A N N A L E S H I S T O R I C O - N A T U R A L E S M U S E I N A T I O N A L I S H U N G A R I C I Tomus 74. Budapest, 1982 p. 351-357.

The odontological aspect in the ethnogenesis of Hungarians, II .

by T. T Ó T H , Budapest

Abstract — Odontological data from different ethnogeographic groups of Hungarian people have been evaluated regarding some ethnogenetical problems. With 3 tables and 1 figure.

P r o l e g o m e n a . In this part of the series one of the morphological features of the molar chewing surface has been analyzed, which has only slightly been taken into account in the general literature. The distal trigonid crest was first described by WEIDENREICH (1937) in his monograph about the comparative odontography of the Hominids. A definition of this phenomenon is given by him in connection with analysis of the lower deciduous molars from Sinanthropus (p. 112-117). The tips of the metaconid and protoconid are connected by the distal trigonid crest, which at the same time divi­des the molar chewing surface into two parts (trigonid and talonid). The occurrence of this crest on the lower premolars was established by REMANE (1952), whereas HANIHARA (1961, after ZUBOV 1967) found it to be present on deciduous molars. In his second paper HANIHARA (1963) briefly commented upon this crest, but he did not consider the presence of this crest as an element of the Mongoloid den­tal complex (HANIHARA 1966, 1970, 1976; HANIHARA et al 1975). It was ZUBOV (1967, 1968 a, b) who first analyzed the occurence of the distal trigonid crest on the permanent molars ; he emphasized the differential diagnostic importance of this trait in ethnogenetical investigations. The same morpholo­gical phenomenon was studied by KIRVESKART (1974, 1978) on the Lapps of Finland. ZUBOV (1973), comparing 34 Europoid and Mongoloid groups, provided numerous important data on the inter­continental distribution of this crest, by analysing several thousand permanent molars ; his investiga­tions resulted in the first comprehensive monograph on ethnical odontology (ZUBOV & HALDEEVA 1979) including the results of studies considering the distal trigonid crest as well.

Material and methods

It is the first occasion that the first lower molar has been studied with regard to the distal trigonid crest on adult males belonging to a number of different ehtnogeographical groups of Hungarians. The period of the investigations lasted from November to March inthe years 1969/1970 and 1970/1971, respectively. For visual evaluation of the chewing surface, a dentistic speculum was used. As generally accepted, recent populations are to be characterized by the presence or absence ( + viz. O) of the distal trigonid crest (ZUBOV 1973). Our findings are presented in tables. Data about the above-mentioned odontomorphoscopic trait have been sampled from 3310 men (aged between 20 and 60) living in 28 different localities. The localities were as follows: Őriszentpéter, Szalafő, Bajánsenye (all from the Őrség), Csonkahegyhát, Kustánszeg, Becsvölgye, Milejszeg, Petrikeresztúr (all from Göcsej), Karcag, Kunmadaras, Kunhegyes (all from the Middle-Tisza region). Jászapáti, Jászárokszállás, Jászfény­szaru (all from Jászság), Taktaharkány, Taktakenéz, Taktabáj (all from Taktaköz), Gacsáj, Rozsály, Matolcs (all from Szamoshát), Aszaló, Szikszó, Szendrő, Boldva (northeastern group of the so-called Palócság), Gyöngyöstarján, Mezőkövesd (southern group of the so-called Palócság and Matyós), Himód, Kisfalud (from Rábaköz). Thus the study material consists of the ethnogeographical groups of the Hungarian people living in the Transdanubian as well as in the Middle- and Upper-Tisza regions. Data were taken from the same persons on whom the lingual surface of the upper incisors has been investigated as well (TÓTH 1981).

INTERPRETATION OF THE RESULTS

The pattern of the chewing surface of the first lower permanent molar was analyzed in 1239 men (Table 1). Comparing our findings with the whole contingent of the local groups (3310 individuals), we have obtained interesting information about the clinical

state of the dentition of the studied groups : in more than 60% of the adult men this molar was missing. This may be connected wi th the social hygienic conditions experienced during postnatal ontogenesis.

While analysing the odontoscopical data of Hungarian men it was found that the frequ­ency of the presence of the distal trigonid crest on the first lower molar seemed to be very

Fig. 1. Topography of some ethnic groups (after Table 2-3)* — M o n g o l o i d s and V e d d o-A u s t r a l o i d s . 1: Mongols from Mongolia, 2: Kazakhs, 3: Koreans, 4: Santals (East India), 5 : Munda (East India), 6 : Oraons(East India). - F i n n i s h-U g o r s. 1 : Upland Mari, 2: Mea­dow Mari, 3: Komi (Izhem district), 4: Komi (southerns), 5^Khantis (northerns), 6: Mansis (nort­herns). - E u r o p o i d s . 1: Hungarians (summarized), 2 : Őrség, 3 : Göcsej, 4 : Rábaköz, 5 : Nagy­kunság, 6: Jászság, 7: South-Palócság with Matyó, 8: North-East Palócság, 9: Taktaköz, 10: Szamos­hát, l l :Tadjiks (Tshust) 12:Tadjiks (summarized), 13:Tadjiks (Ghantshi), 14:Tadjiks (Sanghardak), 15: Osset :Dzhava, 16: Gudjars (North India), 17: Radjputs (North India), 18: Tshamars (North India)

*Shovel-shaped incisors data are given in the I . part of this paper ( T Ó T H 1981) and also in Z U B O V (1973) .

different in the studied local groups. The lowest frequency characterized the north-eastern group of the so-called Palócság (Szendrő, 1.1%), whereas the highest one was found in men from the south-western part of the Transdanubian region (Petrikeresztur, 31.9%) (Table 1). Relatively high frequency values were characteristic for one of the local groups from the Middle-Tisza region (Kunmadaras, 31.6%). I t deserves special attention that the frequency values of the distal trigonid crest are mostly connected with a low number of cases. Taken as a whole, this odontoscopical phenomenon could be established only on 153 individuals in the studied local groups of Hungarian men (Table 1). It is probably connected with the fact that in more than 2000 individuals of the studied contingent this molar was missing the dentition. This situation indicates an integration of the local groups according to the given ethnogeographical regions. This makes clearer the outlining of a tendency for the taxonomic diagnostical effectiveness of the distal trigonid crest. Evaluating our data in this way the lowest frequency seems to be characteristic also for the north-eastern groups living in the so-called Palócság, whereas the highest one for the groups inhabiting the south-western part of the Transdanubian region (Göcsej) (Table 3). This odontoscopical trait seems to be very rare in the region of Rábaköz as well as in the southern group of the so-called Palócság and among the Matyós. According to earlier findings ( Z U B O V , 1973) the frequency of this trait is 5% among Europoids, whereas among Mongoloids its frequency values are usually as high as 28-33%. Nevertheless, among the people of the Indian subcontinent belonging to the south-eastern region of the Europoids area the frequency of this trait established for the Veddo-Australoid groups is higher (Oraons, 46.3%) than among Mongoloids (Table 2). It deserves attention that the frequency values of the distal trigonid crest characterizing Westsiberian Ugors are significantly lower than the values for Hungarians living in Göcsej , Nagykunság, Jászság and Taktaköz. The frequency values found for these ethnogeographical regions seem to be very similar to those which are characteristic not only for East Fins, but for the recent groups of North India (Tables 2, 3). This fact finds a clear expression in the topographical nearness of the studied ethnogeographical groups of Hungarian people to the population contingent of North India (Fig. 1). Representatives of the Mongoloid racial stock are in this respect very far from the groups of Hungarian men. The observation accor­ding to which the differential diagnostic value is determined by the absence of whatever functional correlation between the different traits, seems for us to be. of great importance. This could be established by ZUBOV (1973) with respect to the distal trigonid crest and the shovel-shaped upper incisors. For the whole dental system the differential diagnostic sig­nificance of these two patterns proved to be very high (ZUBOV 1968 a,b; 1973). Concerning these two odontomorphological patterns the ethnogeographical groups of Hungarian men are very close not only to the East Fins, but to a number of Central-Asiatic and Caucasian groups as well (Table 2, 3; Fig. 1). According to the results of recent investigations, relatively high frequency values (15-40%) have been found not only in the hybrid groups of Europo-Mongoloids, but in the southern subcontinental area of.the Europoid racial stock (including Veddo-Australoids). Continental comparisons led Z U B O V (1979) to the conclusion that the distal trigonid crest represents one of the determining components especially that of the southern gracilic odontological type. Supposing the objectivity of the frequency values found in the different groups of Hungarian people, the distal trigonid crest shows clearly — within the scope of the morphological systems—the considerable share of the Souihern-Europoid subcontinent complex in the anthropological composition o f Hungarians (Table 3).

Acknowledgements — The author wishes to express his appreciation to professors Y A . Y A . ROGHINSKY and A. A. ZUBOV for their consultative advice about odonto-anthropological problems as well as to the leaders and leading corporations of the counties and villages in the mentioned terri­tories for their administrative help.

23 Természettudományi Múzeum Évkönyve 1982

References

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KOTSHIYEV, R . S. (1979): Zakavkazie i Severnui Kavkaz. - In: ZUBOV, A. A. & HALDEEVA. N . I . , Etnitsheskaia odontologia SSSR, Moskva: 114-141 (in Russian).

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TÓTH, T . (1979): Some problems in the somatology of Hungarian people. — Annls hist.-nat.Mus. natn. hung.. 71: 315-319.

TÓTH. T . (1981): The odontological aspect in the ethnogenesis of Hungarians, I . - Annls hist.-nat. Mus. natn. hung., 73: 305-312.

WEIDENREICH, F . (1937): The dentition of Sinanthropus pekinensis: A comparative odontography of the Hominids. - Pa/aeontol. Sinica (N. Ser. D . , No. 1), Whole Series No. 101: 1-180.

ZUBOV, A. A. (1967): Distalnui grebeny trigonida na postoiannuih nizhnih moliarah tshelovieka. — Qeust. Anthrop., 26: 144-151 (in Russian).

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ZUBOV, A. A. (1968b): Odontologia. - Moskva: 3-199 (in Russian). ZUBOV, A. A. (1973): Etnitsheskaia odontologia. - Moskva: 3-203 (in Russian) ZUBOV, A. A. (1979): Zaklutshenie. - In: ZUBOV, A. A. & HALDEEVA, N . I . , Etnitsheskaia odonto­

logia SSSR, Moskva: 229-251 (in Russian). ZUBOV, A. A., BABAKOV, O. B., DUBOVA N . A., RUEKUSINA, G. V. & HODJAYOV, T. K. (1979) : Naro-

due Srednei Azii i Kazahstana. - In : ZUBOV, A. A. & HALDEEVA, N . I . , Etnitsheskaia odontolo­gia SSSR, Moskva: 164-186 (in Russian).

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Author's address: D R . T I B O R T Ó T H

Anthropological Department Hungarian Natural History Museum 1062 Budapest, Bajza utca 39 Hungary

Table 1. - Frequency of the distal trigonid crest in Hungarian males

~~ - — L e f t lower Mi Present Absent Total number ——_

(n) (n) left M i present individuals

Localities — (n) % (n) left M i present examined

Öriszentpéter _ 100 (5) (5) (30) Szalafő — — 100 (8) (8) (30) Bajánsenye 16.7 (2) 83.3 (10) (12) (55) Csonkahegyhát 12.9 (4) 87.1 (27) (31) (76) Kustánszeg 16.3 (7) 83.7 (36) (43) (130) Becsvölgye 21.9 (14) 78.1 (50) (64) (215) Milejszeg 17.4 (4) 82.6 (19) (23) (75) Petrikeresztúr 31.9 (15) 68.1 (32) (47) (138) Karcag 19.6 (10) 80.4 (41) (51) (152) Kunmadaras 31.6 (6) 68.4 (13) (19) (84) Kunhegyes 16.7 (10) 83.3 (50) (60) (151) Jászapáti 15.6 (5) 84.4 (27) (32) (81) Jászárokszállás 16.4 (10) 83.6 (51) (61) (120) Jászfényszaru 23.7 (14) 76.3 (45) (59) (136) Taktaharkány I +11 16.1 (13) 83.9 (68) (81) (174) Taktakenéz 11.7 (9) 88.3 (68) (77) (147) Taktabáj 6.6 (4) 93.4 (57) (61) (127) Gacsáj 12.2 (5) 87.8 (36) (41) (101) Rozsály — — 100 (28) (28) (55) Matolcs 12.8 (5) 87.2 (34) (39) (155) Aszaló 3.9 (2) 96.1 (49) (51) (129) Szikszó 5.4 (3) 94.6 (53) (56) (152) Szendrő 1.1 (D 98.9 (88) (89) (157) Boldva — — 100 (29) (29) (101) Gyöngyöstarján - - 100 (67) (67) (165) Himód 5.7 (2) 94.3 (33) (35) (111) Kisfalud 3.8 (D 96.2 (25) (26) (137) Mezőkövesd 15.9 (7) 84.1 (37) (44) (126)

Mean % (sample size) : 12.3 (153) 87.7 (1086) (1239) (3310)

Table 2. - Some comparative data of distal trigonid crest in different ethnic groups (males)

Groups, authors, years

Hungarians (summarized; T Ó T H 1977) Mongols (Mongolia; ZOLOTARYEVA ; ZUBOV 1973) Kazakhs (ZUBOV 1973) Koreans (ZUBOV 1973) Ukrainians (DIATSHENKO; ZUBOV 1973) Boulgars (DIATSHENKO ; ZUBOV 1973) Finns from Helsinki (ZUBOV 1973) Lituanians (Kretinga; ZUBOV 1973) Russians (Kalininsk; DONINA ; ZUBOV 1973) Khakhassians (ZUBOV 1973) Osset-Digors (DIATSHENKO ; ZUBOV 1973) Osset-Irons (KOTSHIEV 1979) Osset-Dzhava (KOTSHIEV 1979) Osset-Digors (KOTSHIEV 1979) Armenians (Goris; KOTSHIEV 1979) Azherbaidjans (summarized; GHASHIMOVA 1979) Azherbaidjans (Shamhor; GHASHIMOVA 1979) Lezghin-Samours (Daghestan; GHADZHIYEV 1979) Rutuls (Daghestan; GHADZHIYEV 1979) Uzbekhs (summarized; ZUBOV et al. 1979) Tadjiks (Ghantshi; ZUBOV ct al. 1979) Tadjiks (Sanghardak; ZUBOV et al. 1979) Tadjiks (Tshust; ZUBOV et al. 1979) Tadjiks (summarized; ZUBOV et al. 1979) Uzbekhs (Namangan; ZUBOV et al. 1979) Upland Mari (ZUBOV 1973) Meadow Mari (ZUBOV 1973) Komi-Zyrians (Izhem-district ; AKSIANOVA 1979) Komi-Zyrians (Southerns; AKSIANOVA 1979) Khantis (Northerns; DAVIDOVA ; AKSIANOVA 1979) Mansis (Northerns; DAVIDOVA ; AKSIANOVA 1979) Gudjars (North India; ZUBOV 1973) Radjputs (North India; ZUBOV 1973) Tshamars (North India; ZUBOV 1973) Djatis (North India; ZUBOV 1973) Akhirs (North India; ZUBOV 1973) Kannára (South India, Lower casts; ZUBOV 1973) Bengals (Lower casts; ZUBOV 1973) Santals (East India; ZUBOV 1973) Munda (East India; ZUBOV 1973) Oraons (East India; ZUBOV 1973)

153 12.3 212 32.1 317 22.6 79 44.4

141 0.0 123 5.5 91 2.2

150 3.3 219 0.4 118 32.2 103 0.0 101 3.9 94 5.3 99 7.0

107 1.9 2030? 7.2 2030? 6.2

79 3.8 71 10.0

401 8.7 76 4.0 73 4.0

129 9.2 717 4.0 166 12.8 95 13.8 93 18.2 53 1.9 43 2.3 31 3.2 70 7.1

101 5.9 96 12.5

100 19.0 96 11.5 88 9.1 81 20.3 44 25.0 72 31.9 27 37.0 69 46.3

L eft lower Mi

Table 3. — Comparison of the frequency distributions of different morphological systems in Hungarian males

Characteristics

Territorial groups ^""-"---^^

Distal trigonid crest, M *

N (n) %

Shovel-shaped upper medial incisors (2+3)

N %

Somatoscopic index

N M * *

South-West, Őrség 25 (2) 8.0 4 6.8 115 9.2 South-West, Göcsej 208 (44) 21.1 50 11.4 634 18.5 North-West, Rábaköz 61 (3) 4.9 28 20.0 247 7.1 Tisza-Basin, Nagykunság 130 (26) 20.0 33 15.2 387 12.3 Tisza-Basin, Jászság 152 (29) 19.1 61 26.1 337 17.4 South Palócság ( +Matyó) 111 (7) 6.3 58 27.9 291 9.9 North-East Palócság 225 (6) 2.7 79 22.4 540 13.9 North Hungary, Taktaköz 219 (26) 11.8 51 14.8 448 12.2 N-E Hungary, Szamoshát 108 (10) 9.2 30 15.5 311 10.8

Total of samples, mean % 1239 (153) 12.3 394 17.8 3310 13.4

For sample size of N and (n) see Table 1. •From the manuscript of author of the present paper ( T Ó T H , 1974) . ••Summarized means from ten morphoscopic characters ( T Ó T H , 1979) .