the origin of technical change; knowledge generation, opportunities and entrepreneurship * mark...
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![Page 1: The Origin of Technical Change; Knowledge Generation, Opportunities and Entrepreneurship * Mark Sanders Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic Systems](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070403/56649f2f5503460f94c48b86/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Origin of Technical Change; Knowledge Generation, Opportunities and Entrepreneurship*
Mark SandersMax Planck Institute for Research on Economic Systems
Entrepreneurship, Economic Growth and Public Policy
Kahlaische Strasse 10
D-07745, Jena, Germany
Workshop The Nature of Opportunity, March 2005
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 1 of 15
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Motivation
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 2 of 15
Growth Theory as it is
Opportunity and the Source of Growth
The Structure of Scientific (R)evolution
Growth Theory as it will be
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Growth Theory as it is
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 3 of 15
Rents in Product Markets
Effort in R&D
New Products Old Ideas
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Knowledge Filter
Introducing Opportunity
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 4 of 15
Rents in Product Markets
Entrepreneurs
New Products Knowledge ? ?
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The Source of Growth
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 5 of 15
Pieces of Knowledge+ E. Vision and Talent=Commercial Opportunity
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Scientific (R)evolution
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 6 of 15
Science generates the Pieces of Knowledge
What drives Scientists to do so?
Paradigms
Normal Science vs. Scientific Crisis
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Scientific (R)evolution
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 7 of 15
A Model of Scientific Activity
)(Rnfn )()( Rfnnn P
where function f(.) is the knowledge filter and nP-n is the universe of opportunities. New products is then proportionalto the number of unexploited opportunities and depends onthe level of entrepreneurial R&D. This activity is profit driven.
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Scientific (R)evolution
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 8 of 15
A Model of Scientific Activity
,...)( tP Kgn 0)(' tKg
where function g(.) captures the role of entrepreneurial vision and talent. Opportunities are recognized and combine a number of scientific ideas. It is therefore positive in the stock of scientific ideas.
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Scientific (R)evolution
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 9 of 15
Normal Scientific Activity
f(0)=0, f’(.)>0, f”(.)<0, 0<α<1 and β>1
)/()Pr(
)()(
)()(
0
0
tttI
itβI
tit
itαI
tit
KAψP
SfKKA
SfKKK
t
tττθ
ittN τdPeKV )(
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Scientific (R)evolution
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 10 of 15
Crisis Scientific Activity
)()Pr(
)()(
0
0
ttA
tβI
tt
t
AφP
SfKKA
K
-
ttA AξKζK +≡0
βt
βt
ζSζS
ξ)1(1
)1(-
-
Alternative Paradigms
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Scientific (R)evolution
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 11 of 15
Paradigm Switching
tt
t
tt
A
AKK
AKK
+>
+0
θ(t)=ψ(At/Kt)*φ(At)*Pr(KA0>Kt)
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Time
Kt
At
Problems
KII0
KIII0
KI0
II IIII
Scientific (R)evolution
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 12 of 15
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-6
-4
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
192
2
192
6
193
0
193
4
193
8
194
2
194
6
195
0
195
4
195
8
196
2
196
6
197
0
197
4
197
8
198
2
198
6
199
0
199
4
199
8
200
2*
GDP-growth NL Poly. (GDP-growth NL)
Growth Theory as it will be
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 13 of 15
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Growth Theory as it will be
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 14 of 15
-0,02
-0,02
-0,01
-0,01
0,00
0,01
0,01
0,02
0,02
0,03
0,03
0,00 2000,00 4000,00 6000,00 8000,00 10000,00 12000,00 14000,00 16000,00
1960 GDP/CAP
aver
age
GD
P/C
AP
gro
wth
rate
196
0-20
00
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Growth Theory as it will be
Mark Sanders, Max Planck Institute for Research on Economic SystemsSeminar at Max Planck Institute Tuesday, March 21st , 2005 slide 15 of 15
Ties institutions to Endogenous GrowthExplains long cycles (Kondratieff)Clearly identifies role of EntrepreneursExplains why Europe and why in 18th CenturyExplains transition from stagnation to growthExplains cyclical skill-biasesExplains cyclical productivity slowdownsSuggests very different policies
In Short: A Steady State Sucks,
Cyclical Growth Theory Rocks!!