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The Particle Theory Chapter 2

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Page 1: The Particle Theory Chapter 2. The Particle Theory More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles

The Particle Theory

Chapter 2

Page 2: The Particle Theory Chapter 2. The Particle Theory More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles

The Particle Theory

More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles too small to be seen.

He thought if you kept cutting a substance into smaller and smaller pieces, you would find the building blocks of matter.

Page 3: The Particle Theory Chapter 2. The Particle Theory More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles

4 Principles of the Particle Theory1. All matter is made of tiny particles.2. All particles of one substance are the

same.- Different substances are made of different particles.

3. The particles are always moving.- The more energy the particles have, the faster they move.

4. There are attractive forces between particles.- These forces are stronger when the particles are closer together.

Page 4: The Particle Theory Chapter 2. The Particle Theory More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles

The particle theory helps to explain two categories of substances that are encountered in chemistry.

Page 5: The Particle Theory Chapter 2. The Particle Theory More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles

Two Categories of Substances

Category 1: Pure Substances

- contains only one kind of particle

- Types: elements and compounds

Category 2: Mixtures

- contains two or more different pure substances

- Types: homogeneous and heterogeneous mixtures

Page 6: The Particle Theory Chapter 2. The Particle Theory More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles

Category 1: Pure Substances

Type 1: Elements

– pure substances that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

- Examples: think Periodic table (oxygen, hydrogen)

Type 2: Compounds

– pure substances that contain two or more elements

- Examples: Water (H2O), sugar (C6H12O6)

Page 7: The Particle Theory Chapter 2. The Particle Theory More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles

Category 2: Mixtures

Type 1: Homogeneous (also known as solutions)

– may be made up of solids, liquids or gases

- this mixture is uniform (the same) throughout

- Examples: air, alloys, kool aid, white vinegar, orange juice without the pulp

Type 2: Heterogeneous

– see each part easily, separated physically

- this mixture is not uniform throughout

- Examples: pizza, garbage, beach sand, vegetable soup

Page 8: The Particle Theory Chapter 2. The Particle Theory More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles

How to Classify Mixtures

When two pure substances are mixed together, they may mix smoothly or unevenly.

If the substances mix well with one another, the mixture is called a solution.

If the particles don’t mix well together then we have a heterogeneous mixture.

Page 9: The Particle Theory Chapter 2. The Particle Theory More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles

Classify the Following

Salt and water solution

Pizza heterogeneous mixture

Garbage heterogeneous mixture

Air solution

Page 10: The Particle Theory Chapter 2. The Particle Theory More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles

Atoms and Molecules

Atoms

- each atom is made of one type of element

- scientists now call the particles in the particle theory atoms

- the periodic table of elements has 118 elements

Molecules- contains two or more atoms joined together in combinations

- Ex. C4H8 – contains 4 carbon atoms and 8 hydrogen atoms

Page 11: The Particle Theory Chapter 2. The Particle Theory More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles

Guess the Molecule

I have 2 hydrogen atoms I have 1 oxygen atom I am water

Page 12: The Particle Theory Chapter 2. The Particle Theory More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles

Guess the Molecule I have 10 hydrogen atoms I have 2 oxygen atoms I have 7 carbon atoms I have 4 nitrogen atoms I am desired in the morning but

avoid me in the evening Cola drinks have contain me I am what makes coffee

special I am caffeine

Page 13: The Particle Theory Chapter 2. The Particle Theory More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles

Guess the Molecule I have 6 hydrogen atoms I have 6 oxygen atoms I have 6 carbon atoms Everybody needs me I will help keep colds away You can get me by eating

oranges I am vitamin C

Page 14: The Particle Theory Chapter 2. The Particle Theory More than 2000 years ago, a Greek philosopher Democritus suggested that matter was made of tiny particles

Guess the Molecule I have 8 hydrogen atoms I have 4 oxygen atoms I have 9 carbon atoms I am used quite often by

teachers, usually in pairs I am white in color You need water when you use

me I will make you feel better I am aspirin


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