorldNew ScientistThe New Zealand HeraldThe Star (Nairobi)thetimes.co.ukThe East African (Nairobi)*M2 CommunicationsNational Post (12 hour delay)Australian Financial ReviewCommWeb*The Independent (London)Korea HeraldThe Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*The Nation (Thailand)The New Times (Kigali)Tampa Bay TimesVanguard (Lagos)

Africa NewsThe Gazette (12 hour delay)The Toronto StarThe ObserverBBC MonitoringThe Guardian (London)The Irish TimesThe Times (London)The Washington PostAustralian Financial ReviewIndependent.co.ukInternational New York TimesITAR-TASSThe Nation (Thailand)The New York TimesTechWeb*This Day (Lagos)

Africa NewsThe Guardian (London)The Times (London)telegraph.co.ukThe Gazette (12 hour delay)The Toronto StarThe Irish TimesM2 CommunicationsThe Daily Telegraph (London)HaymarketThe AustralianBirmingham PostIndependent.co.ukThe ObserverThe Star (Nairobi)thetimes.co.ukThe Nation (Thailand)This Day (Lagos)The Washington PostBBC MonitoringBusiness Daily (Nairobi)*Business Monitor NewsThe Business Times SingaporeBusinessWorldThe East African (Nairobi)*The Globe and Mail (Canada)Korea HeraldThe Sunday Times (London)Vanguard (Lagos)

Africa Newstelegraph.co.ukThe Irish TimesThe AustralianTechWeb*M2 CommunicationsThis Day (Lagos)The Guardian (London)The New York TimesThe Toronto StarThe Daily Telegraph (London)HaymarketThe ObserverThe Times (London)The Washington PostAustralian Financial ReviewThe Gazette (12 hour delay)InformationWeekInternational New York TimesThe Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*National Post (12 hour delay)

Africa Newstelegraph.co.ukThe Irish TimesTechWeb*The Washington PostThe Guardian (London)HaymarketThe Times (London)The AustralianIndependent.co.ukThe ObserverAustralian Financial ReviewThe New York TimesThis Day (Lagos)The Toronto StarInformationWeekM2 CommunicationsThe Daily Telegraph (London)The Straits Times (Singapore)The Advertiser/Sunday Mail (Australia)BBC MonitoringBirmingham PostBusiness Daily (Nairobi)*The Nation (Nairobi)*The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia)The Gazette (12 hour delay)The Independent (London)International New York TimesThe Nation (Thailand)New Straits Times (Malaysia)The New Zealand Heraldstandard.co.ukThe Star (Nairobi)thetimes.co.ukVanguard (Lagos)The Age (Melbourne, Australia)Business Monitor NewsThe Business Times SingaporeDaily Trust (Abuja)Europolitics (daily in English)*Foreign Direct Investment (fDi)The Globe and Mail (Canada)The Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*National Post's Financial Post & FP Investing (12 hour delay)The New Times (Kigali)The Sunday Times (London)

Africa Newstelegraph.co.ukThe Guardian (London)The Irish TimesThe Washington PostM2 CommunicationsThe Times (London)International New York TimesHaymarketThe New York TimesAustralian Financial ReviewIndependent.co.ukThe AustralianThe Daily Telegraph (London)TechWeb*This Day (Lagos)The Gazette (12 hour delay)The Nation (Nairobi)*BBC MonitoringBusiness Daily (Nairobi)*National Post (12 hour delay)The ObserverThe Star (Nairobi)The Business Times SingaporeCity A.M.The Globe and Mail (Canada)The New Times (Kigali)thetimes.co.ukBusinessWorldInformationWeekKorea TimesThe Nation (Thailand)New Straits Times (Malaysia)TechNews*Vanguard (Lagos)The Advertiser/Sunday Mail (Australia)Birmingham PostBusiness Day (South Africa)Business Monitor NewsComputer Reseller NewsEuropolitics (daily in English)*Foreign Direct Investment (fDi)The Moscow News (RIA Novosti)*National Post's Financial Post & FP Investing (12 hour delay)standard.co.ukThe Straits Times (Singapore)The Sunday Telegraph (London)

Transparency, anti-corruption and accountability

Democracy, participation and empowerment

Public service delivery, decision making and policy-making

Efficiency and waste

Unlocking innovation and enabling new applications and services

Economic growth and new businesses

Page 86: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

The most frequently mentioned arguments for open data in mainstream media are

innovation and economic growth.

Page 87: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Open Data on Twitter

Page 88: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

There are distinct groups of actors with different concerns around open data on Twitter.

Page 89: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

The two most prominent topics are transparency and innovation.

Page 90: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

10km3x2

accountability

africa

agendadigitale

agriculture

aihit

aihitdata

ainsamcto

analysis

analyticsanticorruption

api

apis

app

apps

apps4finland

arcgis

archeologia

archives

arduino

art

avoindata

b2bdata

barcelona

bari

bdf4data

bilbao

biodiversity

bluemix

bmta2014

boston

btada

bto2014

bus

business

canada

carbon

cartographie

cdnpoli

census

cern

cfabrigade

chicago

china

circulareconomy

cities

citizen

citizenscience

cittadini

civichacking

civicinnovation

civictech

ckan

ckx

climate

clinicaltrials

cloud

code4catania

coding

collaboration

commonscommunity

contribuez

corruption

corruzione

creativecommons

crime

crowdfunding

crowdsourcing

csv

cultura

culture

dadesobertes

dadosabertos

dataconnexions

dataeh

datajournalism

datajournalisme

datamanagement

datamining

datarev

datarevolution

datarmor

datascience

dataset

datasharing

dataviz

dati

datos

datosabiertos

ddj

ddjs

democracy

démocratie

design

developer

developers

development

devops

digital

digitale

digitalgov

digitalhealth

données

donnéesouvertes

donnéespubliques

droit

ebola

ecommerce

economy

education

egov

egovernment

emx

energy

engagement

entrepreneur

environment

epsi

esri

ess

essi

eu

europe

event

excel

expo2015

facebook

farm

fb

ff

finance

finodex

fintech

fiware

fiwarebcu

flashhacks

foi

foia

food

forumsmartcity

france

free

freedata

frenchtech

funding

futurecities

gallery

genova

gisgisday

globaldev

globalhealth

gobcn

gobiernoabierto

godan

google

goonbas

gov

gov2

gov20

governance

government

gtec

h2020

hack

hackathon

hackathon22

hackday

hackmyride

hamburg

hamont

hcsm

health

healthcare

helsinki

heritage

history

hr

iati

ict

ict4d

india

indicators

information

innovachallenge

innovation

innovations

innovazione

internet

internetofthings

investment

iot

it

italia

izod14

jobs

js

json

knowledge

kosovo

lab4city

latam

lavoro

lecce

legalhack

lhc

libre

linked

linkeddatalinkedopendata

linux

lobbyinglocalgov

lod

london

machinelearning

mafiacapitale

map

mapping

maps

marketing

matera

matera2019

mhoo14

microdata

mobile

mobility

moers

montpellier

mooc

mozfest

museum

nantes

nc

nhs

nigeria

novagob2014

numerique

nyc

oa

ocovaivrea

odata

odcdel14

odcs

odi

odiawards

odisummit

odjam2014

odsc

oer

ogap2

ogd

ogov

ogp

ogpsanjose

okfn

online

open

openaccess

openaid

openbilanci

openbudgets

opencon2014

opencontent

opencontracting

opendatairl

opendataitaly

opendatakg

opendev

openeducation

openglam

opengovernment

opengovuk

openhardware

openindex14

openinnovation

openknowledge

openlaw

openmodels openness

openpolicy

openscience

openstreetmap

opentransport

openup14

openweb

oppnadata

osm

owf14

papalermo

paris

partecipazione

participación

periodismodatos

pitch

policy

politics

poverty

prato

privacy

procurement

psi

public

publichealth

queensland

ratp

rdf

realestate

rennes

renzi

rer

research

researchdata

reynolda

risp

roma

rt

rubicity

santé

sce2014

science

security

selfie

semaineip

semanticweb

senegal

sharepsi

simplification

singapore

site

smartcities

smartcity

smartcityexpo

smartdata

smem

sncf

socent

social

socialmedia

startup

startups

statistics

stats

storytelling

sustainable

tbt

tech

technology

tic

topoli

tourism

training

transit

transparence

transparencia

transparency

transparenz

transport

trasparenza

travel

trends

turismo

twcrpi

uk

university

village

water

web

webinar

websummit

wsnc

yeg

yesweopen

Co-hashtag network for #opendata on Twitter

Page 91: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

RSHQGDWD]XULFK

RZHQERVZDUYD

JULGZLGHQHZV

QLOLPDMXPGHU

RSHQJRYKXE

SUIQY

QRVTOGLJHVW

XNRGLPHPEHUV

JOREDOLQWHJULW\

RSHQHYUWKQJ

IUDQNIRUPLVDQR

WRPP\K

KXPBLP

HSOXULEXVXQXP

DLGGDWD

RNQUZ

GLJLSKLOH

ZHEIRXQGDWLRQ

PDUNEUDJJLQVIXWXUHFLWLHVFDW

OLEHUWLF

JUH\OLWQHW

GRPLQLTXHYDQSHH

OHXWRQLD

RNIQ

HSVLSODWIRUP

GLUGLJHQJ

LQWHUUHJWZHHWV

RSHQ�

GHUDUQGW

KRPHUSURMHFW

QDSR

\RXWHDPB��

DK]I

VDWXUQVD�

EH\HUPDOWH

DGXPEULD

RNILUO

RJSLUO

LQJRBNHFN

XNGVFHQVXV

ILQRGH[SURMHFW

VWHSKHQBDEERWW

FDPEVLQVLJKW

HFBRSHQGDWD

MXOLDJOLGGHQ

GDJRQH\H

RSHQGDWDPRQLWRU

GEDUWKMRQHV

MPDULQSX

GRWXQEDED\HPL

FLW\LQQREFQ

�ORZWKHPRQH\

JBVWDJQRSLHWUREOX

KDP]\��

HOOHBPFFDQQ

RSHQJRYXNWLPMKXJKHV

VFKLJQDUG

RSHQGDWDVRIW

DODQKXGVRQ�IWPBQHWZRUN

RSHQQHVVDWFHH

UXGROIOHJDW

MDFDWWHOO

URPDLQBPHKXW

GDFRUBLH

JRWHRIXQGLQJ

LQQRYDWLRQVSG

OHERZVNLDQD

RSHQGDWDERQQ

D\\PDQGXK

HOOHQEURDG

FRQQHFWHGBGHY

WURMHWWH

MDFTXLWD\ORUIE

IXWXUHVHGJH

HPHNDRNR\H

WDPUDUDYHQ

DGDPFDUQRZHVUL

D\PHULFSPKHQGULNJ

GHLUGUHOHH

EDUFHORQDODE

LQYROYHXN

VDPDQWKDMFXVWHUWGHOHVWUH

RGXJXN

GMS����

WXUVLFV QLFRODVBFKDYHQWRNIVH

DFFXVRIWLQIRZD\

PDOLFLDURJXH

RSHQGDWDVW

SLDZDXJK

FRWHVGDUPRU��

EHDWULFHFRYDVVL

FDULQHDSSHOGDLU

YLVXDOGDWDQJ

II

WUDQVSDUHQF\

RSHQLQGH[��

RSHQGDWDLUOORFDOJRY

IUDQFH

VKDUHSVL

RSHQJRYXN

JRY

IRLGDWDUPRU

DFFRXQWDELOLW\

FDQDGD

FKLQD

QLJHULD

SVLKDFNDWKRQ��

Transparency network cluster

Page 92: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

XNRGL

RZHQERVZDUYD

SUIQY

GJDWHZD\

QRVTOGLJHVW

RSHQHYUWKQJ

IUDQNIRUPLVDQR

SUDWRVPDUW

OQGDWD

HSOXULEXVXQXP

RNQUZ

JHVWLRQSXEOLFDY

JHUGBDUPEUXVWHU

PILRUHWWLBLW

RSHQIRRGIDFWVIUOLEHUWLF

OHXWRQLD

RSHQSROLV

RSHQ�

GHUDUQGW

QDSR

EH\HUPDOWH

RSHQUKHLQQHFNDU

�P�QG�Q�

RJSLUO

JHRJBGHVLJQ

HFBRSHQGDWD

HJRYERQQ

MLFULDGR

RSHQGDWDPRQLWRU

HVWHEDQPLURIVN\SROFRPRN

WXIRUJ

IVFUROOLQL

UHGPDWUL]

EHUWDODQLYDQ

FRQVRUFLDRFFLW\LQQREFQ

RSHQWRVFDQD

ZKHUHJURXSBFRP

LVLDIULFD

DQWRQLRPRQHR

UDW]LOODV

UXGROIOHJDW

GDFRUBLH

JRWHRIXQGLQJ

QRYDJRE

RSHQGDWDERQQ

SUHVURL

QDWLFDUIL SDRORLJQD�

GFDUVRQFSDBFDW[

GFDUVRQFSDBQ\F

ZL�����

PRHZL

WXUVLFV

MHQDRSHQGDWDRVPFEED

JRFURZIXQGLQJ

DSSFKDOOHQJH

LQIBSXEBGHBRILF

JHLFKULV

NOHHPDQQPDUF

FURZGIXQGVSLULWGUVN\OL]DUG

RSHQJRYHUQPHQW

RJG

PRHUV

GDWRVDELHUWRV

RJRY

QRYDJRE����EXVLQHVV

RVP

HJRY

GDWDVHW

WUDQVSDUHQFLD

JRELHUQRDELHUWR

L]RG��

RSHQVWUHHWPDS

FURZGIXQGLQJ

Open government network cluster

Page 93: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

URPDLQWDOHV

RZHQERVZDUYD

RSHQJRYKXE

GJDWHZD\

QRVTOGLJHVW

RSHQHYUWKQJ

IUDQNIRUPLVDQR

RSHQGDWDEF

SUDWRVPDUW

RSHQGDWDZDWFK

MVBGLJHVW

HSOXULEXVXQXP

DLGGDWD

PKHDGG

VPDUWD\DQ

RNQUZ

GLJLSKLOH

ZHEIRXQGDWLRQ

GDWRVJRE

RSHQIRRGIDFWVIU

OLEHUWLF

HSVLSODWIRUP

RSHQ�

KRPHUSURMHFW

QDSR

OHBJILL

EH\HUPDOWH

LQIRPJPWH[HF

�P�QG�Q�

XNGVFHQVXV

ILQRGH[SURMHFW

FDPEVLQVLJKW

HFBRSHQGDWD

FRODELQQRYDWLH

JEDWX\RQJ

FRQVRUFLDRF

GRWXQEDED\HPL

RSHQFKDOOHQJHQOKHHOKHOGHU

FLW\LQQREFQ

�ORZWKHPRQH\

HQYHQWRUVODE

KDP]\��

DXUDFRPBPRWHXU

VFKLJQDUG

RSHQGDWDVRIW

FDQDOWS

RSHQQHVVDWFHH

MPOD]DUG

UXGROIOHJDW

SXEOLFVWXII

OHERZVNLDQDP\JUHHQERRNLQJ

KRFNH\VWLFNZNO\

HNRQHU

EDUFHORQDODE

GFDUVRQFSDBFDW[

GFDUVRQFSDBPDGFDUVRQFSD

GFDUVRQFSDBQ\F

GFDUVRQFSDBFW

ERWVWDUWXS

IDLWK����

PDNDWL����

QXHYDORU

ROXPLGHLGRZX

]LOOLRQLQIRWHFK

IHOLSHHVWHIDQQDPVRUBFRP

DFFXVRIWLQIRZD\

SUDVDQQDODOGDV

FUHDWLHYHVWDG

GDYLGJFKHVQH\

RSHQFRQWUDFWLQJ

ILSHGLDHX

SDWHODQNXUB����HOXVSVFULGI

OHDUQUH\QROGD

EDUELHUBPD[LPH

IXWXUVSXEOLFV DWRPVRIILFH

HBQYHQWLRQ

LRWDWWDFN

OVFDWRUFKLD

EHDWULFHFRYDVVL

GDWD��VPDUW

MHII��KRGDWD��JHHN

JRRQMODEV

YLVXDOGDWDQJ

FKLFDJR

VPDUWFLW\

VWDUWXSV

GDWDFRQQH[LRQV

LQQRYDWLRQ

HX

LRW

LQGLD

VLPSOLILFDWLRQ

SDULV

GLJLWDOJRY

DQDO\WLFVPRELOH

VWDUWXS

XQLYHUVLW\

GLJLWDO

FORXG

ILZDUH

HQHUJ\

ILZDUHEFX

Innovation network cluster

Page 94: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

URPDLQWDOHV

XNRGL

RZHQERVZDUYD

JULGZLGHQHZV

PLODJDVFR

RSHQJRYKXE

SUIQY

GJDWHZD\JFKHQDLV

QRVTOGLJHVW

XNRGLPHPEHUV

JOREDOLQWHJULW\

RSHQHYUWKQJ

WRPP\K

RSHQGDWDOD

MDUJRQDXWLFDO

RSHQGDWDZDWFK

HSOXULEXVXQXP

DLGGDWD

PKHDGG

RNQUZ

GLJLSKLOH

ZHEIRXQGDWLRQ

XNGVLPSDFW

PDUNEUDJJLQVSURWRKXE

ZRUOGEDQNGDWD

IXWXUHFLWLHVFDW

ODE�FLW\ZDWW\��

WKHH[DQWLXP

RSHQIRRGIDFWVIU

OLEHUWLFGREDUVN\

RGFKDOOHQJHV

XQKFULP

OHXWRQLD

HSVLSODWIRUP

LQWHUUHJWZHHWV

KRPHUSURMHFW

QDSR

RSHQBLQVWLWXWH

QLFNPKDOOLGD\

VDWXUQVD�

EH\HUPDOWH

RNILUO

LQIRPJPWH[HF

RSHQFRUSRUDWHV

LQJRBNHFN

XNGVFHQVXV

RSHQGDWDNRVRYR

KHUDKXVVDLQ

VWHSKHQBDEERWW

WRWDOQJRQHZV

OL]FDURODQ

NDWHU\QDRQ

HFBRSHQGDWD

MXOLDJOLGGHQ

PMFDYDUHWWD

GDJRQH\H

VDJRVWLQHOOL

HVWHEDQPLURIVN\

ZEGLJLWDOHQJDJH

SROFRPRN

VWHIDQRDOSL

DERUUXVR DOLVRQPDULJROG

UHGPDWUL]

MPDULQSX

FRQVRUFLDRF

RSHQWRVFDQD

HQYHQWRUVODE

KDP]\��

HOOHBPFFDQQLVLDIULFD

RSHQJRYXN VFKLJQDUG

QJRDLGPDSRSHQGDWDVRIW

VDQGUDPRVFRVR

SLHWHUFROSDHUW

JO\QBGN

MPOD]DUG

UXGROIOHJDW

SXEOLFVWXII

MDFDWWHOO

OLVDDEH\WD

LQQRYDWLRQVSG

OHERZVNLDQD

OXLJLUHJJL

D\\PDQGXK

P\JUHHQERRNLQJ

HNRQHU

MDFTXLWD\ORUIE

U�PLYDQ

IXWXUHVHGJHSUHVURL

RSHQGDWDFD

QDWLFDUIL

HYRPUL

UDSKDHOVKHSDUG

VDPDQWKDMFXVWHU

WXUVLFV

DSSFKDOOHQJH

PDUWLQWLVQH

RSHQGDWDQO

RSHQGDWDVW

HBQYHQWLRQ

\RKDQQDORXFKHXU

LRWDWWDFN

ROHJ����

OVFDWRUFKLD

RGLDZDUGV

RGLVXPPLW

FLYLFWHFK

VPDUWFLW\H[SR

WUDLQLQJ

VPDUWFLWLHV

RGFV

JOREDOGHY

ORQGRQ

IODVKKDFNV

IRRG

RSHQGHY

FURZGVRXUFLQJ

PR]IHVW

GDWDUHY

LDWL

XN

GDWDUHYROXWLRQ

KHULWDJHFXOWXUH

ODE�FLW\

RGVF

Smart cities network cluster

Page 95: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

The UN “Data Revolution” and international development topics appear to be more closely associated with innovation than transparency.

Page 96: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Open Budget Data

Page 97: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Most prominent actors are intergovernmental organisations, multilateral initiatives, and international civil society organisations.

Page 98: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

.org

.com

.eu

.net

.fr

.edu

.dk

size=weighted degree

OPEN BUDGET DATAWEBSITES INTERLINKANALYSIS/ degree > 5; edge weight > 5

tracker.publishwhatyoufund.org

usaid.govwbi.worldbank.org

web.worldbank.org

worldbank.org

wri.orgmakingallvoicescount.org

internationalbudget.org

iatistandard.org

foiadvocates.net

fiscaltransparency.net

developmentcheck.org

datauy.org

data.worldbank.org

blogs.worldbank.orgblog-pfm.imf.org

ati.publishwhatyoufund.org

article19.org

aidtransparency.net

aiddata.org

access-info.org

whitehouse.gov

weforum.org

twitter.com

twaweza.org

transparency.orgtransparency-initiative.org

sida.se

right2info.org

republiquecitoyenne.fr

opensocietyfoundations.org

opendemocracy.org.za

open-contracting.org

one.org

okfn.org

oecd.org

odi.org

observingbrazil.com law-democracy.org

interaction.org

imf.org

iatiregistry.orghewlett.org

gavi.org

gatesfoundation.org

freedominfo.org

fatf-gafi.org

ec.europa.eu

dfid.gov.uk

cgdev.org

tisne.org

sunlightfoundation.com

soros.org

rti-rating.org

publishwhatyoufund.org

pefa.org

openingparliament.org

opengovpartnership.org

opengovguide.com

ogphub.org

cabri-sbo.org afdb.org

accessinitiative.org

Page 99: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

MFAN News

Development Progress

CGD

World Bank Data

Oxfam America

Friedrich Lindenberg

openDemocracy

IRIN News

Global Development

WBGLeadLearnInnovate

GovLoop

FTC

Jay Naidoo

The GovLab

School of Data

Global Partnership

Opening Government

Guardian Public

ARTICLE19 right2info

MPT

David Cabo

Integrity Action

Victoria Vlad

Duncan Edwards

DFID

USAID

Follow the Money

Joe Powell

Felipe Estefan

GSDRC

Indaba platform team

Ory Okolloh Mwangi

Amanda Glassman

Reboot

Oxfam International

Open Gov GuideGlobal Fin Integrity

How Matters

Gates Foundation

Ford Foundation

Nicholas Kristof

OpeningParliament

Albert @ IBP

Anders Pedersen

Laura Bacon

Tim Hughes

Ben Taylor

MakingAllVoicesCount

T/A Initiative

Personal Democracy

Juan Pablo Guerrero

Development Pros

IMF

BeyondBudgets

Open Contracting

Robert Hunja

Andrew Palmer

Andrew Clarke

Matt Andrews

OpenGov Indonesia

World Bank Gov

Alex Howard

Jane Dudman

Liz Ford

Alan Beattie

UNDP Europe and CIS

CKAN

Global Movement BTAP

OpenGov Hub

TechForTransparency

World Bank

Save the Children US

Sunlight Foundationgiulio quaggiotto

Paul Maassen

AsianDevelopmentBank

Access Info Europe

Poder Ciudadano

Integrity Watch

David Hall-Matthews

Joe Williams

Rachel Rank

Transparency Int'lUK

Aleem Walji

AfDB_Group

Claire Provost

katherine maher

Daniel Dietrich

Chile Transparente

DI Team

Sida

Transparency Germany

Development Gateway

CoST

Tim Kelsey

Melinda Gates Karin ChristiansenMo Ibrahim Fdn

Graham Gordon

Hapee

Marija Novkovic

ÁlvaroRamírez-Alujas

Helen Darbishire

Claire Melamed

Mark Tran

Robert Palmer

John Wonderlich

Digital Democracy

WDMMG

ARTICLE 19

Helen Clark

OKCon

Accountability Lab

Transparency France

16iacc

WB DigitalEngagement

Georg Neumann

Open Government

NIR-Integrity Action

Transparency USA

Fiscal Transparency

ePSIplatform

Lucy Chambers

Simon Rogers

Integrity Action CEO

Shanta Devarajan

Ellen Miller

Andy Sumner

Anne-Marie Slaughter

Justin Arenstein

Juliana Rotich

IATI

TI EU Office

The Indigo Trust

Africa Research Inst

Daniel Kaufmann

Claudia SchwegmannAshoka Changemakers

Jed Miller

Linda Raftree

Pernilla Näsfors

eric gundersen

Jonathan Gray

Rufus Pollock

Transparency Int'l

FreeBalance

Delaine McCullough

Steve Davenport

Jamie Drummond

warren krafchik

David Sasaki

EITI International

Open Knowledge

OpenSpending

Hewlett Foundation

G20 Transparency

Fundar

BudgIT

Alan Hudson

Open Gov Partnership

IPA

ONE

Duncan Green

Global Witness

Public Sphere WB

Omidyar Network

IDS UK

Publish What You Pay

Center on Budget

ODI

Jeffrey D. Sachs

Martin Tisne

Lawrence Haddad

Nathaniel Heller NRGI

Rakesh Rajani

aidinfo

Brookings FP

Open Society

CGAP

Global Integrity

William Easterly

Tiago Peixoto

PublishWhatYouFund

OpenBudgets

Owen Barder

Dambisa Moyo

World Bank ECA

European Commission

Beth Simone Noveck

Peace CorpsCAFOD Policy

For Effective Gov

Restless Development

FAO statistics AfricaProgressPanel

Grameen Foundation

OECD Development Ctr

Dominic Campbell

Eleanor Stewart

Panthea Lee

The Associated Press

Ethan Zuckerman

Renata Avila

Global Voices

ONE Campaign UK

NDI

AidData

Ushahidi

Silvana Fumega

TR Foundation

IICD

LA NACION Data

NDItech

Public Integrity

Gavin Hayman

Human Rights Watch

DFID Research

Open Data Research

Open Gov Standards

Pia Waugh

Fabrizio Scrollini

Project Open Data

Code for America

OpenSecrets.org

Creative Commons

Oleg Petrov

Sarah Schacht

Hudson Hollister

Data.gov

Socrata

Paul Maltby

Carlos Iglesias

Sandra Moscoso the Sam S. Lee

Open Institute

DataKind

OD4D

Data Innovation

Open Data Institute

Tim Davies

TransparencyCamp

FutureEverything

Guardian Data

EC Open Data Policy

Neelie Kroes

Denis Parfnov

Opendata.ch

UK Open Public Data

Sophia Oliver

Open Knowledge US

Zara Rahman

Tim Berners-Lee

Open Knowledge Italy

Christian Kreutz

OpenKnowledge Brasil

Tariq Khokhar

OKFN Labs

Chris Taggart

OKFestival

Andrew Stott

Jose M. Alonso

Gavin Starks

Joseph Kraus

Simon Burall

OECD

mysociety

UNOCHA

UN Spokesperson

UN Human Rights

The Economist

UNESCO

The White House

The Guardian

World Economic Forum

UNCTAD

WTO

Ravi Nepal

Justine Greening

MY World

Millennium Campaign

Raj Shah

World Bank Education

World Bank Live

World Bank Cities

AlertNet

GlobalGiving

World Bank Research

Dennis Whittle

Christine Lagarde

IFC

Hans Rosling

Calestous Juma

Josette Sheeran

World Bank Water

World Bank ICT

Banque mondiale

Nancy M. Birdsall

WIRED

United Nations Photo

UK Prime Minister

Alec RossGlobal Pulse

CFR

AmnestyInternational

IDRC | CRDI

Tim O'Reilly

developmentseed

Doctors w/o Borders

AmnestyInternational

Reuters Top News

Al Jazeera English

Paul Krugman

@NonprofitOrgs

Change.org

American Red Cross

(RED)

Jon Gosier

Harvard Biz Review

CARE (care.org)

Oxfam

Ian Thorpe

UNAIDS

Clinton Foundation

charity: waterRania Al Abdullah

Department of State

Matthew Bishop

Erik Hersman

Adele Waugaman

Foreign Policy

Financial Times

Foreign Affairs

Devex allAfrica.com

WWF

BBC News (World)

BBC Breaking News

Bill Gates

IFAD

Washington Post

Africa Renewal UN

UN Women

FAO Newsroom

Ashoka

ICT4D

WHO

UNFCCC

Wall Street Journal

We Can End Poverty

World Resources Inst

The Economist

UN Refugee Agency

Financial Times

World Economic Forum

UNICEF

GEF

Kiva

Huffington Post

UN Publications

The New York Times

FightPoverty

UN Environment

UN Foundation

ICT_Works

Ken Banks

UN Development

Aid Watch

infoDev

World Bank Africa

United Nations

WB Dev. Marketplace

World Food Programme

World Bank PSD

World Bank EduTech

World Bank Photos

World Bank Climate

World Bank Videos

World Bank Pubs

World Bank Asia

PWYP US

TrustLaw Governance

IEG - WB Group

UN Global Compact

Open dataUNdata

Reuters Africa

IFC Africa

Millennium Challenge

InterAction

UN Sustainable Dev.

The Economist

Charles Kenny

Forbes

Save the Children UK

IIED

Skoll Foundation

Chris Blattman

World Policy

sunlightlabs

Anderson Cooper

UN News Centre

BBC Africa

Hootsuite

Vijaya Ramachandran

Olav Kjorven

whydev.org

Ezra Klein

Global Justice Now

Alanna Shaikh

Tom Murphy

David Eaves

Mark Cardwell

Maya Forstater

Think Africa Press

Erik Solheim

Co-creation Hub

Foreign Office (FCO)

Post2015.org

Lauren Renee Pfeifer

Social Innovation

Eliza Anyangwe

Caroline Kende-Robb

Andris Piebalgs

Jon Snow

Barack Obama

G8 Presidency

TOP BUDGET ACTORS-FOLLOWEESNETWORK(5 or more followers only)

Page 100: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Most prominent topics are technical.

Page 101: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

NETWORK OF TOPICS AND SECTORSASSOCIATED WITH OPEN BUDGET DATA IN SEARCH ENGINE RESULTS-Which issues are associated with open budget data in different sectors? Can we profile sectors according to their concerns around open budget data?

SECTOR

SIZE OF SECTOR=NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIESTHE SECTOR RELATES TO

SIZE OF CATEGORY=WEIGHTED IN-DEGREEOF CONNECTION, A VALUETHAT SHOWS THE OVERALLRELEVANCE OF THE CATEGORY

ISSUE AROUND OPEN BUDGET DATA

Company

Open Government Data

Reuse

Data portal

Data formats

Accessible

Data quality

Analysis

Software

Data visualisation

Technology

Innovation

National

Local

Financial transparency

Transparency

Public administration

Trust and legitimacy

Civil society

Citizens

Democracy

Social change

International development

Health

Education

Efficiency

Financial management

Economic growth

CSO

Machine readable

Legal openness

Linked data

Complete

Timely

Accuracy

Ease of use

Data standards

Reconciliation

Intergovernmental organizationMultilateral open

International

Accountability

Participation

Participatory budgeting

Open budgeting

Open government

Index

Law

Access to information

Social justice

Human rights

Poverty

Poor

Marginalised

Social movements

Public services

Resource allocation

Agriculture

Journalism

Corruption

Waste

Auditing

Discussion of figuresGovernment

IGO

Fiscal discipline

Multilateral

News

Personal

Political Party

Reference

Research

Tax justice

Page 102: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

More substantive social and political issues are comparatively marginal.

Page 103: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Corruption (24.4%) Journalism (22.2%) Democracy (20.0%) Access to information (20.0%) Public services (20.0%) Health (18.9%) Resource allocation (16.7%) Participatory budgeting (15.6%) Poverty (15.6%) Trust and legitimacy (12.2%) Human rights (7.8%) Agriculture (6.7%) The poor (5.6%) Tax justice (2.2%) Social justice (1.1%)

Page 104: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

NETWORK OF TOPICS AND SECTORSASSOCIATED WITH OPEN BUDGET DATA IN SEARCH ENGINE RESULTS-Which issues are associated with open budget data in different sectors? Can we profile sectors according to their concerns around open budget data?

SECTOR

SIZE OF SECTOR=NUMBER OF DIFFERENT CATEGORIESTHE SECTOR RELATES TO

SIZE OF CATEGORY=WEIGHTED IN-DEGREEOF CONNECTION, A VALUETHAT SHOWS THE OVERALLRELEVANCE OF THE CATEGORY

ISSUE AROUND OPEN BUDGET DATA

Company

Open Government Data

Reuse

Data portal

Data formats

Accessible

Data quality

Analysis

Software

Data visualisation

Technology

Innovation

National

Local

Financial transparency

Transparency

Public administration

Trust and legitimacy

Civil society

Citizens

Democracy

Social change

International development

Health

Education

Efficiency

Financial management

Economic growth

CSO

Machine readable

Legal openness

Linked data

Complete

Timely

Accuracy

Ease of use

Data standards

Reconciliation

Intergovernmental organizationMultilateral open

International

Accountability

Participation

Participatory budgeting

Open budgeting

Open government

Index

Law

Access to information

Social justice

Human rights

Poverty

Poor

Marginalised

Social movements

Public services

Resource allocation

Agriculture

Journalism

Corruption

Waste

Auditing

Discussion of figuresGovernment

IGO

Fiscal discipline

Multilateral

News

Personal

Political Party

Reference

Research

Tax justice

Page 105: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

• Governments: public administration, financial management and efficiency.

• Civil society organisations: accessibility, ease of use and analysis.

• Margins: social movements, social justice, human rights, tax justice.

Page 106: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Analysis of sample of 120 projects associated with open budget data.

Page 107: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Data visualisations to increase!public understanding of public finance

Page 108: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Citizen budget monitoring

Page 109: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Following the money in journalism

Page 110: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Data for advocacy

Page 111: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Some data types and applications receive more attention that others.

Page 112: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Efficiency over resource allocation? Fiscal discipline over fiscal distribution? Granular spending data over revenue?

Page 113: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

1. Past 2. Present 3. Future

Page 114: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

1. Past 2. Present 3. Future

Page 115: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

The politics of public information

Page 116: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Talk of “release”, “disclosure”, “publication”, “transparency”, “opening up” of public data

Page 117: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

From the disclosure of datasets to shaping data infrastructures?

Page 118: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Based on two papers and research projects in progress.

Page 119: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

1. Gray, J. & Venturini, T. (forthcoming) “Rethinking the Politics of Public Information: From Opening Up Datasets to Recomposing Data Infrastructures?”. 2. Gray. J. & Davies, T. (2015) “Fighting Phantom Firms in the UK: From Opening Up Datasets to Reshaping Data Infrastructures?”. Working paper available on SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2610937

Page 120: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Gray. J. & Davies, T. (2015) “Fighting Phantom Firms in the UK: From Opening Up Datasets to Reshaping Data Infrastructures?”. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2610937

Page 121: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

In case of campaigning around company ownership, the disclosure of existing datasets was not enough.

Page 122: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Civil society organisations had to undertake a more creative, sustained and holistic engagement with shaping and influencing the development of data

infrastructures as socio-technical systems.

Page 123: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

This included research and advocacy around: !• Costs, functionalities and user interfaces of

software systems that would run the register; • Changes to primary and secondary legislation; • Additional administrative requirements and their

impacts on different actors inside and outside the public sector.

Page 124: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Campaigners had to look beyond the question of what information is released, towards the question of what information is collected and generated by the public sector in the first place, how this is information is generated through data infrastructures.

Page 125: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

To what extent do data infrastructures address needs and interests of civil society actors?

Page 126: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

How to broaden the publics that shape data as well as the publics that use it?

Page 127: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Legal, social and technical measures for making open data initiatives more

responsive to concerns of civil society?

Page 128: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

ROUTE TO PA: http://routetopa.eu

Page 129: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Bringing data infrastructures into orbits of democratic political life?

Page 130: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

“Statactivism”

Page 131: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Bruno, I. and Didier, E. and Vitale, T. (2014) “Statactivism: Forms of Action between Disclosure and Affirmation”. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2466882

Page 132: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Not just blanket critique or withdrawal of quantification and “metrification”.

Page 133: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Highlighting limitations of existing forms of measurement and proposing alternatives.

Page 134: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

For example, gender equality, climate change, working conditions and health.

Page 135: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

What should be measured and how?

Page 136: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

What is not currently being measured?

Page 137: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Recent examples from data journalism.

Page 138: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future
Page 139: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future
Page 140: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

New “action repertoires” for civil society actors to shape data infrastructures.

Page 141: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Role of not just datasets but data infrastructures in addressing major global challenges - from climate change to tax base erosion.

Page 142: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Not just dataset literacy, but data infrastructure literacy?

Page 143: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Not just dataset activism, but data infrastructure activism?

Page 144: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

Conclusion

Page 145: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

“The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future”

Page 146: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

1. Past 2. Present 3. Future

Page 147: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

1. Unpacking different historical threads which contribute to contemporary ideals and practises of open data.

2. Tracing current constellations of different actors, concerns and political projects associated with open data on digital media.

3. Rethinking politics of public information - looking beyond disclosure to emerging forms of interventions into data infrastructures.

Page 148: The Politics of Open Data: Past, Present and Future

!Jonathan Gray | jonathangray.org | @jwyg!