The Ottoman EmpireChapter 18:1a

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[Image source: http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/oren/INR4204Middleeast.html]

Suleiman I(ruled 1520-1566)

• aka “The Lawgiver”• was both sultan and

caliph• multi-talented:

- heroic leader- gifted commander- skillful administrator- patron of the arts

[Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Turkey/Selected_biography/Archive]

Ottoman GovernmentGrand Vizier

• “prime minister”• head of the bureaucracy enforcing

the sultan’s decrees

Ulema• religious advisors• ruled on questions

of Islamic law

[Image source: http://www.kismeta.com/diGrasse/TurkishMuscowCostume.htm]

An elite corps of officers called janissaries were “recruited” from Christian families in the Balkans, converted to Islam, and trained in the military arts.

Ottoman society was divided into several classes, . . .

[Image source: http://www.karagiozismuseum.gr/en/genisi/karagiozis_in_the_bazaar.htm]

. . . the ruling class, relatives

of the sultan, . . .

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. . . high government officials, . . .

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ers/stockphoto.asp?imageid=1726022]

. . . the nobility, who administered large agricultural estates, . . .

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. . . and peasants, who were the largest class, working on those agricultural estates.

[Image source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_picture_candidates/Peasant_Family_of_Ramallah_1900-1910.jpg]

Non-Muslims were permitted to practice their

faith and manage the affairs of

their local millet (community), but existed in a state as second-class

subjects.[Image source:

http://www.flickr.com/photos/rinkratz/3796583816/]

Decline of the Ottomans

• faced numerous enemies on their borders- tried to fight both the Persians and Western Europe simultaneously

• military conquest ceased- massive poverty and civil discontent

• confronted with independence movements- uprisings in the Balkans (Greeks, Serbs, Bulgarians, and Romanians)- ruthlessly crush Armenian and Arabian bids

An alliance of Western European forces, led by Spain, defeated the Ottoman navy at Lepanto in 1571.

[Image source: http://www.revistanaval.com/armada/batallas/lepanto.htm]

Polish King Jan III Sobieski dealt a decisive blow to Turkish expansion when he defeated an Ottoman army outside the gates of Vienna in 1683.

[Image source: http://patentpending.blogs.com/patent_pending_blog/2004/12/index.html]

[Image source: http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/oren/INR4204Middleeast.html]

In 1856, Sultan Abdul-Mejid I

created a national “citizenship”, reduced the authority of

religious leaders, and opened government service to all

peoples.

[Image source: http://royal-portraits.blogspot.com/2008_04_01_archive.html]

Non-Turkish ethnic groups (Armenians, Bulgarians,

Macedonians, and Serbs) had little interest in

reforms that were intended

to save the empire.

[Image source: http://members.fortunecity.com/fstav

1/1821/fort1821/struggle.html]

Reformers, known as the

“Young Ottomans”, engineered

replacing Abdul-Aziz with Abdul-

Hamid II in 1861.

[Image source:http://www.turkeyswar.com/prelude/sickmanofeurope.htm]

In 1877, Abdul-Hamid II decided to resist reform,

fearing that a move towards

liberalism would ultimately ruin the Ottoman empire.[Image source: http://www.cartoonstock.com/vintage/directory/a/abdul_hamid_ii.asp]

Abdul Hamid II dissolved the parliament,

ended constitutional

rule, drove many of the

Young Ottomans into

exile, and imposed

absolute rule.[Image source:

http://dancutlermedicalart.com/AlbertEinstein%27sZionism/02Einstein%27sZionism1879-1899.htm]

[Image source: http://www.turkeyswar.com/prelude/sickmanofeurope.htm]