the peloponnesian war the struggle for the future of greece
TRANSCRIPT
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The Peloponnesian WarThe Peloponnesian War
The Struggle for the Future of Greece
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Thucydides
His History is our main source for the war
Manuscript is incomplete at time of death
Eyewitness accounts, recreation of speeches, tell the facts, not myth
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Reasons for War
End of the Thirty Year Peace 440-431
Spartan land dominance, Athenian sea power
Corinth “Athens is a threat to Greek liberty.”
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Reasons for War Corinth – 2nd largest naval power Athens - natural leader of the Greeks Sparta – fears Athens
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Athenian Strategy
Pericles’ plan pays off, as the Athenians can get supplies through the long walls, and with the help of their fleet.
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The City Secured
Attica withdraws
Spartan army invades, ravages city
Walls protect food supply
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But the Plan is Flawed . . .
Can’t attack from within
Can’t keep thousands stuffed inside city
Can’t outlast the plague
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The Plague
“In general, there was no known cause, but people in good health were all of a sudden attacked by violent heat in the head and red and inflamed eyes, and internally the throat and tongue were bleeding . . . The body itself was not very hot, nor pale, but reddish, livid and breaking out into all manner of pustules and ulceratic wounds.”
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The Death of Pericles
429 BCE
Oligarchs vs. Democrats
Settlement vs. War
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Cleon’s Plan or the Archidamian War
Invade Sparta
Logic: Deter Spartans from invading Attica
& Helots will revolt
425 BCE – invades with army, dead in 422
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The Peace of Nicias
Nicas negotiates a treaty
30 year truce that lasts only 7 years
Everyone goes back to their land
But pro-war faction does not vanish
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Alcibiades the Agitator
Everything you could want in a politician:
Young, good speaker, clever . . .
Highly educated, daring, good at parties
But best of all, he was the nephew of Pericles
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With a leader like this, what could go wrong?
He is politically amoral Picks the war effort because it suits him Wants to lead and this side needs a leader By 420 he is strategos Figures out how to attack Up until now, the plan had only been how
to defend Athens
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The Sicilian Expedition
Sparta depends on the Magna Graecia for supplies and Corinth for trade
Cut off the supplies, and you have victory
Go for Syracuse
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The Magna Graecia
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Could this plan work?
Capture Syracuse (main city in Sicily)
Capture Sicily
Cut Corinth and Sparta off from trade and supplies
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Problems
How to get the fleet past Corinth?
Could an Athenian army take Syracuse?
How could Athens afford this?
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Nicias vs. Alcibiades
Nicias on the war: need large land army Feasibility of plan Take all supplies along Very expensive “With this Nicias concluded thinking that
it would either disgust the Athenians by the magnitude of the task . . . or that they would be persuaded to do this in the safest way possible”
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Alcibiades’ Speech
“Know that we shall increase our power at home by this adventure abroad . . . Let us humble the pride of the Peloponnesians by sailing off to Sicily . . . And at the same time we shall become either masters, as we very easily may, of the whole of Hellas . . . Or in any case ruin the Syracusians, to no small advantage to us and our allies.”
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Athenians Want War
3 Commanders to keep things fair and balanced . . .
Alcibiades
Nicias
Lamachus
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The Expedition Begins
134 triremes, 27,000 men
Treasury is emptied
Defacing of statues
Alcibiades arrested
Spartans get a spy
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Nicias Takes Command
How to win the war when the guy who wanted it is now on the other side???
And the guy who didn’t want it is now in charge???
Things are not looking good for Athens
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Disaster Strikes
Get the fleet home
Surprise Ambush
Land Assault
Most terrible loses in the history of Greece
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Damage Control
Athens raises second fleet
Lack of leadership dooms attempt
Oligarchs take control in 414
Democrats favored by 410
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Welcome Home, Alcibiades
Recalled from exile
Four years of victories
Falls from favor
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405 BCE
Athenians attempt to restock ships
Spartans and Corinthians are waiting
Athenians fail to guard fleet
There can be no recovery
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Spartans Invade Attica
In 404, Athens surrenders
Athenians forced to pull down walls of city
Athenian fleet restricted
Ally with Sparta (forced to do this)
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The Consequences are Dire
Lost the Empire
Never a major political influence again
Sparta does not have the leadership skills to unite Greece
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Coming Soon . . . Who is closer to the idea Greek woman:
Uma or Jessica?