the origins of islam - ms. blevins'...
TRANSCRIPT
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The Origins of IslamThe Arabian Setting
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Geography of the Arabian PeninsulaTigris River Euphrates River
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Geography cont.❖ Arabians were able to avoid foreign conquest for most of its
history because of the harsh environment.
❖ Most of Arabia was desert.
❖ This made survival difficult.
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Arabian Deserts❖ North: Nafud Desert
❖ South: Rub al-Khali (aka “Empty Quarter”)
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Nafud
Rub al-Khali
Rub al-Khali
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Deserts❖ used camels for transportation
❖ aka “ship of the desert”
❖ Why such a good choice? cab shut nostrils, flick sand from eyes with third eyelid, leathery pads on feet, remarkable digestive system, can go without water for days
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What were deserts like?❖ Temperatures
❖ summer: 120+ degrees❖ winter: below zero
❖ Wind and Rain❖ winds shape sand dunes up to 500 feet tall❖ 10 inches or less of rainfall
❖ some shrubs, tough grass for grazing animals (camels, sheep, goats, jackrabbits)
❖ Clothing❖ Men: loose fitting, ankle-length gown, buttons at neck❖ Women: long sleeve gowns that reach feet
❖ Living❖ tents made of goat hair
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Water❖ Arabia had no permanent rivers, which meant very little
water ran through the peninsula
❖ Arabians depended on oases.
❖ Oasis: a fertile place in the desert where a spring or well provides a water supply
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What was an oasis like?❖ summer days so hot rainwater evaporates or sinks into deep
underground river channels
❖ oasis settlements depended on wells and springs to tap this underground water supply
❖ vegetation: date palms, orchard crops, ground crops
❖ became habitat for animals
❖ critical for trade routes, caravans had to replenish water and food supplies
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A Tribal Culture❖ Two distinct ways of life existed in Arabia
❖ Nomadic
❖ Sedentary
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Nomadic❖ people who move from place to place, with no fixed home
❖ aka bedouins
❖ lived in rural areas
❖ herded sheep and goats
❖ crossed desert on camels, stopped at oases
❖ fiercely independent and skilled in warfare
❖ raided other tribes to obtain animals and goods
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Bedouin Tent
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Sedentary❖ meaning settled❖ lived as farmers and traders
❖ tended field around oases❖ traders lived in towns along trade routes❖ traded: camel milk and meat, spices, perfumes, precious
metals, ivory, and silk❖ Mecca was largest town
❖ trade and wealth brought new settlers, including Christians and Jews
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Political Organization❖ both nomadic and sedentary peoples of Arabia organized
themselves into tribes
❖ loyalty was to the tribe and family above rulers
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So where did Arabians choose to live?
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Coastal Plains❖ flat, low-lying land❖ separates plateau of land from sea❖ Arabian Peninsula coastal plain = more humid than interior
❖ humidity allowed for cultivation of crops: coffee, grains, fruits
❖ most of trade cities and ports located here - connected Arabs to Asia and Africa
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Mountains❖ stretched along coast about 50 miles from sea
❖ moisture caught in mountains = frequent downpours and flash floods during rainy season
❖ survival difficult for all but wild goats❖ used terrace farming in mountains
❖ 20-30 inches annual rainfall❖ raised banks to catch rainwater for irrigation❖ crops = dates, oranges❖ people lived in isolation, not easy to travel❖ homes built with mud bricks
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