The Norton Anthologyor English Literature

SEVENTH EDITIONVOLUME 1

M. H. Abrams, General EditorCLASS OF 1916 PROFESSOR OF ENGLISH EiMERITUS,

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

Stephen Greenblatt, Associate General EditorHARRY LEVIN PROFESSOR OF LITERATURE,

HARVARD UNIVERSITY

W • W • NORTON & COMPANY • New York • London

Contents

PREFACE TO THE SEVENTH EDITION xxxiiiACKNOWLEDGMENTS xliii

"The Persistence of English" by Geoffrey Nunberg xlvii

The Middle Ages (to ca. 1485) l

Introduction 1Anglo-Saxon England 3Anglo-Norman England 7Middle English Literature in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth

Centuries 9Medieval English 14Old and Middle English Prosody 19

Timeline 21

ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND 23

BEDE (ca. 673-735) and C/EDMON'S HYMN 23An Ecclesiastical History of the English People 24

[The Story of Csedmon] 24

THE DREAM OF THE ROOD 26

BEOWULF translated by Seamus Heaney 29

THE WANDERER 99

THE WIFE'S LAMENT 102

THE BATTLE OF MALDON 103

ANGLO-NORMAN ENGLAND 110

THE ANGLO-SAXON CHRONICLE 110.[Obituary for William the Conqueror] 110[Henry of Poitou Becomes Abbot of Peterborough] 113[The reign of King Stephen] 114

viii / CONTENTS

LEGENDARY HISTORIES OF BRITAIN . 115

GEOFFREY OF MONMOUTH 115The History of the Kings of Britain 116

[The Story of Brutus and Diana's Prophecy] 116

WACE ' 118Le Roman de Brut 118

[The Roman Challenge] 118

LAYAMON ' . 122Brut 122

[Arthur's Dream] 122

THE MYTH OF ARTHUR'S RETURN 124Geoffrey of Monmouth: From History of the Kings of Britain 125Wace's: From Roman de Brut 125Layamon: From Brut 125

MARIE DE FRANCE 126Lanval 127 ' ,

FABLES 140The Wolf and the Lamb 140The Wolf and the Sow 141

CELTIC CONTEXTS 142

EXILE OF THE SONS OF UISLIU 142

LLUDD AND LLEUELYS /: . 150

ANCRENE RIWLE (Rule for Anchoresses) 153[The Parable of the Christ-Knight] 154

MIDDLE ENGLISH LITERATURE IN THE FOURTEENTH

AND FIFTEENTH CENTURIES 156

SIR GAWAIN AND THE GREEN KNIGHT (ca. 1375-1400) 156

GEOFFREY CHAUCER (ca. 1343-1400) 210THE CANTERBURY TALES 213The General Prologue 215

. The Miller's Prologue and Tale 235The Prologue 236 •The Tale '237 •

The Man of Law's Epilogue 252

CONTENTS / ix

The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale 253The Prologue 253The Tale 272

The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale 281The Introduction 281The Prologue 282The Tale 285The Epilogue 295

The Nun's Priest's Tale 296[Close of Canterbury Tales] 310The Parson's Tale 311

The Introduction 311Chaucer's Retraction 313

LYRICS AND OCCASIONAL VERSE 3 1 3Troilus's Song 314Truth 31 5To His Scribe Adam 315Complaint to His Purse 316

WILLIAM LANGLAND (ca. 1330-1387) 317The Vision of Piers Plowman 319

The Prologue 319[The Field of Folk] 319

Passus 5 322[The Confession of Envy] 322[The Confession of Gluttony] 323[Piers Plowman Shows the Way to Saint Truth] 325

Passus 6 328[The Plowing of Piers's Half-Acre] 328

Passus 18 336[The Harrowing of Hell] 336

The C-Text 346[The Dreamer Meets Conscience and Reason] 346

MIDDLE ENGLISH LYRICS 349The Cuckoo Song 350Alison 351My Lief Is Faren in Londe 352Western Wind 352I Am of Ireland 352What is he, this Iordling, that cometh from the fight 352Ye That Pasen by the Weye 353Sunset on Calvary 353I Sing of a Maiden 353Adam Lay Bound 354The Corpus Christi Carol 354

JULIAN OF NORWICH (1342-ca. 1416) 355A Book of Showings to the Anchoress Julian of Norwich 356

[The First Revelation] 356Chapter 3 356

x / CONTENTS

Chapter 4 357Chapter 5 358From Chapter 7 359Chapter 27 360

[Jesus as Mother] 361From Chapter 58 361From Chapter 59 362Chapter 60 363Chapter 61 364

[Conclusion] 366Chapter 86 366

MARGERY KEMPE (ca. 1373-1438) 366The Book of Margery Kempe 367

[The Birth of Her First Child and Her First Vision] 367[Her Pride and Attempts to Start a Business] 369[Margery and Her Husband Reach a Settlement] 370[A Visit with Julian of Norwich] 371[Pilgrimage to Jerusalem] 372[Examination before the Archbishop] 374[Margery Nurses Her Husband in His Old Age] 377

MYSTERY PLAYS 379The Chester Play of Noah's Flood 380The Wakefield Second Shepherds' Play 391

SIR THOMAS MALORY (ca. 1405-1471) 419Morte Darthur 421

[The Conspiracy against Lancelot and Guinevere] 421[War Breaks Out between Arthur and Lancelot] 426[The Death of Arthur] 430[The Deaths of Lancelot and Guinevere] 435

ROBERT HENRYSON (ca. 1425-ca. 1500) 439The Cock and the Fox 439

EVERYMAN (after 1485) 445

The Sixteenth Century (1485-1603) 469

Introduction 469Timeline 497

JOHN SKELTON (ca. 1460-1529) 499Mannerly Margery Milk and Ale 500Lullay, lullay, like a child 500The Tunning of Elinour Rumming 501

Secundus Passus 501

C O N T E N T S / xi

SIR THOMAS MORE (1478-1535) 503Utopia 506

Book 1 506[More Meets a Returned Traveler] 506

Book 2 511[The Geography of Utopia] 511[Their Gold and Silver] 513[Marriage Customs] 515[Religions] 516[Conclusion] 520

The History of King Richard III 523[A King's Mistress] 523

SIR THOMAS WYATT THE ELDER (1503-1542) 525The long love that in my thought doth harbor 527Whoso list to hunt 527Earewell, Love 528My galley 528Divers doth use 528Madam, withouten many words 529They flee from me 529The Lover Showeth How He Is Forsaken of Such as He Sometime

Enjoyed 530My lute, awake! 530And wilt thou leave me thus? 531Forget not yet 532

'" Blame not my lute 533Stand whoso list 534Who list his wealth and ease retain 534Mine own John Poins 535

LITERATURE OF THE SACRED 538

THE ENGLISH BIBLE 539From Tyndale's Translation 540From The Geneva Bible 541From The Douay-Rheims Version 541From The Authorized (King James) Version 542

WILLIAM TYNDALE: The Obedience of a Christian Man 542[The Forgiveness of Sins] 543[Scriptural Interpretation] 543

JOHN CALVIN: The Institution of Christian Religion 544

From Book 3, Chapter 21 545

ANNE ASKEW: From The First Examination of Anne Askew 547

JOHN FOXE: Acts and Monuments 551[The Death of Anne Askew] 5 51

xii / CONTENTS

The Words and Behavior of the Lady Jane [Grey] upon theScaffold 552

BOOK OF COMMON PRAYER: From The Form of Solemnization ofMatrimony 553

BOOK OF HOMILIES: From An Homily Against Disobedience and WillfulRebellion 556

RICHARD HOOKER: Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity 558Book 1, Chapter 3 559

[On the Several Kinds of Law, and on the Natural Law] 559Book 1, Chapter 10 561

[The Foundations of Society] 561

ROGER ASCHAM (1515-1568) 563Toxophilus 564

The Second Book of the School of Shooting 564[Comeliness] 564

The Schoolmaster 565The First Book for the Youth 565

[Teaching Latin] 565[A Talk with Lady Jane Grey] 566[The Italianate Englishman] 567

HENRY HOWARD, EARL OF SURREY (1517-1547) 569The soote season 570Love, that doth reign and live within my thought 571Alas! so all things now do hold their peace 571Th'Assyrians' king, in peace with foul desire 572So cruel prison how could betide 572Wyatt resteth here, that quick could never rest 574O happy dames, that may embrace 575Martial, the things that do attain 576The Fourth Book of Virgil 576

[The Jilted Queen] 576

SIR THOMAS HOBY( 1530-1566) 577Castiglione's The Courtier 578

Book 1 578[Grace] 578

Book 4 579[The Ladder of Love] 579

QUEEN ELIZABETH (1533-1603) 593The doubt of future foes 594On Monsieur's Departure 595Letters 595

To Sir Amyas Paulet 595To Henry III, king of France 596

CONTENTS / xiii

Speech to the Troops at Tilbury 597The "Golden Speech" 598

ARTHUR GOLDING (1 536-1605) 600Ovid's Metamorphoses 601

[The Golden Age] 601

GEORGE GASCOIGNE (1539-1578) 601Woodmanship 602

ISABELLA WHITNEY (fl. 1567-1573) 606Will and Testament 606

EDMUND SPENSER (1552-1599) 614The Shepheardes Calender 616

To His Booke 617October 617

The Faerie Queene 622A Letter of the Authors 624Book 1 628Book 2 772

Canto 12 773[The Bower of Bliss] 773

Book 3 783Proem 783Canto 1 785Canto 2 800Canto 3 813

[The Visit to Merlin] 813[Canto 4 Summary] 819Canto 5 819

[Belphoebe and Timias] 819Canto 6 826[Cantos 7 and 8 Summary] 839[Cantos 9 and 10 Summary] 839Canto 11 840Canto 12 853

Amoretti 863Sonnet 1 ("Happy ye leaves when as those lilly hands") 864Sonnet 34 ("Lyke as a ship that through the Ocean wyde") 865Sonnet 37 ("What guyle is this, that those her golden tresses") 865Sonnet 54 ("Of this worlds Theatre in which we stay") 865Sonnet 64 ("Comming to kisse her lyps [such grace I found]") 866Sonnet 65 ("The doubt which ye misdeeme, fayre love, is vaine") 866Sonnet 67 ("Lyke as a huntsman after weary chace") 866Sonnet 68 ("Most glorious Lord of lyfe, that on this day") 867Sonnet 74 ("Most happy letters fram'd by skilfull trade") 867Sonnet 75 ("One day I wrote her name upon the strand") 867Sonnet 79 ("Men call you fayre, and you doe credit it") 868

Epithalamion 868

xiv / C O N T E N T S

SIR WALTER RALEGH (1552-1618) 878The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd 879What is our life? 879[Sir Walter Ralegh to His Son] 880The Lie 880Farewell, false love 882Methought I saw the grave where Laura lay 883Nature, that washed her hands in milk 883[The Author's Epitaph, Made by Himself] 884From The discovery of the large, rich, and beautiful Empire of

Guiana 885The History of the World 888

[Conclusion: On Death] 888

THE WIDER WORLD 889

FROBISHER'S VOYAGES TO THE ARCTIC, 1576-78 890From A true discourse of the late voyages of discovery 890

DRAKE'S CIRCUMNAVIGATION OF THE GLOBE, 1577-80 894From The famous voyage of Sir Francis Drake into the South

Sea 894

AMADAS AND BARLOWE'S VOYAGE TO VIRGINIA, 1584 897From The first voyage made to Virginia 898

HARIOT'S REPORT ON VIRGINIA, 1585 901From A brief and true report of the new-found land of Virginia 901

JOHN LYLY (1554-1606) 906Euphues: The Anatomy of Wit 907

[Euphues Introduced] 907

SIR PHILIP SIDNEY (1554-1586) 909The Countess of Pembroke's Arcadia 911

Book 2, Chapter 1 912Astrophil and Stella 916

1 ("Loving in truth, and fain in verse my love to show") 9172 ("Not at first sight, nor with a dribbed shot") 9175 ("It is most true that eyes are formed to serve") 9186 ("Some lovers speak, when they their muses entertain") 9187 ("When Nature made her chief work, Stella's eyes") 9189 ("Queen Virtue's court, which some call Stella's face") 919

10 ("Reason, in faith thou art well served, that still") 91915 ("You that do search for every purling spring") 92016 ("In nature apt to like when I did see") 92018 ("With what sharp checks I in myself am shent") 92020 ("Fly, fly, my friends, I have my death-wound, fly") 92121 ("Your words, my friend [right healthful caustics], blame") 92128 ("You that with allegory's curious frame") 921

CONTENTS / xv

31 ("With how sad steps, O Moon, thou climb'st the skies") 92237 ("My mouth doth water, and my breast doth swell") 92239 ("Come sleep! O sleep the certain knot of peace") 92241 ("Having this day my horse, my hand, my lance") 92345 ("Stella oft sees the very face of woe") 92347 ("What, have I thus betrayed my liberty?") 92449 ("I on my horse, and Love on me doth try") 92452 ("A strife is grown between Virtue and Love") 92453 ("In martial sports I had my cunning tried") 92556 ("Fie, school of Patience, fie, your lesson is") 92561 ("Oft with true sighs, oft with uncalled tears") 92569 ("O joy, too high for my low style to show") 92671 ("Who will in fairest book of Nature know") 92672 ("Desire, though thou my old companion art") 92674 ("I never drank of Aganippe well") 92781 ("O kiss, which dost those ruddy gems impart") 927Fourth Song ("Only joy, now here you are") 92887 ("When I was forced from Stella ever dear") 92989 ("Now that of absence the most irksome night") 92991 ("Stella, while now by Honor's cruel might") 930Eleventh Song ('"Who is it that this dark night") 930108 ("When Sorrow [using mine own fire's might]") 931

The nightingale 932Thou blind man's mark 932Leave me, O Love 933The Defense of Poesy 933

[The Lessons of Horsemanship] 934[The Poet, Poetry] 935[Three Kinds of Poets] 938[Poetry, Philosophy, History] 939[The Poetic Kinds] 943[Answers to Charges against Poetry] 947[Poetry in England] 948[Conclusion] 953

FULKE GREVILLE, LORD BROOKE (1554-1628) 955Caelica 955

100 ("In night when colors all to black are cast") 955Chorus Sacerdotum 955

ROBERT SOUTHWELL (1561-1595) 956The Burning Babe 956

MARY (SIDNEY) HERBERT, COUNTESS OF PEMBROKE(1562-1621) 957

To the Angel Spirit of the Most Excellent Sir Philip Sidney 958Psalm 52 960Psalm 139 961

SAMUEL DANIEL (1562-1619) 964Delia 964

33 ("When men shall find thy flower, thy glory pass") 964

xvi / C O N T E N T S

45 ("Care-charmer Sleep, son of the sable Night") 96446 ("Let others sing of knights and paladins") 965

Musophilus 965[Imperial Eloquence] 965

MICHAEL DRAYTON (1563-1631) 966Idea 967

To the Reader of These Sonnets 9676 ("How many paltry, foolish, painted things") 967

61 ("Since there's no help, come, let us kiss and part") 967Ode. To the Virginian Voyage 968

CHRISTOPHER MARLOWE (1564-1593) 970Hero and Leander 971The Passionate Shepherd to His Love 989Doctor Faustus 990

The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus 991The Two Texts of Doctor Faustus 1023

WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE (1564-1616) 1026SONNETS 1028

1 ("From fairest creatures we desire increase") 10293 ("Look in thy glass and tell the face thou viewest") 1029

12 ("When I do count the clock that tells the time") 1030 "1 5 ("When I consider every thing that grows") 103018 ("Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?") 103119 ("Devouring Time, blunt thou the lion's paws") 103120 ("A woman's face with Nature's own hand painted") 103129 ("When, in disgrace with Fortune and men's eyes") 103230 ("When to the sessions of sweet silent thought") 103233 ("Full many a glorious morning have I seen") 103335 ("No more be grieved at that which thou hast done") 103355 ("Not marble, nor the gilded monuments") 103360 ("Like as the waves make towards the pebbled shore") 103465 ("Since brass, nor stone, nor earth, nor boundless sea") 103471 ("No longer mourn for me when I am dead") 103473 ("That time of year thou mayst in me behold") 103574 ("But be contented; when that fell arrest") 103587 ("Farewell: thou art too dear for my possessing") 103694 ("They that have power to hurt and will do none") 103697 ("How like a winter hath my absence been") 103698 ("From you have I been absent in the spring") 1037

106 ("When in the chronicle of wasted time") 1037107 ("Not mine own fears, nor the prophetic soul") 1037110 ("Alas, 'tis true I have gone here and there") 1038116 ("Let me not to the marriage of true minds") 1038126 ("O thou, my lovely boy, who in thy power") 1039127 ("In the old age black was not counted fair") 1039128 ("How oft when thou, my music, music play'st") 1039129 ("Th' expense of spirit in a waste of shame") 1040130 ("My mistress' eyes are nothing like the sun") 1040

CONTENTS / xvii

135 ("Whoever hath her wish, thou hast thy Will") 1041138 ("When my love swears that she is made of truth") 1041144 ("Two loves I have of comfort and despair") 1041146 ("Poor soul, the center of my sinful earth") 1042147 ("My love is as a fever, longing still") 1042

Twelfth Night, or What You Will 1043King Lear 1106

The Two Texts of King Lear 1192

THOMAS CAMPION (1567-1620) 1196My sweetest Lesbia 1196I care not for these ladies 1196When to her lute Corinna sings 1197Rose-cheeked Laura 1198Now winter nights enlarge 1198There is a garden in her face 1199Think'st thou to seduce me then 1199Fain would I wed 1200

THOMAS NASHE (1567-1601) 1200A Litany in Time of Plague 1201Pierce Penniless, His Supplication to the Devil 1202

[The Defense of Plays] 1202The Unfortunate Traveler, or The Life of Jack Wilton 1204

[Roman Summer] 1204

The Early Seventeenth Century (1603-1660) 1209

Introduction 1209

Timeline 1231

JOHN DONNE (1572-1631) 1233SONGS AND SONNETS 1236The Flea 1236The Good-Morrow 1236Song ("Go and catch a falling star") 1237The Undertaking 1238The Sun Rising 1239The Indifferent 1239The Canonization 1240Song ("Sweetest love, I do not go") 1242Air and Angels 1243Break of Day 1243A Valediction: Of Weeping 1244Love's Alchemy 1245A Nocturnal upon Saint Lucy's Day, Being the Shortest Day 1245The Bait 1247The Apparition 1247

xviii / C O N T E N T S

A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning 1248The Ecstasy 1249The Funeral 1251The Blossom 1252The Relic 1253A Lecture upon the Shadow 1254

Elegy 16. On His Mistress 1254Elegy 19. To His Mistress Going to Bed 1256Satire 3 1257The Storm 1260From An Anatomy of the World 1262Holy Sonnets 1268

1 ("Thou hast made me, and shall thy work decay?") 12685 ("I am a little world made cunningly") 12687 ("At the round earth's imagined corners, blow") 12699 ("If poisonous minerals, and if that tree") 1269

10 ("Death, be not proud, though some have called thee") 127013 ("What if this present were the world's last night?") 127014 ("Batter my heart, three-personed God; for you") 127117 ("Since she whom I loved hath paid her last debt") 127118 ("Show me, dear Christ, thy spouse so bright and clear") 1.27119 ("Oh, to vex me, contraries meet in one") 1272

Good Friday, 1613. Riding Westward 1272A Hymn to Christ, at the Author's Last Going into Germany 1273Hymn to God My God, in My Sickness 1274A Hymn to God the Father 1275Devotions upon Emergent Occasions 1276

Meditation 4 1276Meditation 17 1277From Expostulation 19 [The Language of God] 1278

From Death's Duel 1280

AEMILIA LANYER (1569-1645) 1281Salve Deus Rex Judaeorum 1282

To the Doubtful Reader 1282To the Queen's Most Excellent Majesty 1282To the Virtuous Reader 1283Eve's Apology in Defense of Women 1285

The Description of Cooke-ham 1287

BEN JONSON (1572-1637) 1292The Masque of Blackness 1294Volpone, or The Fox 1303

EPIGRAMS 1393To My Book 1393On Something, That Walks Somewhere 1394To William Camden 1394On My First Daughter 1394

C O N T E N T S / xix

To John Donne 1395On Don Surly 1395On Giles and Joan 1396On My First Son 1396On Lucy, Countess of Bedford 1397To Lucy, Countess of Bedford, with Mr. Donne's Satires 1397Inviting a Friend to Supper 1398Epitaph on S. P., a Child of Queen Elizabeth's Chapel 1399

THE FOREST 1399To Penshurst 1399Song:ToCelia 1402To Heaven 1402

UNDERWOOD 1403From A Celebration of Charis in Ten Lyric Pieces 1403A Sonnet to the Noble Lady, the Lady Mary Wroth 1408My Picture Left in Scotland 1409To the Immortal Memory and Friendship of That Noble Pair, Sir Lucius

Cary and Sir H. Morison 1409

Slow, Slow, Fresh Fount 1413Queen and Huntress 1413Still to Be Neat 1414To the Memory of My Beloved, The Author, Mr. William Shakespeare,

and What He Hath Left Us 1414Ode to Himself 1416

From Timber, or Discoveries 1418

MARY WROTH (1587?-1651?) 1422The Countess of Montgomery's Urania 1423

From The First Book 1423Song ("Love what art thou? A vain thought") 1427

Pamphilia to Amphilanthus 14281 ("When night's black mantle could most darkness prove") 1428

16 ("Am I thus conquered? Have I lost the powers") 1428^-. 28 Song ("Sweetest love, return again") 1428

39 ("Take heed mine eyes, how you your looks do cast") 142940 ("False hope which feeds but to destroy, and spill") 142968 ("My pain, still smothered in my grieved breast") 143074 Song ("Love a child is ever crying") 1430From A Crown of Sonnets Dedicated to Love 1431

77 ("In this strange labyrinth how shall I turn?") 1431103 ("My muse now happy, lay thyself to rest") 1431

JOHN WEBSTER (158O?-1625?) 1432The Duchess of Main 1433

ELIZABETH CARY (1585?-1639) 1508The Tragedy of Mariam, the Fair Queen of Jewry 1 509

From Act 1 1510

xx / CONTENTS

From Act 3 1516From Act 4 1519From Act 5 1524

THE SCIENCE OF SELF AND WORLD 1 528

FRANCIS BACON 1529ESSAYS 1531Of Truth 1531Of Marriage and Single Life 1532Of Great Place 1533Of Superstition 1535Of Plantations 1536Of Negotiating 1 538Of Masques and Triumphs 1 539Of Studies [i 597 version] 1541Of Studies [1625 version] 1541

The Advancement of Learning 1542[The Abuses of Language] 1542

Novum Organum 1544[The Idols] 1544

The New Atlantis 1 548[Solomon's House] 1548

MARTHA MOULSWORTH: The Memorandum of MarthaMoulsworth, Widow 1552

RACHEL SPEGHT: Mortality's Memorandum 1556From A Dream 1556

ROBERT BURTON: The Anatomy of Melancholy 1 560From Democritus Junior to the Reader 1561From Love Melancholy 1565

SIR THOMAS BROWNE 1569Religio Medici 1570

Part 1, Sections 1-6, 9, 15, 16, 34, 59 1570Part 2, Section 1 1577

Hydriotaphia, or Urn-Burial 1578From Chapter 5 1578

IZAAK WALTON: The Life of Dr. John Donne 1582[Donne on His Deathbed] 1 583

CONTENTS / xxi

THOMAS HOBBES: Leviathan 1587The Introduction 1588 ^

[The Artificial Man] 1 588Parti 1589

Chapter 1. Of Sense 1589Chapter 13. Of the Natural Condition of Mankind as Concerning

Their Felicity and Misery 1590From Chapter 14. Of the First and Second Natural Laws 1593From Chapter 15. Of Other Laws of Nature 1 594

GEORGE HERBERT (1593-1633) 1595THE TEMPLE 1597The Altar 1597Redemption 1597Easter 1598Easter Wings 1599Affliction (1) 1599Prayer (1) 1601Jordan (1) 1601Church Monuments 1602The Windows 1602Denial 1603Virtue 1604Man 1604Jordan (2) 1605Time 1606The Bunch of Grapes 1607The Pilgrimage 1608The Holdfast 1609The Collar 1609The Pulley 1610The Flower 1610The Forerunners 1612Discipline 1613Death 1613Love (3) 1614

HENRYVAUGHAN (1621-1695) 1615POEMS 1616

A Song to Amoret 1616

SILEX SCINTILLANS 1617Regeneration 1617The Retreat 1619Silence, and Stealth of Days! 1620Corruption 1621Unprofitableness 1622The World 1622They Are All Gone into the World of Light! 1624Cock-Crowing 1625

xxii / CONTENTS

The Night 1626The Waterfall 1628

RICHARD CRASHAW(ca. 1613-1649) 1629DELIGHTS OF THE MUSES 1630Music's Duel 1630

STEPS TO THE TEMPLE 1634To the Infant Martyrs 1634I Am the Door 1634On the Wounds of Our Crucified Lord 1634Luke 11.[27] 1635

CARMEN DEO NOSTRO 1635In the Holy Nativity of Our Lord God: A Hymn Sung as by the

Shepherds 1635To the Noblest & Best of Ladies, the Countess of Denbigh 1639The Flaming Heart 1640

ROBERT HERRICK (1591-1674) 1643HESPERIDES 1644The Argument of His Book 1644Upon the Loss of His Mistresses 1645The Vine 1645Dreams 1646Delight in Disorder 1646His Farewell to Sack 1646Corinna's Going A-Maying 1648To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time 1649The Hock-Cart, or Harvest Home ' 1650How Roses Came Red 1651Upon the Nipples of Julia's Breast 1651Upon Jack and Jill. Epigram 1652ToMarygolds 1652His Prayer to Ben Jonson 1652The Bad Season Makes the Poet Sad 1653The Night-Piece, to Julia 1653Upon His Verses 1654His Return to London 1654Upon Julia's Clothes 1654Upon Prue, His Maid 1655To His Book's End 1655

NOBLE NUMBERS 1655To His Conscience 1655Another Grace for a Child 1655

THOMAS CAREW (1595-1640) 1656An Elegy upon the Death of the Dean of Paul's, Dr. John Donne 1656To Ben Jonson 1659A Song ("Ask me no more where Jove bestows") 1660A Rapture 1661

CONTENTS / xxiii

SIR JOHN SUCKLING (1609-1642) 1664Song ("Why so pale and wan, fond lover?") 1665

FRAGMENTA AUREA 1665

Loving and Beloved 1665A Ballad upon a Wedding 1666

THE LAST REMAINS OF SIR JOHN SUCKLING 1669

Out upon It! 1669

RICHARD LOVELACE (1618-1657) 1670LUCASTA 1670

To Lucasta, Going to the Wars 1670The Grasshopper 1671To Althea, from Prison 1672Love Made in the First Age. To Chloris 1673

EDMUND WALLER (1606-1687) 1675The Story of Phoebus and Daphne Applied 1675Song ("Go, lovely rose!") 1676

ABRAHAM COWLEY (1618-1667) 1676Ode: Of Wit 1677

KATHERINE PHILIPS (1632-1664) 1679A Married State 1679Upon the Double Murder of King Charles 1680Friendship's Mystery, To My Dearest Lucasia 1681To Mrs. M. A. at Parting 1682On the Death of My First and Dearest Child, Hector Philips 1683

ANDREW MARVELL (1621-1678) 1684POEMS 1685

The Coronet 1685Bermudas 1686A Dialogue Between the Soul and Body 1687The Nymph Complaining for the Death of Her Fawn 1688To His Coy Mistress 1691The Definition of Love 1692The Picture of Little T. C. in a Prospect of Flowers 1693The Mower Against Gardens 1694Damon the Mower 1695The Mower to the Glowworms 1697The Mower's Song 1698The Garden 1698An Horatian Ode 1700Upon Appleton House 1704

VOICES OF THE WAR 1725

LUCY HUTCHINSON: Memoirs of Colonel Hutchinson 1726[A Confrontation] 1727

xxiv / C O N T E N T S

LADY ANNE HALKETT: The Memoirs 1730[Springing the Duke] 1731

JOHN LILBURNE: The Picture of the Council of State 1734[Lilburne Defies the Authorities] 1735

GERRARD WINSTANLEY: From The True Levellers'Standard Advanced 1739

ANNA TRAPNEL: From Anna Trapnel's Report and Plea, or,

a Narrative of Her Journey from London into Cornwall 1743

ABIEZER COPPE: From A Fiery Flying Roll 1747

EDWARD HYDE, EARL OF CLARENDON: The History of the

Rebellion 1751[The Character of Oliver Cromwell] 1751

THOMAS TRAHERNE (1637-1674) 1754Centuries of Meditation 1755

From The Third Century 1755Wonder 1756On Leaping over the Moon 1757

MARGARET CAVENDISH (1623-1673) 1759POEMS AND FANCIES 1759The Poetess's Hasty Resolution 1759The Hunting of the Hare 1760

From A True Relation of My Birth, Breeding, and Life 1762From The Description of a New World, Called The Blazing

World 1765

JOHN MILTON (1608-1674) 1771POEMS 1774On the Morning of Christ's Nativity 1774On Shakespeare 1782L'Allegro 1782II Penseroso 1786Lycidas 1790

The Reason of Church Government Urged Against Prelaty 1796[Plans and Projects] 1796

From Areopagitica 1801

SONNETS 1811How Soon Hath Time 1812On the New Forcers of Conscience Under the Long Parliament 1812To the Lord General Cromwell, May 1652 1813When I Consider How My Light Is Spent 1814

CONTENTS / xxv

- On the Late Massacre in Piedmont 1814Methought I Saw My Late Espoused Saint , 1815

Paradise Lost 1815

The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century

(1660-1785) 2045

Introduction . .2045Timeline • . 2069

JOHN DRYDEN (1631-1700) 2071Annus Mirabilis 2073

[London Reborn] 2073Song from Marriage a la Mode 2075Absalom and Achitophel: A Poem 2075Mac Flecknoe 2099To the Memory of Mr. Oldham 2106A Song for St. Cecilia's Day 2106Epigram on Milton 2108Alexander's Feast 2109

'• CRITICISM 2 1 1 4An Essay of Dramat i c Poesy 2 1 1 4

[Two Sorts of Bad Poetry] 2 1 1 4 : . • •

[The Wit of the Ancients: The Universal] 2115[Shakespeare and Ben Jonson Compared] 2117

The Author's Apology for Heroic Poetry and Heroic License 2119["Boldness" of Figures and Tropes Defended: The Appeal to

"Nature"] 2119• ' [Wit as "Propriety"] 2120

A Discourse Concerning the Original and Progress of Satire 2120[The Art of Satire] 2120

The Preface to Fables Ancient and Modern 2121[In Praise of Chaucer] 2121

SAMUEL PEPYS (1633-1703) 2122The Diary 2123

[The Great Fire] 2123[The Deb Willet Affair] 2127

JOHN BUNYAN (1628-1688) . . 2132From Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners , • 2132The Pilgrim's Progress 2137..

[Christian Sets out for the Celestial City] • 2137[The Slough of Despond] 2139[Vanity Fair] 2140[The River of Death and the Celestial City] 2143

xxvi / CONTENTS

JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) ' 2145An Essay Concerning Human Understanding 2146

From The Epistle to the Reader 2146

SIR ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727) 2150From A Letter of Mr. Isaac Newton 2151

SAMUEL BUTLER (1612-1680) 2155Hudibras 2156

From Part 1, Canto 1 2156

JOHN WILMOT, SECOND EARL OF ROCHESTER (1647-1680) 2162The Disabled Debauchee 2162The Imperfect Enjoyment 2163

APHRABEHN(1640?-1689) 2165The Disappointment 2167Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave 2170

WILLIAM CONGREVE (1670-1729) 2215The Way of the World 2217

MARY ASTELL (1666-1731) 2280From Some Reflections upon Marriage 2281

DANIEL DEFOE (ca. 1660-1731) 2284Roxana 2285

[The Cons of Marriage] 2285

ANNE FINCH, COUNTESS OF WINCHILSEA (1661-1720) 2291The Introduction 2291A Nocturnal Reverie 2293

MATTHEW PRIOR (1664-1721) 2294An Epitaph 2295A True Maid 2296A Better Answer 2297

JONATHAN SWIFT (1667-1745) 2298A Description of a City Shower 2300Verses on the Death of Dr. Swift 2301From A Tale of a Tub 2312Abolishing of Christianity in England 2321Gulliver's Travels 2329

A Letter from Captain Gulliver to His Cousin Sympson 2331The Publisher to the Reader 2333Part 1. A Voyage to Lilliput 2334Part 2. A Voyage to Brobdingnag 2372Part 3. A Voyage to Laputa, Balnibarbi, Glubbdubdrib,

Luggnagg, and Japan 2414Chapter 2 [The Flying Island of Laputa] 2414Chapter 5 [The Academy of Lagado] 2420Chapter 10 [The Struldbruggs] 2423

CONTENTS / xxvii

Part 4. A Voyage to the Country of the Houyhnhnms 2428A Modest Proposal 2473

JOSEPH ADDISON and SIR RICHARD STEELE

(1672-1719) (1672-1729) 2479THE PERIODICAL ESSAY: MANNERS 2481Steele: [The Gentleman; The Pretty Fellow] (Tatler 21) 2481Steele: [Dueling] (Tatler 25) 2482Steele: [The Spectator's Club] (Spectator 2) 2484Addison: [Sir Roger at Church] (Spectator 112) 2488Addison: [Sir Roger at the Assizes] (Spectator 122) 2490

THE PERIODICAL ESSAY: IDEAS 2492Addison: [The Aims of the Spectator] (Spectator 10) 2492Addison: [Wit: True, False, Mixed] (Spectator 62) 2494Addison: [Paradise Lost: General Critical Remarks]

(Spectator 267) 2499Addison: [On the Scale of Being] (Spectator 519) 2502

ALEXANDER POPE (1688-1744) 2505An Essay on Criticism 2509The Rape of the Lock 2525Epistle to Miss Blount 2544Eloisa to Abelard 2545An Essay on Man 2554

Epistle 1. Of the Nature and State of Man, With Respect to theUniverse 2555

From Epistle 2. Of the Nature and State of Man With Respect toHimself, as an Individual 2561

Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot 2562The Dunciad: Book the Fourth 2573

[The Educator] 2575[The Carnation and the Butterfly] 2576[The Triumph of Dulness] 2577

LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU (1689-1762) 2579The Lover: A Ballad 2580Epistle from Mrs. Yonge to Her Husband 2582

DEBATING WOMEN: ARGUMENTS IN VERSE 2584

JONATHAN SWIFT: The Lady's Dressing Room 2585

LADY MARY WORTLEY MONTAGU: The Reasons that Induced

Dr. Swift to Write a Poem Called the Lady's Dressing Room 2588

ALEXANDER POPE: Impromptu to Lady Winchelsea 2590

ANNE FINCH, COUNTESS OF WINCHILSEA: The Answer(To Pope's Impromptu) 2591

ALEXANDER POPE: Epistle 2. To a Lady 2592

xxviii / CONTENTS

ANNE INGRAM, VISCOUNTESS IRWIN: An Epistle to Mr. Pope 2599

MARY LEAPOR: An Essay on Woman . 2603

JOHN GAY (1685-1732) 2605The Beggar's Opera 2606

ILLUSTRATION: William Hogarth, The Beggar's Opera 3.11 2646

WILLIAM HOGARTH (1697-1764) 2652Marriage A-la-Mode 2654

SAMUEL JOHNSON (1709-1784) 2660The Vanity of Human Wishes 2662Prologue Spoken by Mr. Garrick 2670On the Death of Dr. Robert Levet 2672Translation of Horace, Odes, Book 4.7 2673Rambler No. 5 [On Spring] 2674Idler No. 31 [On Idleness] 2677From The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia 2678Rambler No. 4 [On Fiction] 2712Rambler No. 60 [Biography] 2716A Dictionary of the English Language 2719

From Preface 2719[Some Definitions: A Small Anthology] 2723

The Preface to Shakespeare 2725[Shakespeare's Excellence. General Nature] < 2725[Shakespeare's Faults. The Three Dramatic Unities] 2729[Twelfth Night] 2734[King Lear] 2734

LIVES OF THE POETS 2736Cowley 2736

[Metaphysical Wit] 2736Milton 2738

[Lycidus] 2738[L'Allegro, II Penseroso] 2739[Paradise Lost] 2740

Pope 2746[Pope's Intellectual Character. Pope and Dryden Compared] 2746

JAMES BOSWELL (1740-1795) 2749Boswell on the Grand Tour 2751

[Boswell Interviews Voltaire] 2751 •The Life of Samuel Johnson, LL.D. 2752

[Plan of the Life] 2752[Johnson's Early Years. Marriage and London] 2754[The Letter to Chesterfield] 2759[A Memorable Year: Boswell Meets Johnson] 2762[Goldsmith. Sundry Opinions. Johnson Meets His King] 2765[Fear of Death] 2769

C O N T E N T S / xxix

[Ossian. "Talking for Victory"] 2770[Dinner with Wilkes] 2772[Dread of Solitude] 2777["A Bottom of Good Sense." Bet Flint. "Clear Your Mind of

Cant"] 2777[Johnson Prepares for Death] 2779[Johnson Faces Death] 2780

FRANCES BURNEY (1752-1840) 2783The Journal and Letters 2784

[First Journal Entry] 2784[Mr. Barlow's Proposal] 2785["Down with her, Burney!"] 2789[A Young and Agreeable Infidel] 2791[Encountering the King] 2793[A Mastectomy] 2798

SLAVERY AND FREEDOM 2806

IGNATIUS SANCHO and LAURENCE STERNE 2807Sancho: A Letter to Laurence Sterne 2807Sterne: Reply to Sancho 2808Sterne: Tristram Shandy, Volume 9, Chapter 6 2809Sancho: Letter to Jack Wingrave 2810

SAMUEL JOHNSON: [A Brief to Free a Slave] 2811

OLAUDAH EQUIANO: The Interesting Narrative of the Life of OlaudahEquiano, or Gustavus Vassa, the African, Written byHimself 2812

[The Middle Passage] 2813[A Free Man] 2817

JAMES THOMSON (1700-1748) 2822The Seasons 2822

Autumn 2822[Evening and Night] 2822

Ode: Rule, Britannia 2824

THOMAS GRAY (1716-1771) 2825Ode on a Distant Prospect of Eton College 2826Ode on the Death of a Favorite Cat 2829Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 2830

WILLIAM COLLINS (1721-1759) . 2833Ode Written in the Beginning of the Year 1746 2834Ode on the Poetical Character 2834Ode to Evening 2836Ode on the Death of Mr. Thomson 2838

• t v "c

CHRISTOPHER SMART (1722-1771) . 2839Jubilate Agno 2840

xxx / CONTENTS

[My Cat Jeoffry] 2840A Song to David 2842

OLIVER GOLDSMITH (ca. 1730-1774) 2857The Deserted Village 2858

GEORGE CRABBE (1754-1832) 2867The Village 2867

Book 1 2867

WILLIAM COWPER (1731-1800) 2875The Task 2875

Book 1 2875[A Landscape Described. Rural Sounds] 2875[Crazy Kate] 2877

Book 3 2877[The Stricken Deer] 2877

Book 4 2878[The Winter Evening: A Brown Study] 2878

The Castaway 2880

POPULAR BALLADS 2882Lord Randall 2883Bonny Barbara Allan 2883The Wife of Usher's Well 2884The Three Ravens 2886Sir Patrick Spens 2886The Bonny Earl of Murray 2888

POEMS IN PROCESS 2889John Milton 2890

Lycidas 2890Alexander Pope 2892

The Rape of the Lock 2892An Essay on Man 2893

Samuel Johnson 2894The Vanity of Human Wishes 2895

Thomas Gray 2896Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard 2896

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHIES 2899Suggested General Readings 2899The Middle Ages 2901The Sixteenth Century 2907The Early Seventeenth Century 2915The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century 2925

GEOGRAPHIC NOMENCLATURE 2933BRITISH MONEY 2934THE BRITISH BARONAGE 2937

The Royal Lines of England and Great Britain 2939

CONTENTS / xxxi

RELIGIONS IN ENGLAND 2942POETIC FORMS AND LITERARY TERMINOLOGY 2944ILLUSTRATIONS

The Universe According to Ptolemy 2960

A London Playhouse of Shakespeare's Time 2962

PERMISSIONS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 2963

INDEX 2965