the phonological study of padaung (long-necked karen) at...

Ⅲ 一″

THE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF PADAUNG

(LONGNECKED KAREN)AT BAN NAIS01,TAMBOLPANG MU,

MUANG DISTRICT,IIAE ⅡONG SON PROVINCE

SARINYA KHAMMUANG″

A TⅡESIS SUBDIIITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF TⅡE REQUIREMENTS FOR

TⅡE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS(LINGUISTICS)

FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES

IIAⅡIDOL UNIVERSITY

1998

1SBN 974-661-535‐ 1

COPYRIGⅡ T OF IIAⅡ IDOL UNWttRSITY

■ iti、

亀乱ゝ銚ミ聰

Copyright by Mahidol University

Thesls

cntitled

THE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF PADAUNG

oONG‐NECKED KARED AT BAN NAISOI,TAMBOL PANG MU,

ⅣIUANG DISTRICT,MAE HONG SON PROⅥ NCE

'rJor***o lJ,s*.r',,ow;#;;;Kg;;e rCandidate

\'tn-u*- 4.-.,rL?s".r""g.tilrpi"i, prr.6.

Major-advisor

.J*'r*e-9suriya Rl/nat<u]Pn.o.Co-advisor

Mffi^,kAmon Thavisak, M.A.Co-advisor

扇漁薇MD,LL.B.,FR.CPDcanFaculty of Graduate Studies

Master of Arts Programmein LinguisticsInstitute of Language and CultureFor Rural Development


Thesis

entitled

THE PⅡONOLOGICAL STUDY OF PADAUNG

oONG‐NECKED KARED AT BAN NAISOI,TAM腱 OL PANG MU,

Ⅳ【UANG DISTRICT,DIAE HONC SON PROVINCE

was submitted to the Faculty ofGraduate Studies,Mandol university

For the degree of Master of Arts (Linguistics)

On

Septembcr 28,1998

飛∠鳥扇漁」予MD,LL B,FRCPDeall

Faculty of Graduate Stxlies

シリ ……45ク/

Somsonge Burusphat, Ph.D.Chaiman

Amon Thavisak, M.A.Member

Ratanakul,Ph D

Institute of Language and CultureFor Rural Development

:濡縣慇ξマCandidate


ACKNOヽ VLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my gatitude to Associate Professor Dr. Somsonge

Burusphat, my supervisor, for her kindness, advice and tireless persistence in reading

tluough the draft and offering useful comments.

I would like to thank Professor Dr. Khunying Suriya Ratanakul, for her

valuable comment and suggestions. My grateful thanks go to Associate Professor

Amon Thavisak for her useful suggestions about phonetics and outstanding guidance.

I would also like to thank Assistant Professor Dr. Sujaritlak Deepadung for her

invaluable advice to my work.

To my informants, Miss Ma Ca and Miss Ma Ba who with good humor

endured many hours of interviewing, I would like to express my $atitude.

My special thanks are directed to Mr. Niphon Khampha, Mr. Preecha

Thipkanok and Mrs. Arphom Trakulphiew, the govemment officials of Mae Hong

Son province. Their hospitality during my stay in Mae Hong Son is greatly

appreciated.

I wish to thank Ms Megan Sinnott and Dr. Floyd Eugene Jones for editing my

English writing.

I wish to extend a very special thank to all of my friends, who offered not only

the help but their warm ftiendship as well.

My gratitude is due to my grandparents, my aunt and uncle, my brother and in

particular my parents, for their everlasting encouragement and moral support.

Finally, I owe a great debt to the National Research Corurcil and the Faculty of

(haduate Studies, Mahidol University, for providing me a gmnt to support this

research.

There are many other people whose help in various ways did much to facilitate

my research. I would like to thank them most sincerely.

Sarinya KhammuangCopyright by Mahidol University

3636912 LCLG/M : MAJOR: LINGUISTICS ;M.A. (LINGUISTICS)

KEY WORD :PHONOLOGY/PADAUNG/KAREN

SARINYA KHAMMUANG:THE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF

PADAUNG(LONG―NECKED KAREN)AT BAN NAISOI,TAMBOL PANG NIU,

MUANG DISTRICT,MAE HONG SON PROVNCE THESIS ADVISOR:

SOMSONGE BURUSPHAT,Ph D,SURIYA RATANAKUL,Ph D,AMON

THAVISAK,MA 134 p ISBN 974‐ 661‐ 535-1

This thesis is an attemptto present a phonological study ofPadaung language

as spokcn tt Ban Naisoi,Talnbol Pang Mu,Muang District,Mae Hong Son Province

by using thc Tagmenlics thcory

The result of this study shows that the phonological system is composed

twenty-two consonant phonemes ( b, p, ph, d, t, th, j, c, ch, g, k, kh, ?, s, h, m, n,

4, r, l, w, y ), thirte€n vowel phonemes ( i, e, e, a, e, tu, u, o, c, ia, ai, eur, ua ),

and four tonemes : mid level tone, low-falling tone, high-falling tone and high-rising

tone. The syllable structure is C(C)Vr(C). There are three types of syllables :

presyllable, minor syllable and major syllable. There are three types of phonological

words : monosyllabic words, disyllabic words and trisyllabic words. Intonation is

caused by tone of the final syllable ofa statement either falling or rising.

It should be noted that vocalisation using a breathy voice is done for only

few words in the Padaung language. It can be assumed that the breathy voice may be

lost in the future.


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=9::JJooαo■ (THE PHONOLOGICAL STUDY OF PADAUNG

(LONG―NECKED KAREN)AT BAN NAISOI,TAMBOL PANG MU,MUANG DISTRICT,

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

ABSTRACT

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

CIIAPTER I : INTRODUCTION

l.l Rational

L 2 Objective

1.3 Scope ofthe Study

1.4 Benefits of the Study

1.5 General Information about padaung

1.6 Ianguage Affiliation

I 7 Geographical Location

1 . 8 Legend of long-necked padaung Women

1.9 The Way of Life

I . I 0 Previous Studies of the Central Karen Group

CHAPTERtr: METHODOLOGY

2.1 Preparation

2.2 Field Work

2.3 Source of Data

2.4 Descriptive Approach

2.5 Procedure

C}IAPTER III : T}IE INTONATION GROI-IP

3_ I Definition

3.2 Structure

1

1

2

2

2

3

5

9

10

16

21

21

22

22

23

24

25

25

25Copyright by Mahidol University

V“

CFIAPTER IV : TIIE PHONOLOGICAL WORD

4 I Definition

4.2 Structure

4.3 Note on phonological word

CHAPTERV: SYLLABLE

5. I Definition

5.2 Structure

5.3 Types of Syllable

5.4 Stress in Padaung

5.5 Syllable Function

5.6 Syllable Boundary and Syllable Break

CHAPTERVI: PHONEMES

6.I Definition

6.2 Function

6.3 Consonant Phonemes

6.4 Vowel Phonemes

6.5 Tones

6.6 Note on Some Phonetic Features of the Padaung tanguage

CIIAPTER VII : CONCLUSIONAND SUGGESTIONS

FOR FURTT{ER STUDIES

7.1 Research Result

7.2 Discussion

7 3 Problem in the Study

7.4 Suggestions for Further Studies

BIBLIOGRAPHY

APPENDIX

BIOGRAPHY

30

30

30

33

34

34

34

34

47

48

50

51

51

51

51

66

72

75

77

77

79

79

80


Vill

Figure I :

Figure 2 :

Figure 3 :

Figure 4 :

Figure 5 :

Figure 6 :

Figure 7 :

Figure 8 :

Figure 9 :

Figure l0

Figure 11

LIST OF FIGURES

Altemate places of Karenic Languages within Sino-Tibetan

Geographical goupings of Karenic Languages

Map of Mae Hong Son Administrative District

Map of Padaung Location

Padaung village

Weaving

Bathing and Washing

Dancing

Celebrating on New Year's DaY

: Cooking on New Year's DaY

: The Phonological HierarchY

Page

4

4

7

8

l3

l3

t4

l4

l5

l5

23


lX

LIST oF TABLES

The co-occurrence of a consonant with Ie] in the presyllable

with the single initiaI consonant of a major syllable.

The co-occurrence of single initial consonant with vowels

of a minor sytlable.

The co-occurrence of initial consonant cluster with vowels

of a minor syllable.

The co-occunence of single initial consonant with vowels

ofa major syllable.

The co-occurrence of initial consonant cluster with vowels

of a major syllable.

Consonant phoneme chart

Co-occurrence ofthe first consonant (C1) and second

consonant (C, in consonant cluster.

Padaung vowel phonemes

Padaung tones

Page

Table l

Table 2

Tablc 3

Tablc 4

Tablc 5

Table 6

Table 7

Table 8:

Tablc 9:

ξυ

つつ

38

40

つつ

И十

５

　　１

４

　

５

１

　

６

　

２

６

　

６

　

７


LIST OF ABBREVIAT10NS AND SYPIBOLS

A.D

asp.

B.E.

C

Cr

C2

C:

i.e.

IPA.

pp.

S

SVOT

unasp.

vd.

vl.

vol.

w

Z

tl

t.ltl[,]

Anno Domimi

Aspirated

Buddhist Era

Consonant

Lnitial consonant

Second member of consonant cluster

Final consonant

That is

Intemational Phonetic Alphabet

Page

Strong stress

Subject-Verb-Object

Tone

Unaspirated

Vowel

Voiced

Voiceless

Volume

Weak stress

Unstress

Free variation

Phonetic transcription

Pllonemic tramcription

Breathy voice

Syllable boundary

Long vowel


331

^/''1 rzr

s21 t3to51t4t

a mid-level tone

a low-falling tone

a high-falling tone

a high-rising tone


CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Rationale

There are many ethnic groups in Thailand. The nine major ethnic groups are :

Karen, Hmong, Lisu, Lahu, Akha,Yao, Lua, Thin and Khmu. Of all the nine groups,

Karen has the largest population. According to the Public Welfare Department,

Labour and Social Welfare Ministry (1995:9), there are approximately 353,110 Karen

people in Thailand. This number constitutes 41.38 % of the total hilltribe population

in the country. The Karen group can be divided into four main groups : Pwo Karen,

Sgaw Karen, Bwe or Bre and Taungtu or Pa-O. Pwo Karen are mostly found in the

westem provinces : Kanchanaburi, Tak, Prach"apkhirikhan, Phetchaburi. Sgaw Karen

live mainly in the provinces of Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai and Mae Hong Son. Besides

these two main groups, there is one Karen group which is well known among tourists

but there has been little academic research on them - the Padaung or the long-necked

Karen.

1.2 Objectives

1.2. I To study the phonological system of the Padaung language spoken at

Ban Naisoi, Tambol Pang Mu, Muang distric! Mae Hong Son Province.

| .2.2 To study the history and way of life of the Padaung people.


1.3 Scope of the Study

This study deals with intonation. phonological words, syllables, phonemes,

and the tonal svstem of the Padaung language as spoken by a native speaker

migrating from Loikaw. the capital of Kayah State, Myanmar to the present location

in Naisoi village.

l.,l Benefits of the Study

1.4.1 This study provides knowledge of information on Padaung

phonology, the history and the way of life of the Padaung people.

1.4.2 This study is useful to the field of Tibeto-Burman linguistics since it

provides additional information on an unexplored Karen dialect.

1.4.3 This study will help minimize the language barrier between those

who need to communicate with Padaung and the Padaung people.

1.4.4 This study will help increase understanding between local people and

the Padaung people.

1.5 General Information about Padaung

Padaung call themselves Kae Kong Du (B. Bunkham B.E. 24gg) or Kayan.

They are known by the names Lekur, and the "long-necked Karen" or ..giraffe

woman" according to the woman' s appearance.

The Padaung' s homeland was in Yunnan province of The people,s Republic

of China. In 1000, they migrated to the Salween River Basin in Myanmar. Due to

political conflicts in Myanmar, government officials have implemented a military

policy which has caused the Padaung people to flee the violence. So they have

moved to settle near the neighboring minority who has a stronger power of military.

Padaung speakers are concentrated in Loikaw City in north-western Kayah

State and the adjacent town of Phekon in southem Shan State. There are 85,000

speakers of Padaung in Myanmar (Moseley and Asher 1994:lB2). There are also

ハ


Padaung living in the southwest of Kayah State. A smaller number of Padar:ng

speakers also reside in Mae Hong Son province (Kauffman 1983:3).

1.6 Language Affiliation

Padaung language belongs to the Karenic family which is comprised of at

least six major languages. It is generally agreed that Karenic languages belong to the

Sino-Tibetan stock and are more closely related to Tibeto-Burman than to Sinitic.

However, their exact relation to the Tibeto-Burman family is still disputed.

Benedict (1972:6) gouped Karen with Tibeto-Burman under the Tibeto-

Karen stock whereas Matisoff(1973:84) placed Karen under Tibeto-Burman. There

iue some linguistic features which differentiate the Karenic languages from other

languages in the Tibeto-Burman group. For example, Karenic languages have the

word order SVO whereas other languages of Tibeto-Burman group have SOV (Fraser

1995: I 59).

Karen is classified into three main groups by geographical designation ;

northem. central, and southem groups. The northern group is the Pa-O, living in Shan

State, Myanmar. The southem group has the two largest groups of Karen, the Sgaw

and the Pwo. The central Karen refers to the Karen language spoken in Kayah State

of Myanmar, the adjacent areas in Myanmar and Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand

as diagrammed below (Kauffman 1983:3).


Benedict (1972) .i M"tt."ffOr73)fl

Sino - Tibetan

Tibeto - Karen Sinitic

i-----Tibeto - Burman Karenic

Southem Karen

Pwo Sgaw

Central Karen

r-+---------rKayah Padaung Bwd

Northem Karen

I

I

Pa-O

Sino― Tibctan

Figure 2 : Geographical groupings of Karenic Languages

(Fraser 1995: 160)

Tibeto - Burman Sinitic

i__r L___r_______t

Burmic Bodic Baric Karenic

Figure 1 : Alternate places of Karenic languages within

Sino-Tibetan (Fraser 1995: 1 59)

Karenic


1.7 Geographical Location

1.7.1 Padaung in Thailand

Padaung came to Thailand at the end of 1984 as the Burmese military were

wiping out the Kayah minority on the Thai-Myanmar border situated across Tambol

Pha Bong and 'fambol Pang Mu, Muang district, Mae Hong Son. The result of

insurgency and repression caused Kayah and Padaung people to come to Thailand.

Thai officials have taken care ofthem as a refugee since 1985.

Later on, the govemor of Mae Hong Son province had a policy to open the

city to tourism. One way to promote Mae Hong Son to tourists was the long-necked

Karen. So he talked to a Kayah leaders about opening the long-necked Karen village

to tourists by setting up a long-necked Karen village tourism center at Pai riverside in

order to satisfy tourists' convenience and to increase visitors. At that time, there were

eight Padaung women who wore neck brass rings. After the number of long-necked

Karen new anivals increase, there was a need for them to set up new households at

Ban Naisoi.

1.7.2 Location

Mae Hong Son, a northwestem province of Thailand, is bordered by

Myanmar to the north and west, Tak Province in the south, and Chiang Mai Province

in the east. Mae Hong Son Province is administratively divided into six districts, and

one subdistrict : Muang, Mae Sa Riang, Mae La Noi, Pai, Khun Yuam, Sob Moei

and Pang Ma Pha subdistrict. It has an area of 12,681 square kilometers. Mae Hong

Son province can be reached from Chaing Mai either by Highway No. 108 via

Mae Sa Riang, or Highway No. 1095 via Pai which shortens the distance to about

274 kilometers.

Ban Naisoi, Tambol Pang Mu is about 30 kilometers from Muang district.

There are several refugee ethnic groups here because Ban Naisoi is located in the

border area where the majority of the people are predominantly Tai-Yai. The

Padaung village is three kilometers from Tai-Yai villages. According to the 1996Copyright by Mahidol University

unofficial record, there are 3l Padaung women who wear brass rings in Ban Naisoi,

and 44 Padaung men.


Figure 3 : Map of Mae Hong Son Administrative District

Source : Adapted from Documents ofThe Tourism

Authority of Thailand ( 1993)


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NATOIML CEOCRAHIIC ABr D囁凛口ON

CHINA

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Figure 4: Map of Padaung Location

Source : Adapted from Nuional Geographic.

1979 vol. 155 No. 6, P.800

rod rro"


1.8 Legend of long-necked Padaung women

There are many legends about the padaung women,s wearing brass rings.

The Padaung believed that in the past, spirits disliked the padaung people so they sent

a tiger to harm them, especially the women. padaung' s ancestor feared that if all the

women died, their tribe would become extinct so all Padaung women wore neck-rings

to prevent themselves from the tiger. According to Somsonge (1989:31), the historical

reason for wearing neck-rings is that, in the past Padaung, or Lekhur, were proud oftheir life as brave warriors. They had conquered the Burmese. Later the Burmese and

the Bengalis became allies fighting against the Padaung people. The padaung then

had to flee in defeat. The Paduang took their nine years old princess to escape with a

miraculous tree called "Padaung tree" which had a yellow trunk like gold. When the

Padaung arrived at a safe place, the princess bound the Padaung fiee to her neck and

declared tl.rat she would take off the Padaung tree from her neck when the Lekhur

conquered the Burmese. After that, the Lakhur started putting rings onto a girl's neck

when she was nine years old.

The customs of wearing neck-rings in the distance past involved a young girl

who had to be bom on a full moon Wednesday and be a direct descendant of the

Padaung in order to be entitled to wear the rings. Refusal to follow the practice might

lead to sanctions and ostracization. Such social pressue could even lead to suicide. At

present, all Padaung women wear brass rings, regardless of their date of birth.

The total weight of the brass rings, usually from Myanmar's Benglong City, is

around 2.5 kilograms. Rings are heated and arranged into a circle. Each person carries

nine rings at this initial phase, and she has to be careful to avoid injury to her neck.

Padaung women normally carry two sets of brass rings. The first set, consists

of five rings, and is used as a base on the shoulder. The next set of twenty rings is

wom around the neck. Little rings on the back of the neck hold the two sets of rings

together. A new brass ring is added every four years. In a lifetime, ring changes occur

on nine occasions, the last one at the age of 45. The maximum number of rings worn

by Padaung women is thirtytwo rings, weighing 13 to 15 kilograms and are as

much as 35 centimeters in length. The normal number of rings wom by women in Ban

Naisoi is arcund 22, with two to seven kilograms in weight and nine inches in length.Copyright by Mahidol University

10

Rings are worn until the women die. Pregnant women temporarily take off the rings,

but put them back again after childbirth. Brass rings are also taken off when a woman

undergoes punishment as the result of marital infrdelity.

1.9 The Way of Life

Padaung people are similar to other Karens with regard to customs of love,

work, marriage, and the like. Rice farming is the main agricultural pusuit followed

by planting, cotton, tobacco, vegetables, fruits, and bamboo shoots.

Animal husbandry is another important occupation of the Padaung people.

Barter trade with lowland. markets involves exchanging agricultural products for salt,

betel leaves, and handicraft equipment. Rice liquor is another well-known product.

Padaung \.!omen carry out a range of activities, from cultivating the field to trading.

Padaung males are famous as hunters. Their hunting method includes using hunting

dog and muzzie-loading rifle.

1.9.1 Housing

Padaung houses are of the raised floor variety, made from wood or bamboo

with a grass thatched roof. Fireplace, mat, pot, jar, and utensils and equipment are

kept outside the house. Animals are kept under the living quarters. The shape of the

house resembles other Karen groups'houses. Pagodas may be found in some villages,

while others have Buddhist temples.

A Padaung village may be regarded as an independent community. Village

activities are administered by its leader and a council ofelders. The council also looks

after the practice of rituals and other customs, including the administration ofjustice.

1.9.2 Marriage

Padaung courtship involves a go-between who takes initiation, on behalf of a

male, to ask for permission to many from the bride-to-be' s family. MarriageCopyright by Mahidol University

presents from the male include buffalos, cows and a bronzE gong. The bride lives in

her parents' household for six months after the marriage. After such time, she moves

to.live with her husband. During pregnancy, the woman must not eat domestic

animals, only wild animal meat is edible. The husband perfomrs midwife duties for

his wife's childbirth. After the childbirth, they eat or y one particular kind of cooked

rice. The wife maintains this practice for 15 days while the husbanh does it for a

considerably longer period.

1.9.3 Belief and Religion

Animism is one of the Padaung' s belief systems. They believe that spirits can

cause sickness and bring misfoftune. When this occurs, a spirit leader will get in touch

with the spirits in order to try to rectify the bad circumstances. Before a rainy season,

the Padaung people holds a ceremony to please the spirits in the hope that the coming

harvest time will be good and plentiful.

About ten percent of Padaung are Buddhists. Spirits are a part of their belief

system which involves setting up spirit shrines in the vicinity of their livelihood, such

as their houses, village area, field, river and forest. Christianity is also popular.

Catholic missionaries are found in some villages. The deceased are buried, not

cremated, with the corpse's head pointing westward.

1.9.4 Dressing

Padaung male dress is similar to other Karen groups -- shirt, trousers and a

turban. During rituals or solemn occasions, males wear short housers and put wooden

or rattan rings on the upper calf. They also adom themselves with ankle rings

decorated with white bead ornaments. In contrast, Padaung women display a

remarkably different costume from other Karen groups.

Padaung costumes and omaments are described in the Illustrated

Encyclopedia of Mankind (1991:1549) as follows :

A Padaung woman in full costume is an impressive sight. Herlong black hair is wound up into an elaborate bun on top of herCopyright by Mahidol University

うこ

head and secured with a large silver comb and long wooden orsilver pins. Covering it are one or more strips of cloth knotted atthe front. In her ear lobes are silver plugs from which danglesilver chains and beads, often joined together by another chainunder the chin. Around the neck are twenty or more brass rings,which rise from a collar of about five large rings resting on theshoulders. The collar is kept apart from the neck rings by avertical brass coil at the rear. Over the collar she wears necklacesof silver chain, coins and beads. Her clothes are a sleevelesssmock of plain white cloth reaching to the hips, over which isworn a black j acket.

Her narrow skirt of hand-woven cloth is folded at the frontand reaches the knees. Round her legs are two more sets of brassrings separated at the top of the calf by pieces of cloth to preventchafing. For the same reason other strips of cloth may be womaround the ankle above her bare feet, and tiny embroideredcushions placed under the chin. The costume is completed withfive or more bracelets of smooth brass or aluminium on each wrist.The neck rings arouse the most curiosity from strangers. Theystretch the neck and force the chin upwards and forwards, so thatPadaung women eventually acquire a characteristic forward thrustof the head, a raised chin, and a voice best described asstrangulated.


ハ

13

Figure 5: Padaung village

Figure 6 : \Yeaving


14

^

^

Figure 7 : Bathing and Washing

ミ

Figure 8 : Dancing


一〇

Ⅲ

Figure 9 : Celebrating on New Year' s Day

^

Figure l0 : Cooking on New year' s Day


16

1.10. Previous Studies ofthe Central Karen Group

The previous studies of Central Karen languages include A Grammatical

Sketch of Eastem Kayah ( Red Karen ) by David Solnit (1986) and Notes on Westem

Kayah Li (Westem Red Karen Phonoloey) by John Bryant R., Khu Klawreh and Khu

Noah ( 1993).

Solnit (1986) describes the phonology and grammar of the Eastem Kayah

(Red Karen) language spoken at Khun Huay Dya, the village on the right bank of the

Paaj river and Huaj Sya Thaw, Huaj Dya, the villages on the left bank of the Paaj

river, Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand.

Since the present study is focused on phonology, the review of Solnit's work

will be confined to Eastern Kayah Phonology as follows :

The syllable structure is (Cr) (C2) r (G) V

Cr is any consonant

Cz is a liquid

G is a glide

V is a vowel


17

Consonant Phonemes : There are 21 single consonant phonemes, as follows :

Labial Dental Alveolar- Retroflex Velar Glottal

palatal

vl. unasp p t c

vl. asp ph th ch

voiced b d (j)nasal m n

voiceless.

Fricative s

voiced

continaunt w I (j) r

k (?)

kh

h

(S。lnit 1986:14)

Solnit notes (1986:14) " /j / varies between standard palatal glide and voiced

palatal fricative, also occasionally appearing as a slightly prenasalized alveopalatal

affricate ["d7], especially in the low falling tone." He (1986:15) further states " zero

initial : in non-particles this is realized as either glottal stop or zero, the former more

corrrmon after pause or in emphatic speech, the latter more common in comected

speech. In particles it is always zero: the clitic nature of particles finds phonetic

expression in their being fused to the preceding morpheme if they begin with a

vowel.''

Vowelphonemes: There are 10 single vowels /i e e rt a ru y u o J/.

^

^


18

Tones : There are 4 major tones and one marginal tone.

Mid rone 33 l- ^

Low level tone 22 h a

Low falling tone 2t t il

High tone 55 f ^

High falling tone 52 L aa

The marginal tone is a high-fatling tone. Solnit (1986:22) mentions about the

marginal tone that "the high falling-tone is quite rare, occurring most often in animal

names and some other polysyllabic morphemes...', He trcats the high-falling tone as

an allotone of the high tone. Suriya (1986:XL-XL| notes that this tone is

insignificant because it is predictable, that is, it occurs with a question particle or

emphatic sentence..

Bryaat et al (1993) collected the data from the speakers of the Westem Kayah

Li language who migrated from the Kyebogyi dialect area in Myanmar to a village at

the border area of Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand.

The phonological description of the Westem Kayah Li language is as follows :

The syllable structure is V, C1V, C1C2V, C1C2C3V

Cr is any consonant

Cz isr, I

C: is j. w

V is a vowel

There are four types of word : one syllable words, two syllable words, three

syllable words and compound words.

^

^

^


19

Kayah Li Consonants

There are 22 consonant phonemes as follows :

Labial Inter Alveolar Alveolar Alvolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Dental retroflex Palatal

Plosive

vl.ptv[. asp ph th

vd.bdAffricate

vl.

Fricative

v[ e

vl.asp. sh

vd.yzNasal

vd.mn

ｈ

ｋ

　

ｋ

t」

Tap

Lateral

Approxi-

mant w

(Bryant 1993:8)

h

]


20

Kayah Li Vowels

Front Central Back

unround round unround round uruound round

CloseiaruuHali-Close e o

Half-Open e rOpen

(Bryant 1993:14)

Diphthongs : latt I

All vowels and diphthongs can also be breathy.

Breathy vowels are phonemic in westem Kayah Li and non-phonemic in

Eastem Kayah Li. The breathy vowels cannot occur with aspirated initial consonants.

Tones : There are four tones in Westem Kayah Li

Low tone t l-

Mid tone 3 [-

High-Mid torle no-marking IHigh tone 5 f

Low, high-rnid, and high tones occur with a glottal stop. Vowels with a mid

tone are distinctively longest.


ハ

CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

2.1. Preparation

At the preliminary stage of this study, the literature review of the Karen

languages is canied out. The field work area is also studied in detail to get a general

knowledge of its geography, history, society, culture and way of life.

A word list is prepared by using the following sources :

(l) Southeast Asian Word List Mahidol University Field Methods (revised 1990)

(2) A Lexical Survey Mahidol University Field Methods (revised 1990)

(3) The Oxford - Duden Pictorial Thai & English Dictionary

The word list consists of the words which are used in daily life. It can be

classified as follows :

(l) Nature, Geography

(2) Utensils, Household Appliances

(3) Part ofhuman body

(4) Plant and Animal

(5) Food and Cooking

(6) Clothes and Omaments

(7) Weather, Direction, time

(8) Numeration

(9) Kinship term, Pronoun

( 10) The name of things which use in daily life

1l I ) Action

( l2) Senses and Emotions

( I 3) Communication, Transportation

(14) Quantity, Quality

(l 5) Entertainment, Recreation

A‐


22

Besides the word lists, pictures are also prepared to facilitate the eliciting of data.

2.2 Field Work

2.2.1 Survey of Field Work Area

A preliminary survey was made in December 1995 in order to examine several

areas which are suitable for the author to stay in and are also not too far from the

provincial administrators. The suwey also helped the author get acquainted with the

people in the research area. Since the Padaung people lived along the Myanmar-

Thailand border, during the survey, several factors such as accommodation and

facilitation needed to be put into consideration.

2.2.2 Data Collecting

The data were first collected in December 1996. The lexical items as appeared

in the prepared word list were pronounced in standard Thai to the informant and the

question "What do you call this thing ?" was asked. The informant pronounced the

word in her local dialect several times. The author then mimiced the word and asked

the informant ifthe word was pronounced correctly.

Besides the direct questions, pictures and real objects were used along with the

question "What is this?." The informant was also asked to describe the pictures and

tell a story. The next step is to transcribe the words into the Intemational Phonetic

Alphabetis and to record them on a cassette tape. After all words in the word list had

been asked, they were organized alphabetically in note cards and filed in a rhyme

book. In August 1997 , the collected data were rechecked again.

2.3 Source of Data

My main informant is Miss Ma Ca. She came fiom Loikaw, the capital of

Kayah State, Myanmar. She came to Mae Hong Son province about five years ago.

ハ


23

She was 15 years old at the time of data collecting and had 22 brass rings on her

neck. She began wearing brass rings when she was seven years old.

The data were checked with a 17 years old woman. Her name is Miss Ma Ba.

She also came from Loikaw and had 19 brass rings on her neck. Both of them could

speak and understand only few Thai words. They eamed their living by selling

woven cloths and souvenirs.

2.4 Descriptive Approach

The phonological approach used in this study is Tagmemics, which sees

phonology as a hierarchy of ranks. The phonological hierarchy is postulated with

such ranks of the intonation group, the phonological word, the syllable and the

phoneme. The unit of each rank has a structure stated in terms of the rank below

(except for the lowest rank, the phoneme) and the function stated in terms of the rank

above (except for the highest one, the intonation).

The phonological hierarchy can be diagrammed as follows :

Structue

U 1)

Function

Figure 4 : The Phonological Hierarchy

The intonation group

The Phonological word

The syllable

The phoneme

.


24

バ

2.5 Procedure

The procedure ofphonological analysis is as follows :

2.5.1 Transcribe the data by using a phonetic transcription.

2.5.2 Check the data by using a checking list.

2.5.3 Record the data on a cassette tape.

2.5.4 Interpret ambiguous sounds by using unambiguous syllable

patterns.

2 . 5 . 5 Rewrite the data according to the interpretation.

2.5.6 Make a phonetic chart by separatiflg the consonant chart from the

vowel chart.

2.5.7 Circle suspect pairs by putting phonetically similar sounds within

the same circle.

2.5.8 Analyze the data to find significant sounds by using the contrastive

and complementa-ry distribution principles.


CHAPTER IⅡ

THEINTONAT10N GROUP

3.1 Definition

The intonation group is the highest rank in the hierarchy. Its structure is stated

in terms of final contours.

3.2 Structure

intonation types are determined by the pitch contours of the final syllables.

The falling contour is the intonation group that the final syllable pitch pattem have

pitches 21, 33 and 52. The rising contour is the intonation group that the final

syllable pitch pattem has pitch 45 as exemplified below.

Falling Contour

[khi:45d。,21 tha121 khi:45 phu'21]

I big morc l bcautiful

"The more I grow, the pretty I am."

(affi rmative statement)

[khi:4s ta33.1ru?21 ?aw52 be:2r ]

I want smoke opium

"I want to smoke the opium."



26

[pha:52 ?a42r diag52]

father eat food

Rh“ pha4:碕I child man

[khi:45 t$ur:52 ?a!2r thaw2']

I not married

Paybα冽̈ "ふ奇smokc opium not good

赫not slccp

[khi:45 mO:52 ka'33

l opcn door

dals2 [a2r kaj 2r1

polite word

"My father is eating."


"My baby is a boy."


"I am not married."

(negative statement)

"Smoking the opium is not good."


"Don' t sleep"


"Open the door, please."(request statement)

[phaJ2[

givc

khi:45

mc

pra33

doll

jc:rr la2tt pra:2 r1 "Give me the doll, please."

^1 classifier. (request statement)


27

IPha?4s

May

2 r\r,eat

khi:45

I

1a233

polite

kuj'' lword

"May I have some candy?"

(request statement)

"Go, now !"

(command statement)

"Stand up !"

(command statement)

"Sit !"

(command statement)

"Whose house is this?"

(content question)

"How old are you?"

(content question)

"What is your name?"

(content question)

to*-r""..7go now

t* "r,istand up

trr**tr1----.---'

Sit

ths

4u:52 ma:33]

Q-k

Ina:3 3

you

[hi?21 khi:45 du''ma:t2me:33hu:52pa2lta:33]

house Q.mk.

lna:-'

you

mal3 nej 2 |

age

mialr3 hu:45 pa:2r]

name who


28

[na:33 ma:3t ta33 ma:33

you to do work

[taw]3 bc:2 rkc?2r to:s2

go Bangkok at whcn

"What are you doing?"

(content question)

"When are you going to

Bangkok?"

(content question)

ta33 ra21]

what

[taw]3 te:s2 pe:33 raws2 6u?2r klag2r gaw2r be:2ll

you each other to sing Q. mk.

"Would you like to sing a song with me?" (invitation statement)

[taw]3 klal2r te:52 thur:52 thwi:45 ;i\to stroll at waterfall Q. mk.

"Would you like to go to a waterfall?" (invitation statement)

Rising Contour

[khi:45 thu:s2 t6c4as ta:as]

I student

"I am a student."


ハ


29

[?a{'' dialt' the:"

eat food yet

ha:52 ja:a5]

Q.mk

[na:33 kua42l thru:52 ca42l

.you swim water expert

"Did you have lunch yet?"

(Polar question)

"Can you swim?"

(Polar question)

"Now, what time is it?"

(content question)

la?o5f

Q.mk.

[ka?3] ne:2r bun52 ri?"t]

now what time

The intonation group pattems are predictable according to the pitch ofthe final

syllables and thus they are not contrastive.


CHAPTER IVTHE PHONOLOGICAL WORD

4.I Definition

The phonological word is defined as the rank which firnctiors as the unit of

the intonation group and u,hose structure is stated in terms of syllabte.

4.2 Structure

In terms of stress, the stress group in this language can be divided into tfuee

types : Monosyllabic word, Disyllabic word and Trisyllabic word.

The symbols used in describing the phonological word are :

Strong stress is marked by ( 's.)

Weak stress is marked by ( ,w.)

An unstressed syllable is marked by (2.)

Syllable breaks are indicated by a low dot ( .)

4.2.1 Monosyllabic word

A monosyllabic word is a word with only one syllable. The strong stress

usually occurs on that sytlable. Its structure is ( 's.)

Examples : [ 't$he?45] '1o stab"

['thwer451 "right side"

1'be:I] "duck"

['de:r3] "rabbit"

[ 'pha:s21 "father"


31

4.2.2 Disyllabic word.

A disyllabic word is a word with two syllables. It can be classified according

to its structure into two sub-types.

Sub+ype I

This sub-type is composed of a presyllable which is unshessed followed by a

major syllable. The strong stress is on the last syllable. Its structure is (2. 's.)

Examples : I ma2r 'khru?2 '] "night"

I ka2r 'khur:52]

I ma2l 'ke:33]

I ma2r 'kle:33]

Ika2r'pha?2ri

"pineapple"

"tamarind"

"shoes"

Sub-type II

This sub-type is composed of two syllables. The weak stress falls on the first

syllable and the strong stress is on the last syllable. Its struchle is (, w. ' s.)

Examples : [ ,hi?2r 'khu?2r] "roof'

[,khaw2r '0az2r1 "mango"

[ ,daws2 'pa:2r]

[,phu?45 'dajs2] "navel"

[ ,nu:52 'mew52] "powdered milk"

[ ,naj52 'mur:52 ] "beehive"

4.2.3 Trisyllabic word

A Trisyllabic word is a word with three syllables. It is classified into two

subtypes.


32

Sub-type I : The weak stress falls on the first and second syllables and

strong stress falls on the last syllable. Its structue is ( , w. , w. ,s.)

Examples : [,pla433 ,zawsz' tchur:s21 .,rainbow,,

[, khluj'zt , phu:o5'eat2r] "papaya"

[, thur:52 , thuj2t ' lagasJ

[l ha121:kh。 :211la'21]

`to■o"''

“foot''

Sub+ype II : The first syllable is unstressed. The minor stress falls on the

second syllable and the strong stress falls on the last sytlable.

Its structure is (z , w. ' s.)

Examples : I me:33 , [a;33 ' thews2] ,.cabbage,'

1 ma2r , huro5 ' la.14s1 ,,green onion,'

I ma33 , saas ' ra?asi ,.a kind of vegetable,,

Ike33,la42r'klag2r] "toy"

^


33

4.3 Note on Phonological word

In addition to the three types ofwords mentioned above, there is a group of

words consisting of four syllables. Some syllables have independent meanings and

some do not. Therefore, it is unclear ifthese words should be analysed as tetrasyllabic

words or compound words. The symbol ' ? ' below represents the syllables having no

independent meanings.

Examples : [ka33 ti:s2 tur:52 thap2rJ "sweat"

"descent"

[ka33 buz2r lajs2 rswzrl

"cheek" ? ?

[ta?45 qc:33 ra42l t$u?os;

???

[tgu:33 pra33 to:33 thu:52]

? "human being" ?

ftujs2 t9uz2r t4e2t khlaq52l

"spoon" ? ?

"a dimple"

"a friend"

"a go-between"

"a fork"

293609 l\+u383y


CHAPTER V

SYLLABLE

5.1 Definition

The syllable is defined as the rank whose structure is stated in terms of

phonanes and whose unit fuflctions in the phonological word.

5.2 Structure

The struchrre of syllable is described in terms of segments consisting of a vowel

and usually a tone and one or two @nsonants as periphery'

5.3 Types of Sylleble

There are three types of syllable : presyllable, minor syllable and major

syllable. The symbol used in describing the syllable are :

C is a consonant.

V is a vowel.

t is a tone.

5.3.1 Presyllable

The presyllable is defined as a syllable which has [e] in free variation with [a]

vowel and bears only non-stress. This syllable type bears the low pirch which is

neutralized and thus becomes a mid level pitch.

The structure of the presyllable is : [Ce] - [Ca]

Examples :

[m。21:klif3 10a'21]～

[ma21:kli33 10a?21] `■ 額熊直nd"

[k。21:lao21:kla133] ～

[ka21 1la121:kla]33] ``a tOy"

[k。21:la121:mei52]～

Eka21:lao21 1mOi52] “mattress"

[b。21 1la145] ～

[ba21 1la■45] `laClaruit'

[k。21:pha'211 ～ [ka21:pha'211 ``shOeゞ '

[k。21:da152] ～ [ka21 lda152] “d。。r'Copyright by Mahidol University

35

p ph b t th d C Ch 」 k kh g ０エ m n ] S h 1 r W y

p●

pho

bЭ + 十 + 十 + + + +

tЭ + + + 十 + + + + + + + + + +

tho

dЭ

CЭ + + + + + 十 + + + +

chЭ

IЭ

kЭ + 十 + + + + + + + + + + +

khЭ

go

?Э + + 十 + + + + + + + + + + + +

mo + + + + + + 十 + + +

nЭ + + 十 +

ηЭ

SЭ 十 + + 十

hЭ

lo + + 十

rЭ + +

WO

yЭ

Table I : The co-occurrence ofa consonaat with / a / in the presyllable

and the single initial consonant of a major syllable.

+ : Occurrencc

― : non―occurrence


36

The co-occurrence of a consonant with I a ] in the presyllable and the

single initial consonants of major syllables in Table 1 shows that :

l. The consonant phonemes i p, ph, th, d, kh, ch, j,s, I,h,w,y/ in major

syllables never occur with the presyllables.

2 The consonant phoneme / t / follows the presyllable i ne / only.

3. The consonant phoneme / p / follows the presyllable / te / only.

4. The presyllable / re / is followed by /b,ch/ only.

5- The presyllable /?a/ can occur with all ofinitial consonant phonemes

except / t, g, p, w /.

6. No consonants in the presyllables occur with identical consonants in the

major syllables.

ヽ^


37

5.3.2 Minor syllable

A minor syllable is defined as a syllable which always takes weak (secondary)

stress. It can be either open or closed syllables.

There are four subtypes of the minor syllable as the following :

a) Subtype I : Its structure is CVr

Examples: 1,me:s2'na42r]

[,ne:s2 'phi:a33]

[,to?2' 'pha:521

[,ki:33'?o:3]1

b). Subtlpe II : Its structure is

Examples: [,pra:3]'mur?'']

[,hwi:2r 'kc?211

[,blo:2"4ut2t1

[,bwe:2r '4at2l1

c). Subtype III : Its structure is

Examples: [,pc433'da:33]

[,kaj2r 'Phu:as1

^ [,ka42r 'oal2r1

[,bejs2'baw2r1

d). Subtype [V : Its structue is

Examples: [,phlow2r'phli:451

[,klag2r'4aw2r1

[,hwa22r 'ta:52]

[,khluj52 'bc:52]

"fishhook"

"malaria"

"orchid"

"school"

CCVT

"woman"

"feeding bottle"

"sexual intercourse"

"a ascetic"

CVTC

"powder"

"a brooch"

"eggplant"

"a cradle"

CCVTC

"eyelids"

"to sing'

"a bamboo strip"

"the inflorescence ofthe

banana plant"


38

1 C ε uI Э a u 0 Э la al Om ua

p + + 十 + + + + + + +

ph + + + + +

b + + + + + +

t + + 十

th + + 十 + 十 +

d + + + + + + 十 +

C 十 + + + + + + + + +

Ch + + + + + + +

k 十十 + + 十 + 十 + + +

kh + 十 + + + + +

g +

? + + + + + + + 十 +

m 十 + + + 十 + + + +

n + + + + + + + +

0 + + + + +

S + 十 + +

h + + 十 + +

1 + + + + + + + +

r 十 + + + + +

W + +

y 十 + + + + + + +

Table 2 : The co-occurrence of single initid consonants and vowels

of a minor syllable

十 : occurrcncc

‐ i non― occurrence


39

The co-occurrence of single initial consonants and vowels of minor syllable in

Table 2 shows that :

I . All consonant phonemes can be the initials of minor syllable except /j /.

2. Afl consonant phonemes except /g,j/ canoccurbeforcla/.

3. OnIy/e /canoccurafter/ g /.

4. Only / u, a / can occur after / w /.

5. Only / ai /canoccurafter/p,c,khl.

6. Only I aru / can occur after / b, th, n /.


40

一（

1 e ε Ш 0 a u 0 0 la al ouI ua

pl + + + +

phi +

bl + 十

kl + 十十

khi +

pr +

br

kr + 十 +

pw

bw +

thw

CW +

chwkw +

khw

9Wmw +

nw +

SW +

hw +

Table 3 : The co-occurrence of initial consonant clusters and vowels

of minor syllable.

十 : Occurrcncc

― : non― occurrence


41

The co-occurrence of initial consonant clusters and vowels of minor syllable

ofTable 3 shows that :

I . The vowels / e, ur, ia, ai, ua / never occur with consonant cluster in minor

syllables.

2. The consonant phoneme / pr / occurs with / a / only.

3. Only / e / occurs with / bw, nw /.

4. Only / a / occurs with / kw, khw, hw /.

5. Only / i / occurs with / sw, cw /.

6. Only / o / occurs with / phl /.

7. Only lu / occurs with / khl /.

8. The consonant clusters / pw, thw, gw, chw, khw / have not been found

in minor syllables.


つ４

ス■

5.3.3 Major Syllable

The major syllable is defined as a syllable which always takes stong stress. It

can be either closed syllable or open syllable. Its structure is C (q Vr (q.There are four diflerent subtypes of a major syllable as the following :

a). Subtypel:CVrExamples: [ 'lo:2r]

['0u:33]

['De:,,]

['pha:52]

b). SubtlpeII: CCVrExamples : ['0wi:2t]

['kwe:33]

['gwa:331

['thwi:2r]

c). Subtype II : CVrC

Examples : ['pew2t]

['kuut']

[,tcha15z1

[ 'phujt']

d). Subqpe III : C C Vr C

Examples : ['plaj3]]

['kla42']

[ 'bwar12']

['khlew2r]

"stone"

"brass"

"father"

"blood"

*run"

"husband"

"dog"

"cow''

"spider"

"elephant"

"soft"

"tongue"

"to play"

"fat"

"cold"

^

A


43

1 e ε Ш Э a u 0 0 la al OW ua

p + 十十十 + + + + +

ph + + + + 十 + + 十

b + + + + 十 + + + + +

t + + + + + 十 + + +

th + + + 十 + + 十

d + + + + + + + +

C 十 + + 十 + 十 + + +

Ch + + 十 + 十 + + + +

+ + +

k + + 十 + + + + + + +

kh + 十 + + + +

9 + +

０１十 + + + + + + + + +

m + + + + + + + + + +

n + + + + + +

] + + +

S 十 + + + + 十

h 十 + + + + + + + +

I + + + + + + + + + + +

r + + + + + + + +

W +

y + + + + + + + +

（ヽ

Table 4 : The co-occurrence of single initial consonant and vowels of

a major syllable

+ : Occurrence

‐ i non― occurrcnce


44

The co-occurrence of single initial consonants and vowels of the major

syllable in Table 4 shows that :

1 . All consonant phonemes can be the initial consonant of a major syllable.

2. All vowel phonemes can occur in a major syllable.

3. Only / e / can occur with the initial / w / of a major syllable.

4. Only / p, th, c, I / occur before / ai /.

5. Only/ a, u, c / occur with the initial / j /of a major syllable.

6. Only / ul, u / occur with the initial / g/ of a major syllable.

7. Only le,w,a / occur with the initial/1/of a major syllable.

8. All diphthongs never occur with / th, kh, j, g, n, l, s, r, w, y /.

9. All vowels except / ua, eur / occur after / I /.

^


45

1 e ε Ш Э a u 0 Э la al ouI ua

pl + + +

phi + + + +

bl + + + +

kl + + + + + +

khl + 十 + + + +

pr + + +

br +

kr + + +

pw 十 +

bw + + +

thw + +

CW +

chw + + +

kw + +

khw +

9W + +

mw + +

nw +

SW +

hw + 十

ハ

Tablc 5 : The co - occurrence of initial consonant clusters and

vowels of a major syllable.

十

　

　

¨

: occurrence

i non― occurrence

八


46

The co-occurrence of initial consonant clusters and vowels of a major syllable

in Table 5 shows that :

t . The diphthongs never occrrr after consonant cluster of a major

syllable.

2. Only / tu / occurs after / kr l.

3. Only / a, u / occur after / kl, khl /.

4. Only / c / occurs after / kl, pr /.

5. Only / i / occurs after / sw, cw /.

6. Only / e / occurs after / nw /.

7. Only / a / occurs after / br, khw /.

ハ


47

ハ

5.4 Stress in Padaung

Stress is defined in terms of volume (intensity) and duration of vowel. It

frurctions in syllable rank. In Padaung, stess is predictable by the types of syllables

and its position in a phonological word. Therefore, the word stress needs not to be

marked overtly at the phonemic level.

Types of Stress

Stess can be divided into two types, i.e. stress and non-stress.

Type I : Stress : Strong Stress and Weak Stress.

a). Strong Stress ( Primary Stress )

Strong stress has the most volume and greatest vowel length of all. It is the

only strongest stress that occurs on the peak of the major syllable. This strong stress is

obligatory in a phonological word (a stress group) and it is marked by (' ).

Examples : ['0e:52] "rotten"

['tchur:s21 "chicken"

['E*t"] "two"

[ 'kwe:33] "to run"

['le:s2] "sister-in-law"

['pha:52] "father"

b). Weak Stress ( Secondary Stress )

Weak stress is weaker than strong stress. It occurs on any minor syllable and is

marked by (,).

Examples : [ ,wa42r 't$hur:s2] 'lake a bath"

[,0ur:33 '0az2r1 "cucumber"

[ ,luj33 'no:33] "a square"

[ ,bej52 'baw2r] "cradle"

[ ,paw2r 'caj2'] "sweet basil"A


48

Type II : Non - Stress : Zero - Stress

Zero stress has no stress with the least volume and shortest length of vowel

length. It occurs on presyllables and it is unmarked.

Examples :

Syllable Function

The syllables have two main functions in the phonological word : nuclear

syllable and peripheral syllable.

5.5.l Nuclear SyⅡ able

The syllable in this class'functiolpd the nucleus of the phonological word.

The nuclear syllable is a major syllhble and always takes strong Grimary) stress. It

always occupies the last position in a word.

Examples : [ 'kaws21

[ 'ma:s2]

[ ,ta2l 'gur:]11

[ ,ta2r 'kiag331

[,phu:52'do:2r1

[,maj2r'phe:"]

J ma33 ,hu2os 'bews21

[ka21:la121 imCJ52]

[じa21lkhaw2:]

[m。21lkhШ

'52]

[ba21 itha021]

[,a2110i:52]

[?a21〔 bШf3]

"mattress"

"backhand"

"niCht"

"the east"

"green"

'lhin"

``hole''

`¬ife"

“Ⅲnd"

“bad habit''

′“pregnant"

``lighter"

“garlic''


49

5.5.2 Peripheral Syllable

The syllables in this class function as the periphery of the phonological word.

Every peripheral syllable can occur in any position, except the final one, of a

phonological word. It can be divided into two sub-classes : weakly stressed

peripheral syllable and zero-stressed peripheral syllable.

- Weakly Stressed Peripheral Syllable

A weakly stressed syllable is a minor syllable. It always takes a secondary

stress.

Examples : [ ,?c:33 'piaw2'] "have a good time"I

[ ,t$apos 't$hur:sz1 "mist"

[ ,laq2t 'bc:521 "a flagstaff'

[ ,huagos 'he:331 "clothes"

[ ,bi:as 'sul2t1 "a kind ofvegetable"

,ba33 'sa22l1 ..love"

- Zero - Sressed Peripheral Syllable

An unstessed syllable is a presyllable. This kind of syllable has [e] ^, tal

as the vowel of the syllable gnd it takes the mid pitch.

Examples : [ *,, 'ki"rrt, - l btt 'kiat2t1 ..$gad,

1be33 'lag2r1 - 1bs33 'lap2r] ..the south"

t Qa13'?iu)2r) ' l?a1t tti^nzr1 '.narrou/,

I me33 ,ei:52 'D*"] - [ me31 ,oi:52 ,0ux33] ..Wednesday''

I ma33 ,du:2r 'thews21 - [ mar, ,du:2r 'thew52] .]ard long bean'

t me33 ,ke:33 '0a?21] -.[ me33 ,ke:33 t0a?211 ..pineapple'


50

Syllable Boundary and Syllable Break

5.6.1 PhoneticTranscription

Stress marks the beginning ofa syllable. That is, the strong stressed sign

( ' ) indicates the beginning of a major syllable and the weakly skessed sign ( , )

indicates the beginning of a minor syllable. The beginning of the non-stress syllable,

i.e. the presyllable is marked by the initial consonant of the presyllable. Since

Padaung syllables end with either a final consonant or a vowel (with tone), the

syllable ending is marked by the final consonant or vowel, and a following consonant

(or a consonant cluster) marks the beginning of the next syllable.

Examples :

Major Syllable

Minor Syllable

Ｖ

Ｃ

Ｖ

Ｃ

Ｖ

Ｃ

Ｃ

Ｃ

Ｃ

Ｃ

[[thШF2

Lbe」52

[!li:21lb。 :52

[じa121

[k。33

'law2 t1

'baw2r]

'thtu:52]

'daw2l1

'l"totl

"river"

"a cradle"

"a pen"

"good at"

'lackfruit"Presyllable

5.6.2 PhonemicTranscription

Stress is predictable by the syllable position in the phonological word and by

the syllable structue. The final syllable in a phonological word represents the major

syllable. The former final syllable represents the minor syllable. And the non-final

syllable in /Ce/ or /Ca.i structure represents the presyllable. Therefore stress is not to

be marked in the phonemic transcription.

^

^


ハ

CⅡAPTER Ⅵ

PHONEMES

6.1 Delinition

The phoneme is defined as the rank whose units function in the syllable. It is

the lowest rank of the hierarchy and, therefore, has no stable structure.

6.2 Function

There are three major classes of phonemes according to their firnction in the

syllable : consonants, vowels and tones.

6.3 Consonant Phonemes

Padaung consonant phonemes finction as a syllable periphery. There is no

contrast between short aDd long consonant There are 22 consonant phonemes in

Padaung : / b, p, ph, d, t, th, c, j, ch, g, k, kh, ?, m, n, !, s, h, l, r, w, y /. All of

these phonemes car occur initially in a syllable. The phonemes / l, r, w / can also

occur as the second element in the consonant cluster. There are seven final consonants

:/k,?,m,n,g,w,y/.

in the following chart, the phonentes will be grouped according to their

manners and points of articulation.


＾′４

″ヽυ

^

Point of

Articulalion

Manner

of Articutation

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal

Plosives

vl. unasp

vl. asp

voiced

ｈ

ｐ

　

ｐ

　

ｂ

t

rh

d

ｃ

　

ｃｈ

　

Ｊ

ｈ

ｋ

　

ｋ

　

ｇ

/

Nasal m n 0

Fricative s h

THll r

Lateral1

Approximants W v

^

Table 6 i cOrⅨ

'nant PhOneme Chart


53

6.3.1 ConsonantsFormationalStatements

/p/ represents rpr, a voiceless unaspirated bilabial stop. It occus in syllable

initial position.

Examples: tpew2t

1P:u'l2t

rpwirr

pa43 t

playtr

/ph/ represents rphl,

initial position.

Examples : /pha3 /

/phu3/

lPhc'ta /

lphayzl

Examples : ibe2r

lberl

tbawzt

ba43 r

fowa42t

/ t / represents

initial position.

Examples: fio'lzt

ft122 t

ftawtt

ftat qaat

tbe:2lt

tbe:l3l

tbaw2lr

tbarls2r

/phuy3/

I b r represents rbr. a voiced bilabial stop. It occurs in syllable initial position.

lpew2ll "cow"

lPu?2 r | "Younger"

tpwi:2rt "nest"

tpaj52r "gong"

rplaj33l "tongue"

a voiceless aspirated bilabial stop. It occurs in syllable

tpha:s2t "father"

tphu:t'r "abdomen"

rphc?ast "child"

tphaj2rt "give"

rphuj52r "soft"

"opium"

"duck"

"classifier of kerosene cane"

"a glass"

"fat"

alveolar stop. It occurs in syllable

tbwa42rt

ftt. a voiceless unaspirated

Ito?2ll

fti? 2 rl

Itaw33l

tta33ga:a5t

"key"

"horse"

"go, walk"

"smile"


54

ftia42t ttuag2ll "porcupine"

ftlv represents rtht, a voiceless aspirated alveolar stop. It occurs in syllabte

initial position.

Examples '. fthew2t

rdr represents rdt. a voiced alveolar stop. It occurs in syllable initial position.

Examples : di2a r

/thaw2/

1tha]3′

/thi3′

んhwi2′

lderl

tdct t

tda4a r

rcha3 t

rchi3 r

rchc'l2 t

rthew2rt

Ithaw2lt

ftha1352t

tthi:52t

tthwi:2 rt

ldi,451

1dε :331

1d。 :331

1da0451

Ioha,211

1“ ha:521

1じ hi:5ぅ

1峰 h。 ,21,

“bird"

``pig"

``beer'

“kick''

``dog''

"a charcoal grip"

"rabbit"

"to scold"

"aluminum"

"a kind of knife"

"to tie"

"to lead"

"same"

"a chopping block"

lcr represents ttst, a voiceless unaspirated alveo-palatal affricate.

It occurs in syllable initial position.

Examples : rca?zcai?zr tt;a?2t t1ai?2tf'right side"

′c。3ce'2′ I“Э:52峰 e'211

td:ua42t tduag2rt

tcwi2t thwi:2rt

/cuayacu?2/ ttquajas tou22rl

rce43klaw2l rhe1s2 klaw2Ir

lch./ represents rt$hr, a voiceless aspirated alveo-palatal affricate.

It occurs in syllable initial position.

Examples : rcha22r

"Pain"

"sweet"

"to plant"


Ｅυ

llv represents rkr, a voiceless unaspirated velar stop. It occurs in syllable initial

and in final position of only few words.

Examples: lkiawrr

initial position.

Examples: 4lu22t

lkawll

rka4rr

position.

Examples: fthru3r

/khi4′

′khu,2/

/J。 ,2/

tftu?2r t

t$c?2r,

Pat ja24t Pct33!,a?otl

kat jatat tka33Saz45t

rchaq3 t 1tpha452t

I j I represents tSt, a voiced alveo-palatal

"elephant"

affricate which occurs in syllable

"monkey"

"loud"

"toilet"

"to fry"

"mouth"

"spider"

"gecko"

"broken"

"a kind of deer"

"an anvil"

"bridge"

"brother-inJaw"

"husband"

"to squeeze"

"wind"

"elder"

/tok3 ke2′ Itok52 kc:211

′ka2 kok3′ lka:21 kЭ k52〕

lkiaw33

1kaw331

1ka0331

lkhi:451

1khu,211

lktv represents rkht. a voiceless aspirated velar stop. It occurs in syllable initial

tkhtu:52t

lkhe3r &he:52t

/ g / represents rgr. a voiced velar stop. It occurs in syllable initial position.

Examples : Ewat t

rkhiap3r rkhia452r

tgrsyo r

rgwa:33r

rgujosr

fiargurrl rta33gur:33r

qwe2t tgwe:2lt

ハ

ヘ


56

klal2 guya tur?'l tkla42r gujas tur?2rt "brace and bit,'

I ? I represents r?r. a glottal stop. It occurs in syllabte initial position and syllable

final position.

Examples : t?aw3 t

fiaq2 r

fiuy2 r

r? at ?i22 r

t?t?o r

/ m / represents tmt, a voiced

and in final position of few words.

Examples '. tma't tma:521 "wife"

rniot lmi:asl "grass"

rmia4t t tmia433t "name"

thamz phaa sa?2t tham2r pha:a5 sa?2rt "lemon"

lhom3t thom52l "blanket"

/ n / represents rnr, a voiced alveolar nasal. It occurs in syllable initial position

and syllable final position.

Examples : mat t Ina:33r "you"

mwe'/ Inwe:33r "seven"

mu?zt mu?2lr "nipple"

man3 law2l man52 law''r "lie"

mltna na?2 r lmunas na?2lr " water buffalo"

/ D / represents t1t, a voiced velar nasal. It occurs in syllable initial position and

syllable final position. 4l is realized as lnt when preceded by the phoneme /! /.

Examples: tqut22t

I?aws2t "to drink"

l?a42tt "to eat"

t?uj2't "delicious"

r?a33 ?i?2rr .,dark,,

r?u?asr "to blow"

bilabial nasal. It occurs in syllable initial position

t4u?2ll

r4ru:t'r

"trousers"

"two"rrlur3/


57

/!egr kiawr/ tleD52kiaw33l "to cook in a pan

with a little oil"

/ s / represents tsl. a voiceless alveolar fricative. It occurs in syllable initial

position. There is afree variation between tsl and tel

Examples: 'sa'lat 1sa?a5i - 1Qn?as1 "heart"

/sil/

/su?4/

/swi2/

lstu'l

il2r

klal2 gaw2r

tblea t

rliaq3 t

tsi:521 - tOi:521 "three"

1su?as; - 10u?a5i "liver"

tswi:2rl - t0wi:2rl ``blood"

tsur:331 - t0ur:331

/h/ represents thl, a voiceless glottal fricative. It occurs in syllable initial

Examples: rhi?zr thi?2rt "house"

rhe2a r the?+s, ,.spicy,,

rho3r tho:331 "loose"

rhaq2 r thag2rl "soil"

rhuapoce 'l thuapos he:331 "blouse"

r I r represents th, a voiced alveolar lateral. It occ*s i, the syllable initial

position and as the second member of consonant clusters.

Exhmples : rlaar tla:n'l

tlu:2rl

1kla42t4aw2r1

tble:a51

1lia452l

rryi''l

tna:21 ri:l3l

"moon"

"thread"

"to sing"

"shoulder"

"to dance"

"root"

"a watch"

/ r / represents trl. a voiced alveolar trill. It occurs in the syllable initial

position and as the second member of consonant clusters.

Examples: r:uyzr

na2 rit t Copyright by Mahidol University

58

^

Examplcs: ″uy2/ 『

画211

“rOot"

lna2 ri1/ 1na:21 ri31 ``a Watch''

/rua134′ Irua0451 “silver''

/bra,2′ 〔bra'211 “clohcs bmsh"

/pra1/ 1pra:31 ``human being''

′、v′ represents lwl, a voiced labio― velar approxiinant lt occurs in the syllablc

A initial and flnal positiOn and as the second rncmbcr of consonant clustcrs

Examplcs: Avao2 thШ 3/ 1、 va]21 thuI:521 “takc a bath"

′kwεl′

lkwε :〕31

“lun''

′bwi:2′ 〔bwi:211 “tobacco''

′,aw3′ 1,aヽv521 ``drink''

phaw3′ 〔phaw5、 “■。wcr"

′y′ rcprcsents jL a Voiccd palatal appro対mant lt occurs in the syllable iitial

and flnal position

Exalnples: /yol′ jo:31 ``shadow''

7yay2/ uaJ211 “、v00den partition"

ハゲaw3′ jaWS3 ``mirrOr''

phayり lphaJ5角 “mOther's mother"

llchuy3′ lkhu」 5ぅ ``nine"


59

6.3.2 Classification of Consonants

There are 22 consonant phonemes in Padaung , r p, ph, b, t, th, d, c, ch, j,

k, kh, g, ?, m, n, 4, s, h, l, r, w, y /. These phonemes, according to their position in

the syllable, may be divided into three classes :

- Class I ( Cr ) Initial Consonants

All consonants can occur in the initial position ofthe syllable.

- Class 2 ( C2 ) Cluster- second Consonants

This class functions as the second member of the initial consonant

cluster. They are /1, r, w/.

The co-occurence of C1 and Cz is restricted to three pattems of consonant

cluster as follows :

a). -l- cluster ( C1 l)C1 are /p, ph, b, k, klv

Cu is rlr

C1 and C2 make five - l - clusters pl, phl, bl, kl, khl/.

Ex田叩les: /plal′ IPla:33]

phlear tphle:a51 "fasf'

rblear tble:as l "shoulder"

'1o play"kla42r tkla42'l

khlew2r tkhlaw2t I "cold"

b). -r- cluster (C; r)C1 arep, b, kr

Cz is tr r

Cr and Cz make three - r - clusters /pr, br, kr.

Examples: tpratt t pra:331 "human being"

"arrow"


60

tbra?z t

tkra22 t

c). -w- cluster

C, are I P' b, th, c'

C, is lwl

C' and C, make twelve -

gw, mw, nw, sw, hw/.

ExamPles : ,Pwe'/

bwizr

fthwe?al

lcwi2 t

rchwarl2 |

kwert

rkhwa3r

/gwar/

Jrtwa'?21

4rwel/

tswi2i

fi'1wa'121

(C'w)

ch, k, kh, g, m, n' s, h /

w - clusters rPw, bw, thw, cw' chw, kw, khw,

t bra?2ll

I kra?2tl

"clothes brush"

"market"

"a plate"

"tobacco"

"right side"

"sealing wax"

"feather"

"wrench"

"husband"

"pillow"

"seven"

"blood"

"bamboo"

rtchwa02rt

tpwe:33t

rbwi:2rt

tthwe?a5t

ttgwi:2 |

t

tkwe:33r

tkhwal52t

tgwa:33r

Imwa?2ll

nwe:331

r0wi:2rt

thwa?2rt

.


61

C2

Cl

-1-

(Cll)

―r―

(Clr)

― Vヽ―

(CI→

p ｀ヽ＼

pl pr PW

ph phi

b bl br bw

t

th thw

d

C CヽV

J

Ch chw

k kl kr kw

kh khi khw

g 9W

?

m Inw

n nw

]

S SW

h hw

1

r

W

y

（ヽ

Table 7 : Co-occurence ofthe first consonants (C1 )

and second consonants ( Cu ) in consonant clusters.


62

（ヽ

The co-occurence of the first consonants ( C1 ) and the second consonarts

( C2 ) in Table 7 shows that :

1 . There are tfuee consonant phonemes I l, r, w r that occur as the second

member ofa consonart cluster.

2. The first and the second member of the cluster do not appear to be the

same phonemes, there are no I ww I and / rr / clusters in this study.

3. A voiceless cluster alveolar consonant phoneme l t l, a voiced palatal

affricated r j /, a glottal consonant phoneme r ? /, a voiced velar nasal consonant

phonemer4randavoicelessalveolarfricativephoneme/s/arenotfoundaseither

member of the consonant cluster in this study.

4. In - l- cluster, only biiabial plosives and velar plosives I p, ph, b, k, kh I

occur as the first member of the cluster of this kind.

5. In - r - cluster, only plosives r p, b, k / occur as the first member of this

cluster.

6. In - w - cluster, almost all consonant phonemes, except voiceless aspirated

bilabial stop, voiceless unaspirated alveolar stop, voiced alveolar stop, voiced palatal

stop, a glottal phoneme, voiced alveolar nasal, velar nasal, alveolar fricative, Iateral

and trill : / ph, t, d, j, r, n, !, s, l, r / occlu as the first member of the consonant

cluster.

7. Only rpr occurs with all of the consonant clusters / l, r, wr.


63

´́・ｒ

- Class 3 ( C3 ) Final Consonants

consists of

Examples :

This class functions as the final consonant of the syllable which

rk, ?, m, n, E, w, y /.

/t3k3ke2/

t?e23r

tham2phaasa?21

munl na?z/

rka4rr

phaw3r

ryhay2r

6.3.3 Consonant Phoneme Contrast

Consonant Phonemes

ttck52ke:2rl "gecko"

1?e2s\ "ginger"

tham2lpha:assa?2rl "lemon"

1mun33na?211

1ka4r3l

tPhaw521

tphaj2Il

Exarnples

"water buffalo"

"spider"

"flower"

"give"

"a kind of fruit"

"caladium"

"cow"

"classifier of kerosene cane"

"smoking pipe"

"porcupine"

"knife"

"to blow"

"rugged"

r \\1r3r3g

rp r-rpfu

rpt-r b r

rb t-rphr

tPut?at

rPhu?ar

tpew2t

tbauzr

rbuy3r

phuy3r

,tua5 lr

rdua4rr

fte3 t

/tal the3/

29 3609

rtr-rdr

rtr-rtht

鯰


64

rthr- tchr

rk r- rkhr

,b , -rmr

tct-;chi

′C′ ′J′

r?t-tkr

rkt-rgr

t? t-ttt

r? r-rcr

tc t-tt /

ts t-ttt

rd r- rth r rda43 r

fthaq3 r

rbclr

/mct/

tcur3 t

lchur3l

rctayacu?2t

rju?2r

fthwi2r

rchwi2 r

ku22t

rkhu?2r

kat ?an?2 r

rkarku?2r

tKoy t

tg:uy4t

t?aw3 raw3 t

ttawj raw3 t

fiayzt

rcay2 r

rcu?4 t

ftu2a t

/sur '/

rtu?a t

lswilr

fthwi'r

"basket"

"beer"

"a nipple of baby bottle "

" do not"

"chicken"

*same"

"dog"

"bone"

"to peel" (seed)

"bridge"

"to hiccup"

"hip"

"a kind of millipede"

'1o squeeze"

"much, many"

"put on"

"excrement"

"a bamboo basket"

"to bum"

"cut"

"liver"

"cut"

"blood"

"dog"

rst-tthr


65

tnt - fi) t

′rn′ ′n′ rmia4rr

mia4rr

met sa22t

trJet t

t4ttY2 r

ry\y2 t

r4ly2 r

rguyor

maw3t

ryaw3 r

tdet t

let r

day2 r

rayzr

rylatr

tpta't

"name"

"grammatical word"

"cotton"

'five"

"snail"

" a sensitive grass"

"snail"

"to squeeze"

"vulva"

"minor"

*rabbit"

"kidney"

"bullfrog"

"rattan"

"arrow"

"human being"

n)i-tyt

tllt- tgt

tI]t-ty t

rdr-rl r

td t- tr t

rlr-trt


66

6.4 Vowel Phonemes

Padaung vowel phonemes function phonemes as the syllable nucleus. There

are 13 vowel phonemes . / i, e, €, u, e, a, u, o, c, ia, ai, etu, ua /.

The length of vowel is not contrastive. All vowel phonemes are shown in the

table below.

Front Central Back

Close 1 Ш u

Half-close C Э 0

Half-open ε Э

Open a

Diphthongs Front Central Back

High la Om ua

Low al

Table 8 : Padaung Vowel Phonemes


67

6.4.1 VowelFormationalStatements.

′i′ rcprcscnts[i], a close front utrclunded

Examples'. rmior

Examples : rbe2r

tlet t

pe2le2 r

r'ie2r r

t tetba22 t

fthwe'tat

let t

lkwelr

Examples, /stulr

fthuJl r

tcut3 t

r4an3 t

rkhtu3r

tbe:2ll

tle:"1

lpe:2r le:211

l? e?szt

I te:33ba22 r]

tPle?as,

tthwe?as1

tle:331

tkwe:331

lstu:331

fthur:s2l

thur:521

tjtu:521

tkhrul52l

vowel.

"grass"

"house"

"three"

"dog"

"opium"

"sister-in-[aw''

"sea"

"ginger"

"tell"

"house lizard"

"right side"

"kidney"

"a chopping block"

"brass"

"water"

"do not"

"a kind of deer"

rkhiar

rhi?2r

rsi3r

fthwi2r

tmi:asl

tkhi:52t

thi?2 tl

t0i:521

tthwi:2rl

/ er represents 1e l, a half-close front unrounded vowel.

/ e / represents I e ], a half- open front unrounded vowel.

Examples: ryle'tar

rcel3klaw2r ttgeg52klaw2rl

/ ru / represents t ru l, a close central trnrounded vowel.


68

/ e / represents I a ], a half-close central unrounded vowel.

Examples : rke3 he3r tke:s2 he:s2l "be full"(stomach)

rthe3 he3r fthe:52 he:521 "already"

rse3r t0a:521 "rotten"

tpew2t tpaw2ll "cow'

fthew2r fthew2rl "bird"

/ a / represents

Examples '. rpha3 r

ta l, an open central uffounded vowel.

tpha:s21

tlfI

Examples :

tot

Examples :

[Pu22r]

tlu?zt,

tkhu?2 t1

tPhu:as1

tSu?2 t1

tlo:2rl

tdo:2rl

tho:521

t?a33lo:331

tto?2ll

"father"

'tiger"

"shoot"

"flag"

"wife"

"younger"

"bridge"

"beautifi.rl"

"raf'

"stone"

"bie"

"loose"

"black"

"key"

rkhay3r

rkha'tzr

ia4a r

rma't

represents

tpu22 t

iu22 r

rkhu?2r

/pnu'/

r}u22 r

represents

io2 r

tdo2r

rho3 r

Ratlot r

fto22 t

rkhaj52t

tkha?2r1

1[a4os]

lma:t'l

t u l, a close back rounded vowel.

t ol, a half-close back rounded vowel.


69

/c/ represents tcl, a half-open back rounded vowel.

Examples : tk)?zt

riar represents tiat, a high front unrounded to open cenhal unrounded vowel.

Examples: rkhia43r tkhiag52t

me3phiarr tne:52phi:a331

rmalkiagrr Jma33kiag33l "fast"

tbctr

tkc?2t,

tbc:331

rml3r [mc:t2]

rcht?2 r thhc?2t,

ryhc?adia43r lphc?o5diar152l

“bottle"

``fence"

``open''

``to plant''

``to cookF'

"brother-in-law"

"malaria"

"name"

unrounded to high closed

rmia4lr

Aia43 t

1mia433l

1[ia4 s2]

/aur/ represents taurl, a half-close central

unrounded vowel.

Examples , rbel neur?2r [be33 noru?2r]

fth:irt2zr tthetu?2r]

rcttaya cl?2 r ltguaja5tgu?2 rl

lhualacelr thuaga5tse:331

central

t4eut?z t t0eur?2ll “cry''

``belt''rdey3 caur3r 1dejs2 4eur51

′ai/represents〔 ai],an opcn ccntral unrounded to close ttont urlrounded vowel

Examples : khai?zr Ikh」 ,2、

[Pai?45]

``West''

“heavプ '

"hammer"

"a drinking straw"

"right side"

"same"

"clothes"

Pai?a r

rcatcai22r ttca33hair''l

rua/ represents ua. l, a close back rounded to open central unrounded vowel

Examples : ,ruagol 1rua4o'l "silver"

^


70

ftita42r

rphuay3r

6.4.2 Vowel Phoneme Contrast

ttuaD2rl

tPhuajs2l

rthilt

ftat the3 r

lchwi2l

rchwe2t

rchi3r

rcha3 t

me I sa?21

met sa22t

rmayzphas t

rma3t

lmc3l

tmo2t

finc2t

"porcupine"

"Jack of Diamonds"

"kick"

"rugged"

"bone"

"sweet"

"sell"

"a kind of fruit'

"cotton"

"matches"

"a lighter"

"wife"

"open"

"dessert"

"sky"

′l′ ―/C′

/ i /― / ε /

′1′ ―′a′

′C′ ―′ε′

′e/‐ ′0ノ

′a′ /Э ′

rmay2phe3 r

′0′ ―′Э′

,l


71

′u′ ′w′

′u′ ′o′

lchu3r

lchur3r

′uI′ _′ЭuI′

′a′ _′ la′ _′1lar fiar)2r

"chicken"

"thread"

"stone"

"write"

"porcupine"

``so■ ''

``」ack ofDiamonds"

``pants''

``cry''

"eat'

"starch"

"swim"

"salty"

"shoot"

tltl2 t

tloz r

′la′ ′ua′ ftia42 li2 r

ftua42 r

rphuy3r

phuay3r

rgw?2r

t4aut?2t

/u′ _′ ua/

′1 ′‐′a′ ‐′al′

tbe2'tiaq2r

′?ua12 thШ 3/

′khi,2′

′kha,2′

′khai?2′


72

^

Tones

There are four contrastive tones in Padaung

Table 9 : Padaung Tones

6.5.1 Formationalstatements.

Phonemic

Notation Description Tone stick

Phonetic

Transcription

/1t a mid-level tone t-

t2t a low-falling tone t- [a]～ [・1,[F]

t3t a high-falling tone f-

a high-rising tone a [45],[`]

ll/ represents [33], a midJevel tone. The pitch pattem of this tone starts at

mid-level pitch and goes on the same range.

Examples : tkawt t tkaw33l

let r tle:331

lkal luwlr tka33 lu:w331

rkalrr 1ka133l

r?atmct t t?a33 mc:331

"kidney"

"hair"

"spider"

"pot handle"Copyright by Mahidol University

73

/2/ represents [''] - [''] and [ ..''], a low-falling tone. The pitch pattem of this

tone starts slightly below mid-level pitch and moves down to low level pitch. It has

two allotones as follows :

t2rl - t3Il a low-falling tone.

Exmりles: thaw2′ [thaw21]～ [thaw31] '!ie"

"give"

"big"

"to do"

[..2r1 a low falling tone accompanied with breathiness. It occurs with an

unaspirated stop, affricate and trill.

Examples'. niz2r lr.i?2t I

tPi?'';

cay2r lpaw'' tgaj'tl

thPj2'1

/3/ represents [52], a high-falling tone. The pitch pattern of this tone starts

around high pitch and falls down to a low level pitch.

Examples : raw3 t Iraw'2]

1lia452t

tho:5'l

tPha:s21

6haps2l

/4/ represents [ot] -d [..451, a high-rising tone. The pitch pattem of this tone

around mid high pitch and rises to a high pitch. It has two allotones as follows :

1as1 a high-rising tone.

ryhay2r tphaj2tt - tphaj3't

tdo2r tdo:2rl - tdo:3rl

rma't [ma:2'] - tma:3ll

ryi22r

tpaw2

rcuy2 r

rlial3r

rho3l

pha3r

fthaq3 r

"to cut" (scissors)

"goat"

"sweet basil"

"to lead"

"good"

"dance"

"loose"

"father"

"beer"


74

Examples: rkhiar tkhi:ast *I"

rmiat tmi:asl "grass"

rphuar tphu:a51 *beautiful'

1..451 a high rising tone accompanied with breathiness. It occurs with

unaspirated voiceless stop.

Examples '. ryiaa r tpi445l "weaving bag"

ftaar ftgosl 'fish"

6.5.2 Tone Contrast

/1/ ― /2/

/1/ ‐ /3/

/1/ ― /4/

/2/ ― /3/

/3/ ― /4/

/2/ ― ノ4/

rlurr "exhausted"

tlt2r "thread"

rmc'r "a nipple of feeding bottle"

mx3 t ';open"

latt "one-

iaat "moon"

ryhay2r "give"

ryhay3 t "mother of mother"

fiatkhi?zt "salty"

phuar "beautiful"

phur r "father of father"


75

6.6 Notes on Some Phonetic f,'eatures of Padaung Language

Suriya (1988:96) states that breathy voice is a common linguistic feature of

Austroasiatic language family.

In Padaung language breathy voice has been found in few words such as :

rpf 't

tpi4o5l

Ita4s)

tt+uj2r1

dP',l

trlj 2',1

trgw2rl

"goat"

"woven bag"

"fish"

"to lead"

"cut" (scissors)

"root"

"snake"

"sea"

"sweet basil"

^

The breathy voice only occurs with an unaspirated stop, affricate, and trill in

the initial position of major syllables. The pitch on breathy syllables is either low or

high.

Breathiness is barely audible in Padaung language. I noticed that when my

main informant spoke, the breathiness was hardly audible. When I asked her mother

to repeat the same word, breathiness was then heard.

Moreover, it has been found that among all unaspirated stops which occur

with breathy voice, only the initial voiceless unaspirated stop tpl also occurs with a

clear voice as exemplified below.

Example : tpe:'' le:2'1

tpaw2t 642r,

Therefore, it is predicted that the original forms of these words may have a

breathy voice which has been lost later on. Therefore, it can be anticipated that the

breathy voice may disappear in the next generation.Copyright by Mahidol University

76

Besides breathiness, the trill t r I is in the process of being replaced by the

lateral 1llas exemplified below. younger informans tend to replacetrlwith tltwhereas older informants still preserve the trill t r l. Therefore, there is a tendency that

the trill t r 1 may disappear in the future.

Examples : 1raug2' ga?2r1- 1[nu42r 0a?21; ,.pumpkin,'

Jrau42t kawt21 - llauj2r kew521 "pumpkin peel"

lraup2l mc:33; - 1lau12l mc:331 .,pumpkin stalk,'

一（


CHAPTER VⅡ

CONCLUSION AND SUGGEST10NS

FOR FURTHER STUDIES

Based on the geographical classification of the Karenic branch, the Padaung

language is placed in the cennal Karen group. The Padaung people recently

immigrated to Thailand. They differ from other Karen groups residing in Thailand

such as Sgaw and Pwo Karen which belong to the southern Karen group. other Karen

languages of the cennal group, namely Eastern Kayah and Westem Kayah Li have

been studied by Solnit (1986) and Bryant (1993) respectively. However, there has

been little research on the Padaung language so I decided to study the phonology of

this language.

The goal of this study is to describ€ the Padaung phonology as spoken at Ban

Naisoi, Tambol Pang Mu, Muang District, Mae Hong Son Province. The significant

phonetic characteristic of the Padaung language is breathiness which is a typical

featue of the cental Karen group as found in Wesem Kayab, (Bryant 1993)'

Another significant phonetic characteristic of the Padaung language is the richness of

final consonants. There are seven final consonants in the Padaung language, whercas

Easem Kayah and Westem Kayah have no final consonanl

The linguistic framework used for the phonological anelysis is Tagmemics'

t

7.1 Research Result

The Phonological description of the p"a"*g language includes the intonation,

the phonological word, the syllable, and the phonemes'


78

7.1.1 Intonation

The intonation pattems are not distinctive. Tones of the final particles cause

the falling and rising intonation.

7.1.2 Phonological Word

The phonological word consists of monosyllabic words, disyllabic words and

trisyllabic words. The monosyllabic words have one syllable carrying a sfiong stress.

The disyllabic words have t'wo syllables and can be classified according to itsstructure into two sub-types ; sub-type I, the strong stress is on the last syllable and

unstressed is on the first syllable, sub+ype II, the strong stress is on the last syllable

and the weak stress is on the first syllable. The trisyllabic words have three syllables

and can be classified according to its structue into two sub-types ; sub-type I, the

shong stress is on the last syllable, the weak stress is on the second syllable and

unstressed is on the first syllable, sub-type II, the strong stress is on the last syllable

and the weak stress is on the first aad the second syllable.

7.1.3 Syllable

According to the sytlable structure, there are three types of syllables ;

presyllable, minor syllable and major syllable. The presyllable consists of /al or lal

and has a low pitch which is neutralized and becomes a mid level pitch. The major

and minor syllables consist of all vowel phonemes and also all tonemes. There is no

contrast between short and long vowels. Therefore, the lenglh of vowels is non-

phonemic.

There are three types of stress : strong stress, weak stress and zero stress.

7.1.4 Phonemes

Consonants : There are 22 consonant phonemes

/ p, ph, b, t, th, d, c, j, ch, k, kh, g, ?, m, n, p, s, h, l, r, w, y t.


79

Vowels : There are 13 vowel phonemes / i, e, e, a, a, ur, u, o, J, ia, ai, oru, ua /.

Tones : There are four tones in Padaung.

tt t ["] a mid-level tone.

/2/ [211_[31] a10W― falling tone

)t

l4t

[ '']It']

tt'l

t .. otl

a low-falling tone with breathy voice.

a high-falling tone.

a high-rising tone.

a high-rising tone with breathy voice.

It should be noted that the breathiness is in the process of being lost as seen in

the speech ofyoung informants who speak with barely audible breathiness.

7 .2 Discussion

The phonological study of the Padaung language fills the gap of Karenic

studies in that when adding this research result to the previous studies of the Central

Karen group, it yields a complete picture of the linguistic studies of the Central Karen

$oup.

Furthermore, the present study can be used in a comparative study of Karenic

languages

Finally, it is hoped that the study of the Padaung language will bring a better

understanding between the Padaung people and the local Thai people.

7.3 Problems in the study

7.3.1 The Padaung houses were situated along both sides ofthe road

teading to a Kayah refugee camp and it was difficult to frre a quiet

place to elicit the data. Therefore, there was an interfering sound when

eliciting the data. Furthermore, the informant could not go out of her

area because of the political reason. As a result, the quality of data

recording was not as good as it should be.

7.3.2 During the peak season of tourism, the data collection could not beCopyright by Mahidol University

80

made because there were many tourists visiting the padaung village

and the informant had to meet visitors.

7.3.3 During the initial period of data collection, an interpreter was needed to

help me elicit the data. So I was not confident of the accuracy of the

data. However, one year later, the informant could understand a little

Thai and I could speak some Padaung language so no interpreter was

required.

7.3.4 The research area is on the Myanmar-Thailand frontier. Even though Ihad a permission {iom the govemment officials to work in this are4

I had to be careful and could not go out ofthe govemment secure

alea.

7.4 Suggestions For Further Studies.

7.4.1 To compare Karenic languages ofall groups.

7 .4.2 To conduct an acoustic snrdy of Padaung language and compare the

result with the present research.

7 .4.3 To compare a phonological study of the Padaung people with brass

rings and Padaung without brass rings, assuming that the brass rings

infl uence pronunciation.

7 .4.4 To study other aspects of the Padaung language such as syntax,

morphology and sociolinguistics.

7.4.5 To investigate a linguistic change of the Padaturg speech of people

fr om diflerent generations.


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Edition. Dallas : Summer Institute of Linguistics , Inc.

Healey, Alan. (1975). Laneuaee Learner's Field Guide. Papua New Guinea : The

Summer Institute of Linguistics. Printing Department. Ukarumpa, E.H.D.

Jones, Robert B., Jr. (1961). Karen Lineuistic Studies : Description, Comparison,

and Texts. Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press.

Kauffman, William G. (1993). The Great Tone Solit and Central Karen. M.A.

Thesis in the Graduate Faculty of the University of North Dakota.

Keshishia, Jone M. (1979). Anatomy of a Burmese Beauty Secret. National

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Lebar, Frank M. , et al . (1964). Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast Asia. New

Haven, Conn. : Human Relations Area Files Press.

Lewis, Paul and Elaine. ( I 984). Peoples of the Trianele : Six Tribes in Thailand.

Thames and Hudson, London.

Matisofi James A. (1973). "Tonogenesis in Southeast Asia." In Larry M. Hyman

(Ed.), Consonant Tvpes and Tone. (pp.7l-76) Los Angeles : University of

Southem California.

Naruemon Chuensukon. (1995). A Phonoloeical studv ofPwo Karen at Huay-

Hom-Nok villaee. Tambon Tha-mae-lob. Mae-Tha District. Lamphun

Province. M.A. Thesis in Southeast Asian Linguistics. Faculty of Graduate

studies, Mahidol University.

Puttachart Dhananjayananda. (1983). The Phonoloev of Seaw Karen. with

Comparisons with Thai. M.A. Thesis in Southeast Asian Linguistics.

Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University.

R. L. Trask (1995). A Dictionarv of Phonetics and Phonoloey. London : Routledge.

Solnit, David B. (1986). A Grammatical Sketch of Eastem Kavah (Red Karen).

Berkeley : University of Califomia Dissertation.

Padaung : Burma. (1978). In The Illustrated Encvclopedia of Mankind. (vol. 12,

pp I5a9-1551). London: Marshall Covendish Limited.

The Oxford - Duden Pictorial Thai & Enelish Dictionarv. (1992) Bangkok : River

Books.

Varapom Noiwong. (1991). A Phonoloeical of Thineanyun. Raneoon Burmese as

spoken in Maesot. Tak Province. M.A. Thesis in Southeast Asian

Linguistics. Faculty of Graduate Studies, Mahidol University.

:vrra.:rn:rvr{, n:!. nond{lfl:lyrimltr. nsryr: i{[r:'r{lurrayaia6n-r: rirnl.

111lolJ、Nγ■u14111iqol14」 ,811nπ lηo]2538(2538)110く lИ l :5■ lJ,,創 nni

lN NIN


^

u^nr aul:ori. " rno.: (padaung; ". rr:ar:autiir'utrerr.,r. t7,3-4 (n:nqrnu-

1■ つln■ 2536),24‐ 37

η,qua nlJoη うn。 (2539) nlllJη ,oin::08И つ。olつ』inO慧■0,■幻ηO。1710o

襲 ]]'OJⅥ ・,37(4),69‐76

1旬 RヾИ l刊品 (2499)面 o31ね ol樋 olqtnglnttα lo3う■ 1,(■■フイ論■10"創

」,8う6N14η ntηOd■■linnn ioИっn“JJooα o■ (2537)111ゴ 0。dO■

ら,giγf dninwS働 (2516),glJll141lo:看0く則oong:И ,o01■ dnlJad■lJttq 100。1,nn,口 :llπ

nn,lnunnllll 144 n,コ ∩nttnlγnni l,ol■7(n,anl oloⅥ 弥っ

oNmぅ o llJⅥ四百 (2536)0,弓 llon:nl,6ι n,18ャF,81jula」ヾnlotηⅥ4 :U:Jη α75,,N―

測no¬ n9

-――――J1901:nglll,oonoo13 11,01,n nu lllagっ倒■5,,■ ,8(2),24-37(nn ―in 32)

o■ nⅥ anγlmf 253つ nつ n■ Ⅲ l編Uttγl飢則■1lo訓И号Oo低are→

d n tuu't n flul? 111.

qiar icruno. :4. n:. flundr. (2531) ututnturlurorfioornrrlri Rlurer:s Ird0odIa:-

lo:loan“ a彫。,彫 Q。l14-f:」口 tづ Nη i nlntt i nlo:η‖4:1,幻 fNⅥζ,o■ ::イ■

o■, ηらイno(2535)●ⅥπnOnチ αol■■うギonl■ 11lagl例 l15,,N110ヽγ悧■lγ■um

■71つη0100■ 7na

londl,何■乱:nn,イ 0■ anl,loolloo憔 llinl:JJOq,o■ (■ 」」)11轟oll■」,彫 %1“脚TiuJ

憔И怖::」 Jooao■ lη Jno:61lGttnl,1■ イ


APPENDIX

^


APPENDⅨ

The following Padaung lexical items are listed with general meanings.

The entries are arranged in the following order_

l. The initial consonants are arranged according to their points ofarticulatioq i.e. bilabial, dental, alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal. Thus, the order

ofthe initial consonants is / b, p, ph, d, t th, j, c, ch, g, k, kh, ?, s, h, m, n, g, l,

r,w,y /.

2. The order ofthe vowels is / i, e, e, a, e, ur, u, o, c, ia, ai, eru, ua /.

3. The order of the tones is I 1,2,3, 4 / .


/b/

^

/bi2 yЭ ]4 tay2/

/bi4 1u'2/

ノЪi4 su'2/

/be2/

lbey3 baw2 /

/bε1/

/bε2/

ノЪa2 dow3/

/ba2 sa?2/

/ba2 su'2/

/ba2 hu'4 1ay3/

/ba2 1a]2/

/ba2 1。1 ,ε l sa'2/

/ba2 1。 ,2/

/ba3/

ノЪa12/

ノЪa03/

/ba]3/

/bay3 su13/

/b。2 pia2/

/b。2 tha?2/

/bol cu?4/

/bЭ3 caW3/

/bЭ2 kul kaw3/

ノЪo2 khli,2/

/b。2,ia]2/

/b。2 raW3/

/bow2/

candle

bury

a kind of vegetable

opium

cradle

duck

question word

television

love

charcoal

onion

jackfruit

laffa

apologize

stamp

bamboo shoot

glass of water

spear

fermented soybean

to weave a bag

to weave cloth

spoon

a kind of vegetable

to weave a scarf

battery

starch

maiden

classifier of kerosene cane

―~


lbew2l

lbew3/

floua ba2 ta4 khe't2l

ibua ba2 si3/

ft,ua put2l

/bua daw3/

/bua krur daw3/

lbleo/

lble2l

lblo2 ct22l

/blu2 kleri

lbwi2/

lbwe3 /

lbwe2 ca22l

lbwa42/

lpiz dar12l

lpit2 /

lpi24 ?at phx24l

lpe2 le2/

lpe'la/

lpeza ba?2 I

lpe't4 bli?41

lpa2 kat ta3l

lpa4a ka2l

lpawz cay2l

lpaw2 cay2 layt I

lpaita I

/perkardc3/

/pt

butterfly

husk

winged bean

a kind of vegetable

mosquito

everyday

three days from today

shoulder

leech

sexual intercourse

take off (shoes)

tobacco

tulr

ascetic

fat

ruler

goat

pocket

sea

split

knife

kapok

dumb

electric fan

sweet basil

holy basil

a drinking straw

pot cover

な

A


/parkiawr/

lpeu2/

lpewzl

lpaw2 lu22l

lputt /

/pus2a/

/pfl21

lpf lezl

lpcqt d,at I

/pc4r nu?2 thurr/

lpreyt /

lprat I

lprat cua3l

/prar chewri

/prar khaw3/

/prar khaw3 phaw3 prar mru22/

/prar khaw3 kua2 ?a{2 thawt/

/prar mru?2 kua2 ?ag2 thaw3/

lprat klaq2 qaw2l

lprat h{tzl

lprat mw'12/

/prar mia13 kiawr/

/prar mur22 cul3 caw2 prar khaw3

lprat yat I

/prat ytt I

lpra?a kawt I

lpraqt /

lprayl I

^ /Prcto/

lPle2a I

pan

lime

cow

cart

rope

a kind of animal

younger

betel

powder

milk

buy

classifier of person, aged

elegant man

to shout

man

force to rape

a groom

a bride

singer

robber

woman

superstar

cwt3 cawzl homosexual

wrench

doll

a sparking plug

rainbow

intestine

to vomit

house lizard

^.


/plat I

lpla4t /

lplaya I

lplayt I

AITOW

to clap hands

loud

tongue

card, skin, near

cannot breathe

mother of mother

ash

father

embrace, to hold a baby

flower

a kind of flower

a kind of flower

to give

to feed milk

termite

straw

mother of father

abdomen, grandfather

beautiful

naval

pregnant

to suffer from diarrhea

calf

flute

catarrh

soft

/ph I

lphil2l

/phi2 sa?a cu3 nay2l

lphey3/

lphat I

lpha3l

lphawtl

lphaw3l

/phawt mu?21

/phaw3 lay'/

lphay2l

lphay2 ?i rtz1

lphaza 2 o?a I

/phay2l

/phr:t3l

lpht3l

lphla I

/phrt3 day2l

/phu3 do2/

/phu3 cha3/

/phua sa22l

/phur lur ?e r/

/phu3 yir la4a/

lphty3/

^.


/phct ti3 I

/phc3 tat ki r/

lphc3 ca?21

lphc3 chezz/

lpha3 ? E3l

lphc22 /

/phcz4 di' tc'/

lphc?a dia43l

lph{la 2c2 sru3 ba' la3l

lpho?a mea/

lphu'ay3/

/phli'/

lphle2 /

lphleal

/phlow2 phli'/

small, narrow

twin

children

poor

group

raft

pomelo

to cook

to abort

Ace of Club

Jack of Diamonds

exhaust

film

fast

eyelid

to spit

earring

a charcoal grip

belt

rabbit

mat

water flakes

a photograph, a picture

dry cell battery

flashlight

enough

basket

aluminum

/dt

^

/di2 thty4l

ldi2 stl?2l

ldi?41

ldey3 caw3l

ldet /

ldas /

ldaa b:ua I

ldaa poa /

ld^4 khe?" I

ldaa mial, ldaa mey3l

/d,a2 he3l

/daq3/

lda4a /

^


/daw3 pa2/

/daw3 ti,2/

/daw3/

/daw3 cШ 3 tha13/

/da、v3chε ,4/

/day2/

/day2?Э w3/

/day2 su'2/

/day3 kaD3/

/dow2/

/dЭ、v3/

/du1/

/du,4/

/du4 ma｀ V1/

/do1/

/d。3,al da]3/

/d。2/

/d。2 ch。2 tcy4 ch。 2/

/d。3 thШ 3/

/d。3 kaW2/

/dia]3/

/dia03 te1/

/dia03 thuy2/

/dia13 pli'2/

/dia03 pwε 1/

/dia04 khlu'4/

/dua]2/

/dua]2 tu'4/

axe

riding(hOrse)

bifc

dull(knifc)

to stab(knife)

bullfrOg

frog

toad

hccl

read

classifler of a book

、vith, and

to sa、v

they

scold

dishevded oaL)

big

drum

boiled

sickle

food

glutinous Hce in barnboo

tube

bowl

∞oked Hcc(hOt,iesh)

platc

cooked Hcc

(COld and tasteless)

nfe,fork

to cut(mfe)

ヘ

^


^ ldluayz tylt1 a brooch

Iiquor

horse

zebra

tell

to greet

forget

pleasant

exhaust

sorry

a prominent nose

a flattened nose

nostril

philtrum

nose hair

pincers

angry

gftlss

tattoo

a headache reliwer pill

a kind of drug

garbage

lazy

rugged

dislike

animal

oTmbals

/t/

/ti?l sII13 1ay2/

/ti,2/

/ti,2 ku3 kle3/

/tel ba2/

/tal ba3ノ

/tal pe'4/

たalメaw2 r01/

/tal plu'2/

/tal pla'4/

/tal phu3 khi,2/

/tal phu3 pli'2/

/tal phu3 kow3/

/tal phu3 c.3/

/tal phu3 chwa12/

/tal di24/

/tal du'2/

/tal dow3/

/tal til kiawリ

/tal til tha4 kal kloメ /

/tal til tha4 kal khu'2/

/tai taw3 bo1/

/tal th12 kal lia]3/

/tal the3/

/tal tha12/

/tal mi1/

/tai chi'2/

ハ

^


ハ

/tnt he?4 ju.t2 2^y2l

Itat he3l

Itat r.ar I

Itat naw3l

/tat 4aa/

ltat 4aa doz/

Ital 1ct reqz cl't?a I

Itat ra2l

Itat raal

Itat raa krta I

/tat r* tat ba43 /

Ita\ tD2'le3l

Itat rc21

ltar rc2 ta2al

Itat ro'14 tat ra'la/

Itat b22/

Itat ytzl

ltaa chi3l

Itaa chwi2l

Itaa kd may2l

Ita4'la.w2/

Ita4 me?4/

Itaa rawz/

Ita42 cat lcqt lIta42 sew2l

Ita:s,t /

Itawt tat mal chru3/

Itawt tar ?ay2l

/tawr trus pli3/

Itawt ktaz n,e2/

bird pepper

catch a cold

gun

pleasant

to smile

to laugh

friend

what

vegetable

doctor

centipede

enYy

fear

grieve

things

ladder

guitar

roasted-fish

fish-rib

fin

fish-rib

shrimp paste

eel

ladder

musical .instrument

to go, to walk

to excrement

to urinate

come here

go now


/tawl sa'2/

/to kan1/

/to kuy2/

/tЭ kl。3?al raw3/

/to klo'2/

/to khuI'2/

/to khШ'2 kow3/

/to khШ'2 yuy2/

/t。3/

/t。3 du3/

/t。3?m3/

/t。3 kal khi3/

/t。3 kal oa3/

/t。3 nla1/

/tou12/

/t。 ,2/

/t。 ,2 Pha3/

/tok3 ke2/

/tu?4/

/tia]21i2/

/tual'c2cal t03]al pha4 1al kay2/

/tua02/

/tua12 chwa12/

sdt

inside

to meander

diligent

grasshopper

turtle

carapace of the turtle

(shell)

to hide in a turtle shell

box

this

here

behind

in front of

where

ant

key

orchid

gecko

to cut

to write

to move a little bit

porcupine

porcupine's spine

tcle宙 sion

to klck

/th/

/thi2 bi?2/

/thi3/


/thi3 tu1/

/thi3 kal luw1/

/thЭ ?2/

/th。3h。 3/

/th。3 bLu1/

/thЭШ2/

/thЭШ,2/

/tha4 bc,2/

/tha4 di?4/

/tha4 cha]3/

/tha4 ka!CO?4/

/tha4 kay2/

/tha4 nlai nε ?4/

/tha4 in02/

/tha4 1i2/

/tha4 1。3/

/tha4 ri'2/

Ithaq3l

Itha42l

/tha]2d。 ,4 ka2/

/tha12 sal laD4/

/thaw2/

/thaw2 pwi1/

/thaw2/

/thow2/

/thow2tal ki1/

/thow2 thШ 3 phO?4/

/thow2 klЭ ?2/

/thow2 pwi1/

a bamboo strip woven

together

a pigtail

to rub

already

close

umbrella

heavy

comrgated iron roof

pliers

frle

wrap beam

cloth beam

chisel

nail

to read

round

scissors

bear

to ascend

to get on a bus

to breathe

pig

pigsty

to push

bird

bird-wing

a kind of bird

vulture

bird-nest

―‐


/thu13/

/thШ 3 ti,2/

/thШ3 baD3/

/thШ3 bu4/

/thШ 3 b。 3/

/thШ3 thwi2/

/thu13 cha]3/

/thШ3 kol la]21a]1/

/thu13 k。1 la]2 yaW2/

/thII13 kow2/

/thШ3 khu'2/

/thШ3,al phiw3/

/thШ3?。 2/

/thШ3 nC1/,/thШ 3 nel pЭ 1/

/thuu3 1al the'4/

/thu13 1aW2/

/thШ3 y02/

/thu,2/

/thu3 ma2 ha3/

/thu3 naW2 tal di3/

シthu〕 naw2 caW2/

/thu3 naW2 ha3ノ

/thu3 naW2 1a3/

/thuy2/

/thuy4/

/th。 ,2/

/thol lal pi1/

/thwi2/

/thwi2 mi1/

water, gold

hail

glass

water flask

pail

waterfall

to push

tab

a pole for carrying loads

across the shoulder

hot water

stIeam

to flow

well water

kettle

drop (water)

river

hospital

Iime

when

next week

next life

next time

next month

bowl

red lime

paper box

to plane wood

dog

wolf

ミ


/thwε ,4/ right side

woman teacher

man teacher

to strangle

bottom gourd

cannot

to come

going home

sewing machine

ring

policeman

chopping block

aunt

ironing board

monk

Buddhism church

a bowl carried by a

Buddhist priest

soap

student

syringe

elbow

the ring finger

left side

right side

motorcycle

fore arm

/c/

一（

/cil lal inЭ ]3/

/cil lal pha3/

/ci2 kal klaw3/

/ci2 sa'2/

/ci4 cha?2/

/ce1/

/cel dow3/

/cc,2/

/ce4 su3/

/ce1/

lce41 klaw2l

/ca?2/

/ca2 bul?ε 1/

/ca2 bwШ?2/

/ca2 bwШ ?2 kil ?。 1/

/ca2 bww?2 kaW3 pЭ 1/

/ca2 Pia2/

/ca2 phЭ?4 pha2 1i2/

/ca2 du?2/

/ca2 day2 ka]3/

/ca2 thow3/

/ca2 thwε ,4/

/ca2 cai'2/

/ca2 kε,4/

/ca2 kaW3/ Copyright by Mahidol University

/ca2 kaW3 ka2/

/ca2 kaW3 caW2/

/ca2 khШ ,2/

/ca2 khow2/

/ca2,aW2/

/ca2 hua1/

/ca2 hual phol daw3 d。 2/

/ca2 hual phol khaw3/

/ca2 hual phol mШ'2/

/ca2 hual inШ'2/

/ca2 mal daw3/

/ca2 mW?2/

/ca2 ya1/

/ca2 ya3 thu'4/

/ca2 yu'2/

/ca14 thШ 3/

/ca]4/

/ca]2 daW3/

/ca12 daW2 h。 3/

/ca12 1al kay4 hu?2/

/cay2/

/cai?4/

/c。3 ce'2/

/coy4 da4 pO1/

/cШ l doyl ko'4/

/cШ l klo2/

/cШi now3 mε

'4/

/cu12/

/cШ2 ca2 kul?ε 2/

/cm2 ca'2/

broken arm

arm

raft

back hand

nothing

king

king' s nephew

prince

princess

queen

tomorrow

the thumb

palm

lines of hands

the index finger

mist

to wash

good at

a little

little

a woven bamboo basket

fresh

to tie

to take a photograph

elbow

lazy

knuckle

necklace

the ring finger

a little finger

^


（ヽ

/cru2 sur3 mol/

lcutz sa'12 I

lcut2 mut?2l

/cut2 now3 na42 klu?a/

lcut3 I

/cur3 bu3 khe2/

/cw3 pa42 yat I

/cut3 ti?z/

/cur3 tha43i

lcuf 2 a:w2l

/cru3 si2 hag3/

/cur3 murl phaw3/

/cu3 mwe?2/

/cru3 rawr/

lcrtt3 yutz tar kaa yu2 /

lct?a I

/cur pral tolthu3/

lcct I

/ccm3 raw3/

lct4t tat /

lcrtaya c{)21

/cuaya ma22l

/cwi2l

lcwi2 kat blul2l

lcwi2 kr2l

lcwa4a /

live

salt

nail

glove

do not

not at all

easy

do not know

wide

not yet

cannot remember

a white dot in a finger nail

not, no

dirty

foe

to bum

a go-between

umbrella

tomorrow

student

same

how much

to lead, suck, sealing wax

to kiss

a bottle of milk

mushroom

^


^ lch/

lchi3l

lchi2 baw3 /

/chija phua/

lche3l

/che'la I

/che24 tat twt2l

lcha3l

lcha3 /

/cha3 phu3/

lcha3 cha22 I

lcha3 cha?2 piag2 mo'/

lcha3 kat klx22 /

/cha3 kat khu3/

/cha3 hu3/

/chag3 phc?a I

/chaDr kar ku3/

/chap3 kaw3/

/cha43 me2/

/chag3 mu2/

/chap3 mcr/

/chaw3.l

lcha?2/

lchayt lE2l

/chufl2l

/chut3 /

/chu3 du2 grus ma3/

/chu3 du2 la2 ma3l

sweet

mortar

galingal

fear

to stab

to inject

ill

sky

stomachache

winnowing basket

powdered detergent

headache

toothache

to winnow

to give birth

elephant ear

elephant mouth

elephant task

elephant foot

trunk

eiCht

a kind of monkey

the accelerator paddle of

a car

crossbow

sour, chicken

twelve

eleven


/chu13,aW3/

/chШ 3 si?2/

/chШ 3 si3 ma1/

/chu2/

/chu,2/

/chu3/

/chuy2 kal dШ 2 sa'2/

/chuy21 sa'2/

/ch。 ,2/

/chuay3 pral yo1/

/chwi2/

/chwc2/

/chwε 2/

/chwa12/

to crow

hail

thirteen

launder

taro

six

litchi

button , hook

to plant, mountain

drawing

bone

crab

rain

feather

/j/

巧u,2/

4u?2 day2/

/J。,2/

ィjai,2t。 ]2/

/kil thow3/

/kil?o1/

/kil'ol tal ba3/

/kil?ol tal pho'4/

/kil lo'2/

/k/

rat

mouse trap

monkey

the name of recreation

plastic bag

school

church

student

scale


/kal ti4 tu13 tha]2/

/kal pia2/

/kal plo?2ノ

/kal plo2 chwa12/

/kal phu3 sa'2/

/kal phow3/

/kal ba'2/

/kal baw3ノ

/kal b。3/

/kal bu?2/

/kal bu?2 1ay3,cw2/

/kal da3/

/kal da'4/

/kal du3/

ノkal dcy3/

/kal dey3 pШ1/

/kal du2 kal la1/

/kal da]3/

/kal duay2/

/kal ci3/

/kal ca'4/

/kal ca'4 kow2/

/kal colノ

/kal cu3/

/kal chm2 sa'2/

/kal chu'2/

/kal chwε2/

/kal kaw3/

/kal kok3/

/kal klo2/

sweat

eraser

lip

mole

calf

waist

back

、vhte hair

ncck

cheek

dilnple

hard palate

forehead

goltcr

leg

bclt

uigh

tooth

Adam's apple

radio

toilet

toilet bowi

middle

SOCk

tomato

bread

ram

towel,scarf

broke

head

^

^

ハ


^ /kal klo2 1nal pha3/

/kal klШ'2/

/ka!krШ'2/

/kal krЩ 4/

/kal khi1/

/kal khil kow3/

/kal khil lu2/

/kal khil ba]3/

/kal khil klu?2/

/kal khi4/

/kal khe'4 di,4/

/kal khШ 3/

/kal khШ3 bli?4/

/kal khШ 3 d。 2/

/kal khШ3 phO'4/

/kal khШ3 cu3/

/kal khay2/

/kal sa?4/

/kal sШ ?2/

/kal?e3ノ

/kal'w'2/

/kal may2/

/kal ne2/

/kal now3/

/kal nu'2/

/kal li2 pШ1/

/kal lal'ua]2 tШ lthШ 3/

/kЭl la]2 bwe2 0m2 hua]4 cc1/

/ko!la12 pa]1/

/kЭl la]2 Pol hua14 ce1/

a wound at the head

hip

hat

owl

corn

com-peel

com-thread

com-seed

pod of com

back

hairpin

tooth

gum

molar

incisor tooth

canine tooth

stIap

scratch

comb

bomb

to hiccup

tail, nail

now

hom

muddy

necklace

bathroom

wardrobe

screwdriver

clothes hanger

ハ


/kЭl la12 th。 4 hi,2/

/kol la12 thoШ,2/

/kol la12 daW3 tal ku3/

/kol la]2 kay2 tuII to'4/

/kol la12 kuy2 sIII?2/

/kЭl la12 kuy2 kal Chu'2/

/kЭ! la]2 kiaW2/

/kol laD2 kla]2/

/kЭ! laD2 klaD2 kuy2/

/kol laD2 huy3 ke3 tal rO'4 tal ra'4/

/kЭl laD2 mey3/

/kol la]2 1nCy3 yO1/

/kЭ!la02 maW2 tШ 3 talju'2/

/kЭl laD2 mul phul tey3 hi,2/

/kol la]2 mЭ ?2 ka2/

/kol la]2 na13/

/kol la12 nao3 0Ш ,2 hua]4 cc1/

/kol la12 yttЦ2 bu4 th。21111?2 hua14ce1/

/kol la]2 ri2 cwl mIII?2/

/k。11。2/

/kol luw1/

/kЭl luwl phaw3/

/kol lo1/

/kal lia13/

/kal ya13/

/kal y。2/

/ka2/

/ka2 be'2/

/ka2 kal dO'4/

/ka2 kal la12,aW2/

mop

zipper

to punch a hole on the ear

key-holder

drill

razor

par

toy

brace and bit

garbage

mattress, mosquito net

bed

mousetrap

frill

handle-wheel

bench

clothesline

ironing

nail clipper

tobacco

hair

damaged-hair

scale

lazy

Padaung people

guitar

car

wheel

car-roof

car-hood

ハ


^

/ka]1/

/ka]l paw2 thay2/

/ka]l ca]41u2/

/ka12 kow2/

/ka]l kha'2/

/ka]l khШ ?2/

/ka]I sa'2/

/ka]l hШ 3/

/kall laylノ

/ka12 bow3/

/ka]2 kaW2/

/ka]2 thow3/

/kaw1/

/kawi cha3/

/kawi na]2/

/kay2 phu4/

/koll khay2/

/kol pha'2/

/kЭl pha'2 pli1/

/k。3/

/kЭ3 h。 3/

/k。3 ha]2/

/kou12/

/ku4 kaW3/

/ku4 kua12/

/ku4 khaW2/

/kul?e4/

/kul'ci tal phu3/

/ku4 1a1/

spider

eggplant (Aubergine)

spider web

hot

a kind of eggplant

night

eggplant

a kind of eggplant

a kind of eggplant

white eggplant

dragonfly

a kind of eggplant

mouth

a wound inside the mouth

to cut gtass with a

sweeping motion

brooch

strap

shoe

shoe rope

bald

be fulI (stomach)

something like that

chair

inside

outside

upstairs

sack

papaya

downstairs

ヽ


/kuy1/

/kuy2 kc3 thШ 3/

/k。 ,2/

/klow3ノ

/klЭw3 kal la92 d。 2/

/kral mal daw3/

/krul mal daw3/

/kra?2/

/klu,2/

/kia01/

/kiaw1/

/kua2/

/kua]2/

/kua12 thШ 3/

/kua02 kha?2/

/kua14/

/kla01 mol ya1/

/kla]l mol lay1/

/klaDl mЭ l la]!/

/klaD2/

/kla12 DaW2/

/kwε1/

/kwa1/

/kwa2,al'03/

millipede

to pour

bottle

a heddle

a bell-stick

three days from today

the day after tomorrow

market

smoke

fast

to fry

to begin

nearly

to swim

to hunt

put on

thunder

lightening

thunderbolt

to play

to sing

to run

wrench

to dig

salty

I

deer

/kh/

/khi,2/

/khi4/

/khi4,。 2/


/kha3/

/kha2/

/kha,2/

/khaw2 sa'2/

/khai,2/

/khay3/

/khay3 d。2/

/khay3 chwi2/

/khow3/

/khШ 3/

/khu2/

/khu2 saW3/

/khu?2/

/khuy2/

/khuy2 ka4 1uW2/

/khuy3/

/khol ral khal la?2/

/khwa3/

/khia3 1e3 huy3/

/khia]3/

/khli,2/

/khic,4/

/khiol kЭl la12 ca]3/

/khlol kol la]2 haW3/

/khluy3 sa?2/

/khluy3 b。 3/

/khiuytphu4 sa'2/

/khiow2/

/khiow4/

bright

bitter

shoot

mamgo

hammer

tiger

a kind of tiger

lion

chair

a kind of deer

to dig

different

bridge

skink, chameleon

bald

nine

ivy gourd

wrench

fighting

brother-inJaw

louse

road

bag

backpack

banana

the inflorescence of the

banana plant

papaya

cold

tall


/gwe2 prar mru22/

/gwe2 prar khaw3/

lgwatl

tguy t

/g/

/?/

older sister

older brother

husband

to squeeze

to bite

ginger

sack (classifier)

to rip

white people

yellow

white

thin

tult

fat

thick

rotten

big

bigger

dull (knife)

have a good time

mad

near, short

small

seed

/?e?2/

/,c3/

/?e?4/

/?e4ke4/

/?c]l kal lc'4/

/'al ba03/

/'al bow3/

/'al bu13/

/?al bwεl ho3/

/?al bwa]2/

/,al di3/

/?al du3/

/,al du2 raW3/

/,al d。2 khl。 3/

/?al dua]2r04/

/?al pil?o2/

/'al plu'2/

/'al phi'2/,/,al

/?al phol ti3/

/'aI Phlu2ノ

phi,2 hu'2/


/?al phlow2 khШ,2/

/,al tu4 h。 3/

/'al thow3/

/'al thЭЩ2/

/'al thoШ'2/

/'al tha4 1。3/

/?al tha12 1。4/

/'al tha12 1u13/

/'al ce'2/

/?al ca'2/

/?al c。2 raW4/

/'al caw2/

/,al cШ 3 tu3/

/'al chi3/

/'al chi4/

/?al chuay3 pral yo1/

/?al ki3/

/,al ka2 c。 ,4/

/?al kaw2/

/?al kal co1/

/?al klu'2/

/'al klo?2/

/'al khi?2/

/?al kha2/

/'al kha3/

ノ'al khow4/

/'al khlu2/

/'a1 9aw2/

/'al ?i'2/

/'al?ia]2/

blind

cheap

tall, long

to stop

heavy

round

sharp

tall

thin

brown

straight

wet

wTong

dry

sweet

drawing

wound

middle

hot

middle

blue

steam

salty

bitter

bright

younger ( sister, brother)

hard

swell

dark

narTow

ハ


l2at si3 /

/?at sa3 /

/2 at saa 2aw3 ?a2/

/t at he24 /

/?ar mey3 ta' khi3/

/1at mey3 ca' 1a'/

/2 at meys klcl2 /

/2a' mey3 sa'12/

/?at mey3 na42 map2 pral

llat mey3 mag2 na' gaw,

/1at mtt I

/?ar 0aw3 tur/

l? at t)aw3 do2l

/1at now3l

l?at le22/

/2at lat th}22 yut2l

12at layt I

l?a'lay'bal3l

/'t at lot I

lzat Lot gey3 .ro22 /

/2 at rat I

/2 at raw3l

l?at raw3 ?at yu,al2l

/2 at rl?21

/?at yaw2l

12 at yaw3l

l'l at yvta I

/1at)21

/'t anz thaw2/

12 a\t di't4l

green

rotten, lymph

a bunchof fruits

spicy

to lie on one side

to lie supine

to lie prone

to snore

bury (corpse)

dead person

pot handle

cheap

expensive

soft

wide

fighting

red

pink

black

dtuty

to walm

good

smaft, expert

gay

to carry

a rash on the skin

far

to eat

marry

coconut

tw3l

cur3 tawl/


ノ'a]4 na'2/

/,aw2 d。2/

/?aw2 na13/

/,aw2 1al kay3 hu'2/

/?aw3/

ノ'aw3//,aw3/

/?aw3 raW3/

/?ay2/

/?u13 daW3/

/,Ш3kay2/

ノ?m3 maW1/

/,u13 1al dЭ3/

/?u2/

/,u?2/

/,u2cШ 3 tu3/

/?u2kal lnay2/

/?u21。?2/

/?uy2/

/?u,4/

/,。2 mey3/

/'ol piaw2/

/?ol ca'4/

some, little

to smoke

to drink

to crow

many

excrement

today

that

you

one day

to look

to bark

hate

firewood

to see

delicious

to blow

to sleep

have a good time

Ioud

ｃｈｃｓｔ岬菌

/s/

/sil h。3ノ

/si3/

/si3 na12/

/si3.。1/

to know

three

to think

triangleCopyright by Mahidol University

/sa,4 th。,2/

/sa,4 thuy2/

/sal chШ2 sa'2/

/sal kla4 sa?2/

/sal'o'4/

/sal sO?2ノ

/sal suy3 sa'2/

/sal suy3 sal d02/

/sal hu4 sa'2/

/sal maw3 chШ 3/

/sal ru4 sa'2/

/sal ra'4/

/sa,4/

/sa?4 tha]2/

/sa?41a13/

/s。3/

/sШ1/

/sШ2 pha]3/

/sШ2 phe'4/

/sw2 th。31a1/

/swi sa?2/

/sШ2 sa'2/

/sШ2 1a1/

/sur2 1ay2/

/tw?2/

/tou12/

/tlЦ2/

/t【Ц2tha4/

/sw3/

/sШ3 1ia]3 mal phlow2/

heartbeat

saliva

a kind of fruit

star gooseberry

letter

l,-gorange

pomelo

litchi

water spinach

santol

shy

heart

inhale

exhale

rotten

brass

stick

bark

the roof made of leaves

cucumber

fruit

leaf

lipstick

tree

egg

louse

woIIn

die

to lift an eyebrow


/sruy3 che3/

/st:za/

/so2l

lswi2 /

lswi2 la42l

fear

liver

kitc,Jrplanc

blood

breeding

/h/

/hi,2/

/hi,2 tu1/

/hi,2 kaW3/

/hi,2 khu'2/

/hi?2s。 3/

/ham2 pha4 sa'2/

/ha12/

/ha]2 ba?2,i3/

/ha]2 pha'2/

/ha02 phu4 sa'2/

/ha]2 phua]2/

/ha]2 phia'2/

/ha12 dε3/

/ha12 chu3/

/ha12 kli3ノ

/ha]2 klu'2/

/ha]2 kh。 21a2/

/ha02 1e'2/

/hc,4/

/hu3/

/huy2 kal plo'2/

/huy2/

house

a wall of the house

inside the house

roof

floor

lernon

soil

dust

knee

calf

mud

hoe

leg

pestle

Chinese chive

mud

foot

lap

spicy, hot

pounded rice

to whistle

throw, broom

ミ


′、

/h。3/

/hwa,2/

/hwa,2 ta4/

/huaD4 ce1/

/hua]4 ccl b。 2/

/hua]4 ccl ble3/

/hua]4 cel PIu1/

/hua]4 cel pia2/, /hua14 cel

/hua04 cel na2 thЭ ?2ノ

/hua14 cel kaw3/

/hua14 ccl koi biaD3/

/hua14 ya2 ni3 ma2 phi02/

loose

bamboo

split bamboo partition

blouse

sleeves

undershirt

hook of blouse

phc?al pocket

a bufton

brassiere

collar

handkerchief

/mil ti?2/

/mil kla'4/

/mi4/

/.li4 kuy2/

/1ni4 hε ?4/

/me3 puI?2/

/me3 ta'2/

/mc3 cha13/

lme3 na42l

/mcy3 tal pla12/

/1ncy3 kai nЭl tal

/mey3 kia?2/

/rn ε2/

/mε ,4/

｀ /mε 4 baD3/

/ma1/

lmldrunk

forest

grass

matches

lemon grass

nylon for fishing rod

fishing

a rod for fishing

fishhook, harpoon

sleep

the?21 to lean

baby bed

wrist

ankle bone

galingal

to doCopyright by Mahidol University

lma2l

/ma3l

/mat pha?z bc2 /

lmat phaz2 klut2l

lmat phaa sa22l

/ma' du2 thewr/

lmat dtta4a roa /

/maa ca22/

lmat caw2 /

lmat chi22 /

lma'chwa42l

lmat ke2 may2/

/mar kuya/

/ma'kia4r/

/mat ?a\o sa22l

/mat h:u2o do2l

/mar hu?a bewl/

/mat hula lay3l

lmar sa'la la'lt /

lmat me?21

lmat ni2l

lmat ney2l

/mar gelr 4ew2/

lmat raz chwa42/

/mar lar ka2 sa?21

/mar lua lia j3l

/mat yua42 ne?a /

/mawt/

/maw2 sa?1/

/may2l

work

wife, classifier of house

boot shoe

slipper

lamina

yard long bean

smooth

minor wife

wet

fieht

eyelashes

bum

matches

fast

coconut

onion

garlic

shallot

lettuce

broken

but

age

slow

eyebrow

gusva

dancing

really

group

areca

fire


lmay2 phe3 /

lmay2 phe3l

matches

lighter

gas oven

smoke

l*Plight bulb

white of the eyes

eyebrows

mother, sun

to slide

the east

at noon

day

zipper

Sunday

pineapple

tamarind

green tamarind

niCht

Wednesday

evening

Chinese chive

spring onion

Friday

Tuesday

moming

Saturday

Monday

cabbage

/mayz kat la12 phc2a tar

dia43 tat ral2l

lmay2 klut2 /

/mayz khe?a I

lmay2 sa?21

/mer bew3/

/mer phlow2 chwaq2/

/me2l

lmez blay3l

lme2 tha12l

lme2 th:uu22l

/me2 ca3l

lme2 cayz kat thaz2l

/me2 kal tcr 4url/

lma2 ket sa22 /

lme2 klit satzl

/me2 kli' mew3/

lme2 khafl2 /

/me2 si3 lurr//me2 ha?al

/me2 hu?a mru2/

lme2 hu2a mew2 /

lma2 4*2 4wt /

/ma2 4ur3 4ur/lme2 raw3l

lma2 Lat di3l

/me2 lar lur//me2 Lat thewT /

.^


lme2 lat pa42l

/me2 law3l

/me2 luyr 4urr/

/mu3 bc3/

lmut3 cc?zl

lmw2 ha2a I

/mut3 sa'l2l

lmw3 yatl

/mut phca?/

/mur phlow2 sa?2/

/munr der/

/munt na22l

lmct/

/mct tc4 /

/mc2l

lmt3l

lmia1tl

lmiaw)l

/miaw3l

/miaw3 chc43/

/m:uayz lct2l

/mwa22/

/mwa22 kaw3l

lmwe2/

lmwet hr?4 pa2 /

Chinese kale

pupil of the eyes

Thursday

East lndian spinach

a stem of East Indian

spinach

yesterday

a fruit of East Indian

spinach

tendril of East Indian

spinach

curry

eyes

age

water buffalo

teat

boat

sky

to open

name

cat

sheriffs

city

all

pillow

pillow slip

yes

who


/nl

^

/nit 2ly2l

lnet sa22l

/ner phiar/

/ne?21

/net sazt I

/natl

lna3 kJ3l

lnat sut?21

/nat huyzl

lnat ret me2 phc2a I

/na2 /

lr,a?21

/na2 t112/

lna2 the?a I

lna2 kat ci3 /

/na2 hi4l

/r.a2 ria/

lna2 y:ua ?e?al

lnaw2 lo2 kh:ul2l

lnaw2 ne?21

lnayz llnay2 kaws llnay2 mat pha3l

lnaq2 prat do2l

/na42 prat che?2 /

/na43 phaw2l

lnaq2 kawzl

lna42 te22/

good smell

camachile

malaria

sword stick, year

cotton

you

shin

think of

broom

to lull to sleep by singing

listen

ghost

eyelids

to have a stroke

listening

hear

watch

coriander

nrenstruation

next year

bee

beehive

to stab (bee)

rich

poor

sit on the lap

to have a fever

to fall from the tree

ミ


/nan3 1aW2/

/nu?2/

/nu,2thШ 3/

/nu,2 inO1/

/nu,2 mOШ 3/

/nwε lノ

/nwεl kal la'2/

/nwε l mo2 kiw3/

/nialJ1/

to tell a lie

nipple

milk

teat

powdered milk

seven

taro

sweet potato

will

grieve

to cook in a pan with a

little oil

five

Friday

canned fish

a kind of vegetable

pants

a kind of pants

skirt

panties

sarong, loincloth

two

twenty

shell

a kind of shell (flat shape)

a kind of shell

(round shape)

a bun of hair

/0/

/]e21u2/

/]cD2 kiw3/

/]ε1/

/]ε20u11/

/]a2ti4 ta4/

/]a21u1/

/]Ш ?2/

/1Ш,2 bay3/

ノ]Ш ?2t。 3 kha13/

/]Ш,2 kaW3/

/]Ш21aW3 ki1/

/]Ш 3/

/]Ш3chЩ 3/

/]uy2/

/]uy2 tal pli1/

/]uy2 thal lo3/

/]uy2 ka4 1uW2/

ミ


/]。Ш,2/ cry

/1/

/1i2b。 3/

/1i2b。3thШ 3/

/1i2thЭ 3 da]2/

/1c1/

/1c3/

/1e3phi3/

/1c3dil la2/

/1e3pi3 bow3/

/1ε1/

/1a4/

/1a4bwε 1/

/1a4c。 ,2/

/1a4ma2/

/1al bla12/

/1al thЩ 3/

/1al klow2/

/1al'Ow3/

/1a! 'Ow3 bow3/

/1al sa]1/

/1al ma02/

/1a1/

/1al so1/

/1al say1/

/1al re'2/

/1al ya2/

/1a,2/

/1a3ku3?。 3/

pencil

pen

air-pump

knee

sister-in-law

eraser

armpit

bomb

kidney

moon

full moon

half moon

the waning moon

sometime

ten

to hit

cloud

the white cloud

a million

oil

one

ten thousand

a hundred thousand

one thousand

one hundred

leaf

deaf

ミ


ミ

/1a]2/

/1a12/

/1a02b。 3/

/1an2 tε ,4/

/1an2 ru?2/

/1ay2/

/1ay2 ba]3/

/1aw2,。 4/

/1。21ε 2cu?2/

/1o2rnawi sa'2/

/1u1/

/1u2/

/1u?2/

/1u,2 phЭ ?4/

/1u4thuy2/

/1uy1/

/1uyl no1/

/1。2/

/1。2 mε 4/

/1ia]3/

/1ia]3/

ノlia133 play1/

/1ua,4,a2ph。'4/

to descend

flag

flagstaff

to fall

to fall (leaves)

paper

pink

to tell a lie

exchange

orange

tried, exhausted

thread

cart

wheel banow

spoon

four

square

stone

sand

dance

to lick

to stick out

saw

/r/

lri22l

/re2 baa:3 I

lraw3l

lraws ct22l

/raw3 4ut2 huaga cer/

cut (scissors)

to harvest

good

together

clothesline

ミ


/ray2/

lre2 bew3l

/rez chwi2 /

/re2 chwa4zl

lrcw2l

lrew2 si3 /

/rew2 kaws/

/ntyz /

/ruaI /

/ruala bor/

hlua1o pi2l

/tta4a sa'l2l

/rua4a phlor/

/ruaga kewr/

lnta4a mct I

lnta4a baw3 sa'l2l

rattan

straw

rib

eyebrows

snack

green snack

snack's hole

root

silver

bracelets

prrlse

pumpkin

pumpkin seed

pumpkin skin

the calyx of pumpkin

wax gourd

screwdriver

take a bath

police station

police

soldier

plane wood

ice

vise

earthworm

/p1s?a ?vl2 ls'ta 1

/wa42 thrusi

lyit yo2/

/yit I

lyetbll/yet bo3 I

lyet khE2l l/y e22l

/ye22 cutz kro?a /

ly I


lya?a /

/y az4 bet2 dot2l

lyawl /

lyaw3 /

lyaw2 caw2 ilyaw3 che2a I

lyay2l

lyayz ttq2l

lyay2 kew2 /

lyutt I

lyu2 ? ar12 cha3 chru2/

/yuza/

lylut 2e4 la2l

/yur ?ea phaw3/

/yut ?ea sa?21

lyty2 lat2l

lytt /

banana leaves used for

wrapping

betel

mirror

carry

to carry on the shoulder

movie

wooden partition

badminton

the name of recreation

far, fly

a pregnant woman want to

eat something with sour

taste

point

coriander leaf

a flower ofparsley

a fruit of parsley

sensitive grass

shadow

21)3609

0


B10GRAPHY

NAME卜■ss sarlnya Khalnmuang

DATE OF BIRTⅡI NOvember 1971

PLACE OF BIRTⅡPhetchabun

INSTrrUT10NS ATTENDEDNaresuan University,

Bache10r ofAns(English)

Mahld01 u血 versity,

Master ofArts cinguお Jcs)

RESEARCⅡ GRANT Graduate Studies,

MabldOl u亜versity,1995

The National Research cOuncil, 1997

A‐
