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1

Explanation for Correct Answer C :

Choice (C) is correct. The term diligence refers to persistence and

hard work. The sentence suggests that Ellen Ochoa has benefited

from hard work, since she has achieved the rewarding experience of

being a NASA astronaut. She advises students interested in science

and engineering to be diligent (study hard) in order to enjoy

rewarding careers.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer A :

Choice (A) is incorrect. Ellen Ochoa urges students to study hard if

they are interested in certain careers, suggesting that she achieved

her rewarding experience as a NASA astronaut by working hard. The

word that fits the blank should have something to do with such

persistence. The term generosity does not logically complete the

sentence because it refers to the quality of being kind and liberal in

giving to others; it is not connected to working hard.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer B :

Choice (B) is incorrect. Ellen Ochoa urges students to study hard if




persistence. The term serendipity does not logically complete the

sentence because it refers to good things happening by chance and

without being sought. In fact, the term serendipity suggests that

Ochoa didnt work hard to become an astronaut, which is the

opposite of what she wants students to understand.

View Answers and ExplanationsBack to Score Report

Online - Practice Test #3

Knowing the rewards of -------, NASA astronaut Ellen Ochoa encourages students to

study hard if they wish to pursue careers in science and engineering.

(A) generosity

(B) serendipity

(C) diligence

(D) indiv iduality

(E) merriment

ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

Test Sections

Sect ion 1

Sect ion 3

Sect ion 4

Sect ion 5

Sect ion 6

Sect ion 7

Sect ion 8

Sect ion 9

Sect ion 1 0



opposite of what she wants students to understand.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer D :

Choice (D) is incorrect. Ellen Ochoa urges students to study hard if




persistence. The term individuality does not logically complete the

sentence because it refers to uniqueness. A person might be unique

because he or she works unusually hard, but individuality is not

necessarily connected to working hard.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer E :

Choice (E) is incorrect. Ellen Ochoa urges students to study hard if




persistence. The term merriment does not logically complete the

sentence because it refers to cheerfulness or high spirits. A person

might be cheerful while working hard, but merriment is not

necessarily connected to hard work.

2


Choice (C) is correct. Conjecture is a statement, opinion, or

conclusion based on inconclusive or incomplete evidence. Proof is

something that induces certainty or establishes validity. The

structure of the sentence suggests that there is a contrasting

relationship between the two missing words: because she did not

want to print an article based on something that was unacceptable,

the editor ordered the reporter to find something that produced the

opposite resultthat is, to find something to ensure that the article

was based on something acceptable. It is logical to suggest that an

editor would not want to print an article based on conjecture and

would, therefore, order a reporter to find convincing proof that the

information in the article was valid.


Choice (A) is incorrect. To substantiate is to verify something using

proof or competent evidence. Data is factual information used as a

The editor did not wish to print an article based on mere -------; she therefore

ordered the reporter to find conv incing -------.

(A) substantiation . . data

(B) speculation . . guesswork

(C) conjecture . . proof

(D) amicability . . rationalization

(E) explanation . . interpretation




proof or competent evidence. Data is factual information used as a

basis for reasoning, discussion, or calculation. The structure of the

sentence suggests that there is a contrasting relationship between the

two missing words: because she did not want to print an article based

on something that was unacceptable, the editor ordered the reporter

to find something that produced the opposite resultthat is, to find

something to ensure that the article was based on something

acceptable. Although the term data logically fits the second blank,

the term substantiation does not make sense in the first blank: an

editor would certainly want to print an article based on

substantiation. Additionally, if an article were based on proof or

competent evidence, there would be no need for the reporter to

search for convincing data.


Choice (B) is incorrect. To speculate is to treat something as true on

the basis of insufficient evidence. Guesswork is work performed or

results obtained by guessing, or forming an opinion based on little or

no evidence. The structure of the sentence suggests that there is a

contrasting relationship between the two missing words: because she

did not want to print an article based on something that was

unacceptable, the editor ordered the reporter to find something that

produced the opposite resultthat is, to find something to ensure

that the article was based on something acceptable. The term

speculation fits the first blank, as an editor certainly would not

want to print an article based on speculation. However, the term

guesswork does not logically complete the sentence; if an article is

based on insufficient evidence, the editor likely would order the

reporter to find more evidence, not to find guesswork.


Choice (D) is incorrect. Something that is amicable is characterized

by friendly goodwill. To rationalize is to cause something to seem

reasonable, sometimes by creating an excuse for something. The

structure of the sentence suggests that there is a contrasting

relationship between the two missing words: because she did not

want to print an article based on something that was unacceptable,

the editor ordered the reporter to find something that produced the

opposite resultthat is, to find something to ensure that the article

was based on something acceptable. There is no such connection

between the terms amicability and rationalization. Further, it

does not make sense to suggest that an article is based on amicability,

and an editor probably would order a reporter to find concrete

evidence, not to find convincing rationalization.


Choice (E) is incorrect. Explanation is the act of explaining.

Interpretation is the act of interpreting, or explaining or telling the

meaning of something. The structure of the sentence suggests that

there is a contrasting relationship between the two missing words:

because she did not want to print an article based on something that

was unacceptable, the editor ordered the reporter to find something



was unacceptable, the editor ordered the reporter to find something

that produced the opposite resultthat is, to find something to

ensure that the article was based on something acceptable. The terms

explanation and interpretation are similar in meaning and do not

support the necessary contrast. Further, it does not make sense to

suggest that an editor would not want to print an article that explains

something, or makes something understandable, and an article that is

already based on explanation would not require that a reporter

search for any further interpretation of the information.

3

Explanation for Correct Answer D :

Choice (D) is correct. Obdurate means resistant to persuasion. The

structure of the sentence indicates that the text after the colon

explains the meaning of the missing term. Linda is described as being

inflexible in her opinions and utterly resistant to persuasion;

therefore, the term obdurate best completes the sentence.


Choice (A) is incorrect. Someone who is facetious is playfully

humorous, often in an inappropriate manner. The structure of the

sentence indicates that the text after the colon explains the meaning

of the missing term. There is no connection between being playfully

humorous and being inflexible in . . . opinions and utterly resistant

to persuasion, so the term facetious does not logically complete

the sentence.


Choice (B) is incorrect. Avuncular means of or relating to an uncle.

The structure of the sentence indicates that the text after the colon

explains the meaning of the missing term. There is no connection

between relating to an uncle and being inflexible in . . . opinions and

utterly resistant to persuasion, so the term avuncular does not

logically complete the sentence.

Explanation for Incorrect Answer C :

Choice (C) is incorrect. Sanguine means confident or optimistic.


explains the meaning of the missing term. It is possible that a

confident, optimistic person could also be inflexible in . . . opinions

Linda is ------- in matters large and small: she is inflexible in her opinions and

utterly resistant to persuasion.

(A) facetious

(B) av uncular

(C) sanguine

(D) obdurate

(E) tractable




confident, optimistic person could also be inflexible in . . . opinions

and utterly resistant to persuasion, but this is not necessarily always

true. Therefore, the term sanguine does not logically complete the

sentence.


Choice (E) is incorrect. Tractable means easily led, taught, or

controlled. The structure of the sentence indicates that the text after

the colon explains the meaning of the missing term. Someone who is

inflexible in . . . opinions and utterly resistant to persuasion is not

easily led, taught, or controlled, so the term tractable does not

logically complete the sentence.

4


Choice (D) is correct. Improvident means not foreseeing or

providing for the future. The structure of the sentence suggests that

the text after the comma is closely related to the meaning of the

missing termin other words, the missing term describes someone

who would squander, or spend foolishly, a large amount of money

without thinking about the consequences. According to the sentence,

Jason acts with no thought for the future, so the term

improvident logically completes the sentence.


Choice (A) is incorrect. Someone who is prescient anticipates, or

gives advance thought to, the course of future events. The structure

of the sentence suggests that the text after the comma is closely

related to the meaning of the missing termin other words, the

missing term describes someone who would squander, or spend

foolishly, a large amount of money without thinking about the

consequences. According to the sentence, Jason acts with no

thought for the future, so he could not be considered prescient.


Choice (B) is incorrect. Infallible means incapable of failing. The

structure of the sentence suggests that the text after the comma is

closely related to the meaning of the missing termin other words,

the missing term describes someone who would squander, or spend


Jason was truly -------, for he squandered a great deal of money with no thought for

the future.

(A) prescient

(B) infallible

(C) reticent

(D) improv ident

(E) sedulous





consequences. Jasons irresponsible action could be considered an

error in judgment, so the term infallible does not best complete the

sentence.


Choice (C) is incorrect. Reticent means inclined to be silent or

uncommunicative. The structure of the sentence suggests that the

text after the comma is closely related to the meaning of the missing

termin other words, the missing term describes someone who

would squander, or spend foolishly, a large amount of money without

thinking about the consequences. There is no direct connection

between being silent or uncommunicative and squandering a great

deal of money with no thought for the future, so the term reticent

does not logically complete the sentence.


Choice (E) is incorrect. Sedulous means involving or accomplished

with careful perseverance, or cautious adherence to a course of

action, a belief, or a purpose. The structure of the sentence suggests

that the text after the comma is closely related to the meaning of the

missing termin other words, the missing term describes someone

who would squander, or spend foolishly, a large amount of money

without thinking about the consequences. While a person who

foolishly spends a large sum of money may firmly adhere to this

course of action, one who acts with no thought for the future

certainly does not exhibit cautionhe or she is acting in a careless

manner. Therefore, it does not make sense to describe Jason as

sedulous.

5

Explanation for Correct Answer A :

Choice (A) is correct. Halcyon means happy or prosperous. The

structure of the sentence indicates that the text after the colon

reiterates the meaning of the missing term. The fact that the staff

was happy, customers were satisfied, and profits were excellent

suggests that the organization experienced a halcyon period during

the 1990s.


The 1 990s were ------- y ears for the organization: the staff was happy , customers

were satisfied, and profits were excellent.

(A) halcy on

(B) notorious

(C) somnolent

(D) capricious

(E) expedient





Choice (B) is incorrect. Notorious means widely and unfavorably

known. The structure of the sentence indicates that the text after the

colon reiterates the meaning of the missing term. The fact that the

staff was happy, customers were satisfied, and profits were excellent

certainly does not suggest anything unfavorable about the

organization during the 1990s; therefore, the term notorious does

not logically complete the sentence.


Choice (C) is incorrect. Somnolent means likely to induce sleep.


reiterates the meaning of the missing term. The fact that the staff

was happy, customers were satisfied, and profits were excellent

does not suggest anything related to the tendency to induce sleep;

therefore, the term somnolent does not logically complete the

sentence.


Choice (D) is incorrect. Capricious means impulsive or

unpredictable. The structure of the sentence indicates that the text

after the colon reiterates the meaning of the missing term. If the

organization were experiencing an unpredictable period during the

1990s, it is unlikely that the staff would be happy, that customers

would be satisfied, and that profits would be excellent. Both staff

members and customers might be concerned about these conditions,

and as a result, profits would likely suffer. Finally, the term

capricious is not usually used to modify years. Therefore, the

term capricious does not logically complete the sentence.


Choice (E) is incorrect. Expedient means based on or marked by a

concern for self-interest rather than principle. The structure of the

sentence indicates that the text after the colon reiterates the meaning

of the missing term. If the organization were experiencing an

expedient period during the 1990s, it is unlikely that the staff would

be happy, that customers would be satisfied, and that profits would

be excellent. Both staff members and customers might be suspicious

of people in the organization acting solely out of self-interest, and as

a result, profits would likely suffer. Finally, the term expedient is

not usually used to modify years. Therefore, the term expedient

does not logically complete the sentence.

Passage 1

It was time to v isit some sweets factories. Would they

be magical, unpredictable places, like those in the movies,

with steaming and chugging machines? The reality was farLine better. I v isited half a dozen factories, and every time I



6


Choice (D) is correct. The author of Passage 1 describes candy

factories as containing such machines as cauldrons and pipes and

pushers and packers and printers and stampers and choppers and

scrapers. In Passage 2, the author refers to huge, metal machines

that plink out delicate chocolate bunnies. Both passages indicate

that candy production is highly mechanizedthat is, that machines

are a significant part of the candy-making process.


Choice (A) is incorrect. The author of Passage 2 does compare candy

companies to oil and plastics companies, in that they dehumanize

workers and pump out pollution, which might suggest that candy

manufacturing involves some processes similar to processes used in

other industries. However, he or she does not directly state that

5 entered one I was delirious with joy , ecstatic that the

machines were exactly as I hoped they would belong

convey or belts crammed with little sweets being prodded

and poked, coated and dried, and extraordinary cauldrons

and pipes and pushers and packers and printers and10 stampers and choppers and scrapers, all working away to

produce super-fresh examples of super sweets, which were

left ly ing around in vast piles, tray s and bucketsas if I

had stumbled on a candy El Dorado.*

Passage 2

The candy factory places all the foul props of the15 modern age in the serv ice of our most innocent desires. To

watch huge, metal machines plink out delicate chocolate

bunnieswhat delicious irony ! The bogey man of

technology tamed! Bunnies not bombs! This is a lot of

nonsense, of course. Candy companies are servants of20 global capitalism, just as surely as oil and plastics

companies. They dehumanize workers, both here and

abroad, pump out pollution, and prov ide an indulgence that

is unconscionable, given the great many people on the

planet who are starv ing.

*a legendary ci ty of great weal th

Both passages suggest that

(A)the candy manufacturing process has been patterned after processes used

in other industries

(B)real candy factories are ev en more intriguing than the ones featured in

films

(C) candy companies produce a v ariety of candy for a global market

(D) candy production is highly mechanized

(E) candy production is extremely costly




other industries. However, he or she does not directly state that

candy manufacturing has been patterned after processes used in

other industries. Additionally, the author of Passage 1 does not

mention any industries other than candy manufacturing. Neither

passage suggests that the candy manufacturing process has been

patterned after processes in other industries.


Choice (B) is incorrect. The author of Passage 1 writes that in his or

her experience, actual candy factories are far better than the

magical, unpredictable places portrayed in the movies; he or she

does suggest that real candy factories are more intriguing than those

in films. However, the author of Passage 2 does not address films at

all, let alone candy factories portrayed in films. Only the author of

Passage 1 suggests that real candy factories are even more intriguing

than the ones featured in films.


Choice (C) is incorrect. The descriptions in Passage 1 do suggest that

a variety of candy is produced in candy factories; however, the

author of Passage 1 does not discuss the market or those who

purchase candy. The author of Passage 2 mentions global

capitalism, which suggests that candy factories are part of a global

market, but he or she refers only to chocolate bunnies and not a

variety of candy. Neither passage suggests that candy companies

produce a variety of candy for a global market.


Choice (E) is incorrect. The description in Passage 1 about the

mechanization of candy production might imply that some costs are

involvedit is likely that some of the machines are expensivebut

nowhere in Passage 1 does the author address the costs of candy

production. Likewise, the author of Passage 2 mentions machinery,

some of which might be expensive, but does not address the costs

involved in candy production. Neither passage suggests that candy

production is extremely costly.

7

Explanation for Correct Answer E :

Choice (E) is correct. To be indignant is to be angered by

something unjust. The author of Passage 1 describes feeling

Compared with the tone of Passage 1 , the tone of Passage 2 is more

(A) ecstatic

(B) sincere

(C) pensiv e

(D) ev asiv e

(E) indignant




something unjust. The author of Passage 1 describes feeling

delirious with joy and ecstatic about visiting candy factories, and

he or she refers to the experience as being similar to stumbling on a

candy El Dorado. The tone of Passage 1 is quite positive. The author

of Passage 2, however, focuses on the idea that candy factories

"dehumanize workers, pump out pollution, and ultimately

provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given the great many

people on the planet who are starving." This author's tone seems to

reveal feelings of anger regarding the perceived injustices of candy

factories. Compared with the tone of Passage 1, the tone of Passage 2

is more indignant.


Choice (A) is incorrect. To be ecstatic is to be overcome with

emotion, especially delight. The tone of Passage 1 is positivethe

author describes feeling delirious with joy and ecstatic about

visiting candy factories, and he or she compares the experience to

stumbling on a candy El Dorado. The author of Passage 2,

however, focuses on the idea that candy factories "dehumanize

workers, pump out pollution, and ultimately provide an

indulgence that is unconscionable, given the great many people on

the planet who are starving." The tone of Passage 2 seems to reveal

feelings of anger regarding perceived injustices, not feelings of

overwhelming delight. The tone of Passage 1 is more ecstatic than the

tone of Passage 2, not the other way around.


Choice (B) is incorrect. To be sincere is to be honest and genuine.

The tone of Passage 1 is positivethe author describes feeling

delirious with joy and ecstatic about visiting candy factories, and

he or she compares the experience to stumbling on a candy El

Dorado. The author of Passage 2, however, focuses on the idea that

candy factories "dehumanize workers, pump out pollution, and

ultimately provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given the

great many people on the planet who are starving." This author's

tone seems to reveal feelings of anger regarding perceived injustices.

Although the authors of the passages offer contrasting views of

candy factories, both authors seem to be genuine as they present

their opinions. Neither passage is more sincere than the other.


Choice (C) is incorrect. To be pensive is to be dreamily thoughtful,

possibly in a sad way. The tone of Passage 1 is positivethe author

describes feeling delirious with joy and ecstatic about visiting

candy factories, and he or she compares the experience to stumbling

on a candy El Dorado. The author of Passage 2, however, focuses

on the idea that candy factories "dehumanize workers, pump out

pollution, and ultimately provide an indulgence that is

unconscionable, given the great many people on the planet who are

starving." This author's tone seems to reveal feelings of anger

regarding perceived injustices. The tone of Passage 2 is less joyful

than that of Passage 1, but the authors tone is not dreamily



than that of Passage 1, but the authors tone is not dreamily

thoughtful. The tone of Passage 2 is not more pensive than the tone

of Passage 1.


Choice (D) is incorrect. To be evasive is to avoid facing up to

something. The tone of Passage 1 is positivethe author describes

feeling delirious with joy and ecstatic about visiting candy

factories, and he or she compares the experience to stumbling on a

candy El Dorado. The author of Passage 2, however, focuses on

perceived injustices, asserting that candy factories "dehumanize

workers, pump out pollution, and ultimately provide an

indulgence that is unconscionable, given the great many people on

the planet who are starving." The author of Passage 2 does not avoid

describing his or her opinions about candy factories; the tone of

Passage 2 is not more evasive than the tone of Passage 1.

8

Explanation for Correct Answer B :

Choice (B) is correct. A facetious exclamation is one made

humorously or in jest. An earnest assertion is a serious declaration.

Before the excerpt in lines 18-19 the author makes two humorous

statements: The bogeyman of technology tamed! and Bunnies not

bombs! The author does not really mean that a real bogeyman has

been tamed or that chocolate bunnies have, in some way, taken the

place of bombs. This part of the passage can be described as

facetiousthe humorous statements are not meant to be taken

seriously. After the author states that This is a lot of nonsense, of

course, he or she asserts that candy companies treat workers

poorly, harm the environment, and make an unnecessary, indulgent

product. In this part of the passage the author seems to be making an

argument in a serious, or earnest, manner. The sentence This is a lot

of nonsense, of course marks a shift from humorous, facetious

exclamations to serious, earnest assertions.


Choice (A) is incorrect. Flowery language is elaborate language

marked by elegant and colorful detail. Unambiguous facts are clear

and precise facts. The first two sentences of Passage 2 might be said

to contain flowery language; the author refers to foul props, our

In Passage 2, the sentence This is a lot of nonsense, of course (line 1 8-1 9) marks a

shift from

(A) flowery description to unambiguous fact

(B) facetious exclamation to earnest assertion

(C) random description to concise prediction

(D) a candid declaration to a somber apology

(E) a historical recounting to a rev isionist account




to contain flowery language; the author refers to foul props, our

most innocent desires, and delicious irony. However, before the

excerpt in lines 18-19 the author makes two concise, or brief,

statements that do not contain flowery descriptions: The bogeyman

of technology tamed! and Bunnies not bombs! Following the

statement that This is all a lot of nonsense, of course, the author

asserts that candy companies treat workers poorly, harm the

environment, and make an unnecessary, indulgent product. The

authors assertions are clear and precise, but this part of the passage

presents the authors opinions, not unambiguous facts. Indeed,

candy factory owners would likely dispute each of the author's

points. The sentence This is a lot of nonsense, of course does not

mark a shift from flowery description to unambiguous fact.


Choice (C) is incorrect. A random description is one without a

definite aim or direction. A concise prediction is a very brief

prediction. Before the excerpt in lines 18-19, the author makes two

humorous statements: The bogeyman of technology tamed! and

Bunnies not bombs! These exclamations are ironic and made in

jest, but they are not random or without purpose; their purpose is to

help the author make a claim about candy companies. Following the

excerpt in lines 18-19, the author asserts that candy companies treat

workers poorly, harm the environment, and make an unnecessary,

indulgent product. This argument is fairly concise, or brief, but the

author is not making a prediction, or a statement about what will

happen in the future. The sentence This is a lot of nonsense, of

course does not mark a shift from random description to concise

prediction.


Choice (D) is incorrect. A candid declaration is a statement marked

by openness and honesty. A somber apology is a serious or grave

apology. Before the excerpt in lines 18-19, the author makes two

humorous statements: The bogeyman of technology tamed! and

Bunnies not bombs! The author does not really mean that a real

bogeyman has been tamed or that chocolate bunnies have, in some

way, taken the place of bombs, so this part of the passage cannot be

described as containing candid declarations. Following the statement

that This is all a lot of nonsense, of course, the author asserts that

candy companies treat workers poorly, harm the environment, and

make an unnecessary, indulgent product. The authors description is

serious, but he or she is not making an apology. Indeed, the author

most likely thinks that candy companies should make an apology.

The sentence This is a lot of nonsense, of course does not mark a

shift from a candid declaration to a somber apology.


Choice (E) is incorrect. A historical recounting is a narrative about

the past. A revisionist account is an account, typically historical, that

attempts to undermine the traditional view of a subject. Before the

excerpt in lines 18-19, the author makes two statements: The



excerpt in lines 18-19, the author makes two statements: The

bogeyman of technology tamed! and Bunnies not bombs! These

statements do not describe a historical event; rather, they are simply

humorous comments about candy companies. Following the

statement that This is all a lot of nonsense, of course, the author

asserts that candy companies treat workers poorly, harm the

environment, and make an unnecessary, indulgent product. It is

possible to consider this description to be a revisionist account, or an

account that takes a nontraditional viewpoint. However, the topic

the author is discussing is not historical. The sentence This is a lot of

nonsense, of course does not mark a shift from a historical

recounting to a revisionist account.

9


Choice (D) is correct. To be nave is to be lacking worldly wisdom

or informed judgment. In Passage 2 the author writes that candy

companies dehumanize workers, both here and abroad, pump out

pollution, and provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given

the great many people on the planet who are starving. In other

words, the author does not see candy companies as beneficial, and, in

fact, identifies the damage that they do. In contrast, the author of

Passage 1 sees candy factories as joyful, writing Would they be

magical, unpredictable places, like those in the movies . . . ? The

reality was far better. Because the author of Passage 1 is uncritical

of the candy companies and forms an opinion based only on movies

and certain personal experiences, the author of Passage 2 would

most likely regard the view expressed in Passage 1 as nave, or

lacking informed judgment.


Choice (A) is incorrect. To be endearing is to attract love and

admiration. In Passage 2 the author writes that candy companies

dehumanize workers, both here and abroad, pump out pollution,

and provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given the great

many people on the planet who are starving. In other words, the

author does not see candy companies as beneficial, and, in fact,

identifies the damage that they do. In contrast, the author of Passage

1 sees candy factories as joyful, writing Would they be magical,

unpredictable places, like those in the movies . . . ? The reality was

far better. Owners of candy companies might admire the view

expressed in Passage 1, but it is unlikely that the skeptical author of

The author of Passage 2 would most likely regard the v iew expressed in Passage 1

as

(A) endearing

(B) discerning

(C) insincere

(D) nav e

(E) pragmatic




expressed in Passage 1, but it is unlikely that the skeptical author of

Passage 2 would consider it endearing. Rather, the author of Passage

2 would likely regard the view expressed in Passage 1 as nave, or

uninformed.


Choice (B) is incorrect. To be discerning is to show insight and

understanding. In Passage 2 the author writes that candy companies








far better. Because the author of Passage 1 is uncritical of the candy

companies and forms an opinion based only on movies and certain

personal experiences, it is unlikely that the author of Passage 2

would regard the view expressed in Passage 1 as discerning, or

showing insight. Instead, the author of Passage 2 would most likely

think that the author of Passage 1 lacked insight.


Choice (C) is incorrect. To be insincere is to be dishonest or

untruthful. In Passage 2 the author writes that candy companies








far better. There is no reason to believe that the author of Passage 2

would regard the view expressed in Passage 1 as insincere; the author

of Passage 1 seems to be truthful, presenting his or her sincere

opinion about candy factories. The author of Passage 2 would most

likely think that the author of Passage 1 is uninformed, not insincere.


Choice (E) is incorrect. To be pragmatic is to be practical, to deal

with matters of fact. In Passage 2 the author writes that candy

companies dehumanize workers, both here and abroad, pump out

pollution, and provide an indulgence that is unconscionable, given

the great many people on the planet who are starving. In other

words, the author does not see candy companies as beneficial, and, in

fact, identifies the damage that they do. In contrast, the author of

Passage 1 sees candy factories as joyful, writing Would they be

magical, unpredictable places, like those in the movies . . . ? The

reality was far better. Because the author of Passage 1 sees candy

factories as magical places, it is unlikely that the author of Passage 2

would consider the view expressed in Passage 1 to be pragmatic, or



would consider the view expressed in Passage 1 to be pragmatic, or

dealing with facts; the author of Passage 2 would most likely consider

the author of Passage 1 to be dealing with uninformed fantasies

rather than practical matters.

The following passage is adapted from a nineteenth-century short story. A

group of men are in a small lifeboat after their ship has sunk during a storm.

The mind of the master of a vessel is rooted deep in the

timbers of her, though he command for a day or a decade;

and this captain had on him the stern impression of a sceneLine in the grey s of dawn of seven turned faces, and later a5 stump of a topmast with a white ball on it, that slashed to

and fro at the waves, went low and lower, and down.

Thereafter there was something strange in his voice.

Although steady , it was deep with mourning, and of a

quality bey ond oration or tears.10 Keep er a little more south, Billie, said he.

A little more south, sir, said the oiler in the stern.

A seat in this boat was not unlike a seat upon a bucking

bronco, and by the same token a bronco is not much

smaller. The craft pranced and reared and plunged like an15 animal. As each wave came, and she rose for it, she seemed

like a horse making at a fence outrageously high. The

manner of her scramble over these walls of water is a

my stic thing, and, moreover, at the top of them were

ordinarily these problems in white water, the foam racing20 down from the summit of each wave requiring a new leap,

and a leap from the air. Then, after scornfully bumping a

crest, she would slide and race and splash down a long

incline, and arrive bobbing and nodding in front of the next

menace.

25 A singular disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that

after successfully surmounting one wave y ou discover that

there is another behind it just as important and just as

nervously anxious to do something effective in the way of

swamping boats. In a ten-foot dinghy one can get an idea of30 the resources of the sea in the line of waves that is not

probable to the average experience, which is never at sea in

a dinghy . As each slaty wall of water approached, it shut all

else from the v iew of the men in the boat, and it was not

difficult to imagine that this particular wave was the final35 outburst of the ocean, the last effort of the grim water.

There was a terrible grace in the move of the waves, and

they came in silence, save for the snarling of the crests.

In the wan light the faces of the men must have been

grey . Their ey es must have glinted in strange way s as they40 gazed steadily astern. Viewed from a balcony , the whole

thing would doubtless have been weirdly picturesque. But

the men in the boat had no time to see it, and if they had

had leisure, there were other things to occupy their minds.

The sun swung steadily up the sky , and they knew it was45 broad day because the colour of the sea changed from slate

to emerald green streaked with amber lights, and the foam

was like tumbling snow. The process of the breaking day

was unknown to them. They were aware only of this effect

upon the colour of the waves that rolled toward them.



10


Choice (C) is correct. The narrator states that the sea makes the

mens small boat feel like a bucking bronco. He or she also

describes each slaty wall of water as a menace that is nervously

anxious to do something effective in the way of swamping boats;

each wave seems to be the final outburst of the ocean, the last effort

of the grim water. As the narrator relates the experiences of the men

in the boat, he or she primarily focuses on the resources of the

seathe seas power.


Choice (A) is incorrect. The narrator does mention the captain in the

first paragraph, briefly describing how he appeared to the men on the

boat. However, the narrator does not focus on the character of the

captain. After mentioning that the captain is stern and that his

voice is deep with mourning, he or she moves on to describe the

waves (walls of water) and their effect on the boat (The craft

pranced and reared and plunged). The narrator mostly focuses on

the resources of the seathe seas power.


Choice (B) is incorrect. One can assume that the men in the boat have

good boating skills, given that they are able to steer the boat a little

more south and they do not capsize while battling walls of water.

However, the narrator does not actually mention the mens boating

skills. Rather, he or she focuses on the resources of the seathe

seas power.


Choice (D) is incorrect. One might assume that the men in the boat

were afraid as they faced a line of waves, each one seeming like the

final outburst of the ocean, the last effort of the grim water.

However, the narrator does not state that the men were afraid; he or

she only notes that the captain has a voice deep with mourning, and

that the men gazed steadily astern and had things to occupy their

minds. Rather than focusing on the mens feelings, the narrator

focuses on the resources of the seathe seas power.


upon the colour of the waves that rolled toward them.

Which of the following best describes the primary focus of the passage?

(A) The character of the captain

(B) The boating skills of the men

(C) The power of the sea

(D) The fear of the men

(E) The beauty of nature




Choice (E) is incorrect. The narrator might consider the sea to be

beautiful; he or she notes that the scene could appear picturesque,

or charming, and describes the sea as changing to emerald green

streaked with amber lights and the foam seeming like tumbling

snow. However, the narrator does not explicitly state that the sea is

beautiful, and he or she certainly does not refer to the beauty of

nature in general. Rather than focusing on the seas beauty, he or she

focuses on its powerthe seas resources.

11


Choice (B) is correct. In the first paragraph the narrator states that

after seeing his ship sink, the captains voice is deep with

mourningit is likely that the captain is distressed, or troubled or

worried. The narrator also states that the captains voice is steady,

suggesting that even though his ship has sunk and he is troubled, the

captain is determined to persevere, or carry on.


Choice (A) is incorrect. In the first paragraph the narrator states that

after seeing his ship sink, the captains voice is steady. This may

suggest that the captain is resolute, or marked by firm determination.

However, the description of the captains voice as steady and deep

with mourning does not indicate that the captain is openly reckless;

there is no indication that the captain is irresponsible.


Choice (C) is incorrect. In the first paragraph the narrator states that

after seeing his ship sink, the captains voice is steady but also

deep with mourning. Nothing in this description suggests that the

captain is domineering, or inclined to exercise overbearing control

over the other men; nor does the description necessarily indicate

that he is considerate of others. Indeed, it is unlikely that someone

who is overbearing and controlling would also be considerate of

others.


Choice (D) is incorrect. In the first paragraph the narrator states that


mourningit is likely that the captain is concerned, or worried or

The narrators characterization of the captains v oice (line 7 ) suggests that the

captain was

(A) resolute and openly reckless

(B) distressed, y et determined to persev ere

(C) domineering, y et considerate of others

(D) concerned, but also optimistic

(E) anxious and obv iously impatient




mourningit is likely that the captain is concerned, or worried or

anxious. However, the description of the captains voice as steady

does not necessarily indicate that the captain is optimistic; the

narrator does not suggest that the captain is particularly hopeful that

there will be a good outcome. Indeed, it is unlikely that the voice of

an optimistic person would be deep with mourning.


Choice (E) is incorrect. In the first paragraph the narrator states that


mourningthis might suggest that the captain is anxious, or

worried. However, the description of the captains voice as steady

does not suggest that the captain is obviously impatient, or short-

tempered. Indeed, someone whose impatience is obvious probably

would not speak with a steady voice.

12


Choice (C) is correct. The narrator states that the singular

disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that after successfully

surmounting one wave you discover that there is another behind it . .

. just as nervously anxious to do something effective in the way of

swamping boats. In other words, when a vessel surmounts, or

overcomes, a wave, there is another wave just as dangerous behind it,

and each wave could do harm to a boat.


Choice (A) is incorrect. Although the narrator states that there is a

continuous line of waves, he or she does not suggest that the view is

always the same at sea or that it is hard to tell where you are at sea.

Rather, the narrator indicates that the disadvantage lies in the fact

that after successfully surmounting one wave . . . there is another

behind it . . . just as nervously anxious to do something effective in

the way of swamping boats. In other words, each dangerous wave is

followed by an equally dangerous wave.


Choice (B) is incorrect. The narrator mentions that the sailors are

occupy[ing] their minds, concentrating on sailing in a dangerous

The singular disadv antage mentioned in line 25 is that

(A)it is difficult to tell where y ou are at sea because the v iew is alway s the

same

(B) sailors often misjudge the extent of their sailing skills when facing danger

(C) ev ery dangerous wav e is followed by one that is equally dangerous

(D) perilous situations at sea occur when sailors are least prepared for them

(E) small boats are often swamped by rough seas during stormy weather




situation, but he or she does not say anything about the sailors

judgment of their sailing skills or the accuracy of any such judgment.

Rather, the narrator indicates that the singular disadvantage of the

sea lies in the fact that after successfully surmounting one wave . . .

there is another behind it . . . just as nervously anxious to do

something effective in the way of swamping boats. In other words,

each dangerous wave is followed by an equally dangerous wave.


Choice (D) is incorrect. The narrator describes a perilous situation at

sea, but he or she does not indicate that the singular disadvantage of

the sea is that dangerous situations occur when sailors are least

prepared for them. Even though their boat has sunk, the narrator

does not suggest that the sailors were unprepared. Rather, the

narrator suggests that the disadvantage lies in the fact that after

successfully surmounting one wave . . . there is another behind it . . .

just as nervously anxious to do something effective in the way of

swamping boats. In other words, each dangerous wave is followed

by an equally dangerous wave.


Choice (E) is incorrect. It may be true that small boats are often

swamped by rough seas during stormy weather, and the narrator

certainly describes rough seas, but the swamping of small boats in

stormy weather is not the singular disadvantage of the sea the

narrator mentions. Rather, the narrator says that the disadvantage

lies in the fact that after successfully surmounting one

wave . . . there is another behind it . . . just as nervously anxious to do

something effective in the way of swamping boats. In other words,

each dangerous wave is followed by an equally dangerous wave.

These waves may or may not swamp a boat; in this case, the men are

able to keep their boat afloat.

13


Choice (B) is correct. In this context, to reside is to be present as a

quality. When the narrator says that the singular disadvantage of

the sea lies in the fact that every dangerous wave is followed by

another dangerous wave, he or she means that the disadvantage is

present as a quality of the continuous line of waves at sea. The term

lies most nearly means resides.

In line 25, lies most nearly means

(A) reclines

(B) resides

(C) traces

(D) deceiv es

(E) extends





Choice (A) is incorrect. To recline is to lean backwards or lie down.

When the narrator says that the singular disadvantage of the sea lies

in the fact that every dangerous wave is followed by another

dangerous wave, he or she does not mean that the disadvantage

literally lies in the waves. Rather, he or she means that the

disadvantage is present as a quality of the continuous line of waves

at sea.


Choice (C) is incorrect. To trace is to make a mark or lines on a

surface. It does not make sense to say that the singular disadvantage

of the sea makes marks in any way. Rather, when the narrator says

that the singular disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that every

dangerous wave is followed by another dangerous wave, he or she

means that the disadvantage is present as a quality of the continuous

line of waves at sea.


Choice (D) is incorrect. To deceive is to lie, to cause something false

to be accepted as true. When the narrator says that the singular

disadvantage of the sea lies in the fact that every dangerous wave is

followed by another dangerous wave, he or she does not mean that

the disadvantage is somehow deceiving; on the contrary, the danger

is real. The narrator uses the term lies to mean residesthe

disadvantage is present as a quality of the continuous line of waves

at sea.


Choice (E) is incorrect. To extend is to stretch out to fullest length.

When the narrator says that the singular disadvantage of the sea lies

in the fact that every dangerous wave is followed by another

dangerous wave, he or she does not mean that the disadvantage is

stretching out; he or she merely means that the disadvantage is

present as a quality of the continuous line of waves at sea.

14


The sentence in lines 40-41 (Viewed . . . picturesque) primarily indicates that

(A) a detached observ er might find the scene aesthetically intriguing

(B) the men in the boat were not troubled by the seas turbulence

(C)the great distances inv olv ed at sea can make maintaining perspectiv e

difficult

(D) only those with a keen sense of natural beauty can truly appreciate the sea

(E) the best way to experience the seas v astness is from an elev ated position




Choice (A) is correct. In the sentence in lines 40-41, the narrator

suggests that someone viewing the men in the boat from above, as if

from a balcony, would find the scene weirdly picturesque. That

is, a detached observer, or someone who is not involved in the

situation, might think the scene is strangely charming in appearance

(the "wan light"; the grey faces; the strangely-glinting eyes). The

observer might find the scene aesthetically intriguing, or interesting

to look at.


Choice (B) is incorrect. In the sentence in lines 40-41, the narrator


from a balcony, would find the scene weirdly picturesque, or

strangely charming or quaint in appearance. A detached observer

might not be troubled by the seas turbulence, but nothing in the

sentence indicates that the men are not troubled by it. Indeed, later

the narrator suggests that the men might be troubled by the

turbulence when he or she states that they have no time to see the

picturesque quality of the scene, as they have other things to

occupy their minds as the waves . . . [roll] toward them.


Choice (C) is incorrect. In the sentence in lines 40-41, the narrator



strangely charming or quaint in appearance. Although the narrator

refers to someone viewing a scene from a distance, he or she does not

discuss the idea that the great distances involved at sea make it

difficult to maintain perspective, or to see objects in proper relation

to each other. Rather, the narrator uses the idea of an observer on a

balcony to suggest that a detached observersomeone who is not in

the mens boat at seamight find the scene interesting to look at.


Choice (D) is incorrect. In the sentence in lines 40-41, the narrator


from a balcony, would find the scene weirdly picturesque; that is,

a detached observer, or someone who is not involved in the situation,

might think the scene is strangely charming or quaint in appearance.

Rather than indicating that only those with a keen sense of natural

beauty can appreciate the sea, the narrator seems to suggest that any

outside observer might consider the entire scenenot just the sea

but also the men and the boatto be interesting in appearance.


Choice (E) is incorrect. In the sentence in lines 40-41, the narrator



strangely charming or quaint in appearance. Although the narrator

refers to someone viewing a scene from an elevated position, he or



she does not address the idea that the best way to experience the

seas vastness is from an elevated position. Rather, the narrator uses

the idea of a person on a balcony to suggest that the observer is

detachedthe observer is not actually involved in the situation.

Because the observer is not involved in the dangerous situation, he

or she would see only the scenes interesting appearance.

15


Choice (D) is correct. In the last paragraph the narrator states that

the men in the boat are oblivious to some aspects of the world around

them; indeed, The process of the breaking day was unknown to

them. The narrator indicates that the men had no time to see that

the sun swung steadily up in the sky; they only "knew it was broad

day" because the colour of the sea changed from slate to emerald

green. The men are so preoccupied with sailing the boat and battling

the sea that they are oblivious to, or unaware of, the changing sky.


Choice (A) is incorrect. In the last paragraph the narrator describes

the men as having eyes that glinted in strange ways as they gazed

steadily astern. This description might make it seem that the men

are not moving, but the narrator does not actually indicate that the

men in the boat are almost paralyzed, or nearly powerless to move,

or that they are experiencing a sense of inevitable doom. Rather, the

narrator suggests that the men are completely focused, aware only .

. . of the waves that rolled toward them.


Choice (B) is incorrect. The men might be keenly aware that the sea is

dangerous, since they have been surmounting huge waves; however,

the narrator does not actually state in the last paragraph that the men

in the boat are aware of the seas dangers. Further, the narrator

explicitly states that the men had no time to see the picturesque

aspects of the world around themThe process of the breaking day

was unknown to them, and they did not see that the sun swung

steadily up in the sky. They were too busy sailing the boat and

battling the sea to even look at the sky, much less to appreciate any

In the last paragraph, the men in the boat (line 42) are described as

(A) almost paraly zed by a sense of the inev itable doom facing them

(B) keenly aware that the sea is both beautiful and dangerous

(C) grateful to see day break because it signals a possibility of hope and rescue

(D) obliv ious to some aspects of the world around them

(E)so ov ercome by exhaustion that they hav e lost the ability to respond to

danger




natural beauty.


Choice (C) is incorrect. The men would likely be grateful to see

daybreak if they noticed it, but the narrator states in the last

paragraph that the men in the boat do not notice it: The process of

the breaking day was unknown to them. The narrator indicates that

the men had no time to see that the sun swung steadily up in the

sky and does not suggest that the men are hopeful that daybreak

brings a possibility of rescue.


Choice (E) is incorrect. The men in the boat might be exhausted after

surmounting wave after wave, but the narrator does not actually

indicate that the men are overcome with exhaustion; he or she only

states that the men had no time for leisure and that they had

things to occupy their minds. Further, there is no indication in the

last paragraph that the men have lost the ability to respond to

danger. They are unaware of some things going on around them

they did not see that the sun swung steadily up in the sky but it

seems that they are continuing to sail the boat, aware only of . . . the

waves that rolled toward them.

In this selection from a 1995 work, the author discusses the role of

photography in her own family and in African American culture as a whole.

Growing up in the 1950s, I was somewhat awed and at

times frightened by our extended family s emphasis on

picture taking. Every wall and corner of my grandparentsLine (and most every body elses) home was lined with5 photographs. When I was y oung, I never linked this

obsession with self-representation to our history as a

subjugated people.

For a long time cameras remained my sterious and off

limits to all of us but my father. As the only one in the10 family who had access to the equipment, who could learn

how to make the process work, my father exerted control

over our images. In charge of capturing our family history

with the camera, he called and took the shots. We were

constantly being lined up for picture taking, and it was15 y ears before our household could experience this as an

enjoy able activ ity , before any of the rest of us could be

behind the camera. Until then, picture taking was serious

business. I hated it. I hated posing. I hated cameras. I hated

the images that cameras produced. I wanted to leave no20 trace. I wanted there to be no walls in my life that would,

like gigantic maps, chart my journey . I wanted to stand

outside history .

That was twenty y ears ago. Now that I am passionately

involved with thinking critically about Black people and25 representation, I can confess that those walls of

photographs empowered me, and that I feel their absence in



16


Choice (D) is correct. An obsession is an extreme and excessive

concern with or focus on something. The author suggests that her

familys interest in photography was extreme: all the walls of many

family members homes were lined with photographs, and as a

youngster she was awed and at times frightened by her familys

emphasis on photography. The author uses the term obsession to

emphasize the extremity of her familys interest in photography.


my life. Right now I long for those walls, those curatorial

spaces in the home that express our will to make and

display images.30 My mothers mother was a keeper of walls. Throughout

my childhood, v isits to her house were like trips to a gallery

or museumexperiences we did not have because of racial

segregation. We would stand before the walls of images

and learn the importance of the arrangement, why a certain35 photograph was placed here and not there. The walls were

fundamentally different from photo albums. Rather than

shutting images away , where they could be seen only upon

request, the walls were a public announcement of the

primacy of the image, the joy of image making. To enter40 Black homes in my childhood was to enter a world that

valued the v isual, that asserted our collective will to

participate in a curatorial process.

Drawing from the past, from those walls of images I

grew up with, I gather snapshots and lay them out to see45 what narratives the images tell, what they say without

words. I search these images to see if there are imprints

waiting to be seen, recognized, and read. Together, a Black

male friend and I lay out the snapshots of his boy hood to

see when he began to lose a certain openness, to discern at50 what age he began to shut down, to close himself away .

Through these images, my friend hopes to find a way back

to the self he once was. We are awed by what our snapshots

reveal, what they enable us to remember.

The word remember (re-member) evokes the coming55 together of severed parts, fragments becoming a whole.

Photography has been, and is, central to that aspect of racial

empowerment that calls us back to the past and offers us a

way to reclaim and renew life-affirming bonds. Using

images, we connect ourselves to a recuperative, redemptive60 memory that enables us to construct identities, images of

ourselves.

The author uses obsession in line 6 in order to

(A) rev eal her own strong interest in family history

(B) demonstrate the extent of her inv olv ement with her parents

(C) show her admiration for her family s dev otion to a hobby

(D) suggest that there was something extreme about the adults behav ior

(E) deplore the effects of excessiv e picture taking on the community




Choice (A) is incorrect. Although the author does later in life develop

interests in both photography andto a lesser extenther familys

history, she is not describing her own interests in the first paragraph.

Rather, she is describing her familys somewhat frightening

preoccupation with photography, using the term obsession to

emphasize the extremity of her familys interest in photography.


Choice (B) is incorrect. In the second paragraph the author discusses

her interaction with her father as he took family photos (my father

exerted control over our images. . . . he called and took the shots. We

were constantly being lined up for picture taking). However, in the

first paragraph the author is discussing her extended familys

emphasis on picture taking. She uses the term obsession not to

characterize her involvement with her parents, but to emphasize the

extremity of her entire familys interest in photography.


Choice (C) is incorrect. Although the author is discussing her familys

devotion to a hobby, it is clear that as a child she considered this

devotion to picture taking excessive and unpleasant; indeed, later

in the passage she states, "I hated it. I hated posing. I hated cameras."

When the author uses the term obsession she is not showing

admiration; she is emphasizing the extremity of her familys

behavior.


Choice (E) is incorrect. Although the author remembers that as a

child she had negative feelings about what she considered her

familys excessive interest in photography, she does not suggest that

she deplores, or disapproves of, the effects of excessive picture

taking on the community. There is no evidence in the first paragraph

that the author is concerned with photographys effect on the

community.

17


Choice (C) is correct. In these lines, the author is speaking about her

childhood aversion to her fathers picture taking, saying that she

hated it. To heighten the readers impression of her resentment,

The authors attitude toward photography in lines 1 8-22 is best described as

(A) mild impatience with a habitual activ ity

(B) grudging approv al of an unusual practice

(C) intense resentment of an unwelcome intrusion

(D) acute regret for a childhood misconception

(E) growing ambiv alence about a family tradition




she uses repetition: I hated posing, I hated cameras, I hated the

images, I wanted to leave no trace, I wanted to stand outside

history. Clearly, during this period before picture taking became an

enjoyable activity for the author, her resentment of, or indignation

about, the unwelcome intrusion of being photographed was intense.


Choice (A) is incorrect. Although the author is indeed speaking of a

habitual activityher fathers picture takingher attitude towards it

is far beyond mild impatience: she hated it, wanted to have no part

in the process, and ultimately wanted it to stop. Clearly she loathed,

or resented, the unwelcome intrusion of being photographed.


Choice (B) is incorrect. In these lines, the author is expressing her

childhood bitterness towards her fathers picture taking: she hated

it, wanted to have no part in the process, and ultimately wanted it to

stop. She is clearly not expressing approvalgrudging or otherwise

and she is not speaking of an unusual practiceindeed, she considers

her fathers picture taking far too common and suggests that many of

her family members also took a great number of pictures.


Choice (D) is incorrect. Later in the passage, after she has come to

appreciate the importance of photography to her community, the

author might be said to regret her earlier misconception that

photography was intrusive and unpleasant; however, at this point in

the passage she is clearly talking about her childhood aversion to her

fathers picture taking, a pastime she resented intensely.


Choice (E) is incorrect. In the passage, the author basically describes

two attitudes towards her familys photography: early resentment,

and later acceptance. Nowhere in this passage does she display

ambivalence, or mixed feelings. In these lines she is discussing her

childhood aversion to photography; she is not ambivalent.

18

Explanation for Correct Answer E :

In line 21 , chart most nearly means

(A) analy ze statistically

(B) present as a table

(C) reward

(D) predict

(E) chronicle




Choice (E) is correct. In lines 2021, the author refers back to the

walls in her grandparents and other family members' homes that

displayed various photographs. She compares these walls to maps

in that they chart [lifes] journey, apparently that of her and her

family from childhood through adulthood. It is clear from the

context that the word chronicle, or record, is closest to what is

meant by the word chart as it is used in line 21; the walls are maps

that record lifes journey.


Choice (A) is incorrect. In lines 2021, the author refers back to the




family from childhood through adulthood. The author is speaking

metaphorically, of course; it is unlikely that she believes that a wall

of photographs could statistically analyze her journey through

different phases of life.


Choice (B) is incorrect. In lines 2021, the author refers back to the




family from childhood through adulthood. The author is speaking

metaphorically; it is unlikely that she believes that a wall of

photographs could analyze her journey through life, or present her

journey through different phases of life as a table.


Choice (C) is incorrect. In lines 2021, the author refers back to the




family from childhood through adulthood. Although one might

feasibly find such a map rewarding, it does not make sense to say that

the walls could reward her journey through different phases of life.


Choice (D) is incorrect. In lines 2021, the author refers back to the




family from childhood through adulthood. Photographs serve as a

record of past events; it is somewhat illogical to suggest that they

could predict, or foretell, future events. Therefore, it does not make

sense to say that such a map could predict the authors journey

through different phases of life.



19


Choice (A) is correct. In this part of the passage, the author is

recalling her childhood hatred of having her picture taken. She gives

reasons for this hatred: I wanted to leave no trace. I wanted there to

be no walls in my life that would, like gigantic maps, chart my

journey. It is clear from the context that the author is speaking

metaphorically; in comparing walls covered with photographs to

maps, she is implicitly comparing her progress through life to a

journey that could be charted, or documented, with pictures.


Choice (B) is incorrect. In this part of the passage, the author is




journey. It is clear from the context that she is speaking

metaphorically, comparing walls covered with photographs to maps,

and her life to a journey that could be charted, or documented,

with pictures. While it is obvious that she has undergone

development as a writer, that journey is not what she is discussing

here.


Choice (C) is incorrect. In this part of the passage, the author is







with pictures. She is not speaking of physically traveling on a journey

to visit distant relatives.


Choice (D) is incorrect. Although she does elsewhere in the passage

connect the study of photography with the understanding of family

history, in this part of the passage the author is recalling her

childhood hatred of having her picture taken. She gives reasons for

this hatred: I wanted to leave no trace. I wanted there to be no walls

in my life that would, like gigantic maps, chart my journey. It is

In line 21 , journey refers to the authors

(A) progress through life

(B) dev elopment as a writer

(C) trav el to v isit distant relativ es

(D) understanding of family history

(E) exploration of the local community




clear from the context that she is speaking metaphorically,

comparing walls covered with photographs to maps, and her life to a

journey that could be charted, or documented, with pictures.


Choice (E) is incorrect. In this part of the passage, the author is







with pictures. She is not speaking of a literal exploration of her local

community.

20


Choice (D) is correct. In lines 2327, the author is discussing how she

came to embrace photographyafter years and years of rejecting it

as an empowering force, especially for members of minority groups.

The absence she speaks of is the absence of this empowerment and

of those curatorial spaces in the homethat is, the walls of

photographsthat express our will to make and display images.

These descriptions, when combined with the earlier mention of walls

in relatives homes that were lined with photographs, clearly speak

of a sustaining tradition of taking and displaying photographs; the

absence is the lack of this tradition.


Choice (A) is incorrect. In lines 2327, the author is discussing how

she came to embrace photographyafter years and years of rejecting

itas an empowering force, especially for members of minority

groups. The absence she speaks of is the absence of this

empowerment and of those curatorial spaces in the homethat is,

the walls of photographsthat express our will to make and display

images. In other words, she is not speaking of the absence of a

constraining force, but rather of the opposite: an empowering force,

or a sustaining tradition.


In line 26, absence refers metaphorically to a lack of a

(A) constraining force

(B) cluttered space

(C) negativ e influence

(D) sustaining tradition

(E) joy ful occasion




Choice (B) is incorrect. In lines 2327, the author is discussing how






images. Although a wall of photographs might literally be termed a

cluttered space, the author is speaking metaphorically here about the

absence of the sustaining tradition of taking and displaying

photographs


Choice (C) is incorrect. In lines 2327, the author is discussing how






images. In other words, she is not speaking of the absence of a

negative influence, but rather of the opposite: a positive and

empowering force, or a sustaining tradition.


Choice (E) is incorrect.

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incorrect answer d

incorrect answer e

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