the periodic tableparhamscience.pbworks.com/f/spectrum03.pdf · ba f cl br i uus at o s se te uuh...
TRANSCRIPT
The Periodic TableThe Periodic TableH
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ra
Ba
F
Cl
Br
I
Uus
At
O
S
Se
Te
Uuh
Po
N
P
As
Sb
Uup
Bi
C
Si
Ge
Sn
Uuq
Pb
B
Al
Ga
In
Uut
Tl
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
Uuo
La Ce Pr Nd PmSm Eu Gd Tb
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu AmCmBk
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Yb
No
H
Li
Na
K
Rb
Cs
Fr
Be
Mg
Ca
Sr
Ra
Ba
B
Al
Ga
In
Uut
Tl
Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub
Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
Lu Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
Lr Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Uun Uuu Uub
C
Si
Ge
Sn
Uuq
Pb
N
P
As
Sb
Uup
Bi
O
S
Se
Te
Uuh
Po
F
Cl
Br
I
Uus
At
He
Ne
Ar
Kr
Xe
Rn
Uuo
La Ce Pr Nd PmSm Eu Gd Tb
Ac Th Pa U Np Pu AmCmBk
Dy
Cf
Ho
Es
Er
Fm
Tm
Md
Yb
No
AtomsAtomsnn All matter is made of themAll matter is made of themnn Idea came from Greek philosopher Idea came from Greek philosopher
DemocritusDemocritusnn 400 B.C400 B.Cnn Greek word “Greek word “atomosatomos” ” –– not to be cutnot to be cutnn Did not use scientific methodDid not use scientific methodnn No experiments to support ideaNo experiments to support idea
John DaltonJohn Daltonnn Late 1808 look at all the data Late 1808 look at all the data
from experimentsfrom experiments-- his and his and othersothers
nn Developed his own theoryDeveloped his own theorynn Was accepted because of all Was accepted because of all
the evidencethe evidence
Dalton’s Atomic theoryDalton’s Atomic theory1.1. All matter is made up of atomsAll matter is made up of atoms-- tiny tiny
particles of that can’t be broken upparticles of that can’t be broken up2.2. Atoms of the same element are identicalAtoms of the same element are identical3.3. Atoms of different elements join to form Atoms of different elements join to form
molecules.molecules.nn The smallest part of an element with all The smallest part of an element with all
the properties of that element.the properties of that element.nn Join in certain ratios to form moleculesJoin in certain ratios to form molecules
Parts of AtomsParts of Atomsnn Atoms can be broken.Atoms can be broken.nn There are many different particlesThere are many different particlesnn We will learn about the three most We will learn about the three most
important to chemistryimportant to chemistrynn ProtonProton –– positively charged, big masspositively charged, big massnn Electron Electron –– negatively charged, very small negatively charged, very small
massmassnn NeutronNeutron –– no charge, about the same no charge, about the same
mass as a protonmass as a proton
Parts of AtomsParts of Atomsnn Proton and neutron are about 2000 times Proton and neutron are about 2000 times
heavier than the electronheavier than the electronnn Protons and neutrons are located in the Protons and neutrons are located in the
nucleusnucleusnn Electrons outside the nucleusElectrons outside the nucleusnn An atom is mostly emptyAn atom is mostly emptynn If the atom were the size of a baseball If the atom were the size of a baseball
stadium, the nucleus would be the size of stadium, the nucleus would be the size of a marblea marble
Bohr’s ModelBohr’s Modelnn NielsNiels BohrBohrnn Why don’t negative Why don’t negative
electrons fall into positive electrons fall into positive nucleus?nucleus?
nn They move like planets They move like planets around the sun.around the sun.
nn Each electron in it’s own Each electron in it’s own energy levelenergy level
Energy LevelEnergy Levelnn Describe the path the electron takes Describe the path the electron takes
around the nucleusaround the nucleusnn Farther from nucleus is more energyFarther from nucleus is more energynn Gain energy they move awayGain energy they move awaynn Lose energy they move towardLose energy they move towardnn Only certain energies are allowed in each Only certain energies are allowed in each
atomatom
Energy LevelsEnergy Levels
2e-
8e-
8e-nnLike an elevatorLike an elevatornnit can only be on certain it can only be on certain floorsfloorsnnNever in betweenNever in betweennnEnergy levels get closer Energy levels get closer together the higher you together the higher you gogonnEach has room for a Each has room for a certain number of certain number of electronselectrons
Current ModelCurrent Modelnn Treats electrons as waves, not particlesTreats electrons as waves, not particlesnn Talks only about the probability of finding Talks only about the probability of finding
an electronan electronnn Region called the electron cloudRegion called the electron cloudnn Where are the blades in a fan?Where are the blades in a fan?nn It is impossible to know the exact location It is impossible to know the exact location
and the speed and direction of an electronand the speed and direction of an electron
OrbitalsOrbitalsnn Regions where you have a chance of Regions where you have a chance of
finding the electronfinding the electronnn There are different types of orbitalsThere are different types of orbitalsnn s, p, d, fs, p, d, f
nn Each has its own shape or shapesEach has its own shape or shapesnn Each shape has room for two electronsEach shape has room for two electronsnn Each can be found in the energy levelsEach can be found in the energy levels
S orbitalS orbitalnn Shaped like a sphereShaped like a spherenn Room for 2 electronsRoom for 2 electrons
P orbitalsP orbitalsnn 3 dumbbell3 dumbbell--shaped regionsshaped regionsnn One on each axes of a 3One on each axes of a 3--D graphD graph
P orbitalsP orbitalsnn Each shape can hold two electronsEach shape can hold two electronsnn Total of 6Total of 6
d orbitalsd orbitalsnn Five different shapesFive different shapesnn More complexMore complexnn Each can hold 2 electronsEach can hold 2 electronsnn Total of 10 electronsTotal of 10 electrons
d orbitalsd orbitals
f orbitalsf orbitalsnn seven different shapesseven different shapesnn Much more complexMuch more complexnn Each can hold 2 electronsEach can hold 2 electronsnn Total of 14 electronsTotal of 14 electrons
f orbitalsf orbitals
Valence electronsValence electronsnn The electrons in the outermost energy The electrons in the outermost energy
levellevelnn Responsible for most of the chemical Responsible for most of the chemical
propertiespropertiesnn When two atoms interact, the outside When two atoms interact, the outside
electrons are the ones affectedelectrons are the ones affected
The Periodic TableThe Periodic Tablenn Listed in order of increasing number of Listed in order of increasing number of
protonsprotonsnn When you do this the properties of the When you do this the properties of the
elements repeat.elements repeat.nn Periodic LawPeriodic Law-- when the elements are when the elements are
arranged in order of increasing number of arranged in order of increasing number of protons, the properties tend to repeat in a protons, the properties tend to repeat in a patternpattern
The Periodic TableThe Periodic Tablenn Atoms in the same column have similar Atoms in the same column have similar
propertiespropertiesnn Columns are called Columns are called groupsgroups or or familiesfamiliesnn They have similar properties because they They have similar properties because they
have the same number of valence have the same number of valence electronselectrons
nn Rows are called Rows are called periodsperiods
nn Group 1 all have one Group 1 all have one electron in their outside electron in their outside s orbitals orbital
nn Group 2 all have two Group 2 all have two electrons in their outside electrons in their outside s orbitals orbital
nn The middle of the table is 10 elements The middle of the table is 10 elements widewide
nn This is where the d orbitals are fillingThis is where the d orbitals are filling
nn On the right hand side Group 13 On the right hand side Group 13 --18 the s 18 the s orbitals are full, and the p orbitals are orbitals are full, and the p orbitals are fillingfilling
nn Group 13 s has 2 eGroup 13 s has 2 e--
p has 1 ep has 1 e--
nn Group 14 s has 2 eGroup 14 s has 2 e--
p has 2 ep has 2 e--
nn Group 18 s has 2 eGroup 18 s has 2 e--
p has 6 ep has 6 e--
nn p and s both fullp and s both full
IonsIonsnn Atoms with a chargeAtoms with a chargenn Different number of protons and electronsDifferent number of protons and electronsnn Form by changing the number of electronsForm by changing the number of electronsnn IonizationIonization-- adding or removing electrons adding or removing electrons
from an atom or group of atomsfrom an atom or group of atomsnn Two typesTwo types
CationsCationsnn Ions with a positive chargeIons with a positive chargenn More protons than electronsMore protons than electronsnn Formed by losing electronsFormed by losing electronsnn Happens to atoms with few valence Happens to atoms with few valence
electronselectronsnn Lose electrons to get down to full outside Lose electrons to get down to full outside
energy levelenergy level
nn Written as a superscript NaWritten as a superscript Na+ + CaCa2+2+
AnionsAnionsnn Negative ionsNegative ionsnn More electrons than protonsMore electrons than protonsnn Form by gaining electronsForm by gaining electronsnn Happens to atoms with many valence Happens to atoms with many valence
electronselectronsnn Fill up outer energy levelFill up outer energy level
nn Written as a superscript FWritten as a superscript F-- OO22--
Counting the piecesCounting the piecesnn Atomic NumberAtomic Number-- the number of protonsthe number of protonsnn Determines the type of atom and elementDetermines the type of atom and elementnn Mass numberMass number-- number of protons and number of protons and
neutronsneutronsnn All the heavy piecesAll the heavy piecesnn Electrons are the same as protons if Electrons are the same as protons if
neutral.neutral.nn If an ion, it gained or lost electronsIf an ion, it gained or lost electrons
IsotopesIsotopesnn Atoms of the same type can have different Atoms of the same type can have different
numbers of neutronsnumbers of neutronsnn These are These are isotopesisotopesnn They behave identicallyThey behave identicallynn They just weigh different amountsThey just weigh different amountsnn Mass number is written after the nameMass number is written after the namenn Hydrogen Hydrogen –– 11nn Hydrogen Hydrogen –– 22
In the symbolIn the symbol
P-331
15
ChargeMass Number
Atomic Number
nn Find the Find the nn number of protonsnumber of protonsnn number of neutronsnumber of neutronsnn number of electronsnumber of electronsnn Atomic numberAtomic numbernnMass NumberMass Numbernn NameName
F199
nn Find the Find the ––number of protonsnumber of protons––number of neutronsnumber of neutrons––number of electronsnumber of electrons––Atomic numberAtomic number––Mass NumberMass Number––NameName
Br8035
-
nn if an element has an atomic number of 34 if an element has an atomic number of 34 and a mass number of 78 what is the and a mass number of 78 what is the nn number of protonsnumber of protonsnn number of neutronsnumber of neutronsnn number of electronsnumber of electronsnn Complete symbolComplete symbolnn NameName
The Mass of AtomsThe Mass of Atomsnn Very, very smallVery, very smallnn Can’t use gramsCan’t use gramsnn Use the Atomic Mass Unit (Use the Atomic Mass Unit (amuamu))nn One twelfth the mass of a carbonOne twelfth the mass of a carbon--12 atom12 atomnn Since carbonSince carbon--12 has 6 protons and 6 12 has 6 protons and 6
neutrons makes the mass of a proton or neutrons makes the mass of a proton or neutron 1.0 neutron 1.0 amuamu
Atomic MassAtomic Massnn Mass of the average atomMass of the average atomnn Since there are isotopes of atoms two Since there are isotopes of atoms two
things affect the averagethings affect the averagenn The mass of the isotopesThe mass of the isotopesnn How much of each isotope there isHow much of each isotope there is
nn These are the decimal numbers on the These are the decimal numbers on the periodic tableperiodic table
Atomic MassAtomic Massnn Two isotopes of copper Two isotopes of copper nn 72% copper72% copper--6363nn 28% copper28% copper--6565
nn Makes the average 63.56 Makes the average 63.56 amuamu
MetalsMetals
MetalsMetalsnn Luster Luster –– shiny.shiny.nn Ductile Ductile –– drawn into wires.drawn into wires.nn Malleable Malleable –– hammered into sheets.hammered into sheets.nn Conductors of heat and electricity.Conductors of heat and electricity.
Transition metalsl The Group B
elements
Non-metalsl Dulll Brittlel Nonconductors
- insulators
Metalloids or Semimetalsl Properties of bothl Semiconductors
nn Group 1 are the alkali metalsGroup 1 are the alkali metalsnn Group 2 are the alkaline earth metalsGroup 2 are the alkaline earth metals
nn Group 17 is called the HalogensGroup 17 is called the Halogensnn Group 18 are the noble gasesGroup 18 are the noble gases
Alkali MetalsAlkali Metalsnn Very reactiveVery reactivenn Not found alone in natureNot found alone in naturenn Have one valence electronHave one valence electronnn Easily lose it to form a 1+ ionEasily lose it to form a 1+ ion
Alkaline Earth MetalsAlkaline Earth Metalsnn Les reactiveLes reactivenn Have two valence electronsHave two valence electronsnn Lose them to form a 2+ ionLose them to form a 2+ ion
Transition MetalsTransition Metalsnn Less reactiveLess reactivenn Often found alone in natureOften found alone in naturenn Form many different ionsForm many different ions
HalogensHalogensnn Very reactiveVery reactivenn Have many valence electronsHave many valence electronsnn Gain one electron to form a 1Gain one electron to form a 1-- ionion
Noble GasesNoble Gasesnn Do not react Do not react nn Will not form compoundsWill not form compounds
Counting the ParticlesCounting the Particlesnn Atoms are too small to be counted one at Atoms are too small to be counted one at
a timea timenn We count them in groups called the moleWe count them in groups called the molenn One dozen is twelveOne dozen is twelvenn One gross is 144One gross is 144nn One mole is One mole is
602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000602,213,670,000,000,000,000,000
nn 6.022 x 106.022 x 102323
The moleThe molenn 6.022 x 106.022 x 1023 23 is called Avogadro’s numberis called Avogadro’s numbernn Abbreviated molAbbreviated molnn The mass of 1 mole is the The mass of 1 mole is the molar massmolar massnn For an element it is the same as the For an element it is the same as the
atomic massatomic massnn The decimal number on the periodic tableThe decimal number on the periodic table
Conversion FactorsConversion Factorsnn A fraction with even top and bottomA fraction with even top and bottomnn But with different unitsBut with different unitsnn 1 m is 100 cm1 m is 100 cmnn Can make two conversion factorsCan make two conversion factorsnn 1 m and 100 cm1 m and 100 cm
100 cm100 cm 1 m1 mnn Multiply by conversion factors to change Multiply by conversion factors to change
unitsunits
Conversion FactorsConversion Factorsnn Choose the conversion factor with the unit Choose the conversion factor with the unit
you want in the numerator and the unit you you want in the numerator and the unit you don’t want in the denominatordon’t want in the denominator
nn 56 cm is how many meters?56 cm is how many meters?nn 56 cm x56 cm x 1 m 1 m
100 cm100 cm= 0.56 m= 0.56 m
AmountAmount(mol)(mol) Mass (g)Mass (g)
Conversion FactorsConversion Factors
xx 1 mol of element1 mol of elementmolar mass of elementmolar mass of element
xx molar mass of elementmolar mass of element1 mol of element1 mol of element