the papers of emma hart willard, 1787–1870at emma willard school we are grateful to joanne...

THE PAPERS OFEMMA HART WILLARD,

1787–1870

Research Collections in Women’s Studies

General Editor Dr. Anne Firor Scott

A Guide to the Microfilm Edition of

A UPA Collectionfrom

The Papers ofEmma Hart Willard,

1787–1870

EditorLucy F. Townsend

Northern Illinois University

Co-EditorBarbara Wiley

Emma Willard School

Research Collections in Women’s Studies

General EditorDr. Anne Firor Scott

A UPA Collectionfrom

7500 Old Georgetown Road • Bethesda, MD 20814-6126

Copyright © 2005 Lucy Townsend

and Barbara Wiley. All rights reserved.

ISBN 0-88692-646-7.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data The papers of Emma Hart Willard, 1787–1870 [microform] / project editors, Lucy F. Townsend and Barbara Wiley.

microfilm reels — (Research collections in women’s studies) Microfilmed from the holdings of the Emma Hart Willard Papers Project, Emma Willard

School, Troy, New York. Additional items from select institutions. Accompanied by a printed guide. ISBN 0-88692-646-7

1. Willard, Emma, 1787–1870—Archives. 2. Women educators—United States. 3. Women—Education—United States—History—19th century—Sources. I. Townsend, Lucy, 1944– II. Wiley, Barbara. III. Emma Willard School (Troy, N.Y.) IV. University Publications of America (Firm) V. Series.

LA2317.W5 370'.92—dc22

[B] 2004048282 CIP

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................. vThe Genesis of a Papers Project ......................................................................................... ixWhat Does It Mean to Collect Papers? .......................................................................... xiiiEmma Hart Willard (1787–1870)

A Chronology .................................................................................................................... xviiSelected Bibliography .......................................................................................................... xx

A Word to Researchers ................................................................................................... xxvii

The Microfilm Edition

Unpublished Correspondence, 1807–1870 ................................................................... 1

Manuscripts, 1830–1865 ................................................................................................ 24

Diaries, 1845–1870 .......................................................................................................... 25

Memberships .................................................................................................................... 26

Published WritingsPublic Appeals, 1819–1864 ............................................................................................. 26Instructional Writings, 1821–1867 ................................................................................... 29Academic Writings, 1833–1870 ...................................................................................... 32Published Letters, 1816–1852 ......................................................................................... 36Poetry, 1831–1875 .......................................................................................................... 37Miscellaneous Writings, 1833–1850 ................................................................................ 38

Legislative Acts, Legal and Business PapersLegislative Acts, 1819–1870 ........................................................................................... 39Wills, 1825–1870 ............................................................................................................. 39Agreements, 1825–1850 ................................................................................................. 40Loans, 1835–1839 ........................................................................................................... 40Contracts, 1831–1834 ..................................................................................................... 41Property Transactions, 1825–1865 ................................................................................. 41Records of Expenses and Payments, 1832–1869 ........................................................... 42

Promotional MaterialsIcons of Emma and Dr. John Willard, [1809?]–1966 ..................................................... 44Icons of Residences and Schools, 1822–1893 ................................................................ 45School Catalogs and Rules, 1820–1872 .......................................................................... 46Reports to the Regents, 1819–1872, and Appeals for Funds ......................................... 47Promotion of Students, 1835–1858 ................................................................................. 48Advertisements, 1814–1857 ............................................................................................ 49

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AssessmentsUnpublished Assessments, 1809–1905 ........................................................................... 50Assessments of Willard’s Writings and Her Replies, 1826–1857 .................................. 50Assessments of Willard’s Institutions, 1820–1895 ......................................................... 53Biographies and Tributes, [1830?]–1895 ........................................................................ 55

Emma Willard’s Students, 1822–1872Student Diaries ................................................................................................................ 58Bound Student Letters, 1865........................................................................................... 58Unbound Student Correspondence, 1820–1894 .............................................................. 58Biographical Questionnaires, 1822–1872 and 1893 ........................................................ 58

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Many individuals and institutions have contributed to this microfilm edition of ThePapers of Emma Hart Willard, 1787–1870. Mary Lynn Bryan, editor of the Jane AddamsPapers, suggested pursuing this endeavor and provided much encouragement and helpfuladvice. Glorianna Hees, past president of the American Educational Studies Association, alsooffered important assistance. Professor Anne Firor Scott recommended that LexisNexispublish the Willard papers and counseled us on the edition’s contents. Professor LindaKerber provided important insights into women’s history. Richard Sheldon of the NationalHistorical Records Commission and John P. Kaminski of the Department of History,University of Wisconsin–Madison, organized and led the 1990 Institute for the Editing ofHistorical Documents at the University of Wisconsin in Madison. This ten-day institute,sponsored by the National Historical Records Commission, the University of Wisconsin–Madison, and the State Historical Society of Wisconsin, provided invaluable instruction indocumentary editing. We also wish to thank Professor Daniel Feller, Beverly Wilson Palmer,Catherine Hajo, Frank Grizzard, and Thomas E. Jeffrey for their suggestions andencouragement.

Funding and other valuable assistance were provided by The Graduate School, Collegeof Education, and Founders Library of Northern Illinois University (NIU). The College ofEducation Dean’s Research Grant provided funds for attendance at the institute indocumentary editing. The Graduate School also provided two summer Research and ArtistryGrants, a six-month sabbatical, and funds for additional travel. The Department ofLeadership and Educational Policy Studies assigned graduate students Holly Anderson andChigozie Achebe to the project, both of whom helped in locating documents and seekingpermission to publish. Amelia Gould, secretary in the Department of Leadership, EducationalPsychology and Foundations, developed a large set of transcriptions. Martha Strickland andHayal Kackar, graduate students in the same department, organized permission letters, madephotocopies, and corresponded with repositories. Undergraduate student JoAnn Jankowskiconducted searches of indexes. The staff of the NIU Blackwell History of EducationMuseum managed incoming documents and transcribed letters. Richard Casey and MelissaMoyzsis were especially helpful. We are also grateful to the faculty and staff of FoundersLibrary, who made the process of finding rare pamphlets and serials enjoyable, especiallySamuel Huang, former director of Rare Books; librarian Jennie VerSteeg; and ByronAnderson, head of the General Reference Department. Cherie Hauptman, Ron Barshinger,and the staff of the Interlibrary Loan Department are to be commended for their patienceand persistence. Drew VandeCreek, project administrator of the Lincoln Digitization Project,gave useful advice on negotiating with libraries. We would also like to thank the officers of

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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the university, particularly Jerrold Zarr, dean emeritus of the Graduate School; formerdepartment chair Glenn Smith; and current department chair Wilma Miranda.

At Emma Willard School we are grateful to Joanne McCartan for her work on allaspects of the project, especially her expertise in transcribing Emma Willard’s letters. JudyMazurkiewicz helped with the organization of the final papers and patiently kept the libraryfunctioning while Barbara Wiley was focusing her efforts on Emma Willard’s papers. AudreyKoester and Cherrie Edwards also spent many hours transcribing documents. And a final,special thanks to Marion Munzer, volunteer extraordinaire, for countless hours devoted tocreating a finding aid for the letters of Emma Willard.

A large number of institutions assisted us in the search for documents and allowed us toinclude their holdings in the microfilm edition. First and foremost, we wish to thank EdwardBelt of the Willard family for allowing us to publish the family’s papers and for providingfriendly interest and encouragement. We also want to express our appreciation to EmmaWillard School, in Troy, N.Y., which holds far and away the most comprehensive collectionof documents related to Emma Willard and Troy Female Seminary and which providedfunding for travel, photocopies, and permission fees. Other extremely generous institutionsare the Amherst College Archives and Special Collections, and the Rensselaer County(N.Y.) Historical Society, both of which graciously allowed us to microfilm all their originalEmma Willard holdings. We are especially grateful to director Daria D’Arienzo and directoremeritus John Lancaster of the Amherst College Library, who assisted us during importantphases of the project. Russell Sage College was especially generous in donating all itsWillard holdings to Emma Willard School in view of the microfilming project aims. Otherrepositories that granted permission for us to microfilm documents are as follows: State ofAlabama Department of Archives and History; D. R. Barker Library, Fredonia, N.Y.;Chester County Historical Society; Connecticut Historical Society; Connecticut StateLibrary; Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, Cornell University; Dartmouth CollegeLibrary; the American Philosophical Society; Burton Historical Collection, Detroit PublicLibrary; Georgia Historical Society; Hamilton College; Houghton Library, HarvardUniversity; Henry E. Huntington Library; Historical Society of Pennsylvania; Lilly Library,Indiana University; The Library of Congress; The Episcopal Diocese of Maryland; MarylandHistorical Society; Massachusetts Historical Society; Abernethy Library, MiddleburyCollege; F. W. Olin Library, Mills College; Nassau County Division of Museum Services,Long Island Studies Institute; The Newberry Library; Manuscripts and Archives Division,The New York Public Library; New York State Library, Fales Library and SpecialCollections, New York University; Porter-Phelps-Huntington Foundation, Inc.; The Library,Princeton University; Institute Archives, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N.Y.;Rhode Island Historical Society; Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library; The SheldonMuseum, Middlebury, Vt.; Sophia Smith Collection, Smith College; Smithsonian InstitutionArchives; Wilson Library, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; The WatkinsonLibrary, Trinity College, Hartford, Conn.; William L. Clements Library, The University ofMichigan; Department of the Army, United States Military Academy, West Point, N.Y.;Department of Rare Books and Special Collections, University of Rochester Library; CliftonWaller Barrett Library, Special Collections Department, University of Virginia Library;

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Special Collections of Vassar College Libraries, Poughkeepsie, N.Y.; Vermont HistoricalSociety; Virginia Historical Society; Dacus Library, Winthrop University; Manuscripts andArchives, Yale University; and State Historical Society of Wisconsin. We would also like tothank Robert Welt and Earl M. Ratzer for their donations of documents.

Last, we would like to express our appreciation to those people without whose supportthis microfilm edition would not have been completed: Randolph Boehm and Stephen Want,our editors, who have been consistently friendly, knowledgeable, and helpful; Jim Townsend,who joined us in searching for historical societies in strange cities; Norton Gilbert, legaladviser for Northern Illinois University; especially Stephen Wiley, legal adviser for the EmmaWillard School, who negotiated our contract and assisted in interpreting some of thecollection’s legal documents; and nieces Natalie Forsyth and Ashley Wilkins Benavide fororganizing materials.

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If educational historians were asked to name nineteenth-century women’s educatorsworthy of in-depth study, Emma Hart Willard’s name would surely be mentioned. Willardfirst gained public recognition with the publication of Plan for Improving Female Education(1819), a closely reasoned argument exposing the inferior quality of most women’s schoolsand urging legislators to appropriate public funds for the support of rigorous women’sinstitutions. Willard’s Troy Female Seminary (founded in Troy, N.Y., in 1821) was widelyregarded as one of the finest women’s schools in the United States. Its academic programand the two hundred women’s institutions said to be modeled after it did much to shatter thepopular myth that women were too feeble to master challenging academic subjects. Willardeducated and placed hundreds of young women in teaching positions, pioneered in socialstudies teaching methods, held numerous teacher institutes, and promoted the common schoolcause. Her textbooks and charts, estimated to have sold more than one million copies duringher lifetime,1 disseminated her ideas widely in the United States and Europe.

For a time, Willard had a great deal of acclaim. As early as 1837, the popularphrenologist George Combe called her the most influential woman of her era. After her deathin 1870, her contributions to American society were commemorated with plaques and statues.In 1893, the popular writer Thomas Wentworth Higginson wrote that Willard “had laid thefoundation upon which every woman’s college may be said to rest.” In 1905 she was electedto the Hall of Fame at New York University, and her home in Middlebury, Vt., wasdesignated a National Historic Landmark. A World War II liberty ship was named after her,and in 1959 Nelson Rockefeller, governor of New York, declared October 28 “EmmaWillard Day.”2

It might seem that a woman of Willard’s stature would generate considerable scholarlyinterest, not only because of her influence, but also because the letters flowing to and fromher seminary reveal much about the aspirations and day-to-day activities of a large number ofwomen. Yet scholarship on Willard and the women she educated is rare. In fact, only twofull-scale biographies of Emma Willard have ever been published, the more recent in 1929.3

In 1989 I learned of the dearth of scholarship on Willard and began plans to write a full-scalebiography. I perused a number of indexes and databanks, generating a list of some twenty-five repositories with Willard documents. Subsequent contact with the repositories, however,yielded only a few useful sources. I expected Emma Willard School, in Troy, N.Y., to bulgewith sources, so I traveled there and found a large cache of papers related to Troy FemaleSeminary but only some two hundred Willard letters. These documents might seem sufficientwhen combined with Willard’s numerous published works, but I knew she had writtenconstantly to family members, personal friends, leading educators, and French and Americanstatesmen. What had happened to all those letters? This situation forced me to make a

THE GENESIS OF A PAPERS PROJECT

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difficult decision. I could abandon the project, base the research solely on the few availabledocuments, or carry on a far more ambitious project of searching for the missing papers. Idecided to write an essay on Willard and abandon a larger study.

A few months later, while attending the celebration of the centenary of the founding ofHull House, I met the editor of the Jane Addams Papers, Mary Lynn Bryan. “I am sograteful to you for gathering and publishing the Addams papers,” I said. “If only someonewould do that for Emma Willard.” She smiled brightly and said, “Why don’t you do that?”When I explained that I was an educational historian and not a librarian, she informed me thatthe task required the expertise of a historian. “I don’t know how to collect and publishpapers,” I said. She smiled again and said that I could learn by attending a summer institute.She explained that documentary editors from both small and large papers projects discussedevery phase of their activities at a ten-day institute held annually at the University ofWisconsin in Madison. Perhaps I should attend the institute, I thought, so I wrote a grantproposal requesting the necessary funds and, upon receiving them, attended the ten-dayinstitute. While there, I initiated the Emma Willard Papers Project.

Barbara Wiley, the head librarian of Emma Willard School, was very interested in mywork. Each of us had skills and institutional resources the other lacked. The BlackwellHistory of Education Collection, Northern Illinois University (NIU), where I served ascurator (along with my teaching responsibilities), had student workers to transcribedocuments. There was also the possibility of receiving NIU grants and perhaps a sabbaticalleave. Emma Willard School had computer resources and a library staff; a well-definedsystem for organizing and storing documents; and a large, valuable collection of Willardpapers. I agreed to take responsibility for most of the search process; Barbara agreed tomanage the documents. Shortly thereafter, we learned that Willard’s descendants haddonated two large boxes of Willard documents to Amherst College, which would likely allowus to include the documents in our edition. Yet there was a potential hazard. I was anassistant professor without tenure, and I needed to develop my own historical scholarship toqualify for tenure and promotion. Hence, after considerable reflection and consultation withprofessors, I determined to devote only a portion of my time to this project while carryingforward a full program of scholarship and publication.

Notes1. Mark David Hall, “Emma Willard on the Political Position of Women,” HungarianJournal of English and American Studies 6(2): 13–26 (2000), p. 14.

2. For expressions of Willard’s eminence, see Alma Lutz, Emma Willard: Daughter ofDemocracy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929), 75; Asher Benjamin Pulpit Tablet, Vermont’sColonial Shrine, the Old First Church of Bennington, Vermont; a bronze tablet was placed,1907, and bust unveiled, May 9, 1929, at New York University; a statue of Willard wasplaced in Troy, 1895; “Two More Ships Floated in Harbor,” Portland Evening Express,

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Portland, Maine, April 5, 1943; letter of Robert L. McManus to Anne Wellington, October27, 1959, Emma Willard School Archives, Troy, N.Y.

3. See Selected Bibliography below. The two full-length biographies are John Lord’s TheLife of Emma Willard (New York: Appleton, 1873) and Alma Lutz’s Emma Willard.

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WHAT DOES IT MEAN TOCOLLECT PAPERS?

In 1964 James Olson, president of the American Association for State and LocalHistory, told the members of the Society of American Archivists that there was oneproposition that most historians would probably accept: “Documents have absolute primary assource materials.”1 Documents enable the historian to evaluate the interpretations of otherhistorians and reinterpret the past from new perspectives. The historian who wants toconduct fresh research on a person, group, organization, or event is usually forced to becomea collector of documents. The more scattered the documents, the more skilled and patient thecollector must be. Most nineteenth-century women, even a nationally recognized leader likeEmma Hart Willard, were not considered important enough to merit the collection andpreservation of their papers. To gather the Willard papers would require advanced sleuthingskills, time, and money. Paper gathering does not mean purchasing a large body of rare andcostly documents. Rather, one searches in a variety of repositories and private collections,and when the papers are found, purchases photocopies of them. These photocopies are thenorganized, edited, and published for the use of other historians. Finding, collecting, editing, andpublishing such papers is commonly called “documentary editing.” Publication can take theforms of microform, print, or digitization. Despite the proliferation of digitization, microform isstill considered more durable. Print editions require more detailed editing than microform. Forthese reasons, we chose to microform the Emma Willard papers.

Most documentary editors begin the search for documents by compiling a dictionary ofthe persons who might have corresponded with their subjects. To generate such a list, theyconsult all available primary and secondary sources and estimate when the correspondenceprobably occurred. They next consult indexes to locate the papers and then visit or sendcorrespondence to repositories throughout the country and abroad. My list of possible Willardcorrespondents numbered over two thousand. Work-study students entered into a computerdatabank all the names, the connection to Willard, and the probable years of correspondence.If the potential correspondents were students, I included their parents’ and husbands’ names.The male names are important because papers of women are usually found only among theirhusband’s or father’s papers. Using Personal Names Index of the National UnionCatalogs of Manuscript Collections, Women’s History Sources2 and other indexes, Iidentified over seven hundred repositories likely to contain some Willard correspondence. Ithen sent a general letter to six hundred repositories and letters with more detailedinformation to around one hundred others. I also sent a general mailing to some twentyFrench repositories as well as e-mail appeals to historians in the Women’s History Networkand those specializing in French history. In addition, I sent letters to all members of the

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Association of Documentary Editors who were collecting nineteenth-century documents. Isearched databases such as Archives USA, WorldCat, and RLIN and ordered books editedby Willard’s friends, hoping to find a Willard selection therein.

The most important phase of the search process is onsite searches of repositories. Thisis because many repositories lack the resources to index their papers. I conducted most ofthe initial onsite visits, but gradually Barbara joined me. In all, we traveled to some twenty-five states and Great Britain. Barbara searched for and found many Willard publications, andI gradually joined her in that effort. We consulted Willard’s diaries and correspondence, Pre-1950 Imprints in the Library of Congress, Poole’s Index,3 WorldCat, and thebibliographies of secondary sources. We also checked the print catalog of each repositorywe visited for unindexed Willard publications.

A final task was to select the documents for the published edition. Barbara and I madethe decisions through negotiation with Randolph Boehm, our editor, in consultation withProfessor Anne Firor Scott, a highly regarded women’s historian. While many documentaryeditors seek to gather the most comprehensive collection possible, Scott advised us to cull outmaterials that would be of least use to historians. To do that, I envisioned myself writing abiography of Willard and began to ask which documents I would need. The resultingcollection consists of a core of Willard’s unpublished writings: her incoming and outgoingcorrespondence; diaries and manuscripts; public appeals; and important legislative, legal, andbusiness documents. Another set of documents is related directly to the three female schoolsWillard established: the catalogs published during her lifetime, the promotional articles andadvertisements, the annual reports to the Regents of the State of New York, legal andfinancial records, and published and unpublished evaluations of the schools. We added thecorrespondence of her students, their diaries while studying at Troy, and their responses to a1892–1895 survey requesting their memories of Troy Female Seminary and their subsequentlives.

A fourth group of documents concerns Willard’s involvement in the textbook industry.She is regarded as one of the leading nineteenth-century textbook writers, her history andgeography books having had an enormous readership. We decided to include only firsteditions of each textbook as well as the final edition of her most popular textbook, History ofthe United States, or Republic of America, first issued in 1828 and revised and reprintednearly forty times.4 Manuscripts of Willard’s textbooks have been lost, but we did find herhandwritten emendations to Morals for the Young (1857) made in anticipation of a secondedition. We included the full text of the revised but unpublished textbook as it providedevidence of the process Willard used to revise and update her writings. Willard’s publishersplaced advertisements in many of her publications and periodicals, and her texts were oftenreviewed. We included only a sample of these.

A fifth group of writings consists of Willard’s published essays, letters, memorials,poetry, a travel journal, magazine articles, book reviews, newspaper articles, and an Englishtranslation of a French manual for mothers. We have included every such source we couldfind. Last are representations of Willard and her work, both during her life and into thebeginning of the next century. We define “representations” as icons and verbal descriptions,particularly assessments. These include etchings, paintings, and photographs as well as

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references to her person and work in unpublished and published writings, including earlybiographies. Such documents are a good foundation for historical research on EmmaWillard’s life, philosophy, institutions, and reformist activities, as well as the women whoselives she touched.

Notes1. James C. Olson, “The Scholar and Documentary Publications,” American Archivist28:187 (1965).

2. Index to Personal Names in the National Union Catalog of Manuscript Collections,1959–1984 (Alexandria, Va.: Chadwyck-Healy, 1988); National Union Catalog ofManuscript Collections (Washington: Library of Congress, 1961–1993); Andrea Hindingand Ames S. Bower, Women’s History Sources: A Guide to Archives and ManuscriptCollections in the United States (New York: Bowker, 1979).

3. The National Union Catalog, Pre-1956 Imprints;... (London: Mansell, 1968–1981);William Poole and William Fletcher, Poole’s Index to Periodical Literature (Glouster,Mass.: Peter Smith, 1881–?).

4. Pre-1956 Imprints lists three versions of this text, the first edition published by White,Gallaher, & White in 1828 and revised and corrected five times; two subsequent revisions ofthe text were called Abridgement of the History of the United States…, first published byWhite, Gallaher, & White in 1831 and reprinted three times; and Abridged History of theUnited States, or, Republic of America, first published by Barnes & Co. in 1843 and (aftertwenty-seven reprints), last issued in 1873.

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EMMA HART WILLARD (1787–1870)

A Chronology

The following chronology may be of assistance to those researching a specific era orissue in Willard’s life. It is based on Emma Willard’s memoir addressed to ProfessorCoggswell (1842) and her correspondence, publications, and early biographies. Willardspelled her maiden name “Heart” and “Hart.”

1787 February 23, Emma Hart is born in Berlin, Conn.

1792–1802? Attends district school in Berlin.

1802 Attends Berlin Academy. Shows great academic promise under Thomas Miner.

1804 Summer, teaches school for children in Berlin.

1805 Winter, attends Miss Pattons’ school in Hartford, Conn.

Summer, teaches a select school for older children in her home in Berlin.

1805–1806 Winter, heads Berlin Academy.

Spring, autumn, attends the school of Mrs. Lydia Royce in Hartford, Conn.

1807 Spring, is teaching assistant at academy in Westfield, Mass.

Summer, is preceptress (head) of a female school in Middlebury, Vt.

1809 August 10, is married to Dr. John Willard, marshall of the District of Vermont.

1810 September 28, gives birth to her only child, John H. Willard.

1812 Vermont State Bank, where John Willard serves as director, is robbed.

1813 August 21, her father, Samuel Hart, dies.

1814 Opens a boarding school for ladies in the Willard home in Middlebury, Vt.

1815 Begins experimenting with teaching methods in geography, Christian ethics(moral philosophy), rhetoric, history, grammar, composition, drawing, elocution,chirography, arithmetic, and psychology (mental philosophy). Initiates thoroughpublic examinations as an essential feature of a rigorous female curriculum.Begins writing Plan for Improving Female Education.

1817 Asks Governor Van Ness of Vermont if she can present her Plan to the statelegislature. Effort fails, including the plan to transform college buildings atBurlington, Vt., into a female seminary. Sends handwritten copy of Plan toGovernor Clinton of New York.

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1818–1819 With her husband, lobbies for Plan in Albany. Publishes and distributes onethousand copies of the Plan. Legislature approves appropriation of funds forwomen’s academies and grants charter to Waterford Academy for YoungLadies, Waterford, N.Y.

1819 June 2, opens Waterford Academy. Introduces the study of geometry, followedby successful public examination in the subject.

1820–1821 Public funding for Waterford Academy withheld by New York legislativecommittee. May, opens Troy Female Seminary in Troy, N.Y. Begins to publishgeographies with William Woodbridge.

1822 Introduces algebra, followed by successful public examination in the subject.Offers trigonometry and natural philosophy (science).

1823 Another appeal for public funding fails in New York legislature.

1824 Almira Hart Lincoln, widowed, comes to assist at the seminary. Lincolnbecomes vice-principal, improves methods and subject matter of science,particularly chemistry.

Entertains Lafayette, who is on an American tour, and begins a correspondencewith him.

1825 May 29, Dr. John Willard dies.

1826 Publishes Geography for Beginners and Atlas to accompany it.

1827 Publishes Ancient Atlas to accompany Woodbridge’s Universal Geography.

1828 Publishes her most popular, often revised and reprinted text, History of theUnited States, or Republic of America and the accompanying text, A Series ofMaps.

1830 October 1, leaves Troy with her son, John, for a seven-month tour of France,Great Britain, and Scotland. Visits Lafayette, Louise Belloc, AdelaideMontgolfier, Maria Edgeworth, and various schools. Begins lifelongcorrespondence with French women.

1831 January 18, her mother, Lydia Hinsdale Hart, dies. August, departs fromEurope. On return voyage, writes her popular hymn, “Rocked in the Cradle ofthe Deep.” Almira Hart Lincoln marries Hon. John Phelps.

1832 Organizes Troy Society for the Advancement of Female Education in Greece tofoster women’s education in the newly liberated nation. Publishes severalessays in support of this effort.

1833 Publishes Journal and Letters from France and Great Britain. Donatesproceeds to an Episcopal women’s school in Athens, Greece.

1835 Publishes A System of Universal History. With Almira Lincoln Phelps,translates and publishes Progressive Education, by Necker de Saussure.

1837 Organizes Willard Association for the Mutual Improvement of FemaleTeachers. Publishes letter to Simon Bolivar, urging him to open a female school

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in the newly liberated Republic of Colombia, South America. Troy FemaleSeminary is incorporated.

1838 Turns over the seminary to Sarah and John Willard.

September 17, marries Dr. Christopher C. Yates, a physician of Albany.Honeymoons in the Great Lakes region.

Troy Female Seminary is accepted by the New York Regents and receives itsfirst state funding.

1839 Moves with Dr. Yates to Boston.

1840 June, leaves Dr. Yates after nine months. Lives in Berlin, with her sister, and inHartford, Conn., with friends. Publishes Willard’s Historic Guide; Guide tothe Temple of Time. Moves to Berlin, Conn., after she is elected superintendentof Kensington common schools.

1841 Henry Barnard, among others, suggests that she head a normal school inHartford, where teacher institutes can be held. Plan fails. Publishes essays inConnecticut Common School Journal, and, with Henry Barnard, takesleadership in teacher institutes.

1843 Receives a divorce from the Connecticut legislature and the right to use theWillard name.

1844 Travels often, but finally, in summer, settles at Troy Female Seminary.

1845 Joins board of managers, Troy Swiss Mission Society, to raise funds for a Swissmission in Canada. Attends convention of county superintendents, Syracuse,N.Y. Joins others in conducting teachers’ institutes in New York andPennsylvania.

1846 Tours southern and midwestern states. Publishes physiological theory, ATreatise on the Motive Powers Which Produce the Circulation of the Blood.

1847 Publishes her most daring appeal for women addressed to the newly establishedFrench government, “A Letter to Dupont de l’Eure on the Political Position ofWomen.”

1849 Publishes Last Leaves of American History and another medical treatise,Respiration and Its Effects, Particularly as respects Asiatic Cholera.

1854 June 24, travels to London to attend World’s Educational Convention. Withfamily, tours France, Switzerland, Northern Italy, Germany, and Belgium. VisitsLouise Belloc and Adelaide Montgolfier in Paris. Appointed to represent womenon the editorial board of the New York Teacher.

1856 Publishes Late American History to update Republic of America.

1857 Publishes Morals for the Young, or Good Principles for Instilling Wisdom.

1861 Strives to end the Civil War by presenting memorial to Congress, in a thirty-six-foot roll signed by thousands of American women. Joins with Troy women toform the Children’s Home Society, incorporated by act of the New Yorklegislature.

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1862 Publishes Via Media, an appeal to end the Civil War.

1863 July 11, train on which she travels is captured by Confederate soldiers. Forcedto walk to a river where she resumed her trip.

1864 Publishes “God Save America” and “Universal Peace.”

1866 Elected honorary member, American Association for the Advancement ofScience.

1870 April 15, dies at Troy, N.Y.

Selected Bibliography

The following bibliography consists of genealogies, biographical essays, and bookspublished after the turn of the century as well as information related to Emma (Hart) Willardalthough not written specifically about her. Such sources help to explain and enrich one’sunderstanding of the contents of the edition. They are listed in the order of appearance.

Unpublished and Published Genealogies

Genealogy as narrated to Emma Willard by her mother, October 2, 1827, AC.

Genealogy for her son, John, by Emma Willard, October 11, 1842, AC.

Andrews, Alfred, Genealogical History of Deacon Stephen Hart and His Descendants1632 [sic] 1875 (New Britain, Conn.: Austin Hart, 1875).

Pope, Charles Henry, ed., Willard Genealogy: Sequel to Willard Memoir (Boston: Printedfor the Willard Family Association, 1915).

North, Catherine M., “The Hart Families,” History of Berlin Connecticut (New Haven:Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor, 1916), pp. 55–79.

Wiley, Barbara, “The Hart-Willard Genealogy,” 2002, EWSA.

Essays and Books

Eichthal, M. D. G., Les Deux Mondes (Paris: Librarie de la Societe de Geographie, 1836).

Norton, Alice, “Mrs. Emma Hart Willard, 1787–1870, An Historical Sketch,” 1904, EWSA.

Silliman, Mrs. S. A., “Madame Emma Willard,” The Conquest 1: 5 (February 1910).

Spethmann, Marie T., “Emma Hart Willard—A Pioneer in the Higher Education of Women,”The Journal of Home Economics 2(2): 204–208 (April 1910).

Holden, James Austin, “Emma Willard: A Sketch and a Letter,” Educational Review (April1916), pp. 387–396.

“Emma Willard,” The Troy Times (May 27, 1916).

Lutz, Alma, Emma Willard: Daughter of Democracy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1929).

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Goodsell, Willystine, Pioneers of Women’s Education in the United States: EmmaWillard, Catherine Beecher, Mary Lyon (N.Y.: AMS Press 1970, 1931).

Beer, Max, “A Portrait for the Governor,” UN World 39–40 (February 1946).

Griffiths, Mary E., “Emma Willard,” Connecticut Teacher (December 1946 & January1947), pp. 60–61, 78–79.

“Women College Presidents,” Life (October 1947), pp. 90–96.

Greene, Margaret Duncan, “The Growth of Physical Education for Women in the UnitedStates in the Early Nineteenth Century” (Ed. D. thesis, UCLA, 1950), pp. 62–67.

Meyer, Margaret R., “Emma Willard and the New York State Teacher’s Institutes of 1845,”Journal of Educational Research 44: 695–701 (May 1951).

Brammer, Louella K., “Courageous Lady,” American Junior Red Cross News 44(5): 18(February 1963).

Schuessler, Raymond, “The Woman Who Proved Female Intelligence,” NRTA Journal(November–December 1977), pp. 9–11.

Phelps, Stephen, “The Indomitable Emma Willard,” The Conservationist 33(5): 17–19(March–April 1979).

Scott, Anne Firor, “What, Then, Is the American: This New Woman?” Journal of AmericanHistory 65(3): 679–703 (December 1978).

Scott, Anne Firor, “The Ever Widening Circle: The Diffusion of Feminist Values from theTroy Female Seminary 1822–1872,” History of Education Quarterly 19: 3–25 (Spring1979).

Scott, Anne Firor, “Emma Willard: Feminist,” Women’s Studies Newsletter 7: 5–7 (Fall1979).

Calhoun, Daniel H., “Eyes for the Jacksonian World: William C. Woodbridge and EmmaWillard,” Journal of the Early Republic 4: 1–26 (Spring 1984).

“Emma Willard, Pioneer of Higher Education for Women,” Heritage 3(3) (February 1987).

Ingraham, Frances, “Honoring a champion of women’s minds,” Times Union [Albany, N.Y.](February 22, 1987). [Note: Photo labeled “Emma Willard” is not Emma Willard.]

Nelson, Murray R., “Emma Willard: Pioneer in Social Studies Education,” Theory andResearch in Social Education 15: 4 (Fall 1987): 245–256.

MacMullen, Edith Nye, In the Cause of True Education: Henry Barnard and Nineteenth-Century School Reform (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991), pp. 141–142.

Baym, Nina, “Women and the Republic: Emma Willard’s Rhetoric of History,” AmericanQuarterly 43(1): 1–23 (March 1991).

xxii

Townsend, Lucy F., and Barbara Wiley, eds., “Ever the Teacher, Even WhenHoneymooning: Emma Willard’s Lost Geography Lesson,” The New England Quarterly 64:297–308 (1991).

Schlereth, Thomas J., “Columbia, Columbus, and Columbianism,” The Journal of AmericanHistory 79(3): 937–968 (December 1992).

Reed, Elizabeth Wagner, American Women in Science Before the Civil War (Minneapolis:University of Minnesota, 1992).

Naylor, Natalie A., “Emma Hart Willard,” in Women Educators in the United States(Greenwood Press, 1993), pp. 525–535.

Conzen, Michael P., “The Historical Impulse in Geographical Writing About the UnitedStates,” in A Scholar’s Guide to Geographical Writing on the American and CanadianPast (Chicago: University of Chicago, 1993), pp. 3–37.

Beadie, Nancy, “Emma Willard’s Idea Put to the Test: The Consequences of State Supportof Female Education in New York, 1819–67,” History of Education Quarterly 33(4): 543–562 (Winter 1993).

Townsend, Lucy F., “Willard, Emma Hart,” in Philosophy of Education: An Encyclopedia(New York: Garland Publishing, 1996), pp. 674–676.

Cott, Nancy F., “Marriage and Women’s Citizenship in the United States, 1830–1934,” TheAmerican Historical Review 103(5): 1440–1474 (December 1998).

Mulvihill, Thalia M., “Hart to Hart: Sisters Working in Tandem for Educational Change inNineteenth Century America,” Vitae Scholasticae 18(1): 79–95 (Spring 1999).

Silverman, Erin, “Educating Women in Early America: The Story of Emma Willard,” TheConcord Review 10(1): 1–24 (Fall 1999).

Watson, Martha, Lives of Their Own: Rhetorical Dimensions in Autobiographies ofWomen Activists (Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina Press, 1999).

Townsend, Lucy, and Barbara Wiley, “The Divorce of a Domestic Educator: The Case ofEmma Willard,” Review Journal of Philosophy and Social Science 27(1&2): 163–205(2002).

Baym, Nina, American Women of Letters and the Nineteenth-century Sciences: Styles ofAffiliation (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 2002).

Hall, Mark David, “Beyond Self-Interest: The Political Theory and Practice of EvangelicalWomen in Antebellum America,” Journal of Church and State 44(3): 477–499 (Summer2002).

Fishburn, Eleanor C., and Mildred Sandison Fenner, Emma Willard and Her Plan(Washington, D.C.: National Education Association [n.d.]).

Pitcher, Charlotte A., Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825 (Oneida Chapter, Daughtersof the American Revolution [n.d.]).

xxiii

“Another Trojan Landmark Gone” [newspaper article describing the house Emma Willardoccupied in Troy in later years, unnamed newspaper [n.d.]], EWSA.

Unpublished Writings

Minute book, Columbia Association of Teachers, noting Emma Willard’s appearance,February 1850, Smithsonian Institution, Joseph Henry Papers, Smithsonian Institution.

Madden, Florence, “The Biography of Madam Emma Willard,” 1918, EWSA.

[Fisher], Dorothy Canfield, “An Escape-Thought,” n.d., New York Public Library.

MacLear, Mary, Skits about Emma Willard, 1964 and 1948, EWSA.

Hazard, Florence Woolsey, “Emma Willard,” EWSA.

Ritzlin, Mary McMichael, “Women’s Contributions to North American Cartography: ThreeProfiles.” Presentation for MAGERT (Map and Geography Roundtable of the AmericanLibrary Association), 1988.

Young, Jessica Stillman Edelman, “Rocking the Cradle: The First Generation of 19th CenturyAmerican Career Women” (Thesis, Ph.D., Columbia University, 1988).

Clower, John W., “Women’s Contributions to the Theory of Language Pedagogy in the U.S.:The First Women Theorists (United States)” (Thesis, Ph.D., Indiana University, 1989).

Wood, Diane Claire, “The Cultural and Intellectual Origins of Emma Willard’s EducationalPhilosophy” (Thesis, M.A., San Jose State University, 1991).

Buss, Kathleen A., “Emma Willard: Another Look” (Thesis, M.A., San Diego StateUniversity, 1993).

Burley, Sarah E., “The Bodying Forth of a Long-Loved Idea: Emma Willard’s Reformulationof School, Family, and Nation” (Thesis, B.A., Harvard and Radcliffe Colleges, 1994).

Mulvihill, Thalia M., “Community in Emma Willard’s Educational Thought, 1787–1870”(Thesis, Ph.D, Syracuse University, 1995).

Ting, Audrey, “Emma Willard: A Revolutionary Educator or Simply a ShrewdBusinesswoman?” (Final paper, Emma Willard School history class, 2000).

Allen, Thomas Michael, “Modern Time and the Romantic Historical Imagination in 19thCentury American Literature” (Thesis, Ph.D., The University of Wisconsin–Madison,2000).

Hall, Mark David, “Beyond Self-Interest: The Political Theory and Practice of EvangelicalWomen in Antebellum America,” Journal of Church and State 44(3): 477–499 (Summer2002).

xxiv

Information Related to Emma Willard

“Mount Vernon School,” American Ladies’ Magazine 5: 549 (December 1832).

“Report of the Constitution, Resolutions and Plan of Operation of the Troy Society For theAdvancement of Female Education in Greece,” The Troy Press, Extra (January 17, 1833).

“Female Education in Greece,” The Ladies’ Magazine and Literary Gazette 6: 424(August 1833).

Hill, Rev. John H., “Letter on Greece,” The Ladies’ Magazine and Literary Gazette 6:461–463 (October 1833).

Willis, N. P., “American Missionary School,” American Ladies’ Magazine 7: 370–372 (1834).

“Convents are Increasing,” American Ladies’ Magazine 7: 560–564 (1834).

[Sigourney, Lydia H.], “Appeal to American Females, for the Education of Their Own Sex inGreece,” American Ladies’ Magazine 7: 527–529 (1834).

[Sigourney, Lydia H.], “Appeal for Greece,” American Ladies’ Magazine 7: 529 (1835).

[Sigourney, Lydia H.], “Request from Greece,” American Ladies’ Magazine 8: 286 (1835).

“The Mentor,” The Lady’s Book 14: 92 (February 1837).

“Editor’s Book Table,” The Lady’s Book 18: 142 (March 1839).

“Letter from Greece,” The Lady’s Book 18: 189 (April 1839).

Perdicaris, G. A., The Greece of the Greeks (New York: Paine & Burgess, 1845), pp. 292–300.

Beman, Nathan S. S., A Plea for the Swiss Mission in Canada: A Discourse, delivered inthe First Presbyterian Church, Troy, October 15, 1843 (Troy: Published by Young &Hartt, 1845).

“Annual Meeting of the Association of Teachers of the State of New York,” Teachers’Advocate, and Journal of Education 2(38): 455 (June 4, 1847).

“Editorial Correspondence,” Teachers’ Advocate and Journal of Education 2(41): 482–483 (June 25, 1847) [Report from the New Jersey Educational Society].

“Anniversary of the N.Y. State Teachers Association,” Teachers’ Advocate and Journalof Education 2(48): 570 (August 13, 1847).

“Convention of The State Teachers’ Association,” Journal of Education and Teachers’Advocate 5(19): 296–299 (August 15, 1850).

“Proceedings of the Annual Meeting [of the New York State Teachers’ Association],” NewYork Teacher 1(12): 369, 376 (September 1853).

“A Word” [announces Emma Willard’s retiring from the Board of Editors], New YorkTeacher 4(6): 364, 376–377 (September 1855).

xxv

Alcott, W. A., “William Channing Woodbridge,” in Memoirs of Teachers, Educators, andPromoters and Benefactors of Education, Literature, Science, ed. by Henry Barnard (New York: F. C. Brownell, 1859), pp. 268–280.

“Women in School Boards,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 82: 189 (February 1871).

Hale, Sarah Josepha, “Hill, Frances M.,” in Woman’s Record; or Sketches of allDistinguished Women, the Creation to A.D. 1868 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1872),pp. 868–870.

Kirk, Hyland Clare, History of the New York State Teachers’ Association (New York:E. L. Kellogg, 1883), p. 21 [showing Emma Willard’s involvement in the 1848 meeting of theassociation].

Letter, Katherine DeWitt Smith (TFS 1845), to Treasurer of the Emma Willard Association,January 26, 1893.

Gautier, Paul, Mathieu de Montmorency et Madame de Staël (Paris: Librairie Plon, 1908).

Brandegee, Emily S., “The Early History of Berlin, Connecticut: An Historical PaperDelivered Before the Emma Hart Willard Chapter, D.A.R., January 17, 1913” [Berlin,Conn.: D.A.R.?], 1913.

Hobson, Elsie Garland, “Education under the Regents,” in Educational Legislation andAdministration in the State of New York from 1777 to 1850 (Chicago: University ofChicago, 1918), pp. 37–51.

Rollins, Wallace E., “The Mission to Greece,” in History of the Theological Seminary inVirginia and Its Historical Background, ed. by William A. R. Goodwin (Rochester, N.Y.:The DuBois Press [1924]), pp. 252–270.

Hayner, Rutherford, Troy and Rensselaer County New York: A History (New York: LewisHistorical Pub. Co., 1925), p. 399.

Nolan, J. Bennett, Lafayette in America Day by Day (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press,1934).

Riley, Glenda, “Origins of the Argument for Improved Female Education,” History ofEducation Quarterly 9: 455–470 (Winter 1969).

Melder, Keith, “Mask of Oppression: The Female Seminary Movement in the United States,”New York History 55: 261–279 (July 1974).

Cott, Nancy, The Bonds of Womanhood: “Woman’s Sphere” in New England, 1789–1835 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977).

Boydston, Jeanne, Home & Work: Housework, Wages, and the Ideology of Labor in theEarly Republic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990).

Walters, William D., “William Channing Woodbridge: Geographer,” Journal of SocialStudies Research 16 & 17(2): 42–49 (Fall 1993).

xxvi

Baym, Nina, American Women Writers and the Work of History (New York: RutgersUniversity Press, 1995).

Zagarri, Rosemarie, “The Rights of Man and Woman in Post-Revolutionary America,”William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd ser. 55: 203–230 (1998).

Lepouchard, Camille, Louise Swanton-Belloc: du bon usage des modeles anglais etamericains dans les milieux intellectuels francais du XIX siecle ([n.p.] Rumeur des Ages,2000).

Cott, Nancy, Public Vows: A History of Marriage and the Nation (Cambridge: HarvardUniversity Press, 2000).

Landis, Dennis, “Celia Burleigh,” Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography, online (December 4, 2001). Available at http://www.uua.org/uuhs/duub.

Perlman, Joel, and Robert A. Margo, Women’s Work? American Schoolteachers, 1650–1920 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001).

Beadie, Nancy, and Kim Tolley, eds., Chartered Schools: Two Hundred Years ofIndependent Academies in the United States, 1727–1925 (New York: Routledge FalmerPress, 2002).

xxvii

A WORD TO RESEARCHERS

Researchers wishing to quote from this microfilm collection or reproduce anydocuments in this microfilm edition need to secure permission from the institution or personwho owns the original documents and any copyright holders. Accompanying each documentis a target sheet providing the location of the original manuscript and bibliographic informationrelated to the document. Transcripts are provided to assist in reading partially illegiblemanuscripts. These should be checked for accuracy against the microfilmed documents.

The following abbreviations will be used to identify holders of a large number ofdocuments:

AC Amherst College Archives and Special Collections, Emma Hart WillardPapers, Amherst, Mass.

EWSA Emma Willard School Archives, Emma Willard School, Troy, N.Y.RCHS Rensselaer County Historical Society, Troy, N.Y.

1

THE MICROFILM EDITION

Unpublished Correspondence

Emma Willard maintained a heavy correspondence with family members, friends, the parents and guardians of her students, and former students. When gathering information for her textbooks and academic essays, she sought information from highly regarded authorities such as generals and physicians; after finishing a manuscript, she distributed copies and asked for corrections. In addition, she maintained a warm correspondence with public figures such as the Marquis de Lafayette, Lydia Sigourney, Louise Belloc, and Henry Barnard. John Lord, her first biographer, wrote that he had access to over ten thousand Willard letters1 (see Representations of Emma Willard). After a twelve-year search for Willard documents, Barbara Wiley and I have concluded that the overwhelming majority of Willard’s letters are lost. We have made every effort to find all extant correspondence to or by Emma Willard and have included in this edition typescripts and/or published versions of most of what we found.

The correspondence in this edition extends from 1809 to 1867. The letters, when combined with Willard’s diaries and public appeals, reveal the thinking of a nineteenth-century “public intellectual,” that is, one who engages the public in carefully reasoned arguments on major social and political issues. Willard began early in life seeking to change public opinion about the schooling of girls and women. During the common school movement, she urged men to invite women to oversee the public schools in their communities. Later, she urged political leaders to grant women full responsibility for educating the nation’s children, including the management of public funds, and the preparation and supervision of public school teachers. She urged political leaders in South America, France, and Greece to provide the women in their nations with better schooling.

Willard’s interests also included national issues not related directly to women’s education. At the onset of the Civil War, she marshaled thousands of women to sign a petition urging Congress to mediate a swift settlement of the conflict. One of her last publications was an appeal for all nations to set up a tribunal in Jerusalem (which she believed to be a neutral site) for the peaceful settlement of international disputes. Willard wrote to editors, politicians, and educators, attempting to ensure that appropriate public bodies had access to her appeals. These letters as well as her writings provide a new vantage point from which to reassess public opinion on the major issues of her day.

The letters flowing to and from Troy Female Seminary are also potentially fruitful sources for a reinterpretation of nineteenth-century school culture. Historian Nancy Cott and others have devoted considerable attention to the character of the relationships among nineteenth-century women,2 yet more work remains to be done. A cursory reading of the Willard correspondence reveals an unclear boundary between Willard, the many family members who attended and/or

1 John Lord, Emma Willard, p. 7.

2 Nancy F. Cott, The Bonds of Womanhood (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), 101–125; Carroll Smith-Rosemberg, “The Female Worlds of Love and Ritual: Relations Between Women in Nineteenth-Century America,” Signs 20(10): 1–29 (Autumn 1973).

2

worked with her, and other faculty and students. Several persons with no biological tie to Willard called her their “mother,” and she called them her “daughters.” What, precisely, did Emma Willard and others connected to her schools mean by the word “family”? The Willard correspondence can also be used to analyze Willard’s relationships with male friends and family members, several of whom served her in a variety of paid and unpaid capacities. It would be useful to compare Willard’s tone and word choice when writing to family members with that used in letters to her friends, students, and the members of their families. Several students assisted her in researching and illustrating her textbooks, and others served as her secretaries. As the correspondence reveals, she took pains to visit these women after they had left the seminary and continued to maintain her contact with them. The character of these relationships has yet to be fully explored.

Willard’s correspondence, business, and legal papers also reveal her engagement in a large and varied range of business activities. For example, she bought and sold real estate, negotiated with publishers, bought insurance, and negotiated salaries with her faculty and staff. Included among the manuscripts are letters to parents discussing their daughters’ academic progress and school expenses. On occasion, one finds a letter reminding a parent of an unpaid bill. Willard sometimes hired others to carry on her business affairs, as these documents reveal. Historians have explored nineteenth-century beliefs about women’s inherent nature and capacities, their experiences as students and teachers in the academies and colleges established in the nineteenth century, and the students’ subsequent lives. Although some work has been done on the financial aspects of their academies,3 many questions remain about the business aspects of a female school. The Willard correspondence, legal, and business papers are useful sources for historians interested in this topic.

Frame Numbers

Last Name First Name To/From Date Number of Frames

Reel 1 0001 Montgolfier Adelaide from 1 frame 0002 Bull Hannah from 11/14/1807 4 frames 0006 Bull Hannah from 6/19/1808 6 frames 0012 Russ Sally to 3/19/1809 8 frames 0020 Whittlesey Nancy to 2/5/1813 5 frames 0025 Addomo John T. to 11/16/1814 3 frames 0028 Tappan Mrs. Benjamin to 11/25/1814 5 frames 0033 Treat Elisha to 3/2/1815 7 frames 0040 Tappan Benjamin & Mrs. to 3/12/1815 7 frames 0047 Willard Mrs. to 7/1/1815 5 frames 0052 Davis Hannah P. to 3/16/1818 7 frames 0059 Davis Hannah P. to 4/11/1818 7 frames 0066 Hastings Seth to 4/11/1818 5 frames 0071 Russ Sarah to 9/14/1818 5 frames 0076 Clinton DeWitt from 12/31/1818 4 frames

3 E.g., Nancy Beadie, “Emma Willard’s Idea Put to the Test: The Consequences of State Support of Female Education in New York, 1819–67,” History of Education Quarterly 33(4): 543–562 (Winter 1993).

3

Frame Numbers


0080 VanSchoonhoven G. from 1/1/1819 6 frames 0086 Russ Sarah to 3/26/1819 6 frames 0092 Gadcomb Sandford to 3/30/1819 7 frames 0099 Eaton Amos from 11/20/1819 4 frames 0103 Jefferson Thomas from 12/18/1819 4 frames 0107 Willard J. H. from 6/1/1820 3 frames 0110 Willard J. H. from 7/14/1820 4 frames 0114 Granger Gideon to 1/6/1820 4 frames

missing Treat Mary Lydia from 2/22/1820 0 frames 0118 Willard J. H. to 1/17/1820 5 frames 0123 Hart Emma from 2/22/1820 7 frames 0130 Granger Gideon to 3/4/1820 5 frames 0135 Eaton Amos from 3/24/1820 4 frames 0139 Russ Sally to 4/19/1820 5 frames 0144 Heywood Mary to 4/27/1820 7 frames 0151 Heywood Mary to 5/13/1820 7 frames 0158 Buel Hannah to 10/3/1820 3 frames 0161 Russ John to 5/25/1821 5 frames

missing Willard John Hart to 8/7/1821 0 frames 0166 Amos Eaton from 1822 4 frames 0170 Willard John Hart from 4/7/1822 4 frames 0174 Eaton Amos from 4/8/1822 4 frames 0178 Van Ness Cornelius P. from 5/23/1822 5 frames 0183 Bradley William to 8/29/1822 4 frames 0187 Willard John Hart from 9/19/1822 4 frames 0191 Deall Caroline M. to 10/17/1822 7 frames 0198 Willard John Hart to 10/22/1822 5 frames 0203 Willard John Hart from 10/25/1822 3 frames 0206 Deall Caroline M. to 11/18/1822 5 frames 0211 Willard John Hart from 11/27/1822 3 frames 0214 Willard John Hart from 12/4/1822 3 frames 0217 Eaton Amos from 3/3/1823 7 frames 0224 Willard John Hart from 4/20/1823 3 frames 0227 Willard John Hart from 6/16/1823 4 frames 0231 Mumford B. to 6/28/1823 4 frames 0235 Bowers Mrs. to 8/1/1823 3 frames 0238 Eaton Amos from 11/29/1823 5 frames 0243 Clinton DeWitt from 1824 4 frames 0247 Mumford Harriet Bowers to 10/13/1824 6 frames 0253 Van Ness Cornelius P. from 10/23/1824 5 frames 0258 Aiken Mary from 11/14/1824 5 frames 0263 Eaton Amos from 12/24/1824 4 frames

4

Frame Numbers


0267 Mumford Harriet Bowers to 12/26/1824 8 frames 0275 Van Ness Cornelius P. from 3/24/1825 5 frames 0280 Loomis Maria to 5/19/1825 3 frames

missing Clinton DeWitt from 6/18/1825 0 frames 0283 Worthington Thomas to 9/2/1825 4 frames 0287 Teller Miss to 9/5/1825 4 frames 0291 Mumford Harriet Bowers to 9/6/1825 4 frames 0295 Eaton Almira from 9/16/1825 4 frames 0299 Van Ness Cornelius P. from 10/1/1825 4 frames 0303 Mansfield Jared to 10/15/1825 5 frames 0308 Eaton Almira from 10/16/1825 4 frames 0312 Barton Eliz. Clemson to 11/7/1825 7 frames 0319 Aldis & Davis to 11/9/1825 6 frames 0325 Partridge Alden to 12/2/1825 4 frames 0329 Aldis & Davis to 12/4/1825 4 frames 0333 Partridge Alden to 12/15/1825 4 frames 0337 Taylor John W. to 12/25/1825 2 frames 0339 Van Ness Cornelia from 12/31/1825 5 frames 0344 Van Ness Cornelius P. from 3/2/1826 6 frames 0350 Aldis & Davis to 3/19/1826 4 frames 0354 Van Ness Cornelius P. from 4/20/1826 5 frames 0359 Russ Sally to 5/7/1826 5 frames 0364 Worthington Thomas to 6/21/1826 4 frames 0368 Sibley Solomon to 7/13/1826 4 frames 0372 Olcott Mills to 10/6/1826 5 frames 0377 Twiss Thomas to 10/7/1826 4 frames 0381 Twiss Thomas from 10/16/1826 5 frames 0386 Thayer S. from 11/28/1826 3 frames 0389 Twiss Thomas from 1/5/1827 5 frames 0394 Gardiner M. B. from 4/12/1827 3 frames 0397 Olcott Mills to 4/14/1827 7 frames 0404 Eaton Amos from 5/1/1827 7 frames 0411 Thayer S. from 5/7/1827 3 frames 0414 Eaton Amos from 5/16/1827 7 frames 0421 Twiss Thomas from 5/17/1827 6 frames 0427 Twiss Thomas to 5/17/1827 4 frames 0431 Twiss Thomas from 6/4/1827 5 frames 0436 Twiss Thomas to 6/8/1827 6 frames 0442 Southard Samuel L. to 7/6/1827 6 frames 0448 Willard John Hart from 7/10/1827 4 frames 0452 Southard Samuel from 7/16/1827 3 frames 0455 Worthington James Taylor to 7/18/1827 7 frames

5

Frame Numbers


0462 Willard John Hart from 7/29/1827 4 frames 0466 Eaton Amos from 8/14/1827 6 frames 0472 Willard John Hart from 8/28/1827 4 frames 0476 Willard John Hart from 9/8/1827 4 frames 0480 Southard Samuel from 9/20/1827 3 frames 0483 Worthington James Taylor to 9/29/1827 5 frames 0488 Willard John Hart from 10/5/1827 4 frames 0492 Southard Samuel from 10/6/1827 3 frames 0495 Willard John Hart from 10/28/1827 4 frames 0499 Eaton Amos from 10/30/1827 3 frames 0502 Southard Samuel L. to 11/10/1827 5 frames 0507 Willard John Hart from 11/11/1827 4 frames 0511 Sigourney Lydia from 11/24/1827 3 frames 0514 Southard Samuel from 11/28/1827 5 frames 0519 Carter N. H. from 12/24/1827 4 frames 0523 Todd Eli to 1769–1833 4 frames 0527 Willard John Hart from 1/11/1828 4 frames 0531 Willard John Hart from 1/18/1828 4 frames 0535 Willard John Hart from 1/20/1828 4 frames 0539 Twiss Thomas from 1/23/1828 7 frames 0546 Willard John Hart from 1/27/1828 4 frames 0550 Willard John Hart from 2/3/1828 4 frames 0554 Eaton Amos from 2/9/1828 4 frames 0558 Willard John Hart from 2/10/1828 5 frames 0563 Twiss Elizabeth to 2/21/1828 9 frames 0572 Eaton ?? (I. W.?) from 3/16/1828 4 frames 0576 Willard John Hart from 3/23/1828 4 frames 0580 Olcott Mills to 4/21/1828 5 frames 0585 Willard John Hart from 5/4/1828 4 frames 0589 Willard John Hart from 5/25/1828 4 frames 0593 Willard John Hart from 6/8/1828 5 frames 0598 Willard John Hart from 6/15/1828 5 frames 0603 Willard John H. from 6/28/1828 4 frames 0607 Sibley Catharine to 7/16/1828 0 frames

missing Twiss Thomas from 7/17/1828 0 frames 0614 Twiss Elizabeth from 7/17/1828 7 frames 0621 Lafayette Marie Joseph to 9/10/1828 6 frames 0627 Twiss Elizabeth to 9/15/1828 7 frames 0634 Lafayette Marie Joseph to 9/16/1828 5 frames 0639 Sigourney Lydia Howard from 10/1828 5 frames 0644 Southard Samuel L. to 10/10/1828 5 frames 0649 Twiss Elizabeth from 10/11/1828 7 frames

6

Frame Numbers


0656 Eaton Amos from 10/16/1828 3 frames

missing Twiss Thomas from 10/19/1828 0 frames 0659 Aldis & Davis to 10/28/1828 4 frames 0663 Southard Virginia from 11/12/1828 4 frames 0667 Southard Samuel L. to 12/3/1828 5 frames 0672 Aldis & Davis to 12/15/1828 4 frames 0676 Sigourney Lydia to 12/24/1828 5 frames 0681 Lafayette Marie Joseph from 12/29/1828 4 frames 0685 Gadsby J. from 1829 3 frames 0688 Treat Mary Lydia from 1829 7 frames 0695 Willard John Hart to 1/6/1829 5 frames 0700 Phelps Helen M. to 1/15/1829 7 frames 0707 Cooke & Co. to 1/16/1829 5 frames 0712 Cooke & Co. from 1/29/1829 3 frames 0715 Treat Mary Lydia from 3/2/1829 7 frames 0722 Treat Mary Lydia from 3/10/1829 7 frames 0729 Treat Mary Lydia from 3/27/1829 8 frames 0737 Twiss Thomas from 4/6/1829 7 frames 0744 Cooke & Co. from 4/16/1829 3 frames 0747 Niederer Roette from 5/1/1829 4 frames 0751 Willard John Hart to 5/26/1829 5 frames 0756 Twiss Thomas to 5/27/1829 4 frames 0760 Southard Samuel L. to 5/29/1829 6 frames 0766 Southard Samuel L. to 6/11/1829 4 frames 0770 Twiss Thomas from 6/27/1829 5 frames 0775 Parker Daniel from 6/29/1829 5 frames 0780 Twiss Thomas & Eliz. from 7/11/1829 4 frames 0784 Parker Daniel to 7/18/1829 6 frames 0790 Treat Mary Lydia from 8/13/1829 4 frames 0794 Parker Daniel from 9/1/1829 4 frames 0798 A & C from 9/18/1829 5 frames 0803 A & C from 9/18/1829 3 frames

missing Cooke & Co. from 9/19/1829 0 frames missing Cooke & Co. from 9/19/1829 0 frames

0806 Southard Samuel from 10/5/1829 3 frames missing Southard Samuel from 10/5/1829 0 frames

0809 Southard Samuel L. to 10/10/1829 4 frames 0813 Twiss Elizabeth to 10/11/1829 7 frames 0820 Twiss Thomas from 10/13/1829 8 frames 0828 Parker Daniel from 10/17/1829 5 frames 0833 Sibley Solomon to 10/17/1829 4 frames 0837 Pearce to 10/20/1829 3 frames

7

Frame Numbers


0840 Cooke & Co. from 10/21/1829 3 frames 0843 Cooke & Co. from 10/24/1829 3 frames 0846 Parker Daniel from 11/13/1829 3 frames 0849 Temple Charlotte from 11/21/1829 4 frames 0853 Cooke Edward from 12/2/1829 4 frames 0857 Parker Daniel to 12/9/1829 5 frames 0862 Willard John Dwight to 12/10/1829 8 frames 0870 Willard John Dwight to 12/10/1829 10 frames 0880 Willard John Hart to 12/19/1829 4 frames 0884 Parker Daniel from 12/22/1829 3 frames

Reel 2

0001 Lafayette Marquis De

Marie to 1757–1834 2 frames

0003 Parker Daniel to 1/2/1830 6 frames 0009 Cooke E. P. from 1/11/1830 4 frames 0013 Parker Daniel to 1/25/1830 5 frames 0018 Parker Daniel to 3/4/1830 3 frames

missing Barnard Henry to 3/30/1830 0 frames 0021 Olcott Mills to 4/19/1830 2 frames 0023 Collins Zaccheus to 4/22/1830 3 frames 0026 Parker Daniel to 4/27/1830 6 frames 0032 Parker Daniel from 5/11/1830 5 frames 0037 Parker Daniel to 5/1830 3 frames 0040 Cooke E. P. from 6/8/1830 5 frames 0045 Eastman J. A. to 6/24/1830 6 frames 0051 Treat Mary Lydia from 8/11/1830 5 frames 0056 Treat Mary Lydia from 9/10/1830 7 frames 0063 Southard Samuel L. to 9/11/1830 4 frames 0067 Lafayette Marie Joseph to 9/11/1830 3 frames 0070 Treat Mary Lydia from 9/22/1830 7 frames 0077 Tibbits George from 9/23/1830 4 frames 0081 Twiss Thomas & Eliz. from 10/13/1830 8 frames 0089 Morgan Mary to 10/17/1830 3 frames 0092 Lafayette Marie Joseph from 11/8/1830 2 frames 0094 Lafayette Marie Joseph to 11/8/1830 2 frames 0096 Van Ness Cornelia from 12/16/1830 4 frames 0100 Liataud A. to [1831] 4 frames 0104 Phelps Almira (Hart)

Lincoln to [1831] 5 frames

0109 Lafayette Marie Joseph to [1831] 3 frames

8

Frame Numbers


0112 Kirby Harriet from 2/3/1831 8 frames 0120 Morgan Mary from 2/5/1831 2 frames 0122 Tayloe Julia Dickinson from 3/6/1831 5 frames 0127 Van Ness Cornelia from 3/8/1831 10 frames 0137 Van Ness Cornelia from 3/13/1831 4 frames 0141 Montgolfier Adelaide from 3/31/1831 5 frames 0146 Liautaud A. from 4/7/1831 5 frames 0151 Grasset from 4/8/1831 4 frames 0155 Belloc Louise from 4/13/1831 3 frames 0158 Treat Elisha to 4/14/1831 6 frames 0164 Wilson Mrs. Lestock from 4/28/1831 3 frames 0167 Bochsa? from 6/20/1831 4 frames 0171 Veil Just from 6/21/1831 5 frames 0176 Packard Frederick A. from 7/11/1831 3 frames 0179 Van Cleve Louisa E. to 8/1831 3 frames 0182 Worthington James Taylor to 8/13/1831 4 frames 0186 UNIDENTIFIED 8/17/1831 3 frames 0189 Lafayette Marie Joseph to 8/18/1831 3 frames 0192 Sigourney Lydia from 9/1/1831 3 frames 0195 Smith Phineas from 9/20/1831 3 frames 0198 Montgolfier Adelaide from 9/28/1831 5 frames 0203 ?? Catherine to 10/21/1831 2 frames 0205 Willard John Hart from 12/10/1831 5 frames 0210 Woodbridge W. C. from 12/20/1831 5 frames 0215 Tibbits George to 1832 5 frames 0220 Brewster William from 2/11/1832 6 frames 0226 Dutton Sarah Ward to b. 1814 3 frames 0229 Rand Lavinia to 3/6/1832 9 frames 0238 Woodbridge W. C. from 3/7/1832 5 frames 0243 Seward Jason W. to 3/17/1832 4 frames 0247 Lafayette Marie Joseph to 4/5/1832 4 frames 0251 Cushman Seth to 4/17/1832 2 frames 0253 McNaughton James from 5/1/1832 3 frames 0256 Willard John Hart from 6/9/1832 5 frames 0261 Belloc Louise from 6/16/1832 5 frames 0266 Huntington Daniel to 6/28/1832 8 frames 0274 Montgolfier Adelaide from 7/22/1832 5 frames 0279 Willard J. H. to 8/7/1832 3 frames 0282 Tibbits George from 8/14/1832 5 frames 0287 Platt Elisa H. from 9/28/1832 4 frames 0291 Twiss Thomas to 9/30/1832 6 frames

missing Twiss Thomas to 10/3/1832 0 frames

9

Frame Numbers


0297 Seward Sarah to 12/1/1832 5 frames 0302 Holley Myron from 12/8/1832 5 frames 0307 Dutton Sarah W. to 3/15/1833 5 frames 0312 Mason John Thomson from 3/26/1833 7 frames 0319 Sigourney Lydia H. to 4/4/1833 4 frames 0323 Dutton Sarah Ward to 4/9/1833 4 frames 0327 Lafayette Marie Joseph to 5/1/1833 4 frames 0331 Dutton Sarah W. to 5/2/1833 7 frames 0338 Whittingham Wm. Rollinson to 6/27/1833 7 frames 0345 Mulligan John W. from 7/2/1833 5 frames 0350 Dutton Sarah Ward to 8/18/1833 6 frames 0356 Whittingham Wm. Rollinson to 9/6/1833 6 frames 0362 Phelps C. to 9/6/1833 4 frames 0366 Lafayette Marie Joseph to 10/29/1833 4 frames 0370 Mason Eliza to 11/6/1833 7 frames 0377 Dutton Sarah to 11/23/1833 6 frames 0383 Hill Frances 12/31/1833 5 frames 0388 Hill Frances to 1/7/1834 5 frames 0393 Beatty to 2/20/1834 4 frames 0397 Platt Elisa H. from 3/10/1834 3 frames 0400 Dutton Sarah Ward to 4/9/1834 5 frames 0405 Sigourney Lydia from 7/2/1834 5 frames 0410 Montgolfier Adelaide from 9/16/1834 5 frames 0415 Mansfield Edward D. from 1/15/1835 5 frames 0420 Hart Mary to 4/13/1835 5 frames 0425 Willard John Hart from 11/27/1835 4 frames 0429 Hill Frances to 1/13/1836 7 frames 0436 Montgolfier Adelaide from 4/22/1836 5 frames 0441 Bull Levi from 5/17/1836 3 frames 0444 Bull Levi to 5/19/1836 3 frames 0447 Montgolfier Adelaide from 7/26/1836 5 frames 0452 Milner to 8/9/1836 3 frames 0455 Hill Frances from 8/23/1836 3 frames 0458 Gaston William to 10/7/1836 7 frames 0465 Marcy Wm. Learned to 12/20/1836 8 frames 0473 Hopper Isaac T. from 2/6/1837 3 frames 0476 Eaton Amos from 2/7/1837 4 frames 0480 Paige Alonzo Chris. to 2/17/1837 5 frames 0485 Eaton Amos from 2/21/1837 4 frames 0489 Sigourney Lydia from 3/14/1837 5 frames 0494 Berrien J. W. M. from 5/1/1837 5 frames 0499 Jane from 6/6/1837 5 frames

10

Frame Numbers


0504 Sigourney Lydia from 6/25/1837 3 frames 0507 Simmons Laura from 6/23/1837 4 frames 0511 Belloc Louise from 8/5/1837 6 frames 0517 UNIDENTIFIED from 9/26/1837 3 frames 0520 Eaton Amos from 11/15/1837 3 frames 0523 Hadley Mary Anne from 11/20/1837 7 frames 0530 Willard John Hart to 1/21/1838 3 frames 0533 Pitcher from 2/17/1838 3 frames 0536 Bradish Luther to 2/18/1838 2 frames 0538 Benton Caroline from 2/20/1838 5 frames 0543 UNIDENTIFIED

2 to 2/28/1838 4 frames

0547 Belloc Louise from 3/8/1838 5 frames 0552 Jane from 3/10/1838 4 frames 0556 Jane from 3/11/1838 4 frames 0560 Whittlesey Chester from 3/17/1838 5 frames 0565 Davies Charles from 4/12/1838 4 frames 0569 Pawling E. (Eunice?) to 5/7/1838 7 frames 0576 Pawling Eunice to 5/7/1838 6 frames 0582 Eaton Amos to 5/15/1838 5 frames 0587 Whittlesey S. L. from 5/22/1838 4 frames 0591 Pedicaris G. A. from 9/1/1838 5 frames 0596 Phelps John Wolcott to 9/3/1838 3 frames 0599 Willard John Hart to 10/13/1838 9 frames 0608 Sigourney Lydia from 1/2/1839 3 frames 0611 Willard John Hart to 1/9/1839 5 frames 0616 Willard John Hart to 1/16/1839 5 frames 0621 Willard John Hart to 1/28/1839 5 frames 0626 Willard John Hart to 2/6/1839 5 frames 0631 Willard John Hart to 2/20/1839 5 frames 0636 Willard John Hart to 3/6/1839 4 frames 0640 Willard John Hart to 3/19/1839 9 frames 0649 Barnard Henry to 3/30/1839 ? 3 frames

0652 Montgolfier Adelaide from 5/29/1839 7 frames 0659 Sigourney Lydia H. to 8/23/1839 6 frames 0665 Montgolfier Adelaide from 8/27/1839 5 frames 0670 Mason Catherine from 9/1/1839 5 frames 0675 Sigourney Lydia from 9/18/1839 5 frames 0680 Hadley Mary Anne to 11/15/1839 7 frames 0687 Belknap Hammersley to 5/23/184? 2 frames 0689 Barnard Henry to 1841? 6 frames 0695 Paige Harriet Mumford to 1/13/1840 4 frames

11

Frame Numbers


0699 Mason Emily from 3/13/1840 6 frames 0705 Willard John Hart to 3/28/1840 5 frames 0710 Paige Harriet Mumford from 4/16/1840 4 frames 0714 My Beloved Children to 5/5/1840 5 frames 0719 Sigourney Lydia from 5/16/1840 4 frames 0723 Barnard Henry to 5/29/1840 5 frames 0728 Barnard Henry to 6/24/1840 4 frames 0732 Barnard Henry to 7/1/1840 4 frames 0736 Willard John Hart to 7/22/1840 2 frames 0738 Hart Harriet to 7/25/1840 3 frames 0741 Barnard Henry to 7/27/1840 3 frames 0744 Willard John Hart to 9/29/1840 5 frames 0749 Willard John Hart to 11/1/1840 3 frames 0752 Sigourney Lydia from 12/23/1840 5 frames 0757 Hadley Mary Anne to 12/29/1840 8 frames 0765 Barnard Henry to 1848? 1854? 4 frames

0769 Willard John Hart to 1/5/1841 5 frames 0774 Hart Harriet to 3/25/1841 5 frames 0779 Platt Elisa H. from 3/31/1841 5 frames 0784 Davies Charles from 4/2/1841 4 frames 0788 Barnard Henry to 5/3/1841 6 frames 0794 Hotchkiss Mrs. R. from 4/20/1841 1 frame 0795 Hotchkiss Mrs. R. to 4/30/1841 2 frames 0797 Hart Harriet to 5/12/1841 7 frames 0804 Sigourney Lydia H. to 5/12/1841 3 frames 0807 Davies Charles from 6/13/1841 5 frames 0812 Sigourney Lydia from 6/15/1841 5 frames 0817 Hart Harriet to 7/5/1841 4 frames 0821 Davies Mary Ann from 7/12/1841 5 frames 0826 Willard John Hart from 7/20/1841 5 frames 0831 My Dear Children to 8/30/1841 4 frames 0835 Willard John Hart to 9/3/1841 5 frames 0840 Sigourney Lydia H. to 9/28/1841 7 frames 0847 Brown H. K. to 10/21/1841 5 frames 0852 Coggswell William to 12/21/1841 41 frames 0893 Willard John H. to 1/26/1842 5 frames 0898 Whittlesey Mary to 2/27/1842 5 frames 0903 Clarke Sara J. from 4/17/1842 3 frames 0906 Jones Mary H. from 4/19/1842 3 frames 0909 Clarke Sara J. from 5/3/1842 4 frames 0913 Barnard Henry to 6/4/1842 3 frames 0916 Sigourney Lydia from 7/27/1842 4 frames

12

Frame Numbers


0920 Davies Charles from 8/31/1842 4 frames 0924 Brainard O. V. from 10/5/1842 3 frames 0927 Willard Emma W. to 11/1/1842 4 frames 0931 Willard John Hart from 11/18/1842 5 frames 0936 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 11/18/1842 6 frames 0942 Willard John Hart from 1/19/1843 5 frames 0947 Brainard O. V. from 1/20/1843 4 frames 0951 Willard John Hart to 1/21/1843 3 frames 0954 Redway A. G. from 2/1/1843 4 frames 0958 Hooker E. W. to 3/1/1843 5 frames 0963 Mason Emily from 3/15/1843 7 frames 0970 My Dear Children to 3/29/1843 5 frames 0975 Paige, Harriet Mumford from 4/24/1843 3 frames 0978 Willard John Hart to 5/4/1843 5 frames 0983 Willard John Hart to 5/23/1843 3 frames 0986 My Dear Chldren to 5/26/1843 5 frames 0991 Jones Mary H. from 6/5/1843 4 frames 0995 Paige Harriet Mumford to 6/17/1843 5 frames 1000 Farrar Fred H. from 7/22/1843 4 frames 1004 Sigourney Lydia from 8/1/1843 5 frames 1009 Jones Mary H. from 9/18/1843 5 frames 1014 Platt Elisa H. from 10/16/1843 4 frames 1018 My Dear Children to 11/7/1843 5 frames 1023 Graves Sarah Dutton to 11/13/1843 4 frames 1027 Willard John Hart to 2/5/1844 5 frames 1032 Sigourney Lydia from 3/4/1844 5 frames 1037 Willard John Hart from 3/16/1844 7 frames 1044 Willard John Hart to 4/14/1844 5 frames 1049 Hopkins John H. from 5/13/1844 4 frames 1053 Barnard Henry to 9/3/1844 8 frames 1061 Willard John Hart to 10/9/1844 5 frames 1066 Sigourney Lydia from 10/12/1844 5 frames 1071 Sigourney Lydia from 12/20/1844 4 frames

Reel 3

missing Fitch & McBain from 2/21/1845 0 frames

0001 Barnes A. S. from 5/9/1845 5 frames 0006 Paige Harriet Mumford to 7/10/1845 3 frames 0009 Willard John Hart to 8/17/1845 5 frames 0014 Willard John Hart to 8/26/1845 4 frames 0018 Willard John Hart to 8/30/1845 5 frames

13

Frame Numbers


0023 Paige Harriet Mumford from 9/1/1845 5 frames

missing [Kirby?] Harriet to 9/4/1845 0 frames 0028 Paige Harriet Mumford to 9/4/1845 4 frames 0032 ?? Harriet to 9/4/1845 4 frames 0036 Paige Harriet Mumford to 9/10/1845 3 frames 0039 Willard John Hart to 9/29/1845 4 frames 0043 Willard John Hart to 10/12/1845 5 frames 0048 Perdicaris? Meta from 11/3/1845 4 frames 0052 Childs Charles C. C. from 11/7/1845 4 frames 0056 Childs Charles C. from 11/13/1845 3 frames 0059 Barnard Henry to 11/13/1845 2 frames 0061 Childs Charles C. C. from 12/10/1845 5 frames 0066 Barton Eliz. Clemson to 12/11/1845 6 frames 0072 Sigourney Lydia H. to 1/1/1846 8 frames 0080 Willard John to 4/7/1846 4 frames 0084 Willard John Hart from 4/14/1846 7 frames 0091 Willard Sarah Lucretia from 5/1/1846 7 frames 0098 Whittlesey Mary Beals from 5/2/1846 4 frames 0102 Willard John Hart to 5/7/1846 5 frames 0107 Willard John Hart to 6/22/1846 5 frames 0112 Willard John Hart to 7/27/1846 5 frames 0117 Holden Austin W. to 9/5/1846 12 frames 0129 Paige Harriet Mumford to 9/10/1846 4 frames 0133 Sigourney Lydia from 9/11/1846 5 frames 0138 Sigourney Lydia H. to 9/18/1846 7 frames 0145 Paige Harriet Mumford to 9/25/1846 4 frames 0149 My Dear Children to 11/1846 5 frames 0154 Allen Jonathan A. to 11/7/1846 4 frames 0158 My Dear Children to 11/9/1846 5 frames 0163 Johnson Anna Maria to 11/10/1846 4 frames 0167 Willard John & Lucretia to 11/12/1846 4 frames 0171 My Dear Children to 11/19/1846 3 frames 0174 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 1/18/1847 5 frames 0179 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 2/2/1847 4 frames 0183 Phelps Helen M. to 4/12/1847 4 frames 0187 Sigourney Lydia from 4/20/1847 5 frames 0192 Willard John Hart to 5/18/1847 5 frames 0197 Blackwell Elizabeth from 5/24/1847 6 frames 0203 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 7/9/1847 4 frames 0207 My Dear Children to 8/18/1847 4 frames 0211 Willard John Hart to 8/30/1847 5 frames 0216 Willard John Hart from 9/6/1847 5 frames

14

Frame Numbers


0221 Davies Mary Ann from 9/29/1847 6 frames 0227 My Dear Children to 10/1847 5 frames 0232 Hart Jane to 10/18/1847 5 frames 0237 Sigourney Lydia from 1/6/1848 5 frames 0242 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 1/24/1848 4 frames 0246 Paige Harriet Mumford to 1/26/1848 8 frames 0254 Hoffman E. C. from 1/30/1848 5 frames 0259 Sigourney Lydia from 2/1/1848 5 frames 0264 Paige Harriet Mumford to 2/3/1848 4 frames 0268 Paige Harriet Mumford to 2/21/1848 7 frames 0275 Wilson Annie G. from 3/8/1848 5 frames 0280 Hart Jane to 3/10/1848 5 frames 0285 Paige Harriet Mumford from 3/28/1848 5 frames 0290 Paige Harriet Mumford to 4/3/1848 7 frames 0297 Unidentified - 3 to 4/21/1848 4 frames 0301 UNIDENTIFIED

3 Right Rev. & Dear Sir

to 4/21/1848 1 frame

0302 Willard John Hart to 6/1/1848 5 frames 0307 Jones Mary H. from 6/16/1848 5 frames 0312 Paige Harriet Mumford to 7/17/1848 4 frames 0316 Paige Harriet Mumford to 7/20/1848 4 frames 0320 Sigourney Lydia from 7/20/1848 4 frames 0324 Sigourney Lydia from 7/27/1848 5 frames 0329 Paige Harriet Mumford from 7/30/1848 3 frames 0332 Willard John Hart to 8/23/1848 3 frames 0335 Willard John Hart to 12/3/1848 5 frames 0340 Whittlesey Chester from 1/13/1849 7 frames 0347 Willard John Hart to 2/1849 5 frames 0352 Willard John Hart from 2/27/1849 4 frames 0356 Willard John Hart to 3/1/1849 5 frames 0361 Sigourney Lydia from 3/2/1849 5 frames 0366 Wool John Ellis from 3/6/1849 6 frames 0372 Willard John Hart to 3/8/1849 3 frames 0375 Willard John Hart to 3/9/1849 5 frames 0380 Willard John Hart to 3/15/1849 5 frames 0385 Henry Joseph to 4/1849 9 frames 0394 Willard John Hart to 4/27/1849 3 frames 0397 Willard John Hart to 4/27/1849 5 frames 0402 Willard John Hart to 5/6/1849 5 frames 0407 Morse Professor F. B. to 5/24/1849 4 frames 0411 Peter Sarah from 5/29/1849 7 frames 0418 Paige Harriet Mumford from 6/6/1849 3 frames

15

Frame Numbers


0421 Minot Louisa from 6/22/1849 5 frames 0426 Peter Sarah from 7/6/1849 4 frames 0430 Sigourney Lydia from 7/12/1849 5 frames 0435 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 7/18/1849 5 frames 0440 Willard John Hart to 8/25/1849 3 frames 0443 Willard E. C. from 11/27/1849 2 frames 0445 Paine John from 11/27/1849 3 frames 0448 Paige Harriet Mumford to 11/28/1849 5 frames 0453 Paine John to 11/30/1849 5 frames 0458 Benton Thomas H. from 12/25/1849 4 frames 0462 Sigourney Lydia from 1/11/1850 5 frames 0467 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 1/12/1850 3 frames 0470 Seward Frances Adeline to 1/31/1850 3 frames 0473 Barnard Henry from 3/20/1850 3 frames 0476 Whittlesey Mary to 4/15/1850 5 frames 0481 Sigourney Lydia from 4/24/1850 4 frames 0485 Barnard Henry to 6/13/1850 4 frames 0489 Grossman to 6/30/1850 4 frames 0493 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 7/18/1850 3 frames 0496 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 7/19/1850 2 frames 0498 Stiles Joshua C. to 8/31/1850 5 frames 0503 Barnard Henry to 12/27/1850 4 frames 0507 Peter Sarah from 12/31/1850 5 frames 0512 Lossing Benson John to 1/14/1851 3 frames 0515 Lossing Benson John to 1/16/1851 5 frames 0520 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 1/23/1851 4 frames 0524 Lester to 2/28/1851 4 frames 0528 Webster Daniel to 4/17/1851 5 frames 0533 Dickinson to 7/5/1851 4 frames 0537 Sigourney Lydia from 8/29/1851 4 frames 0541 Sigourney Lydia from 10/11/1851 4 frames 0545 Sigourney Lydia from 11/8/1851 5 frames 0550 Leffingwell Mr. to 12/5/1851 4 frames 0554 Barnard Henry to 3/10/1852 6 frames 0560 Seward William Henry to 3/11/1852 7 frames 0567 Hartford Excelsior to 3/17/1852 6 frames 0573 Paige Harriet Mumford from 3/20/1852 3 frames 0576 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 3/24/1852 4 frames 0580 Jones Mary H. from 3/31/1852 5 frames 0585 Jones Mary H. from 6/28/1852 5 frames 0590 Sigourney Lydia from 6/29/1852 5 frames 0595 Kingsley to 7/15/1852 3 frames

16

Frame Numbers


0598 Paige Harriet Mumford to 7/5/1852 5 frames 0603 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 7/31/1852 3 frames 0606 Barnard Henry to 8/5/1852 4 frames 0610 Barnes A. S. from 9/17/1852 5 frames 0615 Yates Harriet T. to 11/3/1852 3 frames

missing Gales & Seaton to 11/12/1852 0 frames 0618 Sigourney Lydia from 11/25/1852 4 frames 0622 Webster Araminta Rice from 12/24/1852 7 frames 0629 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 1/28/1853 4 frames 0633 Davies Louisa H. from 5/25/1853 4 frames

missing Tayloe Benjamin Ogle from 6/6/1853 0 frames 0637 Paige Harriet Mumford to 6/25/1853 7 frames 0644 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 7/26/1853 3 frames 0647 Dobson Isabella G. from 8/27/1853 10 frames 0657 Sigourney Lydia from 9/15/1853 4 frames 0661 Sigourney Lydia from 10/22/1853 4 frames 0665 Barnard Henry to 11/10/1853 2 frames 0667 Jones Mary H. from 12/19/1853 4 frames 0671 Whittlesey Mary Beals from 12/26/1853 3 frames 0674 Ouseley Marcia from 1854? 4 frames 0678 Society for the Encouragement of Arts… 1854 2 frames

0680 Yates to 1854 5 frames 0685 Sigourney Lydia from 1/31/1854 4 frames 0689 Allen N. from 2/17/1854 4 frames 0693 Fitch and McBain from 2/21/1854 3 frames 0696 Barnes A. S. from 5/31/1854 3 frames 0699 Tayloe Benjamin Ogle from 6/6/1854 3 frames 0702 Hart Jennie to 6/8/1854 3 frames 0705 Barnard Henry to 6/9/1854 7 frames 0712 Barnard Henry to 6/16/1854 4 frames 0716 Sigourney Lydia from 6/16/1854 3 frames 0719 Davies Charles from 6/19/1854 3 frames 0722 Barnard Henry from 7/4/1854 2 frames 0724 Barnard Henry from 7/6/1854 2 frames 0726 Barnard Henry from 7/7/1854 2 frames 0728 Unwin W[illiam] J. from 7/10/1854 3 frames 0731 Stansbury Charles from 7/11/1854 2 frames 0733 Foster Peter Le Neve from 7/12/1854 2 frames 0735 Foster Peter Le Neve from 7/13/1854 2 frames 0737 Foster Peter Le Neve from 7/13/1854 3 frames 0740 Stansbury Charles from 7/13/1854 2 frames 0742 Duman Helen [?] from 7/15/1854 3 frames

17

Frame Numbers


0745 Stansbury Charles from 7/17/1854 2 frames 0747 Foster Peter Le Neve from 6/6/1854 3 frames 0750 Inwin W[illiam] J. from 7/20/1854 5 frames 0755 Armstrong 7/20/1854 2 frames

missing Foster Peter Le Neve from 7/20/1854 0 frames 0757 Stansbury Charles from 7/21/1854 3 frames 0760 Hugen [?] Theodor from 7/21/1854 4 frames 0764 Stansbury Charles from 7/22/1854 3 frames 0767 Yapp G. W. from 7/25/1854 3 frames 0770 Ouseley Marcia from 7/29/1854 3 frames 0773 Mulligan J. from 7/29/1854 2 frames 0775 Lane H. from 8/3/1854 3 frames 0778 Herschel Sir John to 8/3/1854 2 frames 0780 Langton J. from 8/10/1854 2 frames 0782 Nourse from 8/18/1854 3 frames 0785 Stansbury Charles from 8/21/1854 3 frames 0788 Stansbury Charles from 9/1/1854 2 frames 0790 Marcy Wm. Learned to 9/3/1854 5 frames 0795 Sigourney Lydia from 9/4/1854 4 frames 0799 Hughes Edward from 9/7/1854 4 frames 0803 Hughes Edward to 9/7/1854 19 frames 0822 Ouseley Marcia from 11/7/1854 4 frames 0826 Sigourney Lydia from 12/22/1854 3 frames 0829 Sigourney Lydia from 12/26/1854 3 frames 0832 Dobson Isabella G. from 1/9/1855 6 frames 0838 Sigourney Lydia from 1/12/1855 3 frames 0841 Harper’s New Month to 3/5/1855 4 frames 0845 Philbrick John D. to 4/11/1855 6 frames 0851 Neely Eliza A. to 4/13/1855 7 frames 0858 Sigourney Lydia from 5/21/1855 4 frames 0862 Draper Lyman to 6/29/1855 4 frames 0866 Dobson Isabella G. from 7/6/1855 6 frames 0872 Bushnell Elisa H. from 8/3/1855 3 frames 0875 Willard Sarah Hudson from 8/27/1855 5 frames 0880 Sigourney Lydia from 9/24/1855 3 frames 0883 Dobson Isabella G. from 10/6/1855 4 frames 0887 Whittlesey Mary Beals from 10/22/1855 3 frames 0890 Philbrick John D. to 10/24/1855 3 frames 0893 Draper Lyman to 11/10/1855 7 frames 0900 Sigourney Lydia from 1/5/1856 4 frames 0904 Hart Wm. & Nellie to 1/8/1856 5 frames 0909 Putnam George Palmer to 1/10/1856 4 frames

18

Frame Numbers


0913 Willard Emma W. from 2/24/1856 4 frames 0917 ?? Eliza to 7/11/1856 3 frames 0920 Barnes A. S. from 7/11/1856 4 frames 0924 Barnard Josephine to 10/16/1856 4 frames 0928 Sartain John to 10/18/1856 4 frames 0932 Perkstuff Mary E. from 1857 2 frames 0934 Montgolfier Adelaide from 1857 5 frames 0939 Whittlesey Mary from 2/9/1857 3 frames 0942 Sigourney Lydia from 3/30/1857 3 frames 0945 Gales & Seaton to 4/4/1857 6 frames 0951 Willard Emma W. from 5/9/1857 4 frames 0955 Willard Emma W. from 5/30/1857 6 frames 0961 Whittlesey Mary from 6/9/1857 4 frames 0965 Whittlesey Mary from 7/10/1857 4 frames 0969 Dobson Isabella G. from 7/28/1857 9 frames 0978 Sigourney Lydia from 7/29/1857 4 frames 0982 Bushnell Elisa H. from 8/1857 4 frames 0986 Bushnell Elisa H. from 9/3/1857 4 frames 0990 Whittlesey Mary from 9/29/1857 4 frames 0994 Sigourney Lydia from 10/9/1857 4 frames 0998 Bushnell Elisa H. from 10/18/1857 4 frames 1002 Sigourney Lydia from 12/30/1857 4 frames 1006 Whittlesey Mary from 2/10/1858 4 frames 1010 Willard John Hart to 3/2/1858 2 frames 1012 Barnard Henry to 3/6/1858 4 frames 1016 Whittlesey Elisha from 4/10/1858 3 frames 1019 Whittlesey Mary from 4/17/1858 4 frames 1023 Dodd William to 4/21/1858 3 frames 1026 Paige Harriet Mumford from 4/24/1858 4 frames 1030 Bowling W. K. from 5/20/1858 5 frames 1035 Whittlesey Mary from 5/31/1858 4 frames 1039 Woolworth? S. B. from 6/23/1858 3 frames 1042 Barnard Josephine to 7/14/1858 4 frames 1046 Willard Frank B. from 8/19/1858 5 frames 1051 Alice from 9/2/1858 8 frames 1059 Barnard Henry to 10/4/1858 5 frames 1064 Whittlesey Mary to 11/12/1858 5 frames 1069 Barnard Henry from 11/19/1858 4 frames 1073 Barnard Henry from 11/19/1858 4 frames 1077 Whittlesey Mary from 11/20/1858 4 frames 1081 Willard Emma W. from 12/17/1858 5 frames 1086 ?? Mary to 12/28/1858 4 frames

19

Frame Numbers


1090 ?? Eliza to 12/29/1858 6 frames 1096 Sigourney Lydia from 12/31/1858 3 frames

Reel 4

0001 Perkins Mr. to 1/15/1859 4 frames 0005 Barnard Henry to 1/16/1859 4 frames 0009 Sartain John from 1/17/1859 4 frames 0013 Sartain John from 1/25/1859 3 frames 0016 Brintmade Thomas C. from 2/6/1859 4 frames 0020 Perkins Mr. to 2/7/1859 4 frames 0024 Todd Catherine H. to 2/8/1859 4 frames 0028 Sigourney Lydia from 2/11/1859 4 frames 0032 Whittlesey Mary from 2/11/1859 4 frames 0036 Phelps Helen M. to 2/18/1859 5 frames 0041 Willard Emma W. from 2/22/1859 5 frames 0046 Peck William Guy from 2/24/1859 7 frames 0053 Sartain John from 4/11/1859 4 frames 0057 Sartain John from 5/10/1859 3 frames 0060 Whittlesey Mary from 5/19/1859 4 frames 0064 Sartain John from 7/5/1859 3 frames 0067 Whittlesey Mary from 7/14/1859 4 frames 0071 Bushnell Elisa H. from 7/18/1859 4 frames 0075 Sartain John from 7/22/1859 2 frames 0077 Draper Lyman to 7/29/1859 5 frames 0082 Swift Samuel to 8/8/1859 5 frames 0087 Whittlesey Mary from 8/16/1859 3 frames 0090 Sigourney Lydia from 8/29/1859 4 frames 0094 Sigourney Lydia from 9/1/1859 3 frames 0097 Copeland A. H. to 9/2/1859 5 frames 0102 Benton Thomas H., Jr. from 9/3/1859 4 frames 0106 Barnard Henry to 9/9/1859 4 frames 0110 Barnard Henry to 9/14/1859 4 frames 0114 Sartain John from 9/15/1859 3 frames 0117 Sartain John to 10/1/1859 4 frames 0121 Sartain John from 10/17/1859 5 frames 0126 Sartain John from 11/11/1859 6 frames 0132 Sartain John from 11/17/1859 5 frames 0137 Sigourney Lydia from 12/16/1859 4 frames 0141 Marcy and

McClellan Ellen Mary and George B. 1860? 2 frames

0143 Willard Emma W. from 2/18/1860 5 frames

20

Frame Numbers


0148 Mason Emily from 2/25/1860 5 frames 0153 Davies Charles from 2/28/1860 4 frames 0157 Phelps Helen M. to 3/7/1860 5 frames 0162 Sigourney Lydia from 6/29/1860 4 frames 0166 Eastburn? from 7/2/1860 4 frames 0170 Paige Harriet Mumford to 8/27/1860 4 frames 0174 Whittlesey Mary to 9/7/1860 5 frames 0179 Whittlesey Mary from 9/10/1860 3 frames 0182 Willard Sarah Hudson from 11/8/1860 6 frames 0188 Franklin Jane from 11/21/1860 2 frames 0190 Sigourney Lydia from 1/10/1861 4 frames 0194 Vail Jane from 2/1/1861 4 frames 0198 Bond J. W. & Co. 2/5/1861 2 frames 0200 Crittenden John J. to 3/4/1861 5 frames 0205 Sigourney Lydia from 3/19/1861 4 frames 0209 Nephew to 4/6/1861 4 frames 0213 Willard Paul to 4/12/1861 7 frames 0220 Whittlesey Mary from 4/15/1861 5 frames 0225 Gilmer John A. from 4/23/1861 4 frames 0229 Willard Emma W. from 5/17/1861 6 frames 0235 Sigourney Lydia from 5/18/1861 4 frames 0239 Willard Emma W. from 5/25/1861 5 frames 0244 Washington Dr. to 6/5/1861 1 frame 0245 Bailey M. M. from 6/12/1861 4 frames 0249 Sigourney Lydia from 7/5/1861 4 frames 0253 Willard Mary Theodosia from 8/2/1861 5 frames 0258 Whittlesey Mary from 9/28/1861 4 frames 0262 McKennan William to 10/21/1861 4 frames 0266 McKennan William from 11/1/1861 3 frames 0269 Barnes A. S. from 11/6/1861 3 frames 0272 Weston Mrs. Theodore to 12/9/1861 4 frames 0276 Phelps John Wolcott to 12/24/1861 6 frames 0282 Whittlesey Mary from 1/1/1862 4 frames 0286 Dobson Isabella G. from 2/11/1862 10 frames 0296 Seward William Henry to 4/25/1862 3 frames 0299 Phelps Almira Hart

Lincoln to 5/31/1862 3 frames

0302 Henry Joseph from 6/20/1862 3 frames 0305 Twiss Mary to 8/16/1862 3 frames 0308 Sigourney Lydia from 9/8/1862 4 frames 0312 Hopkins John H. from 9/12/1862 4 frames 0316 Barnard Henry to 10/15/1862 6 frames

21

Frame Numbers


0322 Paige Harriet Mumford to 10/31/1862 6 frames 0328 Fahenstock C. E. from 11/10/1862 4 frames 0332 Whittlesey Mary from 12/18/1862 4 frames 0336 Whittlesey Mary to 1/12/1863 4 frames 0340 Whittlesey Mary from 1/20/1863 4 frames 0344 Sigourney Lydia from 2/23/1863 4 frames 0348 Atwater Elizabeth E. to 3/14/1863 5 frames 0353 Whittlesey Mary from 3/24/1863 4 frames 0357 Greenwood Grace from 3/24/1863 3 frames 0360 Hart Jenny to 4/2/1863 4 frames 0364 Willard, L. A. from 5/13/1863 3 frames 0367 Whittlesey Mary from 6/12/1863 4 frames 0371 Dodd William from 6/16/1863 4 frames 0375 Dodd William to 6/25/1863 4 frames 0379 Willard John Hart to 7/30/1863 4 frames 0383 Tayloe Benjamin from 9/15/1863 6 frames 0389 Tayloe Benjamin from 9/16/1863 3 frames 0392 Sigourney Lydia from 9/18/1863 3 frames 0395 Whittlesey Mary from 10/8/1863 3 frames 0398 UNIDENTIFIED to 10/10/1863 3 frames 0401 Hart Jeanie to 10/27/1863 4 frames 0405 Davies Mary Ann from 11/3/1863 4 frames 0409 Tayloe Benjamin from 11/9/1863 4 frames 0413 Doty L. L. from 11/12/1863 3 frames 0416 Barnes A. S. from 12/2/1863 3 frames 0419 Bennett H. W. [?] from 12/10/1863 4 frames 0423 Whittlesey Mary from 1/4/1864 4 frames 0427 Sigourney Lydia from 1/9/1864 4 frames 0431 Atwater Elizabeth to 2/16/1864 5 frames 0436 Whittlesey Mary from 3/26/1864 4 frames 0440 Whittlesey Mary from 6/7/1864 4 frames 0444 Montgolfier Adelaide from 7/18/1864 5 frames 0449 Hart Jeannie to 8/17/1864 3 frames 0452 Paige Harriet Mumford to 8/18/1864 3 frames 0455 Whittlesey Mary from 8/18/1864 3 frames 0458 Tayloe Benjamin from 8/20/1864 5 frames 0463 Rennie Thomas W. from 8/29/1864 3 frames 0466 Sigourney Lydia from 9/19/1864 4 frames 0470 Rennie Thomas W. from 9/22/1864 2 frames 0472 Phelps John Wolcott to 9/29/1864 4 frames 0476 Phelps John Wolcott from 9/30/1864 6 frames 0482 Savage John from 10/1/1864 3 frames

22

Frame Numbers


0485 Barnes A. S. from 10/12/1864 2 frames 0487 Barnes A. S. from 10/19/1864 2 frames 0489 Whittlesey Mary to 11/7/1864 4 frames 0493 Hillard G. S. from 11/9/1864 3 frames 0496 McClellan George B. to 11/23/1864 6 frames 0502 ?? Arthur to 12/6/1864 5 frames 0507 Sigourney Lydia from 12/19/1864 4 frames 0511 Knox C. S. from [1865?] 3 frames 0514 Sigourney Lydia from 3/9/1865 4 frames 0518 Sigourney Lydia from 4/28/1865 4 frames 0522 Barnard Henry to 5/3/1865 6 frames 0528 Hillard G. S. from 5/19/1865 4 frames 0532 Jones Mary H. from 8/1/1865 3 frames 0535 Hart Harriet to 8/9/1865 4 frames 0539 Willard Susanna H. from 8/22/1865 7 frames 0546 Barnes A. S. from 8/23/1865 2 frames 0548 Phelps John Wolcott to 8/23/1865 4 frames 0552 Whittlesey Mary to 9/10/1865 6 frames 0558 Barnard Henry to 9/19/1865 4 frames 0562 Baker & Collins from 9/22/1865 3 frames 0565 Treat A. W. from 9/30/1865 4 frames 0569 Barnes A. S. from 10/1/1865 2 frames 0571 Tayloe Benjamin from 10/14/1865 3 frames 0574 Johnson Andrew to 10/25/1865 8 frames 0582 Olin Abram B. 11/11/1865 4 frames 0586 Griswold John A. to 11/29/1865 4 frames 0590 Bigelow Ann E. from 12/18/1865 4 frames 0594 Bigelow Ann E. 1/1866 3 frames 0597 Phelps Almira Hart Lincoln 1/6/1866 4 frames 0601 Barnes A. S. from 1/15/1866 3 frames 0604 Barnes A. S. to 1/24/1866 2 frames 0606 Barnes A. S. 2/2/1866 3 frames 0609 Barnes A. S. from 2/6/1866 4 frames 0613 Babcock Mary 2/27/1866 2 frames 0615 Whittlesey Mary from 3/5/1866 4 frames 0619 Lee Robert E. from 3/21/1866 4 frames 0623 Gilmer Julia from 3/29/1866 4 frames 0627 Gilmer John from 4/1/1866 4 frames 0631 Gilmer Julia from 4/19/1866 5 frames 0636 Gilmer Julia from 5/10/1866 3 frames 0639 Barnes A. S. from 6/8/1866 3 frames 0642 Barnard Josephine to 6/14/1866 4 frames

23

Frame Numbers


0646 Whittlesey Mary from 7/4/1866 4 frames 0650 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 7/5/1866 2 frames 0652 Barnes A. S. & Co. to 8/13/1866 2 frames 0654 Barnes A. S. to 8/13/1866 2 frames 0656 Barnes A. S. & Co. from 8/15/1866 4 frames 0660 Barnes A. S. & Co. to 8/15/1866 3 frames 0663 Bushnell Elisa H. from 9/26/1866 2 frames 0665 Paige Harriet Mumford from 10/24/1866 4 frames 0669 Barnes A. S. from 10/25/1866 2 frames 0671 Paige Mrs. to 11/1/1866 4 frames 0675 Chew Elizabeth H. from 2/27/1867 5 frames 0680 Phelps John Wolcott from 3/29/1867 6 frames 0686 Barnard Henry to 4/12/1867 3 frames 0689 Barnes A. S. from 5/3/1867 3 frames 0692 Barnard Henry to 5/8/1867 4 frames 0696 Whittlesey Mary to 5/20/1867 4 frames 0700 Barnes A. S. from 5/22/1867 3 frames 0703 Marks E[lias?] from 6/20/1867 3 frames 0706 Phelps John Wolcott to 7/10/1867 6 frames 0712 Dwight Theodore F. to 7/14/1867 4 frames 0716 Dwight Theodore F. to 7/19/1867 3 frames 0719 Dwight Theodore F. to 8/6/1867 6 frames 0725 Montgolfier Adelaide from 9/9/1867 4 frames 0729 Willard Susanna H. from 11/5/1867 5 frames 0734 Whittlesey Mary to 12/2/1867 5 frames 0739 Willard Susanna H. from 12/8/1867 2 frames 0741 Montgolfier Adelaide from 1868 4 frames 0745 Belloc Louise from 1868 3 frames 0748 Wilbour Charlotte B. from 5/5/1868 3 frames 0751 Woman’s Club n.d. 3 frames 0754 O’Brien Emma from 6/19/1868 4 frames 0758 Wool John E. from 7/15/1868 3 frames 0761 Gilmer Julia from 8/22/1868 4 frames 0765 Phelps Almira Hart

Lincoln from 10/9/1868 5 frames

0770 Carrington Sarah P. from 1/4/1869 4 frames 0774 Bingham H. from 3/30/1869 4 frames 0778 Peter Sarah from 4/16/1869 7 frames 0785 Crowen Susan A. from 7/26/1869 4 frames 0789 Willard Joseph from 8/4/1869 5 frames 0794 Barnes A. S. from 1/28/1870 2 frames

missing Sigourney Lydia from 7/1/1870

24

Frame Numbers


0796 A–L 126 frames 0922 M–S 87 frames

Reel 5

0001 T–Z 131 frames

Manuscripts

According to family tradition, Emma Willard wrote on every available scrap of paper, including the frontispieces and back pages of her books.4 Her output is prodigious: public addresses, descriptive essays, correspondence, travel journals, poetry, essays, textbooks, ancillary instructional materials, and academic writings. Many manuscripts are lost, but the few we found are presented in chronological order. Included are emendations to her influential Plan, first published in 1819, and changes to her textbook, Morals for the Young (1857), which she prepared in anticipation of a second but ultimately unpublished edition. Willard’s revisions may be useful to scholars interested in the evolution of her philosophy of education, specifically her views on women’s education. In addition are her travel journals, one of which became the basis for Journal and Letters from France and Great Britain (see Public Appeals). We also include a letter written to her Troy Female Seminary students while she honeymooned in the upper Northeast and the Great Lakes regions. This letter reveals her total disregard of what was viewed as the proper behavior of brides—to focus entirely on her husband. This honeymoon letter, when supplemented with her article, “The Good Ship Charlemagne” (we found only a published version; see Textbooks and Instructional Materials), provides clues to the process Willard used to transform experiential learning into lessons for her students.

Reel 5 cont. 0132 Copy book—copies of letters, speeches and poems, 1815–1827, AC. 34 frames.

0166 Extract from an original poem, May 6, 1826, EWSA. 2 frames.

0168 Journal of journey to Quebec [1823?] and to Washington [April 17–May? 18, 1830], AC. 57 frames.

0225 Petition from Troy Female Seminary for financial assistance, to the New York State Legislature, March 2, 1826, signed by Emma Willard and seven men (presumably trustees), AC. 13 frames.

0238 Emma Willard’s Notes on a Plan of Female Education, 1829, EWSA. 12 frames.

0250 Journal of first part of European trip, October 1–April 5, 1831, AC. 45 frames.

0295 Journal of second part of European trip, February 3–after April 23, 1831, AC. 25 frames.

0320 Journal of European trip, April [?] 1831, AC. [The pages are numbered but unbound. The sequence of pages is such that it is difficult to determine which pages belong to this portion of the journal.] 40 frames.

4 E-mail conversation with Professor Edward Belt of the Willard family, August 1, 2002.

Frame No.

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0360 Memoir, Addressed by the Principal of the Troy Female Seminary to the Trustees, April 22, 1833, Vermont Historical Society. 44 frames.

0404 Petition Regarding Steamboat Racing, EWSA. [Included with a letter from John Willard to his mother, Emma, June 9, 1832.] 6 frames.

0410 For Mrs. Willard: Statement respecting the school at Athens [Greece] for female teachers, August 22, 1836, AC. 5 frames.

0415 “Good Old Kensington” (poem), September 2, 1840, EWSA. 3 frames.

0418 Address given at Berlin, Conn. (draft) [c. 1842?], AC. 17 frames.

0435 Divorce petition, Emma Willard Yates v. Christopher C. Yates [to the Connecticut State Legislature], 1843, Connecticut State Library. 19 frames.

0454 Memoir of Dr. John Willard, written by request of the Addison County, Vt., Medical Society, November 1846 [sent to Dr. Jonathan A. Allen], Middlebury College. 24 frames.

0478 Emendations to Morals for the Young; or, Good Principles Instilling Wisdom. Illustrated with engravings and Moral Stories (New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 1857), EWSA. [The date of the emendations is unknown.] 118 frames.

0596 “To Mrs. Cushman” (poem), June 2, 1857, EWSA. 2 frames.

0598 “To Mrs. M. J. Cushman” (poem), June 1859, EWSA. 3 frames.

0601 Petition of Mrs. Emma Willard to the Legislature of the State of New York, for the passage of a Law permitting Southern women, visiting New York for health or pleasure, to bring with them, and hold for four months, their female family servants, April 3, 1861, AC. 7 frames.

0608 Draft essay on secession and slavery (included in letter to Dr. Washington, June 5, 1861), AC. 22 frames.

0630 Eulogy on Lincoln [1865?], AC. 6 frames.

Diaries

Emma Willard’s diaries, kept from the mid 1840s until her death in 1870, contain abbreviated

notes on a variety of topics. The entries are often extremely difficult to read but provide potentially useful clues to her daily habits, including the number and names of visitors she entertained, the names of her correspondents, writing projects, and the topics of the sermons she heard each Sunday. Willard and her sister, Almira, were deeply committed Christians. According to family tradition, they agreed to pray at a specified hour every day in order to conjointly present their requests to God.5 Perhaps of most use to historians is a heavily annotated typescript of her 1845 diary, which reveals her efforts to improve the public schools in New York State during the height of the common school movement. 0636 Diary, 1845, manuscript and typescript, EWSA. 39 frames.

0675 Diary, 1848, 1850, AC. 129 frames.

0804 Diary, 1851, EWSA. 65 frames.

0869 Diary, 1852, AC. 70 frames.



5 E-mail conversation, Edward Belt, August 1, 2002.

Frame No.

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Reel 6 0001 Diary, 1859, AC. 78 frames.












Memberships

0914 Société d’Education Progressive, Honorary Membership [1830s?], AC. 4 frames.

0918 Certificate of membership, Colonization Society of the City of New York, September 15, 1837, AC. 3 frames.

Published Writings

Emma Willard regularly disseminated her writings to a large, international readership. In this

edition, her published writings are grouped into six categories: public appeals, textbooks and instructional materials, academic writings, letters, poetry, and miscellaneous prose, in the order of their dates of publication.

Public Appeals

Throughout her career, Willard published appeals urging legislators and private citizens to support reforms in the United States; Canada; Colombia, South America; France; and Greece. Her most influential single appeal, The Plan for Improving Female Education (1819), contained an astute assessment of current schooling practices for American girls and women and a carefully reasoned argument for public funding and oversight of women’s education. Other appeals were in the form of petitions addressed to legislative bodies, notably those of 1819, 1823, 1826, 1852, and 1861, addressed to the New York legislature. Willard’s boldest appeal, addressed to the U.S. Congress and signed by thousands of women, urged a peaceful settlement of the Civil War and explained how that goal might be accomplished. Many of Willard’s appeals were written in the form of letters addressed to editors, but were intended for a much larger audience. Her Journal and Letters, from France and Great-Britain (1833) is placed here with her other public appeals because it urged readers to join in the movement to liberate women from ignorance and dependency. This book was, in many ways, a commentary on women’s social, educational, and political status in Europe and the United States. Most of Willard’s appeals contained the following elements:

Narrative of events leading Willard to engage in the issue, Statement of a necessary action, Carefully reasoned arguments,

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Support for generalizations, Reminder of shared religious and/or patriotic values, and Appeal for action.

Reel 6 cont. 0921 “An address to the public: Particularly to the members of the Legislature of New-York,

proposing a plan for improving female education.” [Apparently there were at least three early editions of this document, the first of which is no longer extant. Sarah Lucretia Hudson Willard, Emma Willard’s daughter-in-law, republished the first edition in 1869. The second edition was issued in Middlebury [Vt.]: Printed by J. W. Copeland, 1819. The third was published in Albany [N.Y.]: Printed by I. W. Clark, 1819.] 34 frames.

0955 Memorial of Emma Willard, Principal of the Troy Female Seminary, No. 41. In Assembly [of the New York State Legislature]. S.l.: s.n., January 23, 1823. 11 frames.

0966 “An Address to the Public, particularly to the Members of the Legislature of New York, proposing a Plan for Female Education” [introduction by George Combe?], Phrenological Journal and Miscellany 8(34): 45–58 (1832). [This is an abbreviated version of the Plan, and includes the endorsement of a leading European educator.] 14 frames.

0980 Advancement of Female Education: or, A Series of Addresses, in Favor of Establishing at Athens, in Greece, A Female Seminary… (Troy: Printed by Norman Tuttle, 1833). 27 frames.

1007 “Mrs. Willard’s Address, Read by the Rev. Mr. Peck, at a meeting held at St. Johns Church, Troy, on the evening of Jan. 8, 1833, whose object, as expressed by previous notices, was to interest the public in behalf of female education in Greece,” The Troy Press, Extra (January 17, 1833). 4 frames.

1011 “Mrs. Willard’s Address,” The Ladies’ Magazine and Literary Gazette 6(9): 232–236 (May 1833). 4 frames.

1015 “[Letter] To Our Respected Countrywomen,” The Ladies’ Magazine and Literary Gazette 6: 270–272 (June 1833). 3 frames.

Reel 7 0001 Journal and Letters, from France and Great-Britain (Troy, N.Y.: Printed by N. Tuttle,

1833). 200 frames.

0201 Report of Mrs. Emma Willard, corresponding secretary of the Troy Society for the advancement of Female Education in Greece. Read by the Reverend S. B. Paddock, in Christ Church, Norwich, on the 20th of August, 1834 (Norwich: Printed by J. Dunham, 1834). 33 frames.

0234 “The Experiment,” American Ladies’ Magazine 7: 447–462 (October 1834). [Published to raise funds in support of advanced female education in Greece.] 10 frames.

0244 “Thoughts to be Remembered,” American Ladies’ Magazine 9: 212 (April 1836). 2 frames.

0246 “Female College at Bogota,” The Lady’s Book 14: 279 (June 1837). 2 frames.

0248 Address to the Pupils of the Washington Female Seminary (Pittsburgh: Printed by George Parkin, 1844). 15 frames.

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0263 “Appeal of the Board of Managers of the Troy Swiss Mission Society, to those Benevolent and Influential Ladies into whose Hands this Discourse may fall,” A Plea for the Swiss Mission in Canada..., 2nd ed. (Troy: Young and Hartt, 1845), pp. 35–36. [No author is indicated, but Willard heads the list of society members making this appeal.] 20 frames.

0283 An Appeal to the Public, Especially Those Concerned in Education, Against Wrong and Injury Done by Marcius Willson (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1847). [For Marcius Willson’s critique of Willard’s histories, to which this is a response, see Reviews of Willard’s Publications.] 28 frames.

0311 Answer to Marcius Willson’s Second Reply: or Second Appeal to the Public (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1847). [For Marcius Willson’s responses, see Reviews of Willard’s Publications.] 28 frames.

0339 “Letter to Dupont de l’Eure on the Political Position of Women,” American Literary Magazine 2(4): 246–254 (April 1848); also published in pamphlet form in Albany, by Joel Munsell, 1848. 6 frames.

0345 Memorial of Emma Willard and Others Relative to Female Education. In Assembly, March 4, 1852. New York State. Assembly Document No. 74. 13 frames.

0358 “Reply to an Article in the N.Y. Observer of August 6th, signed H.A.B., Philadelphia,—‘On Public Examinations in Female Schools,’” Troy Daily Whig, Article I (October 2, 1857) [p. 2]; Article II (October 5, 1857) [p. 2]; Article III (October 10, 1857) [p. 2]; Article IV, Part 1 (October 20, 1857) [p. 2]; Article IV, Part 2 (November 13, 1857) [p. 2]. [These essays are installments in a public debate on the appropriateness of public examinations in female schools, yet at a more profound level, Willard argued for the continued use of an institutional practice that confirmed women’s capacity and prepared her for important public roles. Hence, the essays are located here among Willard’s public appeals. For the counterargument, see Rev. Henry A. Boardman’s essays in Assessments of Institutions.] 22 frames.

0380 To the Senate and Representatives of the U.S. of America in Congress Assembled, This Memorial is Presented by Emma Willard, In the name and by the authority of American Women of _____ (S.l., s.n. [1861?]). [This six-page pamphlet argues for Congress to negotiate a peaceful settlement of the Civil War.] 7 frames.

0387 To the Senate and Representatives of the U.S. of America in Congress Assembled, This Memorial is Presented by Emma Willard, In the name and by the authority of American Women of ______ [in handwriting, New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, the District of Columbia, Virginia, Ohio, New Jersey, Delaware, Massachusetts, Illinois, Vermont, Indiana, New Hampshire, North Carolina], National Archives, Washington, D.C. [This is a scroll with five paragraphs of text, excerpted from the pamphlet, followed by the names of all the women who signed the document.] 73 frames.

0460 Via Media: A Peaceful and Permanent Settlement to the Slavery Question. Also subtitled, on the inside, The African in America to find his true position, and place him in it, the via media on which the North and South might meet in a permament [sic] and happy settlement ([Baltimore?]: s.n., 1862). Reprinted Washington: Charles H. Anderson, 1862. 8 frames.

0468 “Universal Peace,” in Our Country, ed. Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (Baltimore: John D. Toy, printer, 1864), pp. 347–356. 7 frames.

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Instructional Writings

Willard was one of a handful of leading nineteenth-century textbook authors. Her history and geography texts were repeatedly reprinted, revised, and expanded, and some were translated into German and Spanish. For much of the century, school districts and private schools purchased the books to be read and discussed by millions of schoolchildren. They provided teachers with engaging lesson plans and clearly articulated rationales for using Willard’s instructional methods. She did not limit herself to geography and history, but also wrote less popular science and moral education texts. Her history and geography texts are particularly useful to historians interested in nineteenth-century constructions of the political and social identity of the United States. Willard’s maps with accompanying texts characterized minority populations in the United States, other nations and cultural groups, and regions of the world. Her history of the Civil War is especially useful when compared to histories of the war by southern authors. It is impossible to say how influential these textbooks were in shaping the conceptions of schoolchildren, but the books exhibit a widely shared view of racial, regional, and national identities.

Willard’s textbooks—when combined with correspondence between herself and her publishers, her publishers’ packaging and marketing strategies, and published reviews—reveal much about the negotiating processes of marketing schoolbooks for mass audiences. Her publishers used a variety of strategies to test the receptivity of her texts in various segments of the market. Her correspondence reveals their recommendations for packaging and emending her texts for greater popular appeal, and her concerns with the implications of those decisions.

Of particular interest is her early collaboration with William C. Woodbridge, another influential educator and journal editor. Willard entered the partnership with the intention of issuing her first geography text, A System of Ancient Geography, as a companion to Woodbridge’s Rudiments of Geography. Although Woodbridge’s text was published in 1821, Willard’s text was not. Dr. John Willard, believing Woodbridge was attempting to steal his wife’s ideas, wrote a document (1825) apparently for use in court should his suspicions be confirmed. Apparently, Woodbridge had no such intentions, and the two authors went on to publish highly successful companion geographies. This edition contains a copy of the preface to Rudiments of Geography, in which both Woodbridge and Willard explain their aborted effort to publish a two-part geography text. Also included are jointly issued textbooks by the two authors, their contracts with publishers (see Contracts), and Dr. John Willard’s statement concerning Woodbridge’s alleged piracy (see Agreements).

The perceived sabotage of Willard’s highly successful textbooks was a recurring theme in her long career. See, for example, the highly charged public debate between Willard and Marcius Willson, the latter of whom published a damning critique of her popular histories before issuing his own history texts. Willard answered Willson’s attack by accusing him of destroying her credibility and pirating her methods and language (see Assessments of Willard’s Writings and Her Replies). Such an attack had particular virulence given the pervasive view of women as poorly educated and incapable of sustained intellectual work. Willard employed several editorial strategies that bolstered her credibility as a scholar and an educator. Her textbooks usually contained the following elements:

An explanation of the process she used to gather authoritative information; A statement about the inevitability of errors, corrections of errors found in the previous

edition, and a request for readers to inform her of errors; Instructional guidelines as well as a rationale for each of the methods; A statement that she had tried out the texts’ contents and instructional strategies at her

enormously successful school, the Troy Female Seminary; and The endorsements of a variety of well-known political and educational leaders.

Frame No.

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This edition is limited to the earliest available editions of Willard’s textbooks in the order of their appearance, including chapters printed separately to test their appeal before inclusion in a larger, established work. In addition, we have included three versions of her most popular textbook, History of the United States, or Republic of America, first issued in 1828 and revised and reprinted nearly forty times.6 Willard changed the title twice, indicating significant revisions of the contents and/or change of publishers. We also include the last edition so readers can compare versions over the book’s entire publishing history. The reader may also want to peruse Willard’s handwritten emendations to Morals for the Young (1857) (see Manuscripts) apparently for a planned second edition. Although the textbook was never republished, the revisions provide the only extant evidence of the process Willard used to improve and update her textbooks. “Places of Education” is a philosophical essay that could be placed among Willard’s academic writings, but since it is in the form of a letter addressed to her students, we have included it here among her instructional writings.

Reel 7 cont. 0475 A System of Ancient Geography. To accompany William C. Woodbridge, Rudiments of

Geography, on a new plan:... (Hartford: Samuel G. Goodrich, 1821). [Although the title of Willard’s first text is listed here, the text remained unpublished. This edition contains the preface of Rudiments of Geography, which includes only Willard’s six-page explanation of the Willard-Woodbridge partnership as well as William Woodbridge’s comments.] 8 frames.

0483 Ancient Geography, as connected with chronology, and preparatory to the study of ancient history. To accompany the Modern Geography by William C. Woodbridge (Hartford: Oliver D. Cooke, 1827). [The first edition (1822) and the second edition (1824) are not available for microfilming.] 51 frames.

Ancient Atlas, to accompany the Universal Geography by Wm. C. Woodbridge and E. Willard, containing the following maps... (Hartford: Oliver D. Cooke, 1824). [The earliest available edition was published in 1827. Both Ancient Atlas and Universal Geography were republished under the title Woodbridge and Willard’s Universal Geography…, 2nd ed. (Hartford: Belknap and Hamersley, 1844). This extant volume is not available for this edition.]

0534 Geography for Beginners, or the Instructor’s Assistant, in Giving First Lessons from Maps… (Hartford: Oliver D. Cooke, 1826). 64 frames.

Atlas to accompany Geography for Beginners (Hartford: O. D. Cooke, 1826). [This volume is not available for this edition.]

0598 William C. Woodbridge and Emma Willard, Ancient Atlas, to accompany the Universal Geography (Hartford: O. D. Cooke & Co., 1827). 10 frames.

0608 History of the United States, or Republic of America: exhibited in connexion with its chronology & progressive geography; by means of a series of maps… (New York: White, Gallaher, & White, 1828). [Sold with an atlas.] 249 frames.

0857 A Series of Maps to Willard’s History of the United States, or, Republic of America (New York: White, Gallaher, & White, 1828). 16 frames.

6 Pre-1956 Imprints lists three versions of this text, the first edition published by White, Gallaher, & White in 1828 and revised and corrected five times; two subsequent revisions of the text were called Abridgement of the History of the United States…, first published by White, Gallaher, & White in 1831 and reprinted three times; and Abridged History of the United States, or, Republic of America, first published by Barnes & Co. in 1843 and (after twenty-seven reprintings), last published in 1873. But Emma Willard School owns a “new and enlarged edition,” dated 1876.

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0873 Abridgement of the history of the United States; or, republic of America. Accompanied with maps (New York: White, Gallaher, & White, 1831). [Maps were issued separately.] 199 frames.

1072 A Series of Maps to an abridgment of the History of the United States (New York: N. & J. White, 1831). 9 frames.

Reel 8 0001 “Places of Education,” The Ladies’ Magazine and Literary Gazette 6(9): 385–388

(September 1833). [This essay, addressed to students, addresses a fundamental philosophical question: What is education?] 4 frames.

0005 A System of Universal History, in perspective: accompanied by an atlas, exhibiting chronology in a picture of nations, and progressive geography in a series of maps (Hartford: F. J. Huntington, 1835). 215 frames.

0220 Atlas To Accompany A System of Universal History; containing, A chronological picture of nations, or perspective sketch of the course of empire, the progressive geography of the world, in a series of maps, adapted to the different epochs of the history (Hartford: F. J. Huntington, 1836, c. 1835). 8 frames.

0228 The Good Ship Charlemagne (Boston: J. Hancock, 1836). [Published originally in The Juvenile Miscellany 4(2): 57–70 (February 1836), ed. by Sarah Josepha Hale. A letter addressed to Willard’s students is in reality a geography lesson describing the vessel in which Willard was sailing to France.] 81 frames.

0309 Willard’s Historic Guide. Guide to the Temple of Time; and Universal History for Schools (New York: A. S. Barnes & Co.; Cincinnati: H. W. Derby & Co., 1850, c. 1849). [Apparently the first edition, published in 1840, is no longer extant.] 173 frames.

0482 Abridged History of the United States; or, Republic of America (Philadelphia: Barnes & Co., 1843). 272 frames.

0754 Abridged History of the United States; or, Republic of America (New York & Chicago, A. S. Barnes & Co., New & enl. ed., 1876). [This may be a reprint of the 1873 edition.] 4 frames.

0758 Willard’s Map of Time; a Companion to the Historic Guide (New York, A. S. Barnes & Co., 1846). 4 frames.

Ancient Chronographer or Chronographer of Ancient History, 1847. [This book is mentioned in several publications but appears to be no longer extant.]

0758 Willard’s English Chronographer: or, Chronology of Great Britain (New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 1849). 4 frames.

0762 Last Leaves of American History; comprising histories of the Mexican war and California (New York: G. P. Putnam, etc., 1849). 123 frames.

0885 Astronography, or Astronomical geography, with the use of globes… (Troy, N.Y.: Merriam, Moore & Co., 1854). 158 frames.

1043 Last Periods of Universal History (New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 1855). 34 frames.

Reel 9 0001 Late American History: containing a full account of the courage, conduct, and success of

John C. Fremont, by which, through many hardships and sufferings, he became the explorer and the hero of California (New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 1856). [This is a reprint of Last Leaves of American History (see above), with an additional half page

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asserting that Willard had written the volume in an unbiased way and that Fremont was running for the U.S. presidency. In all probability, the book was reissued to capitalize on Fremont’s increasing visibility. This edition contains only the title page, verso, and preface.] 3 frames.

0004 Morals for the Young; or, Good Principles Instilling Wisdom. Illustrated with engravings and Moral Stories (New York: A. S. Barnes & Co., 1857) [See revisions in Willard’s handwriting in Manuscripts.] 114 frames.

0118 History of the Republic of America, from 1850 to 1860 (New York: Barnes & Burr, 1860). 27 frames.

A. B. (Augusta Blanche) Barard, Mrs. John Humphrey Barbour, and Emma Willard, School History of England (New York: A. S. Barnes and Burr, 1962, c. 1861). [This text was not available.]

0145 The History of the American Civil War; to accompany the larger and the Abridged History of the Republic [Philadelphia: Barnes & Co., 1867]. [This eighty-seven-page history was issued separately. Given the intense feelings aroused by the Civil War, Barnes probably wanted to test its appeal to various segments of the market.] 45 frames.

American Chronographer (n.d.). [This book is mentioned in several publications but appears to be no longer extant.]

Academic Writings

During Willard’s lifetime, the academic disciplines were much broader than they became in

the latter years of the century. For example, three years before Willard’s death, the St. Louis Philosophical Society sponsored the establishment of The Journal of Speculative Philosophy, called the first philosophical journal in the English language. This journal, edited by William T. Harris, contained essays on psychology, metaphysics, literary criticism, aesthetics, poetry, music, the natural sciences, pedagogy, history, economics, Christian theology, and ethics—all viewed as philosophical topics. By the end of the century, such essays were far more likely to be published in journals devoted to only one of these subjects.7 Like Harris, Willard was a philosopher of education; unlike him, she expressed her thinking in a larger variety of genres: poetry, letters, public addresses, travel journals, and even textbooks. These forms of expression are more typically used by women philosophers, according to Jane Roland Martin, a leading feminist educational philosopher, who argues persuasively that the philosophical writings of women and minorities are often expressed in discourse not generally recognized as philosophical.8

One of Willard’s major contributions to philosophy was her argument for the higher education of women. As Anne Firor Scott has argued, Willard set the terms of the debate on women’s education for the next half century.9 Willard did not believe women should have the same rights and privileges as men. A devout, evangelical Christian, she accepted the orthodox Christian view that God had given men authority over women. She also reasoned that since men protected women from invaders and criminals, women should submit to their protectors. She also accepted the traditional view that there was a hierarchy of races, white Northern Europeans being inherently superior to Native Americans and African Americans. Hence, her appeal for educational emancipation included only that of white European American women. Yet Willard

7 Daniel J. Wilson, Science, Community, and the Transformation of American Philosophy, 1860–1930 (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1990), pp. 2–3. 8 Jane Roland Martin, “From Reclaiming a Conversation: The Ideal of the Educated Woman,” in Philosophical Documents in Education, 2nd ed., Ronald Reed and Tony Johnson, eds. (New York: Longman), p. 153. 9 Scott, “What, Then, Is the American, this New Woman?” p. 686.

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challenged many traditional beliefs about female inferiority. She deplored the injustice of pouring millions of dollars into the education of men while virtually ignoring all but the basic schooling of women. She argued persuasively that American democracy depended for its proper functioning on well-educated women. Mothers taught their children, she reasoned, and they had great influence on their families. Hence, it was foolish of American political leaders to ignore the female half of the population. She also deplored women’s economic and legal dependency. Scott states that Willard’s basic argument contained three innovations: that state funds should be used to support what amounted to women’s colleges, unheard of throughout the world; that women could be intellectually excellent in any academic discipline; and that women should be educated for a profession.10

In important ways, Willard also helped to shape the emerging discipline of education and the teaching profession. Instruction (pedagogy), one of Willard’s specialties, was only beginning to emerge as an academic discipline in the 1820s, for it was during that decade that American educators moved from giving advice derived primarily from schoolroom practice to instructional methods based on theories of the functioning of the human mind. Contributing to this development were the establishment of a number of journals of education and publicly supported normal schools, followed later by the formation of college departments and then graduate programs in education.11

Long before early childhood education was generally recognized as an academic discipline, Willard translated, with her sister, Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, Albertine-Adrienne Necker de Saussure’s Progressive Education, Commencing with the Infant (1835), the first of a two-volume set on early childhood education. She also contributed a number of pedagogical writings to leading education journals. These essays discuss issues related to the common school movement: e.g., the role and responsibilities of the common school teacher, the strategic role of mothers in a community’s schools, and Willard’s experiments in Kensington, Conn., where she served as superintendent. Willard also disseminated her instructional methods in her textbooks and public addresses. These methods were based not only on her reading (particularly on the functioning of the human mind), but also her thinking derived from experience as a self-directed learner, teacher, and administrator. In her writings, she addressed a number of important philosophical questions, such as:

What knowledge is of most worth? What experiences are educational? What is an excellent teacher? What kind of institution should be used to educate teachers? What pedagogy should one master to be an effective teacher?

She also wrote articles and books on aesthetics, psychology, and physiology. The decision to separate Willard’s academic writings from her textbooks is based primarily

on her intended readership. Whereas she directed textbooks primarily to schoolchildren (and their teachers), her academic writings were often intended for an audience viewed as members of the emerging professions. For example, she published philosophical analyses in The American Journal of Science and Arts, physiological theory in the U.S. Journal of Homeopathy, and pedagogical essays in a variety of education journals. At the same time, however, she published essays on the meaning of feminine beauty, a topic generally addressed by and to male philosophers, in a popular women’s magazine, American Ladies’ Magazine.

None of Willard’s academic writings stand alone as influential, yet they do provide evidence of her capacity for serious intellectual work. The public endorsements of her academic writings

10 Scott, “The Ever Widening Circle,” p. 7. 11 Joel Spring, The American School, 1642–2000, 4th ed. (Boston: McGraw-Hill, 1997), pp. 144–145, 309. There were departments or chairs of education in 244 American universities by 1899.

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were of three kinds: publication in academic journals, the approbation of other scholars (whose letters of endorsement Willard often included in her writings), and her election in 1866 as honorary member of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In all such ways, Willard challenged the pervasive notion that women were incapable of making solid contributions to scholarship.

Reel 9 cont. 0190 “Universal Terms—Disputes Concerning Them and Their Causes,” American Journal of

Science and Arts 23: 18–28 (1833). [Emma Willard’s command of philosophical analysis is evident in this early essay.] 7 frames.

0197 “The Palace of Miracles,” American Ladies’ Magazine 8: 80–83 (February 1835). [This is a theological essay that explores the question: Why does God remain invisible to the human senses?] 5 frames.

0202 Albertine-Adrienne Necker de Saussure, Progressive Education, Commencing with the Infant (Boston: W. D. Ticknor, 1835). Translated from the French with notes and appendix by Emma Willard and Almira Lincoln Phelps. 173 frames.

0375 “Female Education: Principles Contained in Stewart’s Philosophy of the Mind, Applied to Show the Importance of Cultivating the Female Mind,” American Ladies’ Magazine 9: 42–58 (January 1836). 10 frames.

0385 “There is Good in Beauty,” The Lady’s Book 14: 89–90 (February 1837). [This excerpt from a letter to the editor (Willard’s friend, Sarah Josepha Hale) is an analysis of feminine beauty and its uses and abuses.] 3 frames.

0388 Letter, Addressed As a Circular to the Members of the Willard Association for the Mutual Improvement of Female Teachers (Troy, N.Y.: Published by Elias Gates, 1838). 18 frames.

0406 “Berlin. Kensington, or Third School Society [Report],” Connecticut Common School Journal 2: 241–244 (June 1840). Includes letter, “Proposed Plan of Improvement” [May 17, 1840] from Emma Willard to Henry Barnard. 5 frames.

0411 “Kensington, or Berlin First School Society [Report],” Connecticut Common School Journal 3: 29–31 (November 15, 1840). Includes letter [September 2, 1840] from Emma Willard to Henry Barnard. 4 frames.

0415 “Berlin, First School Society, or Kensington [Report],” Connecticut Common School Journal 3: 54–55 (December 1840). Includes letter (September 10, 1840) from Emma Willard to [Henry Barnard]. 3 frames.

0418 “Map Drawing,” Connecticut Common School Journal 4(2): 40–42 (January 1, 1842). 4 frames.

0422 “The Relation of Females and Mothers Especially to the Cause of Common School Improvement,” Connecticut Common School Journal 4: 64–66 (March 15, 1842). 4 frames.

0426 “Address of Mrs. Emma Willard, To the Gentlemen Composing the Convention of County and Town Superintendents of New York, read to them by her at the house of L. H. Redfield, Esq., where she was a guest,” District School Journal of the State of New York 6(1): 116–119 (April 1845). 5 frames.

0431 A Treatise on the Motive Powers Which Produce the Circulation of the Blood (New York: Wiley & Putnam, 1846). 95 frames.

0526 “The Relation of Females, and Mothers Especially, to the cause of Common School Improvement,” Teachers’ Advocate 2(12): 138 (November 26, 1846). 2 frames.

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0528 Letter [February 27, 1847] to Edward Cooper, Teachers’ Advocate 2(29): 342–343 (March 25, 1847). 3 frames.

0531 “Mrs. Willard’s Report on Female Teachers,” The Teachers’ Advocate, and Journal of Education 3(2): 17–19 (October 1, 1847). 4 frames.

0535 “Mrs. Willard On Normal Institutes,” in Teachers’ Institutes, or Temporary Normal Schools; Their Origin and Progress, by Samuel N. Sweet (Utica, N.Y.: H. H. Hawley, 1848), pp. 128–136. 7 frames.

0542 “The Teacher’s Reward” [letter to Edward Cooper, ed.], District School Journal of the State of New York 9(4): 62 (July 1848). 2 frames.

0544 Respiration, and its effects; more especially in relation to Asiatic Cholera, and other sinking diseases (New York: Huntington & Savage, 1849). [WorldCat erroneously lists this essay as having been published in the Philadelphia Medical and Surgical Journal (1855), Annalist: A Record of Practical Medicine in the City of New York (1847), and The Lancet (1843). Apparently it appeared only in pamphlet form and was bound later with the journals.] 37 frames.

0581 “Mrs. Willard’s Report on Female Teachers, To The Teachers of the New York State Association,” The Advocate of Moral Reform and Family Guardian 15(3): 17–18 (February 1, 1849) [from the Teacher’s Advocate (October 1847)]. 3 frames.

0584 “Address of Mrs. Emma Willard, to the New York State Association of Teachers, Auburn, August 3, 1848,” The District School Journal of the State of New York 10(2): 21–23 (May 1849). 4 frames.

0588 “Sketch of Mrs. Emma Willard’s Address to the Columbian Association of Teachers, Washington, District of Columbia; Spoken at the Smithsonian Institute, Feb. 9th, 1850,” Patapsco Young Ladies’ Magazine 1(2): 29–31 (April 1850). 3 frames.

0591 “What to Teach,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 44: 295 (September 1852). 2 frames.

0593 “Female Education,” New York Teacher 1: 52–54 (1853). 4 frames.

0597 “Address on the Time and Teaching of Little Children,” New York Teacher 2: 108–111, 136–141, 202–205 (1854). 15 frames.

0612 “The Schoolmistress,” a series of articles in the New York Teacher, 3: 252 (February 1855); 318–321 (March 1855); 29–30 (April 1855); 68–70 (May 1855); 138–140 (June 1855); 236–238 (July 1855); and 366–368 (September 1855). 14 frames.

0626 “Mrs. Willard’s Report on the Normal School” [letter to Frances Gillette], Connecticut Common School Journal 3: 106–108 (April 1856). [Willard evaluates the school’s efforts to educate common school teachers and to regenerate the common schools throughout the state.] 3 frames.

0629 Theory of Circulation by Respiration: Synopsis of Its Principles and History (New York: Francis Hart & Co., 1861). Written, by request, for the U.S. Journal of Homeopathy (New York, F. Hart & Co., 1861). 12 frames.

0641 “On The Name America,” in Our Country, ed. Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (Baltimore: Printed by John D. Toy, 1864), pp. 186–191. [This is an examination of the denotations of the names for the nation and an argument for the use of “America,” a topic that is still the subject of debate.] 4 frames.

0645 Letter [September 10, 1840] from Mrs. Emma Willard, on a “Proposed Plan of a Female Association to Improve Schools,” American Journal of Education 41: 613 (new series, no. 16) (December 1865): 613. 2 frames.

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0647 Mrs. Lincoln Phelps [Almira Hart] and Emma Willard, Mrs. Emma Willard’s theory of circulation by respiration: addressed to the American Association for the Advancement of Science (Baltimore: Steam Press of William K. Boyle, 1870). 11 frames.

Published Letters

A striking feature of Willard’s publications is her frequent use of the epistolary form. She

used excerpts or complete letters to engage readers at a personal level, to assist them in envisioning the person to whom she was writing, to instruct, and to persuade. Often her audience was larger than the recipients. For example, she addressed her Plan for Improving Female Education (1819) to the legislators of New York, but she distributed it widely to influence politicians at home and abroad. She published a letter to Dupont de L’eure (1848), a French statesman engaged in writing a new French constitution; but her audience included U.S. statesmen, whom she hoped to persuade to expand American women’s political powers.

One of Willard’s strategies for enhancing her authority was to append excerpts from letters she had received to her publications. This edition contains a number of these endorsement letters published by the New York State Assembly. The epistles are placed in the order in which they were written rather than published. We have not included the endorsements in Willard’s published writings as they can be found in other sections of the edition. Also included are published letters to or by Willard that are not found elsewhere in the edition.

Reel 9 cont. 0658 “Communicated” [letter (July 5, 1816) from the Committee of Arrangements of

Middlebury to Emma Willard and letter (July 6, 1816) from Emma Willard to the Committee of Arrangements, unidentified newspaper, EWS]. [This correspondence is related to the participation of Willard’s female academy in a July 4 celebration, Middlebury, Vt., 1816.] 2 frames.

0660 Letter (December 31, 1818) from DeWitt Clinton to Emma Willard, in “Notes,” New York State Assembly, Document No. 74, March 4, 1852, p. [9]. 2 frames.

0662 Letter [April 20, 1819] from John Knickerbocker 2nd to Emma Willard, Troy Times, November 11, 1916, Art Section. [This published letter relates to the founding of the Troy Female Seminary in Troy, N.Y.] 3 frames.

0665 Letter (December 9, 1819) from John Adams to Emma Willard, in “Notes,” New York State Assembly, Document No. 74, March 4, 1852, p. 10. 2 frames.

0667 Letter (December 15, 1824) from DeWitt Clinton to Emma Willard, in “Notes,” New York State Assembly, Document No. 74, March 4, 1852, pp. 10–11. 2 frames.

0669 To John D. Willard, December 10, 1829 [accompanied by a pair of handknit woolen stockings, on the occasion of his marriage], Northern Budget [Troy, N.Y.], May 1, 1887 [n.p.]. 2 frames.

0671 “Letter from Greece” [to Emma Willard, reporting on conditions in Greece related to Willard’s appeal to support the women of that nation], The Lady’s Book 18: 190 (April 1839). 2 frames.

0673 Letter (October 13, 1837) from George Combe to Emma Willard, in “Notes,” New York State Assembly, Document No. 74, March 4, 1852, pp. 11–12. 2 frames.

0675 “Madame Necker de Saussure” [containing letter December 15, 1837, to Emma Willard, with further comments, probably by Almira Lincoln Phelps], Patapsco Young Ladies’ Magazine 1(2): 12–16 (April 1850). 4 frames.

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Letter [July 28, 1838] to Thomas Allen, Spirit of the Times 8: 217 (August 25, 1838), typescript, EWSA. [Not available for microfilming.]

0679 “Letter to the Editor of The Trojan Sketchbook,” The Trojan Sketchbook, ed. Abba A. Goddard (Troy, N.Y.: Young and Hartt, 1846), pp. 162–168. 5 frames.

Samuel A. Cartwright, M.D., “New Theory of Respiration and Circulation—Interesting Experiment on an Alligator” [letter from Dr. Cartwright to Emma Willard, December 1, 1851, and from Emma Willard to Dr. Cartwright, December 11, 1851], Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 45(23): 461–465 (January 7, 1852) [see Assessments of Writings].

0684 Letter [March 1852] from Alonzo Potter to Emma Willard, in “Documents,” New York State Assembly, Document 117, 1852, p. [5]. 2 frames.

0686 Letter [March 13, 1852] from William H. Seward to Emma Willard, in “Documents,” New York State Assembly, Document 117, 1852, p. 6. 2 frames.

0688 Letter [March 13, 1852] from Lewis Cass to Emma Willard, in “Documents,” New York State Assembly, Document 117, 1852, p. 7. 2 frames.

0690 Letter [March 14, 1852] from Henry Clay to Emma Willard, in “Documents,” New York State Assembly, Document 117, 1852, p. 8. 2 frames.

0692 Sarah J. Hale, “Doings of the Ladies’ Medical Missionary Society,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 46: 551–554 (June 1853). [Extract of letter to Ladies Medical Missionary Society from Emma Willard.] 4 frames.

Poetry

Willard wrote a large number of poems, almost all of which are considered of minor

importance. She used poetry to appeal to the public to emancipate women, celebrate family and community events, and express sentiments. Her first and only book of poetry, The Fulfillment of a Promise (1831), was so badly edited that she tried to destroy all copies. Two years later, a hostile critic used a poem in the book to accuse her of sexual immorality (see Descriptions and Assessments). Willard made no public reply to this accusation. She continued to write poetry, some of which was set to music for recital at her students’ public examinations. One hymn, “Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep,” written on board ship while returning home from France, has been included in a number of hymnbooks and is still sung in churches in the United States.

Reel 9 cont. 0696 “Miscellaneous Poems by Emma Willard,” 1795–1817, Russell Sage College.

108 frames.

0804 “La Fayette’s Welcome at the Female Seminary in Troy” [1825], AC. 5 frames.

0809 The Fulfillment of A Promise; By Which Poems, by Emma Willard are Published, and Affectionately Inscribed to Her Past and Present Pupils (New York: White, Gallaher, & White, 1831). 64 frames.

0873 “Hymn II,” Broadside, written for the celebration of the Ladies’ Society for the Advancement of Female Education in Greece, Troy, August 8, 1833. 2 frames.

0875 “The Boquet,” American Ladies’ Magazine 8: 582 (October 1835). 2 frames.

0877 Untitled poem, written in the album of Virginia Anderson (a Troy Female Seminary student in 1835) and reprinted in the Third Annual Report of the Emma Willard Association, November 1893, called Chicago Reunion of the Emma Willard Association of Troy Female Seminary (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Press of The Brooklyn Eagle, 1893), p. 38. 3 frames.

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0880 “The Fireman,” Programme, Fireman’s Concert, Troy, N.Y., January 8, 1846 (Troy, N.Y.: Printed by N. Tuttle); shorter version reprinted in New York Teacher 3: 318 (March 1855). 8 frames.

0888 “A Glimpse of the World of Spirits,” The Trojan Sketchbook, ed. Abba A. Goddard (Troy, N.Y.: Young & Hartt, 1846), pp. 169–170. 3 frames.

0891 “Lines,” The Trojan Sketchbook, ed. Abba A. Goddard (Troy, N.Y.: Young & Hartt, 1846), p. 171. 2 frames.

0893 “Men Coldly View, as Common Things,” Troy Female Seminary, June 16, 1849, EWSA. 2 frames.

0895 “The Word of Life,” Patapsco Young Ladies’ Magazine 1(3): 16 (July 1850). 2 frames.

0897 “Rocked in the Cradle of the Deep,” music composed by J. P. Knight (Boston: Oliver Ditson, 1853). 7 frames.

0904 “National Hymn,” reprinted in Our Country, by Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps (Baltimore: printed by John D. Toy, 1864), pp. 99–100. 3 frames.

0907 “Bride-Stealing: A Tale of New England’s Middle Age,” Poets of Connecticut, ed. Charles W. Everest (New York: S. A. Rollo, 1860), pp. 153–162. 8 frames.

0915 Quotation from a poem in memory of her father, reprinted in Letter to A Son on Christian Belief, by Samuel Hart (Baltimore: Charles Harvey, 1875), p. 4. 2 frames.

0917 “Parting Words,” Troy Daily Whig, n.d., EWSA. 2 frames.

Miscellaneous Writings

Emma Willard published a number of children’s stories in her textbook, Morals for the Young

(1857). She also published eulogies and reviews of books. The eulogies are useful in that they reveal the kind of womanhood Willard was striving to develop in herself and her students. This edition contains samples of these kinds of writings.

Reel 9 cont. 0919 “Tribute to the Memory of Miss Vail, of Troy, N.Y.,” The Ladies’ Magazine and Literary

Gazette 6: 357–358 (August 1833). 3 frames.

0922 “Elizabeth Cass,” The Ladies’ Magazine and Literary Gazette 6: 417–418 (August 1833). 3 frames.

0925 “Tribute to the Memory of Mrs. Emma White,” The Northern Budget [Troy, N.Y.], February 24, 1848, p. [2]. 4 frames.

0929 “Review of Books,” The Patapsco Young Ladies’ Magazine 1(2): 31–32 (April 1850). 3 frames.

Legislative Acts,

Legal and Business Papers

Emma Willard’s legislative, legal and business papers, in combination with her correspondence, diaries, and published essays, are potentially fruitful sources of new scholarship on the business world of nineteenth-century women. As a single woman, Willard held the status of femme sole, a legal term signifying her right to make contracts, sue for damages, and buy and sell property. When she married, she became feme covert, a term derived from coverture and used to denote her legal invisibility in the marital union. Common law granted the husband absolute

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power over the family finances. All his wife’s debts and property became his when the couple married, and any personal property or earnings she accrued during the marriage also became his. He gained control of her real estate and collected all income from it during his lifetime. His wife had no power to pursue any business activities without her husband’s consent. Nor could she make a legal contract with her husband, as she was deemed his dependent, not his equal. Given such constraints, how did Emma Willard build a large educational institution and a demanding writing career? How did her legal and business papers change during periods when she was married? What was the nature of her holdings at her death? This collection provides a number of documents that are useful in answering these and related questions: legal agreements, deeds, financial notes, insurance documents, a prenuptial agreement, divorce papers, and wills. Of particular interest is the correspondence between William Lee, who managed the seminary’s business affairs, and Emma Willard’s son, John H. Willard, before and during Emma Willard’s first tour of Europe. Two account books document the years between 1841 and 1865 and contain information about Willard’s publications, servants, female doctors, the guardianship of a mentally ill niece, and household purchases. The 1841 account book titled “E. Willard’s Note Book No. 2” originally may have begun as an account book, but it later became a notebook for the draft of a book. This edition also includes legislative acts revealing the decisions of legislative bodies in response to Willard’s public appeals.

Reel 9 cont. Legislative Acts

0932 Chapter LII of the Laws of 1819 [New York] An act to Incorporate a Female Academy in the Village of Waterford. Passed March 19, 1819. 4 frames.

0936 New York State. Senate. Report of Select Committee to investigate Waterford Academy. January 13, 1820. 4 frames.

0940 Chapter 339 of the Laws of 1837 [New York] An act to incorporate the Troy female seminary. Passed May 6, 1837. 3 frames.

0943 Divorce bill, June 3, 1843, AC. 3 frames.

0946 Journal of the Senate of the State of Connecticut, May Session, 1843 (New Haven: Osborn & Baldwin, 1843), pp. 87–88. 3 frames.

0949 Resolutions and Private Acts, Passed by the General Assembly of the State of Connecticut, May Session, 1843 (Hartford: Case, Tiffany & Co., 1843), pp. 20–21. 3 frames.

0952 “Preamble and Resolutions, State of New York.” In Assembly, Albany, April 19, 1870. [This is a one-page tribute to Willard.] 2 frames.

Wills

0954 Will of John Willard, April 30, 1824, handwritten copy, EWSA. 5 frames.

0959 Inventory of the estate of John Willard, 29 May 1825, Filed 12th August 1825, Rensselaer County Historical Society. 43 frames.

1002 Will of Emma Willard and codicil (draft), n.d., AC. 2 frames.

1004 Will of Emma Willard, Will Book #72, pp. 152–153. Recorded June 27, 1870, Surrogate Court, Rensselaer County, N.Y. 3 frames.

1007 Petition of John H. Willard to Probate the Will of Emma Willard, 1870, Surrogate Court, Rensselaer County, N.Y. 3 frames.

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1010 Inventory of Emma Willard’s estate, 1879, Surrogate Court, Rensselaer County, N.Y. 15 frames.

1025 Petition with the will annexed by Sarah H. Willard, Harriet Willard, Mary Thomas and Katherine Lapsley to administer the Will of Emma Willard, 1901, Surrogate Court, Rensselaer County, N.Y. 9 frames.

Reel 10

Agreements

0001 Statement of Dr. John Willard concerning alleged piracy of Emma Willard’s new system of geography by William Channing Woodbridge, April 26, 1825, EWSA. [See below for the agreement between Willard and Woodbridge (1838) and the undated Willard-Woodbridge contract.] 5 frames.

0006 Instructions to Mrs. Willard from Mrs. Jane Girault, June 4, 1833, regarding the care of her daughter, RCHS. 3 frames.

0009 James M. Hebberd (?) and Emma Willard, c. 1835, RCHS. 3 frames.

0012 Ophaelia Beebe and Emma Hart Willard to educate Beebe’s daughter, February 6, 1836, RCHS. 3 frames.

0015 Emma Willard and Richardson H. Thurman to educate his sister, Catharine Thurman, March 9, 1837, RCHS. 3 frames.

0018 William Channing Woodbridge and Emma Willard with Belknap & Hamersley to publish their geography books and atlases, October 25, 1838 (copy), EWSA. 5 frames.

0023 Emma Willard and Christopher Yates, deed of marriage settlement, September 15, 1838, AC. 6 frames.

0029 Emma Willard Yates and Caleb Heazen—relating to accounts against TFS students (JHW for EWY), February 1, 1839, RCHS. 3 frames.

Loans

0032 To Albert Blair by Emma H. Willard, August 26, 1835 (John D. Willard for EW), RCHS. 3 frames.

0035 Release between John Price, Nathan Howard, and Henry V. W. Mastin to Albert Blair where EHW is loaning Blair money, Recorded August 29, 1835, RCHS. 5 frames.

0040 Release between Nathan Howard and Henry R. Bristol to Albert Blair where EHW is loaning Blair money, Recorded August 29, 1835, RCHS. 4 frames.

0044 Acknowledgment of James Baker for a note of Louisa I. (?) Baker for money owed to Emma Willard Yates, September 30, 1839, RCHS. 3 frames.

0047 Note of bonds and mortgage of Reynolds Greenman to Emma Willard, and of the Trustees of the Methodist Episcopal Church of Troy to Emma Willard, April 5, 1841, RCHS. 3 frames.

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Contracts

0050 Teaching contract between Emma Hart Willard and Alphise de Courval, March 19, 1831, RCHS. 6 frames.

0056 Teaching contract between Augustus Backus and Emma Willard, September 1834, RCHS. 3 frames.

0059 Supplementary article of the contract between William Channing Woodbridge and Emma Willard, n.d., RCHS. [See above for the statement by John Willard concerning the alleged piracy of Emma Willard’s instructional methods by Woodbridge (1825), and the Willard-Woodbridge agreement (1838), RCHS.] 3 frames.

Property Transactions 0062 Indenture dated October 14, 1825, from the Mayor Recorder Alderman & Commonality

of the City of Troy and Emma Willard for property in the City of Troy, lots 114 and 115 on Second street...together with the Brick Dwelling house fitted up for a Female Seminary, AC. 6 frames.

0068 Authorization for building at Troy Female Seminary, 1828, AC. 3 frames.

0071 Letter, C. Lee to John Willard, February 20, 1832, from Marysville [Ohio] regarding Emma Willard’s land there, AC. 3 frames.

0074 Deed of Emma Willard’s pew in St. Johns Church, May 1, 1834, AC. 3 frames.

0077 Agreement between Jireh Durkee and Emma Willard to purchase Durkee’s property, July 9, 1836, RCHS. 7 frames.

0084 Lease between Emma Willard and the Troy Female Seminary for her house on Ferry Street, January 1, 1838, RCHS. 3 frames.

0087 Agreement between Charles Linsley and Emma Willard, July 12, 1838, regarding property in Middlebury, Vt. (copy), RCHS. 4 frames.

0091 Warranty Deed of Emma Willard to John Hart Willard, September 15, 1838, RCHS. 5 frames.

0096 Agreement of John H. Willard with Emma Willard, re: change of trustee of estate conveyed to John H. Willard from marriage settlement of Emma Willard and Christopher C. Yates, September 15, 1838, RCHS. 6 frames.

0102 Assignment of lease of school by Emma Hart Willard and Dr. Yates, September 21, 1838, AC. 3 frames.

0105 List of books given to Troy Female Seminary by Emma Willard [1839], AC. 11 frames.

0116 Reconveyance of real and personal property dated the 6th day of October 1843, John H. Willard to Emma Willard including about 35 lots in the Village of West Troy, a lot and farm with buildings in Middlebury, Vt., and about 200 acres of land in Delaware County, Ohio, AC. [This appears to be a deed from John H. Willard to his mother granting her property now that she is divorced.] 6 frames.

0122 Warranty Deed dated December 20, 1845, between John Hart Willard and Sarah his wife to Emma Willard conveying in the City of Troy lots 112 and 113 at Second Street and Ferry Street, AC. [The deed describes property that appears to be adjacent to the seminary.] 4 frames.

0126 Ten lots in West Troy, tax list 1849, EWSA. 4 frames.

Frame No.

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0130 Quit Claim Deed dated July 2, 1849, to Emma Willard from James W. Stover, conveying property in the Village of Fort Schuyler, now the first ward of the Village of West Troy, in the town of Watervliet, and the county of Albany, lot 245, AC. 4 frames.

0134 Insurance policy with Mechanics’ Mutual Insurance Company, Troy, N.Y., September 20, 1850, RCHS. 6 frames.

0140 Deed of Emma Willard’s pew in St. Johns Church, June 6, 1855, AC. 3 frames.

0143 Insurance policy with Mercantile Fire Insurance Company, New York, N.Y., and receipts for payments covering September 20, 1855–September 20, 1858, RCHS. 7 frames.

0150 Portion of a deed to land in St. Lawrence Township, Lucas County, Ohio. Copied by Sarah H. Willard, November 12, 1862, EWSA. 3 frames.

0153 Letters with hand drawn map, Platt [Card?], Toledo, to William Dodd [Cincinnati], May 8, 1863, May 8 (afternoon), 1863, and May 19, 1863 [re: Emma Willard’s land in Ohio; William Dodd was the husband of Emma Willard’s niece, Jane Porter Hart Dodd], AC. 7 frames.

0160 Letter, Baker & Collins, Toledo, to J. H. Willard, Troy, September 25, 1865 [re: Emma Willard’s land in Ohio], EWSA. 2 frames.

0162 Two memoranda of addresses and notes regarding land near Toledo, Ohio, c. 1865, EWSA. 3 frames.

0165 Structural—scale plan, Troy Female Seminary, n.d., AC. 2 frames.

Records of Expenses and Payments 0167 Receipt from John T. Addomo for board and tuition of Phebe Mooers (?), November 16,

1814, EWSA. 3 frames.

0170 Note from Emma Willard to Mr. Thomas telling him to pay William Lee a dividend on the Seminary stock belonging to the estate of Dr. John Willard, March 3, 1829, EWSA. 3 frames.

0173 William Lee to John Hart Willard [seminary business letters], 1829–1833, AC. 1 frame.

0174 December 1, 1829. 3 frames.

0177 February 21, 1830. 4 frames.

0181 March 7, 1830. 3 frames.

0184 April 4, 1830. 3 frames.

0187 May 19, 1830. 4 frames.

0191 June 20, 1830. 7 frames.

0198 June 28, 1830. 2 frames.

0200 October 17, 1830. 4 frames.

0204 November 29, 1830. 4 frames.

0208 January 13, 1831. 4 frames.

0212 March 16, 1831. 5 frames.

0217 March 26, 1831. 4 frames.

0221 August 29, 1831. 4 frames.

0225 October 12, 1831. 3 frames.

0228 April 18, 1833. 2 frames.

0230 June 17, 1833. 4 frames.

Frame No.

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0234 September 21, 1833 [describes visit with a Boston publisher to publish The Journal and Letters from France and Great Britain]. 4 frames.

0238 Promissory Note from T. P. Miller and Clara Miller to Emma Willard, August 3, 1830, AC. 3 frames.

0241 Promissory note from Jane [R.?] Bigelow to Emma Willard, December 8, 1830, AC. 3 frames.

0244 Receipt from the Custom House, New York [August?] 10, 1831, AC. 3 frames.

0247 Promissory note from Frances [?] C. Fuller and Mary Ann Fuller to Emma Willard, September 9, 1831, AC. 3 frames.

0250 Note to Benjamin C. Vail from Francis Yvonnet authorizing payment of a sum to Emma Willard, September 26, 1832, AC. 3 frames.

0253 Promissory note from Stella Phelps to Emma Willard, November 13, 1832, AC. 3 frames.

0256 Contribution of monies from women of Troy, led by Emma Willard, to provide enlarged accommodations for the female seminary in Greece, c. 1832, RCHS. 3 frames.

0259 Bank check to Emma Willard, March 25, 1833, AC. 2 frames.

0261 E. Willard’s Note Book No. 2, 1841–1846, EWSA. 47 frames.

0308 Account book of Emma Willard, 1841–1865, EWSA. 45 frames.

0353 Accounts from A. S. Barnes, AC. 1 frame.

0354 April 30, 1843. 2 frames.

0356 February 22–July 18, 1845. 2 frames.

0358 July 18, 1848. 2 frames.

0360 July 25, 1851. 2 frames.


0365 July 22, 1852. 2 frames.

0367 January 1–July 1, 1854, AC. 2 frames.

0369 Bill from Transatlantic Package Express & Shipping Agency, Liverpool, England, August 18, 1854, AC. 3 frames.

0372 Receipt from James Irwin for printing of 2 portraits, and for the 3 steel engraving plates, April 11, 1862 [with a handwritten note by Emma Willard identifying the 3 steel plates], EWSA. 3 frames.

0375 Bill for the purchase of a cap from C. H. Billings, Troy, N.Y., June 13, 1866, RCHS. 3 frames.

Promotional Materials

Emma Willard devoted considerable attention to promoting herself, her writings, her institutions, and her students. For our purposes, promotion is distinguished from public appeals in that the former is usually specific and seeks to elicit a narrowly definite response. Public appeals are generally more sweeping in scope and are designed to foster more varied responses.

Willard believed her appearance could promote public confidence in her powers. Hence, she strove to present herself as a competent teacher, administrator, mother, scholar, and public intellectual. She was so self-assured that some people viewed self-confidence (or arrogance) as her most defining trait (see Descriptions and Assessments). Willard believed that if her appearance or actions implied a demand for the full equality of women, she would be branded a fanatic. She deplored Susan B. Anthony’s insistence on sitting with male dignitaries on public

Frame No.

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platforms. Willard believed Anthony’s public display undermined her own more modest (and she believed more attainable) goals. Hence, as a sign of deference to traditional male authority, Willard would ask a man to read her public address or she would seat herself while speaking to a mixed audience. She also accepted a traditional conception of white, European American, middle-class feminine beauty. Willard devoted considerable attention to her appearance, and she wrote enthusiastically about learning about dress and comportment while in France in 1830–1831. She believed beauty was a source of feminine power, and she urged her students to cultivate their physical appearance and comportment.

Icons of Emma and Dr. John Willard

Willard viewed icons as an important component of her promotional efforts. If her portraits

failed to meet her standard of feminine beauty, she asked her portraitists to make subtle changes. She distributed miniature portraits to publishers and admirers. This edition contains samples of Willard’s icons from about age twenty-five, when she first married, to her late seventies or eighties, followed by photographs of plaques and statues erected in her honor. They should be viewed as cultural products representing society’s evolving values as well as Willard’s changing body and public persona. The edition also contains photographs of the plaques and statues erected by others in Willard’s honor as well as newspaper articles describing festivities surrounding their dedication. Interpretations of Willard’s icons may be enhanced by comparing the icons with Willard’s correspondence to photographers and publishers (see Correspondence), her essay on beauty (see Academic Writings), others’ comments on her appearance (see Unpublished Assessments), and her published travel journal (see Public Appeals). One might ask why editors and sculptors often represented Willard as youthful rather than elderly.

Reel 10 cont. 0378 Photograph of Miniature Portrait of Emma Willard [1809?], Private Collection of Edward

Belt. 2 frames.

0380 Portrait of Emma Willard, painted by F. Alexander; engraved by S. H. Gimber. From The Fullfilment of a Promise; by which Poems, are Published, and Affectionately Inscribed to Her Past and Present Pupils (New York: White, Gallaher, & White, 1831). [This includes a note in Emma Willard’s hand commenting on the likeness.] Private Collection of Edward Belt. 5 frames.

0385 Engravings of Emma Willard and Dr. John Willard, by John Sartain, EWSA. 2 frames.

0387 Engraving of Emma Willard, by H. B. Hall Jr., EWSA. 2 frames.

0389 Engraving of Emma Willard, by John Sartain, EWSA. 3 frames.

0392 Photograph of Engraving of Emma Willard, by John Sartain, EWSA. 2 frames.

0394 Photograph of Portrait of Emma Willard, portrait possibly by Abel Buel Moore, EWSA. 2 frames.

0396 Portrait of Emma Willard with genealogy on reverse, AC. 4 frames.

0400 Photograph of Daniel Huntington’s Portrait of Emma Willard, EWSA. 2 frames.

0402 Engraving of Emma Willard, from Daniel Huntington portrait, by H. W. Smith, EWSA. 2 frames.

0404 Two photographs of Emma Willard, by Schoonmaker, Troy, N.Y., EWSA. 3 frames.

0407 Photograph of Emma Willard, Rockwood, Troy, N.Y., EWSA. 3 frames.

0410 Two photographs of Emma Willard, EWSA. 2 frames.

0412 Photograph of Emma Willard, EWSA. 2 frames.

Frame No.

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0414 Silhouette of Emma Willard, EWSA. 2 frames.

0416 Emma Willard’s Tombstone, Oakwood Cemetery, Troy, N.Y., 1870[?], EWSA. 2 frames.

0418 Emma Willard Statue, Troy, N.Y., 1895, EWSA. 2 frames.

0420 Dedication of Russell Sage Hall, Troy, N.Y., and Unveiling of the Statue of Emma Willard, May 16th 1895, with article from The Troy Daily Times Supplement, May 16, 1895, EWSA. 10 frames.

0430 Memorial Bust of Emma Willard [1899?], New York State Library, Albany, N.Y. 2 frames.

0432 Memorial Boulder, Berlin, Conn. [dedicated 1904?], with articles from the New Britain Daily Herald (October 10, 1913) and the [Hartford?] Courant. 5 frames.

0437 Memorial Tablet to Emma Willard & Margaret Slocum Sage, at Emma Willard School, 1914, EWSA. 3 frames.

0440 Bust of Emma Willard by Frances Grimes, Hall of Fame for Great Americans at New York University, Emma Willard elected 1905, bust unveiled 1929. 3 frames.

0443 “In memory of Emma Hart Willard,” Monument, Middlebury, Vt. 3 frames.

0446 “Emma Willard, Pioneer educator gave women first college training here,” Emma Willard Plaque, Middlebury, Vt., 1949? 4 frames.

Icons of Residences and Schools

Icons of Willard’s schools comprise a second important group of promotional materials. In the early years of her career, Willard used her homes as sites for instruction; hence, we have included a photograph of her home in Berlin, Conn., where she taught in 1804, and in Middlebury, Vt., where she opened a women’s boarding school in 1814. The Willard home in Middlebury was designated a National Historic Site in 1966. Originally built for the Willards in 1811, it was a nine-room brick structure with marble lintels over doors and windows. Later owners added a southwest wing and Greek Revival details to the interior. Middlebury College purchased the building in 1959 and added a single-story wing to the north. (For other illustrations of Willard’s schools, see School Catalogs, 1814–1872 and Emma Willard and Her Pupils, 1898.)

Reel 10 cont. 0450 Emma Willard’s Birthplace in Kensington [Berlin], Conn., EWSA. 3 frames.

0453 Plaque at Emma Willard’s Birthplace in Kensington [Berlin], Conn. 2 frames.

0455 School for girls, Berlin Herald, EWSA. 2 frames.

0457 Emma Willard’s School in Middlebury, Vt., Journal of Education 37(6): 2 (February 9, 1893). 4 frames.

0461 Emma Willard’s residence, Middlebury, Vt., Journal of Education 2.9: 2, 85 (1893). 5 frames.

0466 Troy Female Seminary, c. 1821, EWSA. 2 frames.

0468 Troy Female Seminary, c. 1822, EWSA. 2 frames.

0470 Northwestern view of the Troy Female Seminary, EWSA. 4 frames.

0474 Public Examination Room, Troy Female Seminary, EWSA. 2 frames.

0476 Library, Troy Female Seminary, EWSA. 2 frames.

Frame No.

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0478 Classroom, Troy Female Seminary, EWSA. 2 frames.

0480 Science Room, Troy Female Seminary, EWSA. 2 frames.

0482 Mural depicting the visit of the Marquis de Lafayette to Troy Female Seminary (1824 or 1825), Sage Hall, Emma Willard School. 3 frames.

0485 Troy Female Seminary, mid-nineteenth century, EWSA. 2 frames.

0487 “Another Trojan Landmark Gone,” Troy Record (November 6, 1917). [Describes Willard’s house next to the seminary.] 2 frames.

School Catalogs and Rules

Each year, Willard published school catalogs that are certain to have been crafted by her hand at least until 1838.12 These promotional materials describe the basic essentials of the curriculum, costs, and other details. Some catalogs include school photographs or engravings and the names of students. When Willard traveled, she distributed these catalogs, school icons, and reprints of her essays in pamphlet form (see Publications). This edition contains the earliest extant catalog (1820); the earliest catalog of Troy Female Seminary, which includes a description of terms, costs, etc. (1821); the first multipage catalog (1825); the last that Willard published before turning over the seminary to her daughter-in-law and son (1838); and the last catalog her daughter-in-law and son issued (1872).

Reel 10 cont. 0489 Rules for Waterford Female Academy, n.d., AC. [This handwritten document, which

includes many cross-outs, provides useful information about the culture of the Waterford Female Seminary.] 9 frames.

0498 Catalogue of the Waterford Female Academy, for the term ending September 13th, 1820, EWSA. 2 frames.

0500 Troy Female Seminary, April 18, 1821, EWSA. 2 frames.

0502 Catalogue of the Members of Troy Female Seminary, for the year ending 31st August, 1822, EWSA. 2 frames.

0504 Catalogue of the Members of Troy Female Seminary, for the two terms preceding August 1, 1825, EWSA. 2 frames.

0506 Troy Female Seminary, September 8, 1825, EWSA. 2 frames.

0508 School Rules, Troy Female Seminary, August 1836, EWSA. 27 frames.

0535 Catalogue of the Officers and Pupils of the Troy Female Seminary, February 1838, EWSA. 11 frames.

0546 Catalogue of the Officers and Pupils of the Troy Female Seminary, for the academic year commencing September 20, 1871, ending June 26, 1872, EWSA. 18 frames.

12 Willard gave over the management of the seminary to her son, John, and his wife, Sarah Lucretia Hudson, both of whom had worked closely with Willard for most of their lives. Willard then married her second husband, Dr. Christopher Yates, but after a divorce in 1843, returned in 1844 to remain at the seminary until her death. There are no marked differences between catalogs before and after 1838.

Frame No.

47

Reports to the Regents, 1819–1872, and Appeals for Funds

The annual reports to the Regents of the State of New York (1819–1872) are a very different

kind of promotional material designed to convince the Regents that Troy Female Seminary was worthy of state funding. The earliest reports were issued by the trustees of the female academy at Waterford (June 2, 1819, and December 31, 1820), AC. The trustees of Willard’s institutions may have prepared other annual reports between 1820 and 1838, but the only surviving reports are those issued by the trustees of the Troy Female Seminary beginning in 1838, EWSA. This edition includes reports published annually until 1872, the year of the retirement of Emma Willard’s children. All of these documents provide a wealth of information about the physical attributes of the institution, its finances, library holdings, the faculty and staff, and the student body, including individual programs of study. They are particularly useful when perused along with the annual catalogs and the students’ correspondence.

Reel 10 cont. 0564 [Appeal to citizens of Troy, c. 1870], AC. 4 frames.

0568 Report to the Regents of the State of New York by the trustees of the Female Academy at Waterford, June 2, 1819, AC. 5 frames.

0573 Report to the Regents of the State of New York by the Trustees of the Female Academy at Waterford, December 31, 1820, AC. 6 frames.

Reports of the Trustees to the Regents of the State of New York, 1839–1872:


0647 January 30, 1840. 38 frames.

0685 January 28, 1841. 42 frames.

0727 January 28, 1842. 45 frames.

0772 January 27, 1843. 45 frames.

0817 January 29, 1844. 40 frames.

0857 February 1845. 38 frames.

0895 January 26, 1846. 38 frames.

Reel 11 0001 January 28, 1847. 40 frames.

0041 January 29, 1848. 40 frames.

0081 January 30, 1849. 39 frames.

0120 January 30, 1850. 44 frames.

0164 January 31, 1851. 47 frames.

0211 January 29, 1852. 50 frames.

0261 January 29, 1853. 53 frames.

0314 January 31, 1854. 54 frames.

0368 January 29, 1855. 51 frames.

0419 July 20, 1855. 38 frames.

0457 June 25, 1856. 42 frames.

0499 June 24, 1857. 43 frames.

Frame No.

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0542 June 30, 1858. 43 frames.

0585 June 29, 1859. 42 frames.

0627 June 27, 1860. 42 frames.

0669 June 26, 1861. 43 frames.

0712 June 25, 1862. 35 frames.

0747 June 24, 1863. 35 frames.

0821 June 28, 1865. 43 frames.

0864 June 27, 1866. 40 frames.

Reel 12 0001 June 26, 1867. 33 frames.

0034 June 24, 1868. 36 frames.

0070 June 30, 1869. 36 frames.

0106 June 22, 1870. 42 frames.

0148 June 28, 1871. 35 frames.

0183 June 26, 1872. 32 frames.

Promotion of Students

Willard did a good deal to promote the careers of her students. She loaned them money to study, granted scholarships, and assisted them in finding employment. According to Willard’s first major biographer, John Lord, she received hundreds of letters from school districts asking for letters of reference for qualified teachers (for sample letters of reference, see Correspondence); and she allowed former students to publish her letters of endorsement in their own promotional materials. She also published the essays of gifted students in local papers and national magazines. This edition contains a sample of Willard’s promotion of students in the order of their appearance.

Reel 12 cont. 0215 Pupil of Troy Female Seminary, “Incorporate Female Seminaries,” American Ladies

Magazine 8: 341–344 (1835). 5 frames.

0220 “Letter to the Editor,” American Ladies’ Magazine 9: 76–83 (February 1836). [At the invitation of the editor, Willard sent two student essays for publication. Her intention, she stated, was to “nurture the genius of women and the country.”] 9 frames.

0229 Miss Catharine Huntington, “Happiness,” The Northern Budget/Troy Daily Budget, February 14, 1848, p. 2. [This is a student essay published in the local paper.] 2 frames.

0231 Miss Lucy J. Eddy, “The Mind,” The Northern Budget/Troy Daily Budget, February 24, 1848, p. 2. [This is a student essay published in the local paper.] 3 frames.

0234 [Letter, n.d.] of Emma Willard in “Testimonials,” Chesnut Street Female Seminary, No. 525 Chesnut Street, Philadelphia (Philadelphia: Printed by John Young, 1850). [This was a published letter of endorsement for two former students who established a female seminary.] 2 frames.

Frame No.

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0236 “Letter from Mrs. Emma Willard” to the author, Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps, March 1858 (reprinted in Christian Households, by Almira H. L. Phelps) (New York: Printed by Billin and Brother, 1858), pp. 75–76. [This letter endorses the Episcopal convent Almira Phelps is urging readers to support.] 3 frames.

Advertisements

Promotion was an important dimension of Willard’s career as institution builder and textbook

author. She and her publishers placed advertisements in local newspapers, journals, and her own published writings. Willard did not rely entirely on others for promotion. As her correspondence reveals, she distributed sample seminary catalogs and textbooks, and hired others to do so as well. The enormous popularity of her textbooks, the advertisements of her texts, letters of endorsement, criticisms, and Willard’s defense are important documents related to the textbook industry, which was emerging as a powerful and lucrative enterprise and an important influence on the common schools. This edition contains sample advertisements in the order of their appearance.

Reel 12 cont. 0239 “A Boarding School for Young Ladies…,” Plattsburgh Republican (April 30, 1814), p. 1.

2 frames.

“Plan of Female Education,” National Standard, Middlebury, Vt. (May 19, 1819), typescript, EWSA. [Not available for microfilming.]

0241 “Willard’s Historical Works,” District School Journal of the State of New York 5(3): 93 (June 1844). 2 frames.

0243 “Willard’s History of the United States,” The Teachers’ Advocate 1(27): 431 (March 11, 1846). 2 frames.

0245 “The Answer to Mr. Willson’s Reply; To the Friends of Correct Education and of Truth!; A Card,” Teachers’ Advocate, and Journal of Education 2 (47): Advertising sheet (August 6, 1847). 2 frames.

0247 “The True Reason,” Teacher’s Advocate, and Journal of Education 3(3): 45 (October 15, 1847). [This is an advertisement that contains sharp criticism of Willard’s histories.] 2 frames.

0249 “Mrs. Willard’s School History [and] Mrs. Willard’s Histories for Schools,” Teachers’ Advocate and Journal of Education 3(9): 142–144 (January 7, 1848). 4 frames.

0253 “Text Books, recommended by the State and County Superintendents of the State of Vermont,” The Teachers’ Advocate and Journal of Education 3(16): Advertising sheet (April 14, 1848). 2 frames.

0255 “Troy Female Seminary,” Troy Daily Whig (January 1, 1857), p. 1. [This ad appeared frequently in this newspaper.] 2 frames.

0257 “Willard’s History of the United States,” EWSA. [This undated sheet was probably a flier Willard and her agents distributed to promote the sale of the latest edition of her textbook.] 2 frames.

Assessments

Emma Willard received a large number of unpublished and published assessments. While some appear to be impersonal descriptions, most contain evaluations of Willard’s appearance, ideals, writings, institutions, behavior, and/or influence. Many unpublished statements appear in

Frame No.

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the correspondence of Willard’s family and friends as well as the families of her students. Of particular interest is a letter by Willard’s father on the eve of her first marriage (1809).

Unpublished Assessments

Letter, Samuel Hart to John Willard, October 18, 1809, New-York Historical Society. [Unavailable for publishing.]

Letter, William Tell Willard to John Willard, February 16, 1824, New-York Historical Society. [Unavailable for publishing.]

Henry Van Der Lyn Diary, Vol. 2, assessment of the public examinations of Troy Female Seminary, March 20, 1830, New-York Historical Society. [Unavailable for publishing.]

0259 Nathan Monroe to Asa [?] Eddy, May 22, 1833, Georgia Historical Society. 5 frames.

0264 Letter, William Hart to Freedom Hart, October 17, 1839, EWSA. 5 frames.

0269 Report of the Annual Examination by the Examining Committee [c. 1845]. 7 frames.

0276 Letters, January 28(?), 1850, and May 12, 1850, from David Outlaw to Emily Outlaw, David Outlaw Papers, Southern Historical Collection, University of North Carolina. 8 frames.

0284 Letter, Emily T. Wilcox to Mrs. Emma Willard Dodd reporting death of “Aunt Willard,” April 16, 1870, AC. 2 frames.

0286 Letter, Almira Hart Lincoln Phelps to Lucretia Willard, November 6, 1882, AC. 4 frames.

0290 Letter, Katherine DeWitt Smith, TFS 1845, to Treasurer of the Emma Willard Association, January 26, 1893, EWSA. 4 frames.

0294 Letter, Mrs. Russell Sage to Andrew D. White, July 19, 1905, recommending Emma Willard for the Hall of Fame, Cornell University. 3 frames.

Assessments of Willard’s Writings and Her Replies

Published assessments of Willard’s writings usually appeared shortly after one of her books, pamphlets, or essays appeared. Many of her writings received much praise, but occasionally she was the brunt of virulent criticism. During her campaign to raise money for a female seminary in Greece, for example, an anonymous pamphlet (1833) appeared that described her as silly and adulterous, called her fund-raising project a form of cultural imperialism, and accused her son of being a dolt. Willard made no public reply to any of this.

Five years later, an essay appeared in Burton’s Gentleman’s Magazine (1838) accusing Willard of mercenary motives for publishing a circular to the members of the newly established Willard Association for the Advancement of Female Teachers. The article also raised doubts about her academic qualifications based on serious errors in her writing (see Academic Writings). Shortly thereafter, an unsigned pamphlet, The Reviewer of Mrs. Emma Willard Reviewed (1839), appeared, castigating the author of the article in Burton’s for his motives and flawed writing. There followed two brief newspaper articles in the New York Sunday Morning News quoting the article in Burton’s and ridiculing Willard for publishing the anonymous rebuttal. Willard’s estranged husband, Dr. Christopher Yates, claimed he was responsible for having the articles published in the New York Sunday Morning News. Willard abandoned Yates

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shortly thereafter and divorced him in 1843.13 She never again published a circular to the members of her teachers association.

In the mid 1840s, Willard was again mired in public debate. Marcius Willson, a rival textbook author, published a critique of leading American history textbooks, his most damning statements directed at Willard’s histories. She replied in a public appeal that accused Willson of cheating her of the profits from her books by casting aspersions on their accuracy and pirating her books’ format, contents, and language. Willson published a reply that included more examples of her errors as well as evidence of her own plagiarisms. Accusations continued to appear in various forms, but eventually the debate subsided without resolution. These conflicts raise important questions. How was plagiarism defined in the nineteenth century? The U.S. Copyright Statute of May 31, 1790, recognized the right of authors to have exclusive control of their writings, but control was limited to a specific period of time.14 This was the law, but how was it interpreted? What kinds of lawsuits were brought against textbook authors and how were the cases adjudicated? What role, if any, did the Willson-Willard debate play in the history of intellectual property rights? A second question concerns the role of gender in public assessments. Were women more or less likely to be attacked for publishing their writings, and what was the nature of such attacks? To answer such a question, one might compare criticisms of Willard with those of other influential nineteenth-century educational reformers such as Catharine Beecher and William Woodbridge. This edition contains only a sample of the huge volume of reviews of Willard’s writings in the order of their appearance.

Reel 12 cont. 0297 “Geography for Beginners...,” American Journal of Education 1: 636–638 (1826).

3 frames.

0300 “History of the United States or Republic of America,” American Journal of Education 3: 672–680 (1828). 10 frames.

0310 “Books and Authors: Journal and Letters, From France and Great Britain,” American Ladies Magazine 7: 42–45 (January 1834). 3 frames.

0313 “Journal and Letters from France and Great Britain,” American Quarterly Review 15: 131–167 (March 1834). 20 frames.

0333 “Milton’s Account of the Duty of Woman,” American Annals of Education 5(3): 134–135 (March 1835). 3 frames.

0336 “Notices of Books: A System of Universal History, in Perspective,” American Annals of Education 6(1): 40–41 (January 1836). 3 frames.

0339 “Literary Notices: A System of Universal History, in Perspective,” American Ladies Magazine 9: 422–423 (July 1836). 3 frames.

0342 “Study of History,” Annals of Education, and Instruction 8(2): 75–80 (February 1838). 7 frames.

0349 “Review of New Books: Letter, addressed as a Circular…,” Burton’s Gentleman’s Magazine, and American Monthly Review 4(2): 124–128 (February 1839). 6 frames.

13 Lucy Townsend and Barbara Wiley, “The Divorce of a Domestic Educator: The Case of Emma Willard,” Review Journal of Philosophy and Social Science 27(1&2): 163–205 (2002).

14 Carla Hesse, “The Rise of Intellectual Property, 700 B.C.–A.D. 2000: An Idea in the Balance,” Daedalus (Spring 2002), 38. Online, August 24, 2002. Available at http://daedalus.amacad.org/issues/spring2002/ hesse.pdf.

Frame No.

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0355 The Reviewer of Mrs. Emma Willard Reviewed (Philadelphia: C. Sherman & Co. Printers, 1839). 16 frames.

0371 “Mrs. Emma Willard Yates,” New York Sunday Morning News 4 (February 17, 1839), p. 1. 4 frames.

0375 “The Reviewer of Mrs. Emma Willard Reviewed,” New York Sunday Morning News (April 14, 1839), p. 1. 3 frames.

0378 “The Reviewer of Mrs. Emma Willard Reviewed,” Burton’s Gentleman’s Magazine, and American Monthly Review 4(6): 359–360 (June 1839). 3 frames.

0381 “History of the United States, or the Republic of America,” The Lady’s Book 25: 306 (December 1842). 2 frames.

0383 “Abridged History of the United States,” The Hartford Times (July 8, 1843) [p. 2]. 2 frames.

0385 “Editor’s Book Table: Universal History in Perspective,” The Lady’s Book 30: 281 (June 1845). 3 frames.

0388 M[arcius] Willson, “A Critical Review of American Common School Histories: As Embraced in a Report submitted to the New Jersey Society of Teachers and Friends of Education...,” Biblical Repository 1.3: 517–539 (July 1845). 24 frames.

0412 Marcius Willson, “Reply to Mrs. Willard’s Appeal” [1847?], S.l.: s.n. 18 frames.

An Appeal to the Public, Especially Concerned in Education, Against Wrong and Injury Done by Marcius Willson (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1847). [For this publication, see Public Appeals.]

Answer to Marcius Willson’s Second Reply: or Second Appeal to the Public (New York: A. S. Barnes, 1847) [For this publication, see Public Appeals.]

0430 “A Treatise on the Motive Powers which produce the Circulation of the Blood,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 34: 53 (January 1847). 4 frames.

0434 “Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are Caesars,” The Teachers’ Advocate and Journal of Education 2: 41 (June 25, 1847). [Reply to Mrs. Willard’s Appeal.] 2 frames.

0436 [Marcius Willson], “Willard’s History of the United States—Inaccurate or Perverted!” Letter to the Editor, Sunday Dispatch [1847?], n.p. 2 frames.

Samuel N. Sweet, “Mrs. Willard on Normal Institutes,” in Teacher’s Institutes, or Temporary Normal Schools: Their Origins and Progress (Utica, N.Y.: H. H. Hawley, 1848), pp. 128–136. [See Academic Writings as this essay contains both Willard’s writings and an assessment of her work.]

0438 “Temple of Time, Historic Guide, English Chronographer, Last Leaves of American History, or Mexico and California,” Patapsco Young Ladies’ Magazine 1(1): 34 (January 1850). 2 frames.

0440 “Respiration and its Effects; More Especially in Relation to Asiatic Cholera, and Other Sinking Diseases,” The Advocate of Moral Reform and Family Guardian 16(2): 14 (January 15, 1850). 2 frames.

0442 Report of the Committee Appointed on Mrs. Willard’s Theory of Respiration, by the N.Y. State Teachers’ Association. Read and Accepted at their convention at Buffalo, August 7, 1851 (Albany: H. H. Van Dyck, 1851). 10 frames.

0452 Samuel A. Cartwright, M.D., “New Theory of Respiration and Circulation—Interesting Experiment on an Alligator” [letter from Dr. Cartwright to Emma Willard, December 1,

Frame No.

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1851, and from Emma Willard to Dr. Cartwright, December 11, 1851], Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 45(23): 461–465 (January 7, 1852). 4 frames.

0456 [Announcement of New York State Teachers’ Association report on Emma Willard’s “Theory of Respiration”] Sarah J. Hale, “An Appeal to American Christians on Behalf of the Ladies Medical Missionary Society,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 44: 185–188 (March 1852). 4 frames.

0460 “Astronography; or, Astronomical Geography,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 51: n.p. (August 1855). 2 frames.

0462 “Literary Notices: Morals for the Young...,” Advocate and Family Guardian 23(7): 54 (April 1, 1857). 2 frames.

0464 Marc[i]us Willson, “Book Notices: History of the United States…,” Advocate and Family Guardian 23(16): n.p. (August 15, 1857). 2 frames.

0466 Marcius Willson, “Book Notices: American History…,” Advocate and Family Guardian 23(17): 168 (September 1, 1857). 2 frames.

0468 “Literary Notices: Morals for the Young,” Harper’s New Monthly Magazine 14(83): 695 (April 1857). 3 frames.

Assessments of Willard’s Institutions

Emma Willard established two female schools before founding Troy Female Seminary in

Troy, N.Y., in 1821. She also attempted to establish teacher institutes, a public normal school in Connecticut, and a normal school in Greece. She was also instrumental in establishing a number of organizations including a female teachers association, mothers’ societies to oversee the common schools, a society to advance a mission in Canada, and an orphanage society. We view all these efforts as organization- and institution-building endeavors that inspired many other nineteenth-century Americans.

This edition includes a sample of the published evaluations of Willard’s institutions and organizations. For example, in response to her efforts to establish a normal school in Greece, a pamphlet titled Mrs. Willard Reviewed called her and the missionaries engaged in the effort mercenaries and cultural imperialists. In particular, the anonymous author branded Willard a gullible, adulterous, and silly woman. Apparently Willard ignored the slanderous pamphlet although she did engage in a public debate with a critic of public examinations for young women. The Rev. Henry A. Boardman initiated the debate by publishing an article in the New York Observer and signing it with only his initials. Thereafter the essay was republished in the Troy Daily Whig. Willard, who believed rigorous examinations had contributed significantly to the advancement of women’s education, wrote a series of responses in the Whig. There followed a reply from Boardman, published in the Troy Daily Times and then reissued in pamphlet form. This exchange is particularly useful because it reveals the gap between Willard’s belief in women’s intellectual capacity and potential for social leadership and the pervasive notion that women were too fragile to engage in public performances.

Reel 12 cont. New York State. Senate. Report of Select Committee to investigate Waterford Academy. January 13, 1820. [For this document, see Legislative Acts.]

0471 “Troy Female Seminary,” American Ladies Magazine 6: 402–405 (October 1833). 5 frames.

0476 “Mrs. Emma Willard,” The New-York Mirror (June 22, 1833), p. 407. 2 frames.

0478 “Female Colleges,” American Ladies’ Magazine 7: 162–163 (April 1834). 2 frames.

Frame No.

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0480 “Mrs. Willard on Female Education,” American Ladies’ Magazine 7: 163–173 (April 1834). 7 frames.

0487 “Mrs. Willard’s Appeal,” American Ladies’ Magazine 7: 575 (December 1834). 2 frames.

0489 “Troy Female Seminary,” American Ladies’ Magazine 8: 700–711 (December 1835). 13 frames.

0502 Catharine Maria Sedgwick, Poetical Remains of the Late Lucretia Maria Davidson (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard, 1841), pp. 72–74. [Quotes Davidson’s trepidation at being required to engage in public examinations at Troy Female Seminary. Rev. Henry Boardman used this book to support his view that female public examinations were harmful.] 11 frames.

0513 “Troy Female Seminary,” Rural Repository 18: 1 (April 23, 1842). 3 frames.

0516 Mrs. John Willard [Sarah Lucretia Hudson], “Troy Female Seminary,” The Trojan Sketchbook, ed. Abba A. Goodrich (Troy: Young & Hartt, 1846), pp. 159–161. 3 frames.

0519 “Troy Female Seminary” [report on annual public examinations], The Northern Budget (February 24, 1848), p. 2. 3 frames.

0522 “Mr. Dobson’s Report of the Troy Female Seminary Examinations,” The Unique (August 7, 1851), pp. 1–2. 3 frames.

0525 “Female Seminary Examination,” The Unique (August 7, 1851), p. 2. 2 frames.

0527 State of New York [Legislature], No. 117, In Assembly 10 April 1852. “Report of the Committee on Colleges, Academies, and Common Schools, on the Memorial of Emma Willard and Others, in behalf of Female Education, and the Troy Female Seminary.” 9 frames.

0536 “Troy Female Seminary,” New York Teacher 2(6): 129–131 (March 1854). 3 frames.

0539 “Troy, as Seen by a Stranger,” Troy Daily Whig (June 11, 1857) [p. 2]. 2 frames.

0541 “Troy Female Seminary,” Troy Daily Whig (July 2, 1857) [p. 2]. [This is a report of the Board of Visitors of the annual public examinations at the seminary.] 2 frames.

0543 “Troy Female Seminary,” Troy Daily Whig (July 3, 1857) [p. 3]. [This portion of the report, accidentally omitted from the preceding publication, extols the achievement of the students in chemistry.] 2 frames.

0545 [Rev.] H[enry] A. B[oardman], “Public examinations in female schools,” Troy Daily Whig (August 11, 1857) [p. 2]. 3 frames.

0548 Rev. Henry A. Boardman, “Public examinations in female schools: reply to Mrs. Willard,” Troy Daily Times (December 19, 1857) [p. 3]. 3 frames.

0551 “Troy Female Seminary,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 67: 481 (November 1863). 2 frames.

0553 “Female Common School Association in the East District of Kensington, Conn.,” American Journal of Education 15(41): 612–616 (December 1865). 4 frames.

0557 Mrs. John H. Willard, Aesthetic culture in the Troy Female Seminary, Middlebury, Vt., University Convocation, 1869. From the Proceedings of the Univ. Convocation, held August 3–5, 1869. 18 frames.

0575 Mrs. John H. Willard, “A Sketch of the History of the Troy Female Seminary,” Proceedings of The Thirteenth Anniversary of the University Convocation of the State of New York (Albany, N.Y.: Argus Co., 1876), pp. 169–182. 9 frames.

0584 Mrs. John Hudson Peck, “Reminiscences,” The Emma Willard Association of Troy Female Seminary: Report of its organization and first reunion, October 15th, 1891 (New York: Press of J. J. Little, 1892), pp. 32–44. 8 frames.

Frame No.

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0592 Emily T. Wilcox, “Address of Miss Wilcox: Troy Female Seminary: A Sketch of its History,” Emma Willard Association: Third Annual Report, Chicago Reunion (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Press of the Brooklyn Eagle, 1893), pp. 39–54. 10 frames.

0602 “A Famous Girls’ School” [1897?]. This is a photocopy of a cut-out article from a newspaper, no date (other than a penciled in one of 1897), no author, no title of the newspaper, EWSA. 2 frames.

Biographies and Tributes

As Willard gained stature, biographical essays and tributes began to appear, especially after her death in 1870. Included among the accolades were musical compositions, poetry, memorials, statues, and induction into the Hall of Fame of Great Americans. This edition includes sample recollections of Willard published in the local newspapers and the first full-length Willard biography by her friend, John Lord (1873). Lord’s biography is an indispensable source that includes many excerpts and complete letters now lost; hence, the volume is included here in its entirety. The edition also contains biographies and obituaries appearing until shortly after the turn of the century. Although some offer little new information about Willard, they are useful for comparing characterizations of her over time and from a variety of perspectives (Later biographies and recent scholarship are listed in the Selected Bibliography.) What do the different narrative structures and characterizations reveal about the biographers as well as popular conceptions of gender?

Reel 12 cont. 0604 “Female Seminaries,” New-York Mirror 167 (November 24, 1832). [This article praises

the work of female seminaries in general, then of Willard and her Plan. It is therefore more an assessment of Willard than of Troy Female Seminary.] 2 frames.

0606 [Freeman Hunt], “Letter V,” Letters About the Hudson River, and its vicinity. Written 1835–1837, 3rd ed. (New York: Freeman Hunt, 1837), pp. 37–42 [description of a visit to Troy Female Seminary]. 6 frames.

0612 “Mrs. Emma Willard,” The Hartford Times (June 3, 1843) [p. 3]. [This brief article, which reports on Willard’s divorce proceedings, describes her in favorable terms.] 2 frames.

0614 William Hunt, “Mrs. Emma Willard,” Leaves from the American Biographical Sketchbook (Albany, N.Y.: Joel Munsell, 1848), pp. 224–231. 7 frames.

0621 Gustave Blessner, “Les Echos de L’Europe: quadrille brillante, suivée [sic] d’une valse, composée pour le piano et dédiée à mademoiselle Emma Willard” (Boston: W. H. Oakes, 1848). 8 frames.

0629 Note to “Common Schools in Connecticut,” American Journal of Education 1: 699 (1856). 2 frames.

0631 “In Senate” (from the National Intelligencer, March 2, 1861), news clipping saved in Willard’s papers discussing the presentation of Willard’s Memorial to end the Civil War, EWS. 2 frames.

0633 [Excerpts] from Samuel Swift, History of the Town of Middlebury, in the County of Addison, Vermont: To Which is Prefixed a Statistical and Historical Account of the County, Written at the Request of the Historical Society of Middlebury (Middlebury: A. H. Copeland, 1859), pp. 392–397. 5 frames.

Frame No.

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0638 Prof. Henry Fowler, “Educational Services of Mrs. Emma Willard,” American Journal of Education 6: 125–168 (March 1859). Reprinted in American Teachers and Educators (1861). 24 frames.

0662 Sarah J. Hale, “Willard, Emma,” in Woman’s Record; or, Sketches of All Distinguished Women from the Creation to A.D. 1868 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1874), pp. 816–820. 6 frames.

0668 James Parton et al., “Emma Willard,” in Eminent Women of the Age… (Hartford: S. M. Betts, 1869), pp. 273–286. 15 frames.

0683 “Obituary: Mrs. Emma Willard,” The Evening Telegraph [Philadelphia] (April 18, 1870), p. 1. 3 frames.

“Preamble and Resolutions, State of New York.” In Assembly, Albany, April 19, 1870. [For this one-page tribute to Willard, see Legislative Acts.]

0686 “Obituary: Mrs. Emma Willard,” The New York Times (April 19, 1870). 4 frames.

0690 “Mrs. Emma Willard,” Harper’s Weekly 14(697): [289]–290 (May 7, 1870). 3 frames.

0693 Mrs. John H. Willard, A Memorial of the Late Mrs. Emma Willard, From the Proceedings of the University Convocation…August 2d, 3d, and 4th, 1870. 8 frames.

0701 “Mrs. Emma Willard” and “A Memorial for Mrs. Willard,” Godey’s Lady’s Book 81: 276–277 (September 1870). 3 frames.

0704 Rev. Thomas Coit, A Sermon in Reference to the Death of Mrs. Willard (Troy, N.Y.: William H. Young & Blake, 1870). 12 frames.

0716 Mrs. A[lmira] L[incoln] Phelps, “Emma Willard,” The True Woman 1(3): 1, 18 (May 1871). 3 frames.

0719 Celia Burleigh, “To Emma Willard on Her Eightieth Birthday,” in Poems of William Burleigh… (New York: Hurd & Houghton, 1871), pp. 45–46. 3 frames.

0722 Celia Burleigh, “Mrs. Emma Willard on the Woman Question,” Woman’s Journal (April 1871). 3 frames.

0725 John Lord, The Life of Emma Willard (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1873). 180 frames.

0905 “Mrs. Emma Willard: Last Days and Death,” American Journal of Education 28(12): 877–880 (December 1879). 4 frames.

0909 “A Tribute to Mrs. Emma Willard,” Magazine of American History, ed. Martha J. Lamb, 26(6): 471–472 (December 1891). 3 frames.

0912 Harriette A. Dillaye, “Personal Reminiscences of Mrs. Emma Willard,” The Emma Willard Association of Troy Female Seminary: Report of tis organization and First Reunion, October 15th, 1891 (New York: Press of J. J. Little, 1892), pp. 16–22. 5 frames.

0917 Florence Montgomery Taylor, ed., “Memorial to Mrs. Emma Willard, by the Women of America, Chicago, 1893,” Chicago Women’s News 1(9): 242–244 (November 1891); pp. 3–4 (March 12, 1892); 2(15): 9–10 (July 2, 1892); 2(18): 4–5 (October 15, 1892). 10 frames.

0927 Ruth Ramble, “Troy Female Seminary,” Troy Daily Times (June 4, 1892). [This author recalls Willard’s tenure at the seminary, but the author’s personal observations are of John and Sarah Willard’s tenure as principals. The author also remembers Emma Willard coming as a visitor and describes her.] 2 frames.

0929 “Emma Willard Department” [message from Mrs. Olivia Slocum Sage regarding letters from Troy Female Seminary students and from Mrs. Smith regarding the Emma Willard Memorial], Chicago Women’s News 2(13): [3]–4 (May 7, 1892). 3 frames.

Frame No.

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0932 Elizabeth Cady Stanton, “Emma Willard: Pioneer in the Higher Education of Women,” Emma Willard Association: Third Annual Report, Chicago Reunion (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Press of the Brooklyn Eagle, 1893), pp. 56–67. 7 frames.

0939 Mary Newbury Adams, “Address of Mrs. Mary Newbury Adams,” Emma Willard Association: Third Annual Report, Chicago Reunion (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Press of the Brooklyn Eagle, 1893), pp. 16–23. [The author’s aunts “were among those who aided Miss Hart in her first efforts for education of women, and my father was actively engaged with her in educational work half a century ago.” She speaks of hearing great praise of Emma Willard in Michigan when she was a child, of using Willard’s books to study history, etc.] 5 frames.

0944 Jane Bancroft Robinson, “Address of Mrs. Jane Bancroft Robinson: Emma Willard, the Results of Her Life and Work,” Emma Willard Association: Third Annual Report, Chicago Reunion (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Press of the Brooklyn Eagle, 1893), pp. 25–34. 7 frames.

0951 Ezra Brainerd, Life and Work in Middlebury, Vermont, of Emma Willard, 2nd ed. (New York: Evening Post Job Printing House [n.d.]) (from p. 17, “Read at Rutland before Cong. Club, September 26, 1893”). 11 frames.

0962 “Emma Willard,” Journal of Education 37(6): 1–2 (February 9, 1893). 6 frames.

0968 Mary Allen West, “Memorial to Mrs. Emma Willard by the Women of America” at the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893 (Chicago: s.n., 1893). 2 frames.

0970 “Mrs. Emma Hart Willard: Beautiful Tribute to that Distinguished Lady,” Troy Budget (December 23, 1894). Biographies and Tributes, n.p., EWSA. 3 frames.

0973 “Emma Willard: Pioneer of Higher Education for Women. Founder of the Troy Female Seminary,” Extract from the Address of the Hon. Chauncey M. DePew…1895. 4 frames.

0977 Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage, “Emma Willard’s Life: Reminiscences of the Great Educator,” Annual Reunion and Report of the Emma Willard Association, 1897 (New York: Collins and Day Printers [1897?]), pp. 26–29. 2 frames.

Emma Willard’s Students, 1822–1872

To provide sources for a more complex interpretation of Willard and her work, this edition

includes the correspondence and sample diaries of Willard’s students. Many student letters do not contain a description of Willard, but as a group they reveal much about the institutional culture she established and her personal influence on the campus. The student letters and diaries are especially valuable when descriptions of the school and its founder are compared to the institution Willard envisioned in her famous Plan, descriptions of her schools in the annual catalogs, the annual reports to the Regents of the State of New York, and Willard’s envisioned institutions described in her published essays.

The ages of the student diarists and correspondents vary considerably, from girls in preadolescence through women in their twenties and beyond. Reoccurring themes—family news, expressions of feelings, apparel, socializing, appearance, courting, and marriage—are viewed as topics of special interest to girls and women. Yet other aspects should also be examined, such as the students’ and their families’ beliefs about what knowledge and skills were most worthy of acquisition. Such a collection is also useful to historians interested in nineteenth-century female

Frame No.

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adolescence, a subject yet to be fully explored.15 The student correspondence and diaries extend from 1820 to 1871 and are listed chronologically.

Reel 13 Student Diaries

0001 Caroline E. Wills, 1839–1840, EWSA. 37 frames.

0038 Anonymous, circa 1845, EWSA. 26 frames.

0064 Mary Snedekor, May 11–December 31, 1851, and July 1852–1854, EWSA. 221 frames.

0285 Maria L. Herrington, 1871–September 1874 (a student at Troy Female Seminary during part of 1871 and 1872), EWSA. 178 frames.

Bound Student Letters

0463 Carrie E. Mussey, Mystic Book, 1865. [Contains seven letters from her school friends, each folded and sealed, to be opened by Carrie at a specific later date.] 43 frames.

Unbound Student Correspondence 0506 1 – 1820–1825. 102 frames.

0608 2 – 1827–1829. 90 frames.

0698 3 – 1830–1831. 147 frames.

0845 4 – 1832–1834. 227 frames.

Reel 14 0001 5 – 1836–1838. 297 frames.

0298 6 – 1840–1854. 170 frames.

0468 7 – 1855–1894. 208 frames.

0676 8 – No Date or Date Incomplete. 48 frames.

Biographical Survey

“After school, what?” was a question that dogged reformers of women’s education throughout the nineteenth century. Critics of reform argued that young women attending a female seminary or college would lose their feminine attractiveness, their mental and physical health, and their ability to bear and rear healthy children. Others predicted that well-educated women would be pompous pedagogues devoid of the skills and disposition to be domestic helpmeets. Such views raise an important question: What happened to the young women who pursued higher studies at Troy, Mount Holyoke, Oberlin, and the other early women’s higher institutions? Several historians have pursued this question,16 but much work remains to be done. While 15 Catherine Elizbeth Roberts, “‘An Age of Reason’: Girls Coming of Age in the Early Republic: A Developmental History of New England Girls as Revealed through their Diaries,” Qualifying Paper, Harvard University, January 1994. 16 See, for example, Geraldine Jonçich Clifford, “Man/Woman/Teacher: Gender, Family and Career in American Educational History,” in American Teachers: Histories of a Profession at Work, ed. Donald

Frame No.

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documentation on most nineteenth-century women is scanty, this edition contains a treasure trove of information on the early Troy students.

In 1891, a group of Troy women formed the Emma Willard Association (EWA) to honor Willard and promote her lifelong aim—women’s higher education. The correspondence surrounding the formation of the association revealed such interesting information about Willard’s former students that the EWA decided to publish a collective biography of all Troy alumnae.17 Hence, they developed a newsletter and sent it to all known living alumnae, surviving family and friends, and even to clergymen, postmasters, and town clerks. They also set up a table at the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago to promote their project and request pertinent information. From these efforts, they developed a long list of names and addresses and sent out questionnaires. Most living alumnae responded, but in some cases, family members or friends completed the documents due to the death or incapacity of the recipients. These questionnaires, including several completed by teachers of the seminary, were organized by decade and developed into biographical narratives. To provide context for the narratives, the EWA gathered documents and questioned surviving Willard relatives as well as seminary administrators and teachers. Then they wrote a brief biography of Emma Willard and a history of Troy Female Seminary. They added available portraits and seminary icons. The resulting tome, Emma Willard and Her Pupils, or Fifty Years of Troy Female Seminary, 1822–1872, provides the only extant biographical information on a host of women.

The EWA questionnaires and Emma Willard and Her Pupils have many potential uses. They can be the basis for a study of the alumnae’s families, including such factors as social class, religion, offspring, places of residence, and vocations. The documents can provide clues for a more thorough examination of the alumnae’s health, longevity, and social contributions beyond the family—for example, the kinds of schools they established and administered, the careers they typically pursued, and the kinds of voluntary organizations they founded and/or joined. The sources can be the basis for a comparison of the alumnae’s and the editors’ conceptions of ideal womanhood as expressed in the rhetoric and arrangement of the women’s life stories. Subsequent studies can also be limited to the lives of alumnae in individual states or regions of the country.18 This edition contains both questionnaires and Emma Willard and Her Pupils arranged alphabetically by decade.

Reel 14 cont. Box 16—Student Questionnaires 1821–1832, A–Z

0724 A. 21 frames.

0745 B. 183 frames.

0928 C. 62 frames.

0990 D–E. 56 frames.

Warren (New York: Macmillan, 1989), pp. 293–343; Barbara Miller Solomon, In the Company of Educated Women: A History of Women and Higher Education in America (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1985); Scott, “The Ever Widening Circle: The Diffusion of Feminist Values from Troy Female Seminary,” History of Education Quarterly 19: 3–25 (Spring 1979). 17 Since many women did not complete a full course of studies, the editors defined an alumna as anyone who had attended the seminary. 18 See, for example, two efforts based on the published volume Index to Emma Willard & Her Pupils, Troy Female Seminary, Troy, New York, 1822–1872 (Oscoda, Mich.: Huron Shores Genealogical Society, 2001), which includes only women from Michigan. See one bound volume of notes [c. 1935] on South Carolina women who attended Willard’s seminary, the Henry Campbell Davis Papers, University of South Carolina.

Frame No.

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Reel 15 0001 F–H. 155 frames.

0156 I–L. 93 frames.

0249 M. 116 frames.

0365 N–P. 81 frames.

0446 R–S. 213 frames.

0659 T. 48 frames.

0707 U–Z. 100 frames.

Box 17—Student Questionnaires 1833–1842, A–L

0807 A. 65 frames.

0872 B. 209 frames.

Reel 16 0001 C. 162 frames.

0163 D–F. 144 frames.

0307 G. 76 frames.

0383 H. 317 frames.

Box 18—Student Questionnaires 1833–1842, M–Z

0700 M–O. 184 frames.

0884 P. 80 frames.

Reel 17 0001 R. 101 frames.

0102 S. 154 frames.

0256 T–V. 68 frames.

0324 W. 159 frames.

0483 Y–Z. 6 frames.

Box 20—Student Questionnaires 1843–1852, A–G

0489 Ab–Ba. 188 frames.

0677 Be–Br. 190 frames.

0867 Bu–Da. 128 frames.

Reel 18 0001 De–Ea. 85 frames.

0086 Ed–Fo. 72 frames.

0158 Fr–Gu. 73 frames.

Frame No.

61

0231 Ha–He. 116 frames.

0347 Hi–Hu. 125 frames.

0472 Hy–Ly. 216 frames.

0688 Ma–Mi. 88 frames.

0776 Mo–Ph. 137 frames.

0913 Pi–Ro. 143 frames.

Reel 19 Box 21—Student Questionnaires 1843–1852, S–Z

0001 Sa–Sm. 130 frames.

0131 St–Wy. 161 frames.

0292 Vi–Yo. 171 frames.

Box 22—Student Questionnaires 1853–1862, A–E

0463 Ab–Ay. 71 frames.

0534 Ba–Be. 158 frames.

0692 Bi–Bu. 130 frames.

0822 Ca–Co. 150 frames.

Reel 20 0001 Cr–Da. 100 frames.

0101 De–Et. 149 frames.

Box 23—Student Questionnaires 1853–1862, F–N

0250 Fa–Fo. 100 frames.

0350 Fr–Gr. 118 frames.

0468 Gu–Ha. 134 frames.

0602 He–Hy. 168 frames.

0770 In–Jo. 103 frames.

0873 Ke–Ly. 176 frames.

Reel 21 0001 Ma–Me. 148 frames.

0149 Mi–No. 120 frames.

Box 24—Student Questionnaires 1853–1862, O–Z

0269 Og–Ph. 153 frames.

0422 Pi–Ri. 118 frames.

Frame No.

62

0540 Ri–Si. 165 frames.

0705 Sk–Sm. 74 frames.

0779 Sn–Ta. 161 frames.

0940 Th–Wa. 151 frames.

Reel 22 0001 We–Yo. 163 frames.

Box 25—Student Questionnaires 1863–1872, A–G

0164 A. 56 frames.

0220 Ba. 81 frames.

0301 Be–Bu. 159 frames.

0460 C. 225 frames.

0685 D. 108 frames.

0793 E–F. 115 frames.

0908 Ga–Go. 51 frames.

0959 Gr–Gz. 78 frames.

Reel 23 Box 26—Student Questionnaires 1863–1872, H–P

0001 Ha–He. 94 frames.

0095 Hi–Hz. 155 frames.

0250 I–J. 80 frames.

0330 K. 78 frames.

0408 L. 111 frames.

0519 Ma–Mc. 143 frames.

0662 Md–Mz. 137 frames.

0799 N–O. 71 frames.

0870 P. 164 frames.

Reel 24 Box 27—Student Questionnaires 1863–1872, R–Y, 1893 Reminiscences and Addenda

0001 Ra–Sh. 153 frames.

0154 Si–St. 120 frames.

0274 St–Ty. 129 frames.

0403 Uf–Wa. 127 frames.

0530 We–Wi. 144 frames.

0674 Wo–Y. 40 frames.

Frame No.

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0714 Addenda. 50 frames.

0764 1893 Reminiscences. 124 frames.

Reel 25 Box 28—Student Questionnaires Not in Book

0001 Not in book—overlooked for some reason—mostly 1840s and mostly last names

beginning with “C.” 135 frames.

0136 Classes after 1871—too late for biographical volume. 203 frames.

0339 Not in book—insufficient data to make out card. 36 frames.

0375 Box 29—Emma Willard and her Pupils. 527 frames.

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