the oldest civilization of greece 1000154525
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THE
OLDEST
CIYILIZATIOIV
or
GREECE,
STUDIES
OF
THE
MVCENiEAN AGE
BY
H. K.
HALL,
M.A.
ASSISTANT
IN THE DEPARTMENT
OF
EGYPTIAN
AND
ASSYRIAN
ANTIQUITIES,
BRITISH MUSEUM
LONDON:
DAVID NUTT
philadp:lphia
:
J. b.
lippincott co.
1901
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GENtR^^
All
rights
ieset-iied
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T
n
M
A
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PREFACE
The
series
of
Studies
of the
Mycenaean
Age
which
are
comprised
in this volume
contain
the
notes
made
during
the
course
of
some
years'
study
of
the
''Mycensean
Question,
expanded
and
thrown
into
a
connected
form.
The
chief
problems
of
MycenaBan archaeology
are
dealt
with
separately,
but
at
the
same
time
are
also,
as
far
as
possible,
connected
in order
to
form
a
homogeneous
study
of
the
Mycenasan
Question
as
it
stands
to-day.
Here
and
there
it
has been
found
impossible,
when
dis-ussing
some one
problem,
to
steer
clear
of
trenching
upon
the
domain of
another
;
repetition
of
argument
has,
however,
been
as
far
as
possible
avoided,
and
it
is
hoped
that
these
chapters
will
be
of
use
both
to
the scientific
archaeological
student
and
to
the
layman
who interests
himself
in
the
most
fascinating
search which
evfer
yet
allured
the
seeker
after for-otten
history
the
search
for
the
origins
of Greek
civilization.
It
must
ever
be
borne
in
mind that
this search
is
still
being
pursued
amid the
clouds.
We
are
not
on
firm
earth when
we are
dealing
with
things
Myce-aean,
and
have
still
to
walk
warily.
It
must
be
remembered
that
all
statements
as
to
the
history
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X
PREFACE
of Greek
civilization
before
the
eighth
century
B.C.,
must
needs be
more
or
less
hypothetical
;
we
seek
to
explain
the
prehistoric
monuments
of
Greece
by
more or
less
probable hypotheses
and
theories.
Our
explanation
of the
development
of
pra3-classical
Greek
culture
is,therefore,
merely
a
collection
of
theories
and
hypotheses.
And
although
the
majority
of students
of
the
Mycena3an
Question
are
agreed
with
regard
to
the
greater
])art
of these
explanatory
hypotheses,
yet
in
many
more
or
less
important
respects
they
differ
from
one
another,
with the
result that
at
j^resent
the
statements
of
any
one
author
on
''Mycena3an
subjects
must
usually
be
taken
as
representing primarily
his
own
view,
for
which he alone
is
responsible
;
he
is
not
telling
to
the
world
a
well-known
story
anew,
but is
giving
his
own
particular explanation
of
certain
])henomena
which
others
might
very
conceivably ex[)lain
otherwise.
With
regard
to
the
plan
of
the
book^
I
may
remark
that
I
have
not
considered
it
necessary
to
give
any
long
descriptions
of
Mycenaean
palaces
and
tombs
or
to
enter
into
any
lengthy
disquisitions
n
the
charac-eristics
and
peculiarities
f
Mycen^an
art
:
I
assume
that
my
readers
are
already
more
or
less familiar
with the
sixth
volume
of
MM.
Perrot
and
Chipip:z's
Histoire
dc
rArt,
with
ScHUCHHARrrr's
Epitome
of
Schliemann's
works,
or
with
the
Mycencmn
Age
of
Messrs. Tsountas
and
Maxatt,
in
which
the fullest
description
of the
details
of
Mycenaean
culture
may
be
found.
The
term
Mycenaean
*'
I have
used in
its
widest
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PREFACE
XI
sense,
as
covering
the
typical
Cyclaclic
deposits
of
Thera,
Phyliikope,
Kamarais,
and
the
older
settlement
at
Knossos,
as
well
as
the
period
of
the
palace
of
Knossos,
the
Mycenae-graves,
lalysos,
and
Vaphio,
the
Mycenaean
period
in
its
narrower
sense.
The
term
Prae-Mycenaean
I have
used
only
with
reference
to
the
primitive
epoch
of
the
cist-graves
;
the
succeeding
period
of
transition,
the
Cycladic
period
of
Mr.
Myres,
I have
preferred
to
call
Proto-
Mycenaean.
To
apply
the
term
Prae-Mycenaean
to
this transitional
period
seems
to
me
to
give
the
impression
that
the culture
of the
Third
City
of
Phylakope
differed far
more
from
that
of
the
Fourth
than is
really
the
case.
I
have
endeavoured to
discuss
the
question
of the
relations of the
Mycenaeans
with the East
and
with
Egypt
as
fully
as
is
possible
within
the
compass
of
this
book.
The
question
of
Mycenaean
relations
with
Sicily,
Italy,
and the
West,
I
have
merely
referred
to
as
shortly
as
possible.
The
discoveries
of
Signor
Orsi
and his
fellow-workers
in
the Western
field
are
so
recent
that
their
results
can
hardly
yet
be
fully
discussed.
The
chronological
scheme which will be
found
at
the end of the
book
is
intended
merely
as
a
rough
guide.
The
dates
given
in
it
are
all
approximate,
and
many
are,
of
course,
purely hypothetical.
The
period
of
the
Aryan
invasion
must
naturally
be
understood
to
cover
several
centuries
;
perhaps
earlier,
perhaps
later
than
the date
given.
The
illustrations
are,
in
general,
intended
to
be
rather
helps
to
the better
understanding
of
the
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xii
PREFACE
subject-matter
by
the
layman
than
contributions
to
the
knowledge
of
the
subject already
possessed
by
the
archaeologist
;
the
latter
will, however,
I
hope,
find
the
illustrations
to
chapter
vi.,
on
*'
Mycenae
and
Egypt,
useful
to
him.
In
the List
of
Illus-rations
will
be
found
explanatory
notes
appended
to
the
titles
of
the
figures,
In
conclusion,
I
wish
to
thank
many
friends,
esi)ecially
Dr.
E. A.
Wallis
Budue
and Mr.
L. W.
King,
of
the
Egyptian
and
Assyrian Department,
and
Mr. H.
B.
Walters,
of
the
Greek
and Roman
Department
of the British
Museum,
for
many
hints
and
suggestions,
and
also
Dr.
A.
S.
Mukkay,
Keeper
of the
Greek and
Roman
Department,
for
his
kind
permission
to
publish
the
silver
cup
from
Enkomi,
Fig.
24,
and the
pictographic inscription, Fig.
64.
H. R.
HALL.
Fchrvanj
1901.
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CONTENTS
THE
NEW
CHAPTER
OF
GREEK HISTORY
ARCH^OLOaiST AND HISTORIAN
Enquiry
into
origins
of
Greek civilization
One of
the
domi-ant
objects
of
modern
Hellenic
study
Owing
to
the
results
of
archaeological
research
Archaeological
dis-overies
of the Nineteenth
Century
Egypt
and
Assyria-
New
light
thrown
on
Homeric
poems,
c.
Schliemann's
discoveries
Mycenae
Discussion
as
to
chronological
position
of
Mycenaean
culture
Relics
of
the
Heroic
Age
Troy
The
age
before
Mycenae
Back
to Neolithic
imes
Objections
to
this
scheme
Question
as
to
the
trustworthiness
of
archaeological
science
Instances
of
uncertainty
Absolute
certainty only possible
when
a
continuous
literary
tradition exists
Comparative
trust-orthiness
of
Egyptian,
Greek,
and
European
or
American
archaeological
theories
Limitations of the
archaeological
method in
Greece
One
thing
certain
:
Greek
civilization
not
an
isolated
development
A
working
hypothesis
possible
.
'
Pp.
1-2 1
II
THE
HYPOTHESIS
Doubtful
and
provisional
character
of the
Mycenaean
Hypothesis
Usually
not
sufficiently
emphasized
The
beginnings
of Greek civilization
Hissarlik
Chalco-
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xiv
CONTENTS
lithic
period
First
appearance
of Bronze
Pottery
and
Building
The
Island-Graves
Copper
and
stone
weapons
Ivory
Cyprus Hagia
Paraskeve
and
Kalopsida
On
the Greek Mainland
In
Italy
In Asia Minor
Proto-
Mycenaean
Period
Thera,
Melos,
c.
Kamarais
Kahun
The
Mycenaean
Period
proper
A
local
development
peculiar
to
Greece
High
development
of
the
arts
Still
in
the
Bronze
Age
Export
to
Egypt,
Central
Europe,
and
Italy
The
Achaians
Oriental
influence
Western
traits
Theories
as
to
origin
-
Certainly
not
Phoenician
Certainly
Greek
Date
The
Geometrical Period
Art
of the
Dipylon
In
Attica and
the Islands
Probability
that
Mycenaean
culture
con-inued
to
exist
in
Asia
Relation
between
Mycenaean
and
Geometrical
art
Introduction
of
Iron
The
Homeric
Age
The
Return of the
Herakleids
The
Dorian
Invasion
The
Iron-using
people
of the
Geome-rical
period
were
the Dorians
Asiatic
Mycenaean
return-
influence
on
Geometrical
art
Sub-Mycenaean
and
Mixed
styles
Orientalizing
styles
Kameiros
Phoeni-ian
influence
Proto-Corinthian
vases
Greek
art
of
the
classical
period begins
with
the Corinthian and
Chalkidic
styles
of
vase-painting
Plausible
and
con-istent
character of the
Hypothesis
.
.
Pp.
22-47
III
THE
QUESTION
OF DATE
Rough dating
Evidence of
superimposed
strata
Athens
Latest
possible
date
in Greece
Egyptian
synchronisms
XVIIIth
Dynasty
objects
at
Mycenae
and
lalysos
The
Maket-Tomb
Tell
el-Amarna
Tomb of
Rekhmara
(1550
B.C.)
The
Great Men
of Kef
tin
Mr.
Torr's
objections
Egyptian
Chronology
Later
evidence
Tomb of
Rameses
III.
(1200 B.C.)
Tell
el-Yahudiyeh
Vase
of
Tchet-Khensu-auf-ankh
(1000 B.C.)
No
later
evidence from
Egypt
Treasure
of
^gina
(800
B.C.)
Mycenaean
survival
in Asia
and
Cyprus (700
B.C.)
Date
of
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CONTENTS
XV
Prse-Mycenaean
period
Prae-Mycensean
culture
primitive
Proto-Mycenaean
dating
Doubtful
character of
Fouque's
geological
evidence from
Thera
Evidence
from
Egypt
Supposed synchronisms
with
Xllth and
Xlllth
Dynasties
Their date
r.
2500-2000
B.C.
Proto-
Mycenaean
Yase-fragments
from
Kahun
Doubtful
character of
this evidence
And of
that of
the Cretan
seal-stones
Better
evidence
of
Cyprian
prae-MycenaBan
vases
from
Khata'anah
and of the
Hagios Onouphrios
find in Crete
Prae-Mycenaean
culture
probably
contem-orary
with Xlllth
Dynasty
Supposed
earlier
evidence
from
Kythera
and
Egypt
weak
Earliest
attainable
date
c.
2500
B.C.
Scheme of the
evidence
.
Pp.
48-76
lY
THE
QUESTION
OF RACE
The
Mycenaeans
were
primarily
Achaian Greeks
Meaning
of this
Summarized
argument
Prof.
Ridgeway's
Pelasgian Theory
Objections
thereto
Some
Mycenaeans
Pelasgians
Many
Mycenaean
Ork/ines
Pelasgic
Who
were
the
Prae-Mycenaeans
?
Pelasgians
Non-
Aryan
tribes
Eteokretans
Connected
with
Lykia
Lykians,
Luka,
Luhkl
First
mentioned
c.
1400
B.C.
Native
name
TrmmU
{TepniXai)
Language
not
Aryan
The
Non-
Aryan indigenous
race
of Asia Minor
No
Semites
east
of the
Taurus
Lydians (Maeonians)
not
Semites
The
Aryan
invasion
from
Thrace
Phrygian
and
Mysian
tribes
and Maeonian
kings, Aryan
Late date of this
invasion
Prae-Mycenaean Trojans
not
Aryan
Phrygians
Primitive
culture
of Asia Minor
belonged
to
the
non-
Aryan
indi-enous
race
Primitive
Cyprians
probably
of
same
stock
Which also
possibly preceded
the
Semites
in
Palestine
Leleges
The
Prae-Mycenaean
Islanders
Connected
with
the Pisidians
In
Peloponnese
The
Pelasgi
of
Greece
proper
Both
Leleges
and
Pelasgi belonged
to
the
same
race as
the
indigenous
tribes
of Asia
Minor,
the
Eteo-retans,
c.
Possible
westward
extension of
this
race
into
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xvi
CONTENTS
Italy
The
Etruscan
Question
undecided
The
Pelasgic
Race
of the
Eastern
Mediterranean
The
originators
of
the
primitive
prae-Mycenaean
culture
And
in Greece
the
first
developers
of the
Mycenaean
culture which
was
energized
and extended
by
the
Aryan
conquerors,
the
Achaians,
whose
power
centred in
Argolis
Pp.
77-106
MYCEX^
AND
THE EAST
Greece
as a
whole faces
the
East
So
early
connection
between
Greece and the East
probable
Connection
already
established
with
Egypt
in
primitive
times
No
doubt
by
way
of
Cyprus
Extent of connection
:
query
:
with
Mesopotamia
?
The
nude female
figures
Sup-osed
conquest
of
Cyprus
by Sargon
of
Agade
and
Narfim
-
Sin
a
myth
Possible
overland
connection
through
Asia
Minor
Supposed Babylonian
influence
at
Pterion
uncertain
Xo
Mesopotamian
influence traceable
in
Prae-Mycensean
culture
Nothing
known
of Hit-
tites,
Amorites,
Philistines,
or
even
Phoenicians
at
this
early
period
Connection
with
Mesopotamian
civiliza-ion
established
in
Mycenaean
times
Due
to
westward
advance of
the latter
Its
origin
and
history
Legendary
connection of
MycenaB
with
Asia
The
Pelopids
The
Lion-Gate
probably
inspired by Babylonian
heraldic
groups,
but
the
Lion-Tombs
of
Phrygia by
the
Lion-Gate
Knowledge
of bronze-
and of
gem-engraving
probably
came
from
Babylonia through
Asia Minor
Claim of the
Hittites
to
be
considered
as
intermediaries
at
this
time
doubtful
Theories
of
Reinach
and de Cara
connecting
Hittites
with
Mycenaeans
No
Mycenaean
influence
in
Inner
Asia
Minor
Connection
by
way
of
Cyprus
lonians
and
Phoenicians
lonians
settled
on
Asiatic
coast
of
jEgean
from
the
beginning
lonians
{Ya
trait)
the
first
post-Pelasgic
Greeks
to
come
into contact with the Semites
The first
Greeks in
Cyprus
Probably
the
first
Cyprian
Mycenaeans
Peculiar
characteristics
of the
Mycenaean Age
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CONTENTS
xvii
in
Cyprus
Phoenicians in
Cyprus
A barrier
to
further
Greek
progress
eastwards
Probable
Pelasgic
origin
of
the
Philistines
Phoenician
activity
at
this
period
Xo
Mycenaean
traces
in
Phoenicia
or
S;yTia
Cuneiform
writing
never
introduced
into Greece
Clay
tablets
used,
however,
in Creta^The
Mycenaeans
already
possessed
pictographic scripts,
probably
of
independent origin
Xo
connection
with Hittite
script
proveable
Influence
of
Mesopotamian
on
Mycenaean
culture small
compared
with
that of
Egypt
.....
Pp.
107-142
VI
MYCE:N^^ and
EGYPT
Relations between
Greece and
Egypt
began
in
Prfe-Mycenaean
times
Primitive trade carried
on
by
way of
Cyprus
and
Palestine
Supposed
connection
by
way
of Crete
Geographical improbability
Development
of Mr.
Evans's
theory
Evidence
of the seal-stones
Connection
existed
between Crete and
Egypt,
but
not
directly,
temp.
Dynasty
XII.
The Ilau-Hchu
Relations between
Greece
and
Egypt
under the XVIIIth
Dynasty
Who
were
the
people
of
Kef
tin?
Not Phoenicians
Extended from
Crete
to
Cyprus
The
Hymn
of Amen
Egyptian
relations
with
the Northerners
temp.
Thothmes
III.
Egyptian
influence
in
Greece
at
this time
?
The Phoeni-ians
middlemen
between Greece
and
Egypt
Mycenaeans
in
Egypt
Gurob
Were
they
the
middlemen
V
The
Northern
Tribes and their
attacks
on
Egypt
Probable
identifications
The Thuiraha
probably
not
Tyrsenoi
Daiiaiuui^ TcJiakarai,
and Uanhasha
probably
Cretans
Geographical
certainties with
regard
to
these
tribes
Their
name-terminations
Pelasgian
They
cannot
have been the
middlemen
Direct
communication
beween
Crete
and
Egypt
still
improbable
Palestinian
route used
by
the invaders
Importance
of Crete
at
this
time
Reciprocal
influence
of
Egyptian
and
Mycenaean
art
on
each
other
Egyptian
influence
very
marked,
but
never
h
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xviii
CONTENTS
affected
the
essentially
European
character
of
Mycenaean
art
Pp.
143-190
YII
MYCEN^'S PLACE
IN HISTORY
Mycenaean
civilization
European,
not
Oriental
The
Greek
phase
of
European
Bronze
Age
culture
A
peculiarly
advanced
development
Cause of
this
Proximity
to
Oriental
culture
How much
did
Europe
owe
to the
East?
Current
exaggerations
Not the first
knowledge
of
Gold, Silver,
Copper,
c^-c.
But
probably
of Bronze
Not,
however,
of
Iron
First
impulse
to
development
of
European
civilization
given
in the Greek
islands,
especi-lly
Crete
This
development
probably began
before
the
Aryans
reached Greece
Greek
spirit
the
spirit
of the
mixed
Aryo-Pelasgic
race
Prse-Hellenic and
Hellenic
elements
most
easily
distinguished
in Crete
Pelasgic
and
Aryan
divinities
The
Upos ydixos
General
theory
of
origin, development,
and
general
position
of
prehistoric
Greek
civilization
Impossibility
of
dogmatism
on
the
subject
Prominent
position
of Crete
in
early
history
of
Greek
civilization
The Minoan
thalassocracy
Proto-
Mycenaean
?
The Cretan
Pictographs
Cretan
Kef
tin
f
Synchronism
with the XYIIIth
Dynasty
Crete under
the
Mycenaean
thalassocracy
Achaian
princes
Dorian
Conquest
End of
Cretan
pre-eminence
Predominance
of
Argolis
in
the
later
Mycenaean
age
Orchomenos and
lolkos
The
Minyans
Lemnos
Route
to
the Helles-ont
Tribes
of the
vEgean
Mycenaean
culture in the
West
Imported
into
Italy
and
Sicily Legends
No
Greek settlers
in
Mycenaean
Age
. .
Pp.
191-220
YIII
DECADENCE
AND RENASCENCE
CONCLUSION
Mycenaean
culture
overthrown
by
the
Dorian
Invasion
Long
duration
of
the
period
of disturbance
The
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CONTENTS
xix
Homeric
Period
Conscious
archaizing
of the
Homeric
poets
in
political
matters
Homeric
description
of
Heroic
Greece
Omnipresence
of
the Phoenicians in
Greek
waters
Traces
of them
on
the Greek
coasts
and islands
Date
of their
thalassocracy
Phoenician
objects
at
Mycenae
Phoenician
settlements in
Rhodes and
Crete
post-
Mycenaean-
-Theban
settlement unhistorical
Phoenician
thalassocracy
began
about
looo
li.c.
Phoenicians in the
West
General
conclusion
as
to
period
of
Phoenician
activity
in
Greece
Their
legacies
to
Greece
The
Alphabet
Other barbarian
peoples
in the
^gean during
the
post-Mycenaean period
Phrygians
in Lesbos
Thracians
Dionysiac
worship
Karians
Theories
as
to
their
thalassocracy
Xon-mention
of the
Cyclades
in
Homer
Possible
Cretan
origin
of
Apollo-worship
Leleges
not
mentioned
in the
islands
in
Homer
Pelasgians
The
Brauron-story
In
Crete
No Sardi-ians
or
Tyrrhenians
in the
^Egean
Expulsion
of the
Barbarians
The
Beginnings
of Classical
Greece
Survival
of
Mycenaean
tradition ^
in
Ionia
Artistic
Renascence
in
the Asiatic
islands
The
Mixed
Styles
of
art
Development
of
v^
civilization
Commerce and
Colonization
Traditional
dating
of earliest
colonies
too
high
Competing
Trade-Routes
The
Commercial
Leagues
Expansion
of
Greek
culture
Towards
the
West
Homeric
Ignorance
of the
West
Probable
cessation
of
communication
during
period
of
decadence
Corinthians
and Chalkidians in the
West
Influence
on
Italian
culture
Towards the
South-East
Cyprus
during
the
period
of decadence
Survival of
Mycenaean
art
Growth of Semitic influence
The
Assyrian
conquest
Greek
Cypriote kings
of
the
seventh
century
Phoenician
influence
in
art
Extinction
of
Mycenaean
art
in the
seventh
century
Geometric
vase-ornamentation
The
Cypriote
script
developed
out
of
a
pictographic
system
analogous
to
that of
Crete,
and
of
prae-Aryan
origin
Peculiar
characteristics
of the
Cypriotes
Direct
route
from
Crete
to
Egypt
opened
up
by
Cretan
rovers
Cessation
of communication between
Greece
and
Egypt
during
the
period
of
decadence
Egypt
in
the
Homeric
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XX
CONTENTS
poems
Commercial
inactivity
of the Cretans
The
Milesians
in
Egypt
Date
of their
arrival
Followed
by
the
Rhodians
and
^ginetans
Relations
of Greece and
Egypt
under the XXVIth
Dynasty
Greece and
Inner
Asia Minor
Legends
The
Aryan
Invasion
Midas
The
Lydian
kingdom
and
its relations with
Greece
Invention
of
Money
Lydia
and
Assyria
Comparison
of
/Mycenaean
and Classical
Civilizations of
Greece
Out-ard
points
of difference
Spirit
the
same
Continuity
of
Greek
Art
Nothing essentially
oriental in
Mycenaean
culture
Unity
of
Greek
culture
Mycenaean
survivals
in
Classical
Greece
State-survivals
Athens
V
Argos
and
^gina
The
Kingdom
of
Diomed
and Pheidon
The
Dorians
at
Argos
Early seafaring
activity
of
^gina
The
^ginetan
and
Euboic
standards
Corinth
tYiQ par
miuc
Insignificance
of heroic Corinth
Her rise
due
to
Phoenician
initiative ?
'M.vKrjvalcov
Kai
TipvvBicov
TerpaKoaioL
The
End
....
Pp.
221-292
Attempt
at
ax
Aim'Koximate
Ciirox()i (;i(al
Scheme
of
the
Mycen.eax
Pekiod,
iScc.
To
face
P.
292
Appendix
I.
Note
on
Mycenaean
Religion
. .
P.
293
Appendix
II.
Group
of
Lion
and Bull
fighting,
from
Tell
el-Amarna
.
.
.
.
.P.
303
Appendix III.
Supposed Mycenaean
Bronze
Figures
of
Warrior
-Gods
. .
.
. .
.P. 307
Appendix IV.
Mycenaean
Influence
in
Hittite
Cylinders
P-
311
Addenda
.........
P.
313
Index
. .
P-
325
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xxii
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
FIG.
I'ACK
6.
Siphnian
Stone
box
in
form of
a
model
dwelling
;
pr8e-Mycena3an
period.
(Melos.)
...
24
(TsoLNTAs-: rANATT,
Fif^'.
133-)
Now
at
Mniiic-li.
('/.
decoration
of
.^fiori
huts.
7.
Greenish
Marble
box
in
form of
a
model
dwelling
:
prae-Mycenaean
period.
(Amorgos.)
. .
~S
(Tsou tas-:Manatt,
Fiy.
134.J
(/.
Dummlku,
Atli.
Mitth.
xi.
8.
Red
ware
Vase with
incised
design,
from
Cyprus
;
prae-Mycensean
period
26
(rERROT-CniPiKZ,
iii.
Fiy-.
485.
E.
T.
I'lKinhia.
,Vc.
ii.
Fig-.
209.)
From
Alaiubr.i.
9.
Proto-Mycensean
Yase,
from
Thera
.
.
.27
Cf.
rERROT-CniPiKZ,
vi,
pi.
XX.
Till
(U'sigii,
represent-ng
seaweed,
is
painted
in
iiuitt
colour (/.^'.
directly
n
tlie
clay
without
a
varnish-gTound).
The
well-known
Greek
varnish-
or ylaze-paintiny
FiniiHnma/erei)
seems
to
liave
been
invented
in
the
e.irlj'
Mycenaean
period
(c/.
Fi
rt-
MANGLER-LosCHCKK,
p.
vii
;
Hogartii-Welcii,
' Primitive
Painted
Pottery
in
Crete/V.
H.S.
xxi.
(i9oi),p.
80),
and
soon
became
universally adopted
:
the
proto-Mycenjvan
matt-
painted
vase
disappeari.'d.
The
new
teclini iue
was never
jibmdoned
by
the
Greek
vase-painters:
'-die
(Jrnamentik
,
(Ut
niykenischen
A'asen
ist
nntergeyanyen,
ihre
Technil:
jiber
hat
sich
fortt eptlanzt
und
hildet
lit
(InindUiije
fin-
die
liertitdlmKj
(lUer
helleniscln'it
Vdi^ciHiaitiniin'n''
(Flrtm.-
J.osciiCKE,
loc.
iit.).
On
Mycenaean
Viise-puintinu'
yenerally
see
TSOLNTAS-^rANATT,
p.
24O
ff.
10.
Mycenaean
Golden
Cup,
from
Mycenae.
(The
lion's
head is
Egyptian
in
style.)
29
(SCIILIEMANX,
Jflia-lies,
p.
477
;
SCHLCniIARDT,
Fig.
266.)
11.
Golden
Griffin,
from
Mycenae.
(The
design
is
of
purely Egyptian origin.)
30
(4/?er
ScriLiE.ArAN.N,
.\[ ia'nes,
t.
272;
Schuchhart)T,
Fig-.
186.)
Thin
gold
;
ior
attachment
to
dress.
While
the
winged sphinx
does
not
appear
in
Egypt
till
a
compara-ively
late
period,
the
winged
grittin
is
an
Egyptian
concep-ion,
ami
appears
under
the
Xllth
Dynasty,
if
not ejirlier.
-
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LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
xxiii
FIG.
PACK
12.
Golden
Plaque,
with
spiral
design,
from
Mycenae.
{Cf.
Metal-work
of Central
and
Northern
Euro-ean
Bronze
Age.)
-31
(SCHUCHIIARDT,
Fi -.
189.)
13.
Mycenaean
Gem
;
combat
of
warriors
...
32
Au
intaglio
from
Myceua?,
sliowiiig
Hollfuic
spirit
in
]VrycenaBaii
art.
14.
Design
in
relief
from
a
Golden
Cup
found
at
Vaphio
in Lakonia.
(Athens
Museum
;
a
repro-uction
is in the
Ashmolean
Museum,
Oxford.)
. 2 3
Cf.
Perrot-Chipiez,
^/s . de
VArf,
vi.pl. xv. (I'errot-
Chipiez,
vi.
Fig-.
369;
E. T. Primitive
Greece,
Fig.
362.)
15.
Design
in relief from
a
Golden
Cup
found
at
Vaphio
in Lakonia.
(Athens
Museum
;
a
repic-
duction is in the
Ashmolean
Museum,
Oxford.)
.
34
Cf. rERROT-CnipiEZ,
Hist,
de
I''
rt,
vi.
pi.
xv.
(
J'ekkot
Chipiez,
vi.
Fig.
370
;
E.
T.
Primitive Greece.
Fig.
363.)
16.
Geometrical
Vase,
from
the
Dipylon
at
Athens
.
^y
(rERROT-CniPiEZ,
vii.
Fig-.
44.)
JJ. C. II.
1895,
p.
275.
1
7.
Bronze Fibula of the
Geometrical
Period
.
.
38
(I*errot-Chipiez,
vii.
Fig.
118.)
.Tahrb.
Arch.
Inst.
1888,
p.
362.
The
pin
is
missing :
Ijotli
sides
of
the
guard are
given
in
the
figure.
18.
Design
on a
Geometrical
Vase
....
40
(Perrot-Ciiipiez,
vii.
Fig. 48.)
Anuali,
1872.
Tav.
d'agglunta
I.
i.
19.
Asiatic
Sub-Mycenaean
Vase,
from
Mylasa
in
Karia
43
(Perrot-Chipiez,
v.
Fig.
230
;
E. T.
Ltjdia,
ttc,
Fig.
230.)
Winter,
Vasen
aus Karieii,
p.
230.
20.
Vase
with
Orientalizing Designs,
from
Cyprus
.
45
(rERROT-CniPiEZ,
iii.
Fig.
518;
E.
T.
Phwnicia,
e.
ii.
Fig.
242.)
Cesnola,
Cijpras,
p.
55.
Tlie
object
in
the
centre
is
a
conventionalization
of the
Assjriau
siicred
tree,
with
traits borrowed from
Egyptian
art.
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xxiv
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
KI ;.
I'ACK
21.
Mycenaean
Bull's
Head,
from the
tribute of
the
Keftiu
52
(Tomb
of
Kekhiuara.)
22.
Mycenajan
Metal
Cup,
from
a
wall-painting
in
a
Theban
tomb
;
c.
1500
n.c
53
(AJier
Prisse
D'Avennes,
Hi^it.
de
I'
Art;
Art
IiHliixtriel;
Vftnes
(Ifs
TributdireH
dc
Ka/a,
9.)
23.
Mycenaean
Metal
Cup,
from
a
wall-painting
in
a
Theban
tomb
;
c.
1500
n.c
54
(After
Phisse
D'Avennes,
N/sf.
(h-
/'Art;
Art
Jiidustriel
;
Vases
(les Trihitt aires
de
Ka/a,
2.)
24.
Mycenaean
Silver
Cup,
from
a
tomb
at
Enkomi
in
Cyprus.
(Brit.
Mus.
Gk.
and
Roman
Dept.
;
ef.
Murray,
Excaratiom
hi
Cf/prns^
p.
1
7,
Fig.
33.)
5 5
Probable date
the
Ylllth
century.
25.
Bronze Sword-blade
from
Mycenae,
with
inlaid
Egyptian design
of
cats
hunting
wildfowl
. .
58
(Tsol' tas-3Ianatt,
Fiy.
115.)
('/.
Pebrot-Chipiez,
vi.
pi.
xvii.
26.
Mycenaean
Btir/elkat/ueH(False-necked
Vases),
from
a
wall-painting
in the tomb of
Rameses III.
;
c.
1200-1150
P..C
59
(After
Cha.mpollion,
Motmments,
pi.
cclviii.)
27.
A
Mycenaean
Vase
and other
objects,
from
a
wall-
painting
in
the
tomb
of Barneses
III.
;
e.
1 200-
1
1
50
B.c
60
(After
CuAMPOLLTON,
Movuments,
pi,
fclix.)
The
objects
on
the
left
are
elephant-tnsks
;
above
the
Bu(jell:anne
is
an
Ejivptian
utchat-iyya
amnlet
of
lapis-
lazuli
;
the
vase
below the
Bntiellatine
is
of
variegated
j^lass,
and
is
probably
also
a
Bi\(felkaiine.
If
so,
it is of
E yptiau
make
:
no
;lass
Jiiif/eUcatinen
have
been
found
in
Greece,
((f.
v.
Bissing,
Atli.
Mitth. xxiii.
p.
262.)
28
.
Mycenaean
Biifjelhim/fi,
rom
a
XXIst
Dynasty
tomb
;
c.ioooB.c.
(Brit.Mus.
Egyptian
Dept.
No.
2282
1.)
61
Tbe
vase
of Tchet-Khensn-:iuf-ankli.
Ft
rtav
angler's
Third
style. '
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LIST OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
xxv
FIG
29.
Vases
of
punctuated
black
ware,
from
Khata-
'anah and
elsewhere
in
Egypt
;
c.
2000
B.C.
(Brit.
Mus.
Egyptian
Dept.
Nos.
30444,
27472,
4809
21976.)
68
30.
Hawk Vase
of
black
punctuated
ware.
(Brit.
Mus.
Egyptian
Dept.
No.
1
7046.)
...
69
31.
Vase
of the
same
black
ware,
not
punctuated.
(Brit.
Mus.
Egyptian
Dept.
No.
32048.)
.
.
70
32.
Vase of
white
slip
ware
with
black
painted
decoration,
from
Cyprus
71
(Peurot-Chipiez,
iii.
Fig.
486 ;
E,
T.
Pluenicia,
c.
ii.
Fig-.
210.)
Cf.
3IYRES-E1CIITER,
Cyprus
Museum
Catahgtte,
p.
39
IT.
Specimens
of
this
Cyprian
ware
have
been
found
exported
far
from
Cyprus
;
e.t/.,
a
bonl
found
at
Sakkarah
in
Egypt
(Walters,
X
H. S.
xvii.
p.
74).
33.
Double Vase
of
Cyprian
black
base-ring
ware,
found in
Egypt.
Date
about
1
400-1
100
B.C.
.
71
Kough
line
sketch
of
the
type.
Cf.
Myres-Richter,
Cyprus
Museum
Catalogue,
p.
46
ff.
34.
Vase
of
Cyprian
black
base-ring
ware
:
found
in
Egypt.
Date
about
1400^1
100
B.C.
.
.
72
Hough
line
sketch
of
the
type.
35.
A
Lykian
Tomb of
the
fourth
century
B.C.
The
architecture
apparently
resembles that
of
the
Mycenaeans
89
(Perrot-Chipiez,
v.
Fig-.
261
;
E. T.
Lydla,
c.
Fig-. 261.)
Cf. Tsountas-Manatt,
Fig.
49.
36.
A
Karian
Inscription
of
the
sixth
century
B.C.
;
from
Egypt.
(Non-Aryan
language
of
Asia
Minor written
with
modified
Greek characters.
The
Lykian
alphabet
is
still
further modi-ied.)
99
(Perrot-Chipiez, v. Fig-.
212;
E.
T.
Lydia,
c.
Fig-.
212;
Sayce,
T.
S.
n.
A. ix.
(1887)
pt.
i.)
From
Zakazik.
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xxvi
LIST OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
FIG.
I'AGE
y].
A
Phrygian Inscription
:
Mother
Kybile
.
.
.
(Aryan
language
of
Asia
Minor, using
Greek
script.)
105
(Perrot-Chipiez,
V,
Fiy.
3;
E. T.
Ltj lia,
Ac.
Fiy.
3
;
Kamsay,
J. li.
A.
S.
XV.
I.)
38.
Primitive
Marble
Female
Figure
from
Amorgos.
(Prae-Mycenaean
period.)
iio
(Tsountas-Manatt,
Fi 4-.
132.)
39.
Heraldic
Lion-group
from
a
Phrygian
tomb
.
.120
(rEHROT-CniPiKZ,
V. Fiy.
no
;
E.'V.
Lifdia,
f.
Fiy.
no;
Ramsay,
./.
If.
S.
1884,
V-
285.)
(/.
tlic
Lion-yftte
at
My-
ccuie.
At
Arslaii-Kaj'a.
40.
Hittite
Belief
in
Assyrianizing style
;
from
Jera-
bis.
(Brit.
Mus.)
. .
.-
. .
.124
(Peruot-Ciiipiez,
iv.
Fiji'.
77;
E. T.
Jit lna,
Arc,
Fiji.
277.)
41.
A
Philistine
of the Xllth
century
]'..c.
(Sculp-ures
of Bameses
III.,
Thebes.)
. . .
-133
From
Medint't-Habu.
On
the liead-drcss
r.
p.
180,
n. 2.
42.
Ivory
Mirror-handle,
from
Mycenae,
of
Cyprian
Late-Mycenaean type
137
(Tsouxtas-Manatt, Fiji'.
84.;
C'f.
similar ivories
fi-om
Cyprus
iu
Brit. Miis.
43.
Prehistoric
Egyptian
Boat-Yase
;
c.
4500
B.C.
or
earlier
,
. .
.
.
. .
.150
(Brit.
Mus.
Ej -, Dept.
Xo.
26635.)
'^^^^ ^^ ^'^
'
the
ceutrc
;
above
are
human
flgiire.s.
44.
Fragment
of
an
archaic
Egyptian
Slate
Belief,
of
same
date
as
Fig.
45,
showing
the
style
of
art
with
which it has been
proposed
to connect
that
of
Mycenae
.
151
(Brit.
:Miis.
Ey.
Dept.
Xo.
20791.)
45.
Fragment
of
an
archaic
Egyptian
Slate
Belief
in
the
Louvre
;
c.
4000
B.C.
.
.
. .
^53
On
this
relief
cf.
Heuzey,
B. C.Jf.
xvi.
(1892)
who
com-ares
it
with
Mycen an
scenes
of
TavpoKa0d\(iLa.
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LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
xxvii
no.
l'A(}E
46.
Mycenaean
Biuidl'unncn
from
Egypt
.
*
.161
(
Hrit. Mus.
Xos.
29396, 4859, 29365.)
47.
Mycenaean
Gold and
Silver
Yase
;
from
a
wall-
painting
in the
tomb of
Rekhmara,
c.
1550
v,.v.
.
164
{After
Prisse
D'Avennes,
Hint,
de
VArt;
Art
IndiiHtrid
;
J 'uses des
Tribiitaires
de
Kafa, 4.)
48. Ceiling
of the
Treasury
of
Minyas,
at
Orcho-
menos
(Egyptian
design)
167
(Tsountas-Man.vtt, Fig.
48.)
Cf.
Pekkot-Ciiipjez,
vi.
Fig-. 221.
49.
Mycenaean Amphora,
found
in
Egypt.
(Brit.
Mus.
Eg.
Dept.
No.
4858.)
168
50.
Sard'iiia
(Sardians)
of
the Xllth
cent.
u.c.
(Thebes.)
172
(Sculptures
of Eaineses
III.,
Mediuet-Hiibu.) Cf.
the
helmet
with
the
Mycenseau representaliou
of
a
helmet
illus-rated
by
SCHUCHHARDT,
Fig . 198.
3Iaspkro .s
iileutitica-
tion
of
the Sardina
with the
Sardians
of Asia
3Iinor
(/ 'erue
Critique, 1880,
p.
109)
is
undoubtedly
the
best
;
W.
31.
Muller's
revival of
the
old idea
that
they
were
Sardinians
(Asien u.
Europa,
p.
372
f.)
is
notable,
but
will
gain
few ad-erents.
In
note
i
on
p.
173
it is
remarked
that
these
Sardina
were
probably
the first of
the
wandering-
Mediter-anean
tribes to
take
to
mercenary
soldiering,
and
that
they
served
in
Egypt
as
royal
guards.
As
Egyptian
mercenaries
a
body
of
them
fought,
with
some
Thttirsha
(p.
173),
against
the other Northerners
in the
time of
Kameses
III.,
when
the
Philistines
and
their
Cretan
allies
(r.
p.
175
flf.)
ere
overthrown
by
the
Egyptians
on
the
Palestinian
coast
(p.
182).
51.
T'ahaiuu
(Cretans?)
of the
Xllth
cent.
n.c.
(Thebes.)
.176
(Sculptures
of
Kameses
III.,
Medinet-Habu.)
52.
Blue
glazed
ware
Blirjdkamie^
made
in
Egypt.
c.
Xlllth
century
i$.c.
(Brit.
Mus.
Eg.
Dept.
No.
30451.)
185
Cf.
decoration
with that
on
BiUjelkannen
from
the tomb
of
Kameses
III., Fig-s.
26,
27.
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xxviii
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
rUi.
PAGE
53.
Blue
glazed ware
Vase,
made
in
Egypt
in
imitation
of
a
Mycenaean
form
;
c.
Xlllth
centmy
y,.v.
(Brit.
Mus.
Eg. Dept.
No.
22731.)
.
.
.16
A
companion
vasi;
(Xo.
22730),
of
purely Ejiyptian shape,
Ims
spinil
decoration. A
similar
vase
to
Xo.
22731
is
carried
by
one
of tlie
Keftiti in the
tomb of
Kekhmira.
54.
Mycenaean
Vase of
the
type partly
imitated
by
Fig.
53.
(From lalysos.)
187
(Pekrot-Chipiez,
vi.
Fij^-.
473
;
E.
T.
J'rimitive
(ireece,
Fiy.
464:
Fl'RTwXngler-Loscucke,
No.
71.)
The cuttle-
iish-de8i n
of
this
vase
is
.an
instance
of
the
love
of
the
3Iycena;an
artists
for
marine
subjects
(see
]).
202)-
The
form
of the
cuttlefish accommodated itself
esi ecially
well
to
the
shape
of
the
3Iycenaean
kv\i^
(f-f/.,
Brit. Mus.
First
Vase
Itoom,
Vase
A.
271
;
rERROT-CiiiPiEZ,
vi.
Fiy.
492.
('/.
Fkj.
I
of this
book).
Amony
other
marine
subjects
employed by
the
3Iycena'}iu
artists
may
be
noted Seaweed
(( /.
Vui.
9)
;
the
Flyino-tish
(Ann.
Jirit. Scli.
Ath.
1897-8,
1)1.
iii.)
:
the
Aryonaut
(e..v.,
he
Marseilles
Vase,
1'ehrot-
CiiiPiEZ,
vi.
Fiy.
486,
anil Brit.
Mus,
First Vase
Koom,
Vase
A.
349,
Walters,
J.
H.
S.
xvii.
p.
75)
Arf/ananta
(tn/o.tho
''X.iutilus
of
Aristotle:
the
ruri le-Fish
(J'lir-
jnira),
as
on
the
vase
Fi 5.
i
;
and
imaginary
sea-jiriffins
like
Fir..
57.
55.
Carved wooden
object
of
Mycenaean
style,
found
in
Egypt.
(Berlin
Museum.)
.
.
.
.188
(Perrot-Chipiez,
vi.
Fiy.
409;
E.
T.
I'n'mitire
Greece,
Fiy. 402.)
A
similar
object,
froim
Menidi,
is
fl8:ured by
rERROT-CiiiPiEZ
on
the
sime
p.iye.
56.
Top
of
an
Egyptian
alabaster
vase,
made
in imita-ion
of
a
Mycenaean
Jiilf/elkfuute.
Brit.
Mus.
Eg.
Dept.
No.
4656.)
190
The
lower
part,
not
floured,
is
of
ordinary
Eoyptiin
form,
and
certainly
did
not
orioiually belon ^-
to
the
top,
though
found
with it.
57.
A
Mycenaean
Sea-demon,
from
an
early
matt-
painted
vase
from
Mycenae
.
.
.
.
.201
Cf.
rERROT-ClIIPIEZ,
vi.
pi.
XX.
3.
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XXX
LIST
OF
ILLUSTRATIONS
FIG.
PAGE
66.
Obverse
of
a
Lydian
Coin
of the
early
part
of the
Vlth
century
ij.c.
(Compare
designs
of
Myce-aean
gems.)
292
(rERUOT-CiiiPiEZ,
V.
Fi -.
192;
E.
T.
Liidia,
f.
Fiy. 192.)
Cf.
Hill,
Handbook
of
Greek
and
Jloman
Coins, pi.
i.
8,
9.
67.
Emblem
of Zeus of the
Double-Axe
(Mycenae)
.
294
Thin
gold
:
used
to ornament
clotliiny (V).
68.
Mycenaean
Water-demon
(?
Artemis),
from
an
in-aglio
.
.
.
. . .
.
t
.
295
Cf. rERROT-CHiriEZ,
vi.
Fiy.
431.
6.
69.
Artemis
(Diktynna)
iroTvia
Orjpav.
(From a
My-enaean
intaglio,
found
at
Vaphio.)
.
.
.
296
Cf.
Tsountas-Manatt,
Fig.
154.
70.
Mycenaean (?) Group
from
Tell
el-Amarna
.
.
304
7
1
.
The
same
Group
from another
point
of view
.
305
72.
Bronze
Figure
found
at
Tiryns
....
307
(Perrot-Chipiez,
vi.
Fig. 353:
E. T. Prhnitirc
Greece,
Fig.
349
;
'E0ij^-
'Apx-
1891,
pi.
ii.
i.
)
73.
Bronze
Figure
found
at
Berut
....
309
lirit. ; Ins.
No.
25096.
74.
Impression
of
a
Cylinder
from
Aidin
in
Lydia.
(Louvre.)
311
(I'KKKOT-CiiiPiEZ,
iv.
Fig.
382
;
E.
T.
Jndmt,
Arc.
Fig.
382.)
75.
Impression
of
a
Cylinder
from
Asia
Minor.
(Louvre.)
312
'
(Perrot-Ciiipiez,
iv.
Fig.
378
;
E.
T.
Jada'u,
e.
Fig.
378
;
MAnant,
Ua Pier
res
Cravees dc la Haute
Asie,
ii.
Fig.
iii.)
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LIST OF
ABBREVIATIONS
Aarhfificv
af
(h'f
Kg
.
Nord.
Ohhkr/ft
*sV7.s7.-.,
arb'/ger
af
det
Konglig
Xordiske Oldskrif
t
Selskab,
Copenhagen.
AhhaudJ.
kf/l.
preu^-s.
Akad.,
Abhandlungen
der
kihiiglichen
preussischen
Akademie der Wissenschaf
ten,
Berlin.
.4.
Z.^
Zeitschrift
fiir
Agyptische Sprache
und Altertums-
kunde,
Berlin.
Am.
Joiirii.
Arch.,
American Journal of
Archaeology,
Princeton,
U.S.A.
Ann. Brit.
Sch.
Ath.,
Annual of
the British School
at
Athens.
Annall
:
Annali dell'
Instituto di
Correspondenza
Archeo-
logica,
Rome.
Antiqv.Tkhkr.for
Sn^rif/e
:
Antiqvarisk
Tidskrift
fur
Sverige,
Stockholm,
Arch.
Anz.,
Archiiologische Anzeiger (published
with
Jahrb.
Arch
Inat.,
q.r.).
Arch.
Zt'/fg.,
Archiiologische Zeitung,
Berlin.
Ath.
J//7///.,Mittheilungen
des Kaiserlich Deutschen
Archiio-
logischen
Instituts,
Athenische
Abteilung,
Athens.
B.
C.
II.,
Bulletin
de
Correspondance
Hellenique,
Paris.
Bull,
di
Paletnologia
italiami
:
Bulletino di
Paletnologia
italiana,
Parma.
Bui^oLT,
G
r.
Gc.Hch., Bus(rLT,
Griechische
Geschichte,
Gotha,
1893.
Brugsch,
Wortcrhuch
:
H.
Brugsch, Hieroglyphisch-Demo-
tisches
Worterbuch.
C.
I.
G.,
Corpus
Inscriptionum
Graecarum.
C(italof/nc
dca
Monument.
s
:
Catalogue
des
Monuments
et
Inscriptions
de
I'Egypte
Antique,
Vienna,
1894.
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xxxii
LIST
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
Champollion,
2Ionuments
:
Chami'oi.liox,
Monuments
de
I'Kgypte
et
de
la
Nubie,
Paris,
1835.
Chr. Or.
(i:
Eeinach).
Class.
Rev.,
Classical
Review.
De
Morgan,
Recherches
:
De
Morgan,
Recherches
sur
les
Origines
de
FEgypte,
Paris,
1896-7.
DiJMiCHEN,
Histor.
Lischr.,
DuMiciiEX,
Historische
In-
schriften,
Leipzig,
1867.
E.
T.,
English
Translation.
Evans,
Fictocivdphs
:
A. J.
Evans,
Cretan
Pictogi-aphs
and
Prae-Phoenician
Script,
London,
1895.
'E0^I -
'Apx-
i
'^^ ^^^^'^
\^pxaio\oytKi).
thens.
Frazer,
Pans.,
Frazer,
Pausanias's
Description
of
Greece,
London,
1898.
FDRTW.-L.iSCH(KF.
:
JFUKTWANCLKK
nd
LoSHiCKK,
FcRTWANCLKR-LosCHfKF.:
I
Myken.sche
Vasen, Berlin,
1886.
Gardner,
New
Chapters:
Prof.
Percy
Gardner,
New
Chapters
in
Greek
History,
London,
1892.
,/.
H.
S'.,
ournal
of Hellenic
Studies,
London.
Jahrb.
^4rc/?./;/.s-^.,
ahrbuch
des
Kaiserlich
Deutschen ArchJi-
ologischen
Instituts,
Berlin.
Journ.
AitfhrojJ,
Ittst.,
ournal of
the
Anthropological
Insti-ute,
London.
KfjI.
V'ltterhets
Akad.
Ilandlingar
:
Handlingar
af
Konglig
Historie
och
Yitterhets
Akademien,
Stockholm.
Maspero,
Hist.
Ahc.
Or.,
Mabpero,.
Histoire Ancienne
des
Peuples
de
FOrient, Paris,
1
886.
Mir.
Or.
(v.
Reinach).
Mitth.
Anthrop.
Ges.
in
Wien
:
Mittheilungen
der
Anthro-
pologischen
Gesellschaf
t
in
Wien,
Vienna.
-
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LIST
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
xxxiii
MuRKA^',
Ifdbh.
Gr.
Arch.,
Dr. A. S.
Murray,
Handbook
of
Greek
Archaeology,
London,
1892.
Myrej^-Richter, Ci/prus
Catalofjw
:
J. L
Myres
and M.
OnxEFALSCH-RicnTER, Catalogue
of the
Cyprus
Museum,
Oxford,
1899.
Xnie
Jlihilclter. K/ is.^.
Alf.,
Neue
Jahrbiicher des klassischen
Altertums.
F. S.
B.
A.,
Proceedings
of the
Society
of
Biblical
Archae-logy,
London.
Pape-Benseler,
Wbch. Gr.
Eifintn.,
W.
Pare and
G.
Bexseler,
Worterbuch der
griechischen Eigennamen,
Braunschweig,
1884.
Perrot-Cilipiez
:
G.
Perrot
and
C.
Chipiez,
Histoire
de
I'Art
dans
FAntiquitr,
Paris
(in
progress).
Proc. Soc.
Antiq.^ Proceedings
of
the
Society
of
Antiquaries,
London.
RccueU
:
Recueil
de Travaux
relatifs
a
la
Philologie
et
a
FArcheologie
Egyptiennes
et
Assyi'iennes,
Paris.
li. I.
H.,
E. De
RoudE,
Inscriptions Hieroglyphiques,
Paris,
1877.
RAWLixsoN,TF ?s' ^ry
Asiatic
I/iscrqitiot/xRawlixsox,
Cunei-orm
Inscriptions
of Western
Asia,
London, 1
861
-91.
Reixacii,
Mir.
Or.,
Salomox
Reixach,
La
Mirage
Oriental
;
Chr.
Or.
ii.
p.
509
ff.
Reixach,
Chr.
Or.,
Salomox
Reixach,
Chroniques
de
rOrient,
Paris,
189
1-6.
Jier.
Arch.,
Revue
Archeologique,
Paris.
Jiheiu.
Mils.,
Rheinisches
Museum,
Bonn.
Mom.
Mitth.,
Mittheilungen
des
Kaiserlich Deutschen
Archiio-
logischen
Instituts,
Rumische
Abtheilung,
Rome.
Sifzhrr.
der
kr/J.hai/r.
Ahad.,
Sitzungsberichte
der
konig-
lichen
bayerischen
Akademie
der
Wissenschaften,
Munich.
ScHUCHHARDT
:
)
ScHUCHHARDT,
Schliemann's
SciIUCHHARDT, Sc/J/^wro///;
j
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xxxiv
LIST
OF
ABBREVIATIONS
T.
S.
B.
A.,
Transactions
of
the
Society
of
Biblical
Archae-logy,
London.
Trtni^. R. Soc.
Lit.,
Transactions of the
Royal Society
of
Literature,
London.
Tsountas-Manatt
:
Prof.
Dr.
Ciirestos
Tsoun
tas
and
Dr.
J.
luviNU
Manatt,
The
Mycenaean
Age,
London,
1897.
W.
A.
/.,
Rawlinson,
Wcxft'r/t Asiatic
luscrtpt'ions,
q.r.
W.
M.
Mlj.lkk:
W.
Max
Mullkk,
Asien
und
Europa,
Leipzig,
1893.
Wbch.
(Jr.
Etfjout.
(r.
PAl'K-BKXSKLKit).
Ymer
:
Ymer,
Tidskrif
t
utgif
ven
af
Svenska
S.'illskapet
fur
Antropologi
och
Geogi-afi,
Stockholm.
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NOTE
I li(ir '
^pcc'tdJhj
vc-irn
inflated uJl tlw
put^HHijcH
from
Kgyptkoi
ht.scrqjfio/tx,
i(x'.,
trliich
(ire
quoted
in
fli'ta hook.
With
regard
to
tlte
tra/hsliterftfio)/
of
E(]yptiau
and
Axi^yrkin
word^,
it
nuu/
he
noted
that
s
=
sh,
s =
ts,
V
tch, dj, zh,
or Home
such
sounds
irliile
h
/'.s
xtronifJii
dspirnted
hh
(r/.s-
in
the
Arahic
kohl),
and
h
-
kh,
(iernian
ch.
Tlie
fornn^
of
Ef/ /ptian
nanieM
of foreign
jjeopfe.s (jiren
in
hraekets
hji
the side
of
the uonal
forms,
e.g.
(Aqaiwaasa)
h//
the side
o/^'
Akaiuasha,
are
stricter
and
more
aecur((te
transliterations
of
the
hierotj/t/phs.
In
speaking of
the
Kguptian
ling
Amenhetep
IV.,
I hare
preferred
to
use
the
hetter-kntarn
form
f
his
later
name,
Khuenaten,
rather
than the less-known
Akhenaten.
The
nana'
Keftiu is
jjroperhj
that
(f
the
count
rg,
not
the
/)eople
;
hut
I hare
usu dhj
pre-erred
to
speak
of
the
people
as
simplg
Keftiu,
rather than
use
such
a
cumbrous
expressio)
as
' ''
Keftiu-jieople''.
or
the
hghrid
Keftians. '
I
mag
further
note
that
the
spind
design
at
the
top
(f
the
cover
is
Mgcoucan, heing
taken
from
the
gravestone
puhlished
originallg
in
Schliemann's
Mycc'iies,
Fig.
140,
irhile that
at
the hottom
is
Kggptian,
heing
taken
from
the
ornamentation
(f
some
of
the
pillars
in
Khuenaten'
s
ijalace
at
Tell
el-Anairna,
origin(dlg
puhlished
in
Pktkie'.s Tell
el-
Amarna,
pi.
x.
2.
H. H.
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2
STUDIES
OF
THE
MYCENAEAN
AGE
period
of
time
which
had
elapsed
between the
two
could
not
be
estimated with
any
approach
to
cer-ainty,
nor
could
the
process
of
the
development
of
the
civilization
of
the
classical
out
of that
of
the
Homeric
period
be
traced with
any
attempt
at
accuracy.
Behind
Homer
lay impenetrable
dark-ess.
To-day,
however,
the
veil
which
hid the
origins
of Greek civilization
from
us
has,
at
least
partially,
been
lifted,
and
although
much is as
yet
uncertain,
the
historian
of Greece
can
at
least
say
with truth that his
knowledge
of
Greek
story
no
longer
ends
in the seventh
century
;
he is
now
not
only
able to connect
the Homeric
period
with
the
classical
age,
but
his
range
of
vision extends
beyond
Homer
and
brings
him almost
to
the
very
beginnings
of
Greek
civilization.
He
does
not,
however,
owe
this
increased
range
of
vision
to
himself alone
;
it is
to
the
spade
of
the
archaeologist,
ot
to
the
pen
of
the
historian,
that
the
discovery
of
the
origins
of
Hellas
is
due.
Formerly
the
archaeologist
was
but
the
servant
of
the historian
;
it
was
his
duty
merely
to
illustrate
by
his
discoveries the
materials
which
the
historian
drew
from
his
ancient
authorities.
Now,
however,
it
is
to
the
archaeologist
that
the
historian
looks
to
give
him
increased
knowledge,
to
supply
him
with
facts
with
which
he
may
recon-truct
the lost
history
of
prae-classical
reece.
The
present
energy
of the
archaeologist
in
Greece
and
the
modern
interest
in
early
Greek
archaeology
date
from and
are
a
consequence
of the
epoch-making
discoveries
of the
beginning
of
the
XlXth
century
in
the
domain
of
Egyptian
and
Oriental
archaeology.
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3
A
new
world
was
opened
to
us
by
these
discoveries
;
the
horizon
of
our
knowledge
of
the
ancient civiliza-ions
of the earth
was
widened
indefinitelyby
them
;
and it
was
not
long
before
classical
students
began,
after
much doubt and
incredulity,
to
ask
themselves
how
far
this
new
knowledge might
bear
upon
the
early history
of the
Greeks.
But
not
all
:
many
classical
scholars
were
utterly
unable
to
conform
themselves
to
the
new
order of
ideas.
The
keen
intellect
of
Sir
G.
C.
Lewis,
for
instance,
was
unable
to
grasp
the
meaning
of
the
new
discoveries
;
he
continued
to
the
end
of
his
days
refusing
to
believe
that
anybody
could
read
a
singlehieroglyph
or
inter-ret
a
single
group of
wedges.
But these
were
excep-ions
:
others
among
them Mr.
Gladstone
turned
eagerly
to
the
new
light
for
information,
and when
it
was
found
that,
although
Herodotos's oriental
history
might
be
to
a
great
extent
confirmed
by
the
Inscription
of
Behistun
and
other
early
trophies
of
cuneiform
study,
yet
his
history
of
Egypt
was so
legendary
and
unreliable
as
to
be
of
little
use
to
anybody
but the
folklorist,
the results
of
Egypto-ogical
study
were
utilized
by
them
for
the
pur-ose
of
further
elucidating
the Homeric
question.^
Although
the
Homeric
poems
were
still
regarded
in
England
as
the work
of
a
single
hand,
yet
they
were
now
studied
not
merely
in order
to
properly
base
ovv
or
to
trace
the
pedigree
of the
digamma,
but
to
glean
knowledge
of
that
heroic
age
of
which
*'
Homer
sang,
and
to
seek
out
through
him
the
secret
of
the
origins
of Hellas.
^
Kg.
Gladstone,
Juventus
Mundi,
p.
144
;
and
elsewhere.
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4
STUDIES
OF
THE
MYCENAEAN
AGE
It
was
in
the
early
sixties
that
De
Kouge
trans-ated
the
inscriptions
of
Merenptah
and
Rameses III.
(B.C.
1 2
50-
1
150),
which
record
the
two
great
in-asions
of
Egypt
by
the
piratical
hordes
of
the
Mediterranean and
their
successive defeats
at
Piarisheps
and
off the
coast
of
Palestine,
and
announced
to
the
world
that
Achaians,
Danaans,
Pelasgians, Teukrians,
and
Dardanians
had formed
part
of
the
invading
hosts.
The
question
of the
correctness
of his
identifications
will
be discussed
later;
at
the time
many
were
incredulous,
many
hailed
his
announcement
with
sanguine
interest and
anticipation.
It
was
evident
that the Homeric
period
was
a
time
of
storm
and
stress,
of
wars
and
wander-ngs
;
and the
picture
of the
Homeric
Greeks
warring
with
Asia Minor
and
adventuring
far
voyages
to
Egypt
and
to
the
West,
as
if
already
disturbed
and
displaced
by
the
pressure
of the
Dorians from the
North,
certainly
tallied
well
with
the indications
given
by
the
Egyptian
records
of
occasional visits
from the
piratical
ships
of
the
wandering
clansmen
of the
Very
Green
Sea,
coming
sometimes
as
single spies,
sometimes
in
battalions,
sometimes
to
settle
in
the
islands
and
marshes
of
the
Delta,
more
often
to
burn,
to
slay,
and
to
enslave. And did
not
the
legends
of
Hellas
tell
of
Egyptian
and
Oriental
settlers
in Greece
itself:
of Inachos and
Danaos in
Argolis,
of
Kekrops
in
Athens,
of
Kadmos,
the
man
from
the
East,
in
Boeotian
Thebes
?
Whence
did
this last
name
come
to
Greece
if
not
from
Egypt?
Thothmes
III.
made
Cyprus tributary
why
not
also
more
westerly
islands
and
coasts
?
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Such
considerations
as
these
prompted
Mr.
Glad-tone
-relying
on
such
interpretations
of
Thoth-
mes
III.'s famous
Hymn
to
Amen
at
Karnak^
as
that
given by
Lenormant
to
conjure
up
for
us
a
Homeric
Greece
which
had been
conquered
long
before
the
days
of
Agamemnon by
Thoth-
mes
III.,
and had
thereafter been
ruled
by
Egyptian
vicegerents
of
the Theban
Pharaohs, who,
as
depo-itaries
of the wisdom of the
Egyptians, dispensed
the
civilization of the Black
Land
to
their
eager
subjects,
and
became
the
founders
of
most
of the
princely
houses of Greece.- Few
found
themselves
able
to
follow
Lenormant and
Gladstone
;
all
that
could
be
admitted
was
that,
since
at
a
time
not
long
anterior
to
the
Homeric
period
Egyptian
con-uest
had
reached
Cyprus
and the southern
coast
of
Asia
Minor,
and
wandering
seafarers
quite possibly
and
veiy
probably
Greeks
had reached
Egypt,
an
actual connection
between
Greece
and
Egypt
might
quite
possibly
have existed
at
that
time,
but
that
tangible
proof
of
any
Egyptian
influence
upon
early
Greek
civilization
at
that
epoch
did
not
exist.
So
stood
the
matter
when
Schliemann,
great
in
faitn
and
in
works,
excavated
Troy,
Mycenge,
and
Tiryns,
thus
applying
a
method of
investigationalready
suc-essful
in
Egypt
and
Assyria
to
Greece.
His
startliug
discoveries
compelled
classical
scholars
once
again
to
abandon
preconceived
notions
and
to
revise their
ideas
anew.
Had
we
at
last
reached the
age
of
^
Histoire
Ancienne
des
Peuples
de P
Orient,
i.
pp.
386, 387.
2
Gladstone,
Homer
(Literature
Primers,
ed.
by
J.
R.
,
Green),
p.
49.
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6
STUDIES
OF
THE
MYCEN.EAN AGE
Homer?
Schliemann
believed
that
he had
dis-nterred
the
actual
heroes
of the
Trojan
War
;
in the
bones
which
he
dug
out
of
the
graves
in
the
akropolis
of
Mycense
he
saw
the
actual
remains
of
Agamemnon,
of
Klytaimnestra,
and of
Aigisthos,
in
their
golden
masks
the
actual
presentments
of
those
whose
deeds
and
woes
Homer
and
Sophokles
had
sung.
But
criticism
soon
dismissed
this
idea
from
all minds
except
that of the discoverer. The fact
that
the Homeric
Greeks burned
the
bodies of
their
dead
to
ashes
upon
a
pyre,
and
did
not
mummify
them
as
Schliemann's
Mycenaeans
did,
was
sufficient
to
show
some
diflference
between them and
the
Mycengeans;^
and
the
conviction
that
the culture
of
which
Schliemann
had
discovered
the
remains
was
not
that
of
the
Homeric
time,
though
it
was
evidently
connected with
it,
gradually
gained
ground.
Was
it,
then,
earlier
or
later
? At
first
this
was
difficult
to
decide
;
so
much
had
been
discovered
which
was foreign
to
the
archaeologist
who
had been
trained in the school of
classical
Hellas,
so
much
was
entirely
new
and
strange,^
that
the task
of
deciding
the
relation of the
newly-
discovered
culture
to
the
civilizations
of the
Homeric
and
classical
periods
was
one
of
great
difficulty.
To
place
the
Mycenaean
remains
anywhere
within
the
classical
period
was
impossible
;
it
was,
however,
suggested
that
they
might
possibly
date
from
the
1
Though
in
reality
not
so
great
a.
ditterence
as
it
has
often
been held
to
show.
2
So
new
and
strange
that
one archseologist
considered
the
remains
to
be those
of
warriors
of
the
Avars
and
Heruli,
buried
with
their
own
property
and
the
spoil
of Greek
cities.
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Byzantine
age,
a
suggestion
made
only
to
be
con-lusively
refuted.
Thus
only
two
possib