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The Nutritionist 2019

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11 April 20199:00 am EDT6:00 pm EDTDr Akira SaitoZen-Raku-Ren

Feeding CalvesIn Robotic Systems

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Zen-Raku-Ren

Feeding Calves in Robotic Systems

Akira Saito, D.V.M., P.A.S Zen-Raku-Ren (Japan)

Research and Development Consultant

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Cattle Industry in Japan 2016

The Population: 126 hundred million

The gross area: 378,000Km2

Dairy Farm: 17,000

Dairy Cattle: 1,345,000

Beef Farm: 51,900

Beef Cattle: 2,642,000

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How did we get here?

Today, many Japanese dairies enjoy Intensified Calf feeding and Robotic calf feeding system…because it works well for Dairy Calves and Wagyu Calves.

But, how did we get here ?

It was a long way to reach a 21st century calf feeding system.

In 1950s, Zen-Raku-Ren (The National Federation of Dairy Co-op Association) was formed and started developing CMR (Calf Milk Replacer) named “Calftop” for dairy farmers which required a more scientific approach.

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Zen-Raku-Ren Calf Program 1967

1967, Zen-Raku-Ren started to produce our first CMR named “Calftop”.

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Nutrition profile and feeding program of CMR, Calf Starter and heifer growers based on Zen-Raku-Ren research farm trial results.

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Variety of Calf feeding program for different labor and purpose of animals.

/head/day

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Developed and introduced by Dr. Mike Van Amburgh

“There is no specific definition for Intensified Calf program. We didn’t

feed enough to provide adequate nutrition for calves. Thus, we have been

loosing them. We just need feed them:

Zen-Raku-Ren Dairy Seminar 2005 Dr. Mike Van Amburgh

Intensified Calf Feeding Program

1. Feed enough energy especially in cold environments

2. Double the birth weight by 56 days of age.

3. Support gain and its composition for future purpose.

Zen-Raku-Ren did calf trials since 2003 with guidance

from Dr. Mike Van Amburgh, then started to produce

CMR as of January 2005 after Dr. Van Amburgh’s Japan

seminar.

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This approach is independent of “Accelerated Growth” or “Intensified Feeding”

more appropriately called

“biologically normal”

By James Drackley

Intensified Calf Feeding Program

Since intensified calf feeding program was introduced, this

concept has been supported by many researchers and farms.

Zen-Raku-Ren Dairy Seminar 2010 Dr. James Drackley

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Comparison of Calf feeding system by BOTTLE

weekCalftop EX

CP24-Fat21Calf Starter kg/d Hay

0 Colostrum* offer

None or

small

amount

1 6000.1

2 800

3 1,200 0.2

4 1,200 0.3

5 1,200 0.4

6 800 0.7

7 600 1.3

8 2.0 0.2

9 2.4 0.4

10

2.5

0.6

11 0.8

90day 1.0

total 44.8 kg 102.5 kg 20 kg

weekCalftop

CP24-Fat21

Calf Starter

kg/dHay

0 Colostrum* offer

1 400g 0.1 None or

small

amount2 500g 0.2

3 500g 0.4 0.1

4 500g 0.7 0.2

5 500g 1.0 0.2

6 1.5 0.3

7 1.7 0.4

8 2.0 0.6

9 2.2 0.8

10 2.4 0.9

112.5

1.0

90day 1.2

total 16.8 kg 117.9 kg 40.1 kg

Past standard program Intensified program

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45kg calf nutrition requirement with different

growth rate

Daily Gain

kg/d

ME

Mcal/d

DM intake

kg/d

ADP

g/d

CP

g/d

CP%DM

0.20 2.35 0.51 87 94 18.0

0.40 2.89 0.64 140 150 23.4

0.60 3.48 0.76 193 207 26.6

0.80 4.13 0.90 235 253 27.5

1.00 4.80 1.10 286 307 28.7

Van Amburgh and Drackley, 2005

X２

X３

As Growth rate increases more protein required than Energy.

Also, we needed to match environment temperature and energy supply.

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Zen-Raku-Ren CMR nutritional profileLactose % from CMR formulation

Zenrakuren CMR CP% Crude Fat% Lactose%

Calftop-EX for Holstein Intensified program 28.0 15.0 37.3

Calftop-EX Black for Wagyu Intensified program 28.0 18.0 34.2

Calftop for Conventional Holstein program 24.0 21.0 36.9

Calftop ET for Conventional Wagyu program 26.0 25.5 31.5

Calftop F1 for Conventional Wagyu program 25.0 23.0 34.4

Calftop ZERO for Unsalable milk balancer 33.0 0 43.8

All milk powder (example) 25.0 30 39

We recommend higher fat for winter lower fat in summer.

If the farm was feeding Calftop-EX for Holstein Intensified program, when temperature was extremely cold,

we recommend more CMR and higher Fat CMR. Some use AMTS Calf model for confirm nutrition.

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Northern America CMR vs Whole Milk

Why we lower the Lactose = prevent scour

Most North American CMR are high in lactose and osmolarity, low in fat compared with whole milk

300 mOsmwhole milk /body fluid

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Milk MR

other ash

protein fat

lactose

18%

45%37%

31%

Calftop EX

□ 37%

15%

28%

7%

Calftop-EX

282-457 mOsmDilution rate X5~8

Zen-Raku-Ren Dairy Seminar 2019 Dr. Mike Steele

400-600 mOsmMR

Unknown dilution rate

C

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Progress of Calf Feeding

Since Intensified Calf program was introduced, we saw huge impact on growth and health.

Furthermore, many farms confirmed better production performance for entire life of cows.

Robotic?

Since late 90’s Japan have been importing Robotic CMR Feeders.

This made more progress with Intensified calf feeding system.

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ROBOTIC CALF FEEDING SYSTEM

Japan has been importing Robotic calf feeder since 1990’s.

Totally 4,000 of machines imported and currently working approx.1,500.

This system improved labor costs and promoted good calf growth.

To match this system, we must adapt:

➢ Feeding program

➢ Housing system for group

➢ CMR quality Mr. Forster President of Forster Technik, 2004

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Challenges

Feeding program • Must change One gallon per day policy

• Intensive feeding with wrong Calf Milk Replacer

• Wrong fat - Triglycerides, some vegetable fats.

• Wrong sugars – maltodextrin

• Wrong protein - some vegetable protein, poor quality milk protein

• MACHINE SET UP - POSITION OF THE NIPPLE.

• # of ANIMALS (density) / NIPPLE per feeding station

• WAGYU calves up to 10 ???

Automatic Milk Feeder System

Modified from Zen-Raku-Ren Dairy Seminar 2015 Dr. Bob James

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What We learned ?

In the beginning, robotic calf

feeders were developed with veal

calves which means feeding huge

amount of milk for calves.

Thus, if we keep feeding one gallon

a day, calves suck each other =

infection, digestive problem.

The intensified program worked

very well in Japan.

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Veal Calves

Less competition at

nipple due to large

amount of milk

feeding per day.

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Robotic Calf Milk Replacer Feeding machine

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Setting failure

The height difference should be 15cm.

This case, nipple was set too high position.

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Relation of nipple and mixer

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Robotic Calf Milk Replacer Feeding machine

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Calf Milk Replacer powder must flow freely, no sticking

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If you see this

Good: no stick tank wall

Wet system production

Bad: sticky powder

Need modify dry production method

Sticky Calf Milk Replacer SticksHere.Inconsistent dilution .

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Calftop never soaks fatFat exposure test: 40 C degree 1 hour

Calftop-EX

Calftop

Other B

Other A

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Calftop-EX

Calftop

Other B

Other A Fat

exposure

Fat

exposure

= sticky

= greasy

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Calftop-EX

Calftop

Other B

Other A

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Calftop-EX

Calftop

Other B

Other A Fat

exposure

= sticky

Fat

exposure

= sticky

= greasy

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Method for CMR dry oil production

“Wet” Method vs “Dry” Method

■

■

Fat+SMP+

Emulsifier+water

Mix well

Homogenize then spray dry

Fat is covered by SMP

Fat particle 2 micron

Dry and granulate by filter matless dryer

Fat particle is covered by SMP (slippery)

Fat + Emulsifier mix then spray to powder

Powder

Spray Fat to

powder

Fat particle is not covered by SMP (greasy)

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Dry Oil Whey, SMP etc.

BaggingGranulation

To the final product

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Fat particle after mixing shows

much better emulsification

Dry Method Milk Calftop

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Better solubility

Calftop “Wet” method “Dry” method

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Better emulsification less residue

= Cleaner tube

Calftop

“Dry” Method

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Intensified Calf feeding:Twice a day vs aggressive robotic feeding

Twice a day

Most aggressive robotic feeding

Calf

top

EX

g/d

ay

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Dr. Bob James visits Japanese farms

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Dr. Bob James:Comments for Japanese dairies

Improve Dry Cow nutrition and cow comfort. Good calf management starts healthy dry cows!

Management of calving areas need to improve

⇒Could cause scours

⇒Separate and clean newborn calves ASAP

⇒watch for hypothermia

⇒Feed clean colostrum ASAP

Better colostrum bottle management for colostrum feeding

⇒Clean inside bottles and buckets!

⇒Colostrum storage temperature

More careful to Calf starter

⇒what’s in it?

Need to learn waste milk handling

Don’t rely

on too

much

additives!

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Zen-Raku Ren Calf seminar speakers

Dr. Jim Quigley

2000

Dr. Mike Van Amburgh

2005, 2007, 2013

Dr. Jim Drackley

2010, 2017

Dr. Bob James

2015

Dr. Mike Steele

2019

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BSE (bovine spongiform encephalopathy)affects CMR

Since Japan found BSE case, feed industry left tallow and moved to vegetable fat for CMR.

There were so many production and digestive problems.

Zen-Raku-Ren looked human milk which is very digestible.

Fat melting points temperature (current 17 C degree), Fatty acid profile and Triglyceride fatty acid structure (no SSS or PPP).

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Can we make butter from human milk?

Material Non homogenized milk Human Milk (DIM220d）

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Method:

Cow milk 190g , cow 190g+cream30g

Human milk 190g , human 190g+cream30g


Shake 20 minutes

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Result

↑ cow ↑ ↑ human ↑

+cream +cream

17g 31g 0g 13g


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Result:

→Couldn't make butter from human milk

→Even though we add cream, we couldn't make butter

from human milk

= Based on Triglyceride fatty acid arrangement

= No SSS or PPP


cow human

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Digestibility research:Improving fat in MR for high growth

• Fat in current formula works well, but could it be even better?

• Holstein bull calves( n=20 per trt), beginning at d 4 of life

• Calves were fitted with a plastic-lined “diaper” for fecal collection

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Wagyu Calf Intensified program

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Real Wagyu Characteristic

Real Japanese Wagyu has superior beef meat character.

Very tender meat and sweet fat.

To make these secularities, breeders spend more than 100 years of

genetic improvement including heavy inbreeding (not 5~10

generations).

Instead of superior beef character, Japanese Wagyu have difficulties

below;

1. Very small birth weight (average 30kg but range 15~45kg).

2. Terribly low or no Milk.

3. Very slow solid feed intake (can't wean less than 90 days).

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Zen-Raku-Ren Wagyu : No Milk

Run Video here

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Wagyu Intensified feeding program

Birth weight 30 kg ⇒ 128 kg at 120 day (twice a day feeding)

More better growth rate under robotic feeding system (up to 160~170 kg at 90 day)

Calftop EX Black

WeanWean

Calftop

Days of age

CM

R g

/d

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Both 190 days old data weaned 63 days of age

Left: Intensified Right: Conventional

Birth Weight 30.8 kg 26.5 kg

Body Weight at 190 day 198.5 kg 166.5 kg

Trials with Universities and Institutes

IntensifiedConventional

Isozaki, et al

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Zen-Raku-Ren Wagyu Intensified Trial

At Zen-Raku-Ren

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Zen-Raku-Renweek Feed Kg/day as fed

CMR EX-Black Calf Starter Timothy hay

0 0.6 0.02 0.01

1 0.6 0.02 0.01

2 0.8 0.03 0.01

3

1.0

0.15 0.03

4 0.20 0.04

5 0.30 0.09

6 0.40 0.12

7 0.50 0.17

8 0.60 0.23

9 0.70 0.31

10 0.81 0.49

11 0.8 1.50 0.65

12 0.6 2.00 0.89

Wagyu Trial MAX1.0Kg

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Zen-Raku-Renweek Feed Kg/day as fed

CMR EX-Black Calf Starter Timothy hay

0 0.6 0.02 0.01

1 0.6 0.02 0.01

2 0.8 0.03 0.01

3

1.2

0.05 0.03

4 0.04 0.04

5 0.10 0.09

6 0.10 0.12

7 0.14 0.17

8 0.24 0.23

9 0.39 0.31

10 0.81 0.49

11 0.8 1.50 0.65

12 0.6 2.00 0.89

Wagyu Trial MAX1.2Kg

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スターター摂取量

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

開始-離乳離乳-120日齢通算

ｋｇ

EXブラック1.0kg/日


Calf Starter Intake

EX Black Max 1.0kg/d


Inta

ke

kg

/d

0~wean wean to 120d 0~120day

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Zen-Raku-Ren 乾草摂取量

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0


ｋｇ

EXブラック1.0ｋｇ/日


Hay Intake



Inta

ke

kg

/d


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乾物摂取量

0.0

50.0

100.0

150.0

200.0

250.0

300.0


ｋｇ



Total Dry Matter Intake


EX Black Max 1.2kg/dIn

take

kg

/d


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代用乳摂取状況

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

56 66 76 86 96 106 116 126 136 146生後日齢

摂取

量(現

物kg/日

)

刷込区

慣行区

Fukuoka Agricultural Research Center

人工乳摂取状況

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

56 66 76 86 96 106 116 126 136 146

生後日齢

摂取

量(現

物kg/日

)

刷込区

慣行区

Wagyu x Holstein ♂ Calf Intensified trial


CMR Intake Calf Starter Intake

Inta

ke

kg

/d

Inta

ke

kg

/d

Calftop 500g/d

---intensified

---Conventional

Days of age* Days of age*

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*This trial was started from 50days of age due to transfer stressed disease.


図２各試験区における血中IGF-1濃度および体重の推移

血中IG F-1濃度推移

0

100

200

300

400

500

50 70 90 110 130 150生後日齢

血中

IGF-1濃

度（ng/ml）

刷込区

慣行区

体重推移

50

100

150

200

50 70 90 110 130 150生後日齢

体重

（kg）

刷込区

慣行区

Wagyu x Holstein♂ Calf Intensified trial

---intensified

---Conventional

BW

kg

IGF

-1 n

g/m

l

Days of age*Days of age*

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離乳時

と畜時


After wean:

Control:

limited grain free

choice of hay

Intensified:

Free choice of

hay and grain

until 10 month

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Dissection

Result


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90days of

age

Growth kg Data cm

BW kg DG kg HighsHip

Heights

Body

Length

Heart

girth

Stomach

girth

Control 117 0.87 94.2 95.4 100.2 111.0 132.0

Intensified 143 1.11 100.8 105.6 110.6 111.5 137.5

300days of

age

Growth kg Data cm

BW kg DG kg HighsHip

Heights

Body

Length

Heart

girth

Stomach

girth

Control 275.0 0.75 117.6 128.6 128.6 150.0 190.0

Intensified 416.0 1.30 126.5 133.2 162.0 162.0 212.0

Prefectural

Average328.0 1.07 119 --- 134 157 ---


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Weight g % of empty body wt

Intensified conventional intensified conventional

Inn

er O

rga

ns

Liver 6,750 2,980 2.24 1.65

Kidney 1,060 600 0.35 1.65

Pancreas 480 200 0.16 0.11

Spleen 880 440 0.29 0.24

Heart 1.680 1,020 2.01 2.60

Rumen 6,050 4,700 0.56 0.56

Mu

scle

Musculus longissimus thoracis 9,547 5,047 3.17 2.79

Triceps brachii muscle 4,480 2,400 1.49 1.33

Major psoas muscle 2,270 1,688 0.75 0.93

Fat

Internal Fat 20,282 10,260 6.73 5.67

Subcutaneous fat 25,900 2,400 8.59 1.33

Inner muscle fat 24,000 6,500 7.96 3.59

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Intensive nursing Concentrate feeding Roughage Grazing

Normal nursing Roughage Grazing

Intensified

(n = 12)

Conventional +

only forage

(n = 11)

T1 T2 T3 T43 months 10 months 14 months 20 months

Nutritional treatment Realimentation

CMR max 1.8kg/d

CMR max 600g/d

Wagyu Trial

T530 months

Harvested 30 month of age

**KYUSHU UNIVERSITY

Kuju Agricultural Research Center

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Wagyu Intensified Trial Result11~30 month no grain

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5,000 Wagyu Farm. Introduced Intensified calf program with Robotic system since 2009.

Dramatically improved calf health and mortality.

Before introduce this system, 30 months required to get 800kg live weight, 500kg carcass weight.

After introduced, same weight same beef grading at 26 month of age.

4 month shorter but same results. Saving 1.2 t of grain.

Commercial Wagyu Farm

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Commercial Wagyu Farm

A4~A5 (Top grade) beef 85%

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Zen-Raku-RenThank you!

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