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  • The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by
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The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by his friends and family and eventually just

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Page 1: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by his friends and family and eventually just wandered south.

Page 2: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Outline

• Strengths of True Experiments

• Simple Research Designs

Page 3: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Strengths of True Experiments

• Eliminate Confounds

• Allow Observation of the Invisible

• Provide Information about Interactions

• Minimize Noise

Page 4: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Eliminate Confounds

• Confounds– Nuisance variable that

• 1) varies systematically with the IV • 2) influences the DV in a way similar to the way the

IV is expected to

• 3 types of confounds– Operational confound– Person confounds– Procedural confounds

Page 5: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Operational Confounds

• When a manipulation designed to manipulate one construct (such as self-esteem) manipulates another one as well (such as happiness)

• EXAMPLE:– Giving people positive feedback designed to increase

their self-esteem may also increase their happiness

• Researcher needs to take care to avoid these confounds

• Threatens construct validity of manipulation

Page 6: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Person Confounds

• When individual differences covary with the IV and are related to the DV.

• Not very problematic in true experiments….. WHY???

• Threatens internal validity

Page 7: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Procedural Confounds

• An unintentional manipulation of 2 or more things at once

• Importantly, the confounding variable must be manipulated with the IV for there to be a problem.

• Example:– Testing if crowding impairs cognitive functioning

• One group in crowded room in lab• Other group in not crowded room down the hall

• Threatens internal validity

Page 8: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Apply It!

• Confounding variables exercise

Page 9: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Allow Observation of the Invisible

• Researchers can observe things they could never observe any other way

• The Implicit Association Test is designed to tap automatic associations between concepts and attributes (e.g., male:science female:liberal arts)

• Do our true views always agree with our stated views?• How can we measure implicit stereotypes?

– Implicit Association Test (IAT)– Are certain concepts more easily paired with one another concepts?

Page 10: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

IAT

• Explores individuals' unconscious beliefs & preferences

• Social psychologists find most people unwilling or unable to report their real attitudes towards groups (e.g., African-Americans, the elderly, women, homosexuals)

• Take the IAT– https://implicit.harvard.edu/implicit/demo/

Page 11: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Implicit Association Test

Page 12: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by
Page 13: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by
Page 14: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by
Page 15: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by
Page 16: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by
Page 17: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by
Page 18: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by
Page 19: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by
Page 20: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by
Page 21: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Web Test Results

• Race – 75% of White participants showed pro-White/anti-

Black preference– 42% of Black participants showed pro-White/anti-

Black preference• Age

– preference for young over old, held by old and young, the strongest effect yet observed.

• Gender+Career and Gender+Science – Males and females equally linked women to ‘home’

and ‘Liberal Arts’ and men to ‘career’ and ‘Science.’

Page 22: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Implicit Stereotypes

"I was taken aback by my inability to make the intended association, the difficulty in making the counter-stereotypical association between, say, female and career, or male and home."

“If we are aware of our biases, we can correct for them—as when driving a car that drifts to the right, we steer left to go where we intend."

-- Mahzarin Banaji

Mahzarin Banaji

Page 23: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Provide Information About Interactions

• Interaction information– The effect of 1 variable depends on the level of the

other variable• Social facilitation/inhibition

– Variables: Presence of others and type of task

• Another example:– Bower, Monteiro & Gilligan

• SS learned a word list in either happy or sad mood• Asked to recall the list in either happy or sad mood• People only recalled the list well if they were in the same

mood as they were when they learned it!

Page 24: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Minimize Noise

• Noise is random variation that exists in all conditions of an experiment – It is not a confound

– It is not a threat to internal validity

• Disadvantages of noise– Harder to find differences among conditions of and

experiment

• Advantages of noise– experiment is more lifelike, i.e, less artificial.

Page 25: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Concept CheckDr. Doolittle wants to test his hypothesis that petting causes anxiety in cats. He randomly assigns cats to the petting and no-petting condition. Both conditions are run at the same time: the control condition in room A and the experimental condition in room B. The Dr. runs the control condition, where he observes each cat without petting. The research assistant runs the experimental condition where she observes each cat for five minutes while petting the cats. The researchers noted that the building’s thermostat was broken during the experiment, the two rooms were about equally but uncomfortably cold at times and too hot at other times because of the broken thermostat. The frequency of purring was tape recorded and measured in both groups.

• 1) Any problems with the construct validity of the DV? • 2) Are there any confounds? • 3) Is there anything in this experiment that might qualify as

noise?

Page 26: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

“Pseudo” Experiments

• Missing control group

• One-Group Pretest-posttest design

Subjects IV DV

Subjects IVPretest

DVPosttest

DV

Page 27: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Independent Groups Design

• AKA: Between-Subjects designs• Simple Random Assignment

– Membership in groups is determined entirely by chance

– Flip a coin or random number table

Initial Sample

Group I Independent

variable

Group II Independent

variable

Measure on dependent variable

Measure on dependent variable

Random Assignment

Page 28: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Basic Experiments• Posttest-Only design

• Pretest-Posttest design

Subjects

Experimental Group

Control Group

Measure

Measure

R

R

Subjects

Experimental Group

Control Group

PosttestMeasure

PosttestMeasure

R

R

PretestMeasure

PretestMeasure

Page 29: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Independent Groups Design

• Matched pairs Random assignment– Used to ensure that groups are equal on subject

characteristics – Matched variable is related to Dependent

variable

Initial Sample

Group I Independent

variable

Group II Independent

variable

Measure on dependent variable

Measure on dependent variable

Random Assignment Match

Page 30: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Repeated Measures Design

• AKA: Within-subjects designs• In a repeated measures design, all participants are

exposed to all conditions

Initial Sample

Level I Independent

Variable

Level II Independent

Variable

Measure on Dependent Variable

Measure on Dependent Variable

Level II Independent

Variable

Measure on Dependent Variable

Level I Independent

Variable

Measure on Dependent Variable

Random Assignment

Page 31: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Repeated Measures Design

• Advantages– Fewer participants needed

• Perception experiments

– Very sensitive to group differences• Participants in the groups are matched on every characteristic

except the IV

• Disadvantages– Order effects

Page 32: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Within Subjects Disadvantages

• Order effects – Fatigue effect– Practice effects– Contrast effect

• Figuring it out!

Page 33: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Between & Within Subjects Designs

• Between subjects– Each participant is in only one group

• Within subjects– Participants are in all conditions

• Relationship between meaningfulness of material and learning it– Between subjects:

• One group given meaningful material and tested another group low meaningful material and tested

– Within subjects: • All subjects read low-meaningful material and tested and then given

high meaningful material and tested

Page 34: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Dealing with Order Effects• Counterbalancing• Presenting conditions in different orders to different participants• Complete counterbalancing

– All possible orders are included– Can check if order influences results

– The number of orders is groups!• 4 groups = 4! = 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 = 24.

Low meaningfulness

RecallMeasure

Highmeaningfulness

RecallMeasure

Highmeaningfulness

Low meaningfulness

RecallMeasure

RecallMeasure

Page 35: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Counterbalancing

• Latin squares– A limited set of orders constructed to ensure that

• 1) each condition appears at each ordinal position

• 2) each condition precedes and follows each condition once

– Example: • Latin squares with 4 conditions

A B D C

B C A D

C D B A

D A C B

Page 36: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Case 1

• You are studying effects of brain lesions and practice on how well rats run mazes.

• Brain lesions would be best studied as a between-subject variable (they occur between subjects in real life)

• However, practice could be studies within-subjects (practice occurs “within subjects” in real life)

Page 37: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Case 2

• You are studying the effects of subliminal messages and marijuana on creativity.

• You expect that if subliminal messages have an effect, it will be so small that only a within subjects design could detect it.

• However, you feel that oral ingestion of marijuana should not be studied in a within-subjects design because of huge carryover effects.

Page 38: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

Mixed-Model Designs

• Combines between and within subjects designs• Case 1

– Brain lesion: Between-subjects variable

– Practice: within-subjects variable

• Case 2– Marijuana: Between-subjects variable

– Subliminal messages (creative & neutral): Within-subjects variable

• Very common design

Page 39: The operation was a success: Later, the duck, with his new human brain, went on to become the leader of a great flock. Irwin, however, was ostracized by

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