The People’s Republic of The People’s Republic of ChinaChina

Economic DevelopmentEconomic Development

16:216:2

February 9, 2006February 9, 2006

Fill out accompanying Fill out accompanying worksheet throughout worksheet throughout

presentation. presentation.

Essential QuestionsEssential Questions

What obstacles stood in the way of What obstacles stood in the way of the modernization of China?the modernization of China?

What were the Great Leap Forward What were the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution?and the Cultural Revolution?

How did economic policies change How did economic policies change after Mao’s leadership?after Mao’s leadership?

Activating QuestionsActivating Questions(These should be answered by the end of the (These should be answered by the end of the

Presentation!)Presentation!)*Write them in your notebook and answer *Write them in your notebook and answer

throughout Presentation*throughout Presentation*

What is a “commune”?What is a “commune”? What is a “collective farm”?What is a “collective farm”? What is “Capitalism”?What is “Capitalism”? Why did Mao launch the Cultural Why did Mao launch the Cultural

Revolution?Revolution? Who do you associate with the “Long Who do you associate with the “Long

March”, “Little Red Book”, and “Great Leap March”, “Little Red Book”, and “Great Leap Forward”?Forward”?

What was a major goal of the Cultural What was a major goal of the Cultural Revolution during the 1960s?Revolution during the 1960s?

Mao proclaimed three main Mao proclaimed three main goals for China’s Communist goals for China’s Communist

revolution….revolution….He promised a better life for the He promised a better life for the

poor.poor.He called for a development of a He called for a development of a

modern economy.modern economy.He pledged to restore China’s He pledged to restore China’s

position as a major world power.position as a major world power.

OBSTACLES …OBSTACLES …

When the Communists took When the Communists took over in 1949 many obstacles over in 1949 many obstacles

prevented them from prevented them from achieving these goals.achieving these goals.

‘‘Uh-Oh’Uh-Oh’Problems Faced by MaoProblems Faced by Mao

China’s Huge China’s Huge Population NeededPopulation Needed FedFed ClothedClothed HousedHoused EducatedEducated

Farming and Farming and ManufacturingManufacturing Years of war Years of war

destroyed themdestroyed them Floods, Floods,

earthquakes, and earthquakes, and droughtsdroughts

Lacked capital and Lacked capital and technology to technology to industrialize quicklyindustrialize quickly

REORGANIZING REORGANIZING AGRICULTUREAGRICULTURE Quickly introduced land reformQuickly introduced land reform

Took land from large landowners and divided it among landless Took land from large landowners and divided it among landless farm familiesfarm families

During the early 1950s, the government set up new programs, During the early 1950s, the government set up new programs, ending private ownership of land altogether.ending private ownership of land altogether.

Formed COLLECTIVE FARMS Formed COLLECTIVE FARMS The government forced peasants to The government forced peasants to

pool their land, tools, and laborpool their land, tools, and labor Members of collective farms worked Members of collective farms worked

for the state and received a share of for the state and received a share of the harvest (the rest went to the the harvest (the rest went to the gov’t)gov’t)

Believed that collective farms would Believed that collective farms would be more efficient and result in greater be more efficient and result in greater food productionfood production

Mao Developed Mao Developed Programs to reform Programs to reform

land practices …land practices …

Great Leap Great Leap ForwardForward

Mao called on the Chinese to make a Mao called on the Chinese to make a superhuman effort to achieve superhuman effort to achieve modernization through one …modernization through one …

Great Leap ForwardGreat Leap Forward

Introduced in 1958.Introduced in 1958. Divided China into Divided China into

Communes Communes Communes included Communes included

several villages, several villages, thousands of acres of thousands of acres of land, and as many as land, and as many as 20,000 people20,000 people

Commune controlled Commune controlled the land and the the land and the peasants’ livespeasants’ lives

Families were split upFamilies were split up Men, Women, and Men, Women, and

Children slept in Children slept in separate dormitories separate dormitories and ate in large dining and ate in large dining hallshalls

Commune assigned Commune assigned jobs to each workers. jobs to each workers. In turn, it provided all In turn, it provided all workers with food, workers with food, clothing, housing, clothing, housing, medical care, etc.medical care, etc.

Think About it!Think About it!

Would you like to live in a Would you like to live in a commune system?commune system?

Big Surprise: The Commune Big Surprise: The Commune SystemSystemFAILED!FAILED!

Peasants resisted the commune systemPeasants resisted the commune systemSometimes even destroyed cropsSometimes even destroyed cropsSince everyone was guaranteed a living, Since everyone was guaranteed a living,

many workers did not work very hardmany workers did not work very hardFinally, during the early 1960s, Mao had Finally, during the early 1960s, Mao had

to abandon the Great Leap Forward in to abandon the Great Leap Forward in favor of less ambitious plansfavor of less ambitious plans

In 1966, to renew the revolutionary spirit, Mao launched theIn 1966, to renew the revolutionary spirit, Mao launched the GREAT PROLETARIAN CULTURAL GREAT PROLETARIAN CULTURAL

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION Methods: Methods:

Stressed class struggleStressed class struggle Urged young people to Urged young people to

seek out followers of seek out followers of CapitalismCapitalism

Another term for free Another term for free market economy.market economy.

Young people followed Young people followed the “Little Red Bookthe “Little Red Book

Organized the Red Organized the Red GuardsGuards

Red Guards held mass Red Guards held mass rallies to support Maorallies to support Mao

Red Guards abused Red Guards abused people with bad class people with bad class backgroundsbackgrounds

Victims of the abuse Victims of the abuse were then sent to were then sent to distant rural areas to do distant rural areas to do manual labormanual labor

Yikes! The Cultural Revolution Yikes! The Cultural Revolution Did Not Work Either! Did Not Work Either!

Created chaos in ChinaCreated chaos in China Schools ClosedSchools Closed

Slowed production in factoriesSlowed production in factories Emphasis on political struggle continued Emphasis on political struggle continued

until Mao’s deathuntil Mao’s death Cultural Revolution left deep woundsCultural Revolution left deep wounds

Many people had been tortured, imprisoned, Many people had been tortured, imprisoned, or killedor killed

Millions of young people never completed Millions of young people never completed schoolschool

Many lost faith in Mao and in the Many lost faith in Mao and in the Communist partyCommunist party

Life after Mao …Life after Mao …

- After Mao’s death in 1976, a power After Mao’s death in 1976, a power struggle took placestruggle took place

- On one side was the “Gang of Four”On one side was the “Gang of Four”- Mao’s top supporters and his widowMao’s top supporters and his widow- Favored radical policies of the Cultural Favored radical policies of the Cultural

RevolutionRevolution- On the other side were moderate leadersOn the other side were moderate leaders

- Won!Won!- Made up vast majorityMade up vast majority

Deng Steps Up!Deng Steps Up!

By 1978, Deng Xiaoping had By 1978, Deng Xiaoping had emerged as China’s leader.emerged as China’s leader.

Deng’s goal was to help China Deng’s goal was to help China achieve wealth and power.achieve wealth and power.

He stressed economic reform, He stressed economic reform, instead of class struggle, as the way instead of class struggle, as the way to achieve his goals.to achieve his goals.

Named his program the Four Named his program the Four ModernizationsModernizations

Four ModernizationsFour ModernizationsIt called for …It called for …

Modernizing Modernizing AgricultureAgriculture

Expanding industryExpanding industry

Developing science Developing science and technologyand technology

Upgrading China’s Upgrading China’s defense forcesdefense forces

FarmingFarmingDeng wanted to …Deng wanted to …

Increase the mechanization of farmingIncrease the mechanization of farming Make China self-sufficient in food productionMake China self-sufficient in food production Introduced the Responsibility SystemIntroduced the Responsibility System

Responsibility System:Responsibility System: Each farm family was Each farm family was

responsibly for making their responsibly for making their own livingown living

Each family raised crops and Each family raised crops and had to sell a portion of the had to sell a portion of the harvest to the governmentharvest to the government

The rest could be sold for a The rest could be sold for a profitprofit

Think about it!

Would you prefer to farm in a Commune

Systemor the

Responsibility

System?

The Responsibility System The Responsibility System WorkedWorked

Encouraged by the Encouraged by the chance at profits, chance at profits, farmers produced farmers produced larger crops.larger crops.

Farm output grew Farm output grew rapidly and raised rapidly and raised the standard of the standard of living in many living in many areasareas Why do you think this Why do you think this

system worked?system worked?

The government was still The government was still controlling.controlling.

China did not adapt capitalismChina did not adapt capitalism The government still controlled much of The government still controlled much of

the economythe economy There were still some collective farms, There were still some collective farms,

because the government feared that small because the government feared that small farms cold not produce enough food for all farms cold not produce enough food for all of China’s peopleof China’s people

Even as the government made economic Even as the government made economic reforms, it kept political control.reforms, it kept political control. Supporters of democracy were often harassed Supporters of democracy were often harassed

and jailed.and jailed.

Industry!Industry!

Unlike Mao, who Unlike Mao, who emphasized heavy emphasized heavy industry (mining and industry (mining and military weapons), military weapons), Deng shifted emphasis Deng shifted emphasis to light industry.to light industry.

Emphasis on Emphasis on Consumer Goods Consumer Goods

To make factories To make factories more efficient, Deng more efficient, Deng extended the extended the responsibility system responsibility system to industryto industry

Managers were Managers were allowed to make allowed to make decisions about what decisions about what to produce, but they to produce, but they were also held were also held responsible for making responsible for making a profit.a profit.

Allowed private Allowed private entrepreneurs to entrepreneurs to operate their own operate their own businessesbusinesses

‘‘Uh-Oh’Uh-Oh’New problems in China:New problems in China:

Under the reforms, China’s economy Under the reforms, China’s economy boomed and industrial output rose.boomed and industrial output rose.Rapid economic growth brings new Rapid economic growth brings new

problems:problems:Millions of rural people have crowed into towns Millions of rural people have crowed into towns

and citiesand citiesAir and water pollution have increasedAir and water pollution have increasedChina’s crime rate has rise, and corruption has China’s crime rate has rise, and corruption has

growngrownAlthough the standard of living has risen for many Although the standard of living has risen for many

people, large differences between rich and poor people, large differences between rich and poor have also reappeared.have also reappeared.

Brainstorm. What problems do you think China faces because of rapid economic growth?

Expanding TradeExpanding Trade

Deng, and his Deng, and his successor, Jiang Zemin, successor, Jiang Zemin, ended Mao’s policy of ended Mao’s policy of isolating China from isolating China from the rest of the world.the rest of the world.

Opened the door to Opened the door to foreign trade and foreign trade and investmentinvestment They realized that China They realized that China

needed foreign needed foreign technology and capital technology and capital in order to modernizein order to modernize

To attract foreign To attract foreign capital, Deng set up capital, Deng set up Special Economic Special Economic Zones in southeastern Zones in southeastern China. Today, free China. Today, free enterprise thrives enterprise thrives there.there.