the ocean as a microbial habitat matthew church marine microplankton ecology ocn 626/fall 2008
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The Ocean as a Microbial Habitat
Matthew ChurchMarine Microplankton Ecology
OCN 626/Fall 2008
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The Ocean as a Habitat
• Energy, nutrients, and life
• Description of the physical, chemical, and biological environment
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• What does life require?– Energy– Nutrients (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen,
sulfur, etc., etc.)– Electron donor-a source of reductant– Electron acceptor- required for respiration
• Common habitat controls microorganism distributions and abundance– Light– Nutrients– Temperature– Pressure– Redox environment
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Energy flows, matter cycles
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Sources of energy for life in the sea
• Light-aside from hydrothermal vents, sunlight is the ultimate energy source for life in the sea (phototrophy).
• Chemical-both organic and inorganic compounds (chemotrophy).
H2S Glucose
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Nutrient sources
• Nitrogen: protein, nucleic acids– NO3
-, NO2-, N2, NH3, organic N
• Phosphorus: nucleic acids, lipids– PO4
3-, organic P
• Carbon: nucleic acids, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, etc.– CO2, organic C
• Sulfur: amino acids, protein, lipids– SO4
2-, S, H2S, organic S
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• Light, Salinity, Nutrients, Temperature, Pressure
Spatial gradients in the marine environment
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Time-space scales of physical processes
B
P
ZF
From T. Dickey
Scales of variability are importantNote that increasing time scales generally
correspond to increasing space
scales
•Generation time of a tree:
years
•Generation time of
microbe:minutes to
days
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Temperature-salinity plot from Station ALOHA showing the time-dependent changes in physical ocean properties. Note greater variability in physical
environment in upper 200 m; deep sea (>1000 m) largely invariant with time.
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NOAA-NESDIS-National Oceanographic Data Center
~30X variation in temperature in the surface ocean
~4X variation in temperature in the deep sea
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Sea Surface Temperature Chl a (°C) (mg m-3)
The ocean is stirred more than mixed
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Yoder, 1994
Spatial discontinuities at various scales (basin, mesoscale, microscale) in the ocean habitat play an important role in controlling the growth of microorganisms.
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Shelford’s Law of Tolerances:The distribution and abundance of an
organism will be controlled by that environmental factor for which the species has
the narrowest range of tolerance.
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Oceans
Organisms have evolved specific tolerances to habitat variables (light, temperature, nutrients,
pH, oxygen, salinity)Group
ClassificationMinimum Optimum Maximum
Psychrophile <0 10-15 >20
Psychrotroph 0 15-20 >25
Mesophile 10-15 30-40 <45
Thermophile 45 50-85 >100
Most organisms in the oceans are psychrophiles and mesophiles
Oceans
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Div
isio
ns p
er d
ay
Temperature (oC)
Temperature plays an important role in
controlling plankton growth and distributions. In this example, diatoms
have a wider range of optimal temperatures
than flagellated phytoplankton.
Which group of plankton would be predicted to
have a more cosmopolitan distribution?
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Light transmission through the atmosphere and ocean
Visible
UV
Infrared
Energy impinging on the Earth’s surface is most
intense in visible portion of the spectrum
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Profile of irradiance with depth
Data from Station ALOHA
Downwelling irradiance (W cm-2 nm-1)
0 20 40 60 80 100
De
pth
(m
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
412 nm510 nm 665 nm
Downwelling irradiance (W cm-2 nm-1)
0.1 1 10 100 1000
De
pth
(m
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
412 nm510 nm 665 nm
In the blue-green regions of the visible spectrum, sunlight penetrates deep into the ocean
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Differences in growth as a
function of light energy by
4 isolates of Prochlorococcus
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Vertical Profiles of Nutrients
Nutrient distributions with depth (pressure) at Station ALOHA
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NOAA-NESDIS-National Oceanographic Data Center
Nutrient availability is governed by physics: mixing, upwelling, advection, diffusion AND biology: the balance between assimilation and remineralization
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7 years of ocean chlorophyll from satellites
Mean
Maximum
Minimum
High latitudes are highly variable, central
gyres more stable
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Spatially coherent interannual variability in selected ecosystems (equator for example) but most ocean
ecosystems appear highly variable in space and time
Biological variability in space and time
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The mesopelagic zone is an important
region of decomposition.
Photosynthetically derived material
produced in the well-lit upper ocean sinks
to the ocean’s interior-microbes in the mesopelagic rely
on this sinking material for energy.
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NO3- + NO2
- (mol L-1)
0 10 20 30 40 50
De
pth
(m
)0
1000
2000
3000
4000
PacificAtlantic
Basin scale differences in
nutrient concentrations
controlled by biology (decomposition) and
physics (thermohaline
circulation)
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The bathypelagic
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Barophilic (or piezophilic) microorganisms
• Barophilic microorganisms grow optimally at pressures in excess of 1 atm.
• Low temperatures and high pressures both solidify lipids (cell membranes).
• Microorganisms can adapt to changes in pressure by increasing or decreasing the fluidity of cell membranes through changes in fatty acid composition (through production of unsaturated fatty acids)
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Yayanos et al. (1981) PNAS
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Interactive influences of pressure and temperature on the growth of a bacterium isolated from Mariana Trench