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OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD. www.oceanpd.com
The Pelamis Wave Energy Converter- An update on performance and operational aspects
Max CarcasBusiness Development Director
- Incorporated January 1998- £7.5m VC investment 2002-2004- £2.5m support from UK DTI- Based in Edinburgh- Combined ‘wave’ experience of
over 50 years- 32 full-time personnel
OCEAN POWER DELIVERY
OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD.www.oceanpd.com
Environmental:• Global warming• EU/UK Kyoto commitments
Socio-economic:• Hidden costs of conventional generation• Renewables increasingly affordable• Industrial-economic potential
ENERGY POLICY DRIVERS
UK ENERGY POLICY OBJECTIVES:
Security of supply:• Electricity demand
continuing to rise• Existing power plants
reaching end of life• UK to be net importer
of gas in <5 years
Hydro 1%
Other fuels 2½%Imports
3%
Oil 1%
Gas37%
Coal33½%
Nuclear22%
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92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01
GW
Coal fired
Combined Cycle Gas Turbine
Oil fired
Mixed/dual fired
Nuclear
Hydro
Renewable & Other
Gen
. Cap
acity
Ave
. Dem
and
OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD.www.oceanpd.com
• Today >40GW installed,8GW last year
• Fastest growth area inelectricity generatingindustry
• Denmark: >20,000employed, $3-4bn inexports
• Costs of generationhave fallen by ~80% asmarket has grown
• In the UK firstcommercial wind farmwas only developed 12years ago
WIND POWER
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Growth in Global Market for Wind Turbines
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inst
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45000
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tive
MW
MW installed per yearCumulative MW installed
Source: BTM Consult Aps
WHY WAVE ENERGY?
Huge Resource & Market- Most dense renewable resource- UK ~50-80TWh/year
~15-25% UK demand>£20bn CapEx
- World >2000TWh/year>£500bn CapEx
OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD.www.oceanpd.com
WHY WAVE ENERGY?
Forecastability
-Numerous calibratedWIND-WAVE models
-Existing offshoreforecasting services
-Immunity to localclimatic effects
- Small hourly &diurnal variation
Wave height (ft)
Peak period (sec)
Wave forecast images courtesy of LOLA
OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD.www.oceanpd.com
WHY OFFSHORE…?- Best resource in deep water >50m- Plenty of space plus high ‘power-density’- Minimal environmental impact- Minimum visual intrusion
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SOUTH UISTVariation of wave energy resource with water depth
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80
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Water depth (m)
Mea
n p
ow
er (k
W/m
)
OFFSHORE TECHNOLOGY
The offshore/marine sector’scontribution:
“No major technical barriers to thedevelopment of wave energyprototypes have been identified.All issues raised under design,construction, deployment andoperation can be addressed bytransfer of technology from otherindustries, especially the offshoreindustry”
DTI Report - Wave Energy: Technology Transfer &R&D RecommendationsOve Arup, October 2000
OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD.www.oceanpd.com
THE PELAMIS WECConcept− Articulated cylinder− Self-referenced− Slack moored− Head-on to incident waves
Complete machine- 150m length- 3.5m diameter- 750kW rating- 2.7GWh p.a.
Power Conversion Module- 4 x hydraulic rams (2 heave, 2 sway)- 2 x 157kVA/ 125kW motor/generator sets- 250kW rating
OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD.www.oceanpd.com
KEY FEATURES
• Survivability – core theme…• 100% available technology• Hydraulic Power Take Off• Power smoothing• Tuneable• Maximum flexibility• Minimum work on-site• Off-site maintenance
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POWER SMOOTHING
POWER LIMITING
DEVELOPMENT PATH
ExperimentalModelling- 14 tank test programmes- 5 test models at 80th, 50th,35th,33rd & 20th scales- Survivability characteristic validated- Numerical power predictions validated- Mooring dynamics validated- Further tank programmes
NumericalModelling- Frequency domain simulation- Time-domain simulation- Structural analysis- Power take-off & control- Mooring dynamics- Extreme load analysis
1/7th scale full systems
prototype
Independent Design
Verification
Full-scalePower
Conversion Module
Fu
ll-sc
ale,
pre
-pro
du
ctio
np
roto
typ
e
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1/7th SCALE PROTOTYPE
-‘Full systems’ prototype- Same hydraulics system- Same control system- First tests October 2001- Concept verified at 1/7th scale
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POWER CONVERSION MODULETEST-RIG
Successful verification of full-scale power take offsystem on land
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DESIGN VERIFICATION
• Work undertaken by WS Atkins, Europe’spremier offshore design consultants
• All aspects of design and construction
• Assessed to same factors of safety asmanned offshore oil & gas installations
• Application of DNV/API offshore designcodes
• Fatigue and extreme load analysis overdesign life of machine (ULS, ALS, FLS)
• Verified and insured
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FULL-SCALE PROTOTYPE• Machine is pre-production
prototype• Supported by UK DTI• Build/assembly through
managed subcontracts
• Initial sea trials behindvessel
• Testing at EMEC
• Power prediction• Connection/ detachment• Survivability, operability,
maintainability, reliability
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P-750 PROTOTYPE ‘PHILOSOPHY’
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- Pre-production unit- 15 year design life- Conservative design- Design independently verified
(WS Atkins)- Systems proven- Moorings system as for farm- Fully instrumented- SCADA- Insured
DESIGN DRIVERS:- Build methods- Deployment methods- Maintenance methods
FINAL ASSEMBLY, ROSYTHFINAL ASSEMBLY, ROSYTH
EMEC
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EMEC, ORKNEY
MOORINGS INSTALLED
PELAMIS INSTALLED
Image © Aquatera.co.uk
Image © Aquatera.co.uk
ONWARD PROGRAMME- Rigorous testing of prototype- Commercialisation- Project development… (Cornwall, Scotland, Portugal, USA + others…)- Target = demonstration projects installed during 2005
OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD.www.oceanpd.com
Year 2003 2004 2005Quarter 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4
FULL-SCALE DEMONSTRATORBuild
LaunchTest
PROJECTS - PHASE ONE
PROJECTS - PHASE TWO
PROJECTS – PHASE ONE
Example (2005)- 4-10 x 750kW machines- 3-7.5MW rated output- BUT infrastructure & development
work for whole project
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PHASES TWO AND ONWARDS
EXAMPLE
- 39 x P-750 machines- 30MW- £30-50m installed cost- 2.0km x 0.5km- 30 MW/km2
- 110 GWh/year (~20,000 homes)
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PORTUGALGRUPO ENERSIS- 3-5MW demonstration, Nazaré- Target build/install 2005- Wave measurement underway- Survey underway- Local manufacturing content- 20MW accepted by DGE
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WIND PROSPECT- Wind Prospect (2nd UK wind farm, Burbo)- Ocean Prospect formed- Phased wave-farm deployment- Demo at ‘Wave Hub’?- General site survey underway- Target installation 2006
OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD.www.oceanpd.com
SW ENGLAND
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Electrical Power Research Institute
- Public/private project part funded byDOE, NREL and individual states
- Project: four state wave energydemonstration projects in Maine, Oregon,Washington, Hawaii
- Pelamis selected by EPRI as the bestand only system currently recommendedfor deployment.
- Target installation 2006OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD.www.oceanpd.com
- Consortium development- Sites identified- Staged development- Target: first stage installed 2005/6- Onward routemap defined- Expected funding from £50m DTI
marine deployment fund
SCOTLAND
2000
m
500m
OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD.www.oceanpd.com
COST REDUCTIONMECHANISMS
• Required returns on capital
• Economies of Scale
• Learning by doing
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REQUIRED RETURNS
Influenced by:• Risks during project
development• Risks during
construction/installation• Risks during operation
(technical & political)• Availability of debt• Project length• Due diligence costs• Bankable warranties• Future uncertainty
OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD.www.oceanpd.com
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
• Planning– Onshore costs, Env. Impacts, Seabed survey,
Resource assessment and measurement• Construction
– Cable costs, Cable lay costs, Grid connection,Machine installation
• Machine– Bulk ordering of components, Tooling costs, Plant
overhead, Verification costs• Operation
– Insurance, Maintenance, Spares
OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD.www.oceanpd.com
ECONOMIES OF SCALE
Economies of scale - example of ratio of fixed costs to variable costs (machines)1-4, 4-10 and 10-28 machine project examples
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35.00
1 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 12 14 16 20 24 28
No. of machines in project
To
tal P
roje
ct C
ost
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
No
n m
ach
ine
cost
s %
of
tota
lMachine costs
Non-machine costsFixed costs % of total
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EXPERIENCE & TECHNOLOGICALIMPROVEMENT
• Project capital costs– Machine cost – components– Prototype – Batch – Series production– Development costs (EIA etc)
• Project operation– Improvements in energy capture– Insurance costs– O&M costs
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BRIDGING THE GAP- High initial costs...- High initial risks...- High initial opportunities…
- Costs fall as a result oftechnical refinement
- Costs fall in line withinstalled capacity
- Costs fall as a result ofinvestor confidence
OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD.www.oceanpd.com
THE OPPORTUNITY
• First projects: attractive returns,through market enablementmechanisms (eg: UK: RenewableObligation + Capital grants;Portugal €c23/kWh)
OPDManufacture and
supply waveenergy converters
DeveloperPlan, permit,finance and
install wave farms
OperatorOwn and operatewave farms, sell
electricity generated
Additional renewables generating capacity required by 2010 to meet targets(assumes typical 30% capacity factor for all renewables)
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
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14.00
United K
ingdom
France
Irela
nd
Denm
ark
Norway
Spain
Portugal
South A
frica
Austra
lia
Vanco
uver I
sland
Califo
rnia
*
GW
re
qu
ire
d t
o b
e in
sta
lled
Total Requirement: 60GW, approx £50bn
* proposed targets for California and South Africa. SA target for all energy use in 2012.
• Strategic:Accessible globalmarket size >£50bnby 2010, unlimitedby resource
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OCEAN POWER DELIVERY LTDOCEAN POWER DELIVERY LTD
OCEAN POWERDELIVERY LTD.www.oceanpd.com
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