THE NIXON THE NIXON ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION

CHAPTER 32, SECTION 1CHAPTER 32, SECTION 1

IMPORTANT TERMSIMPORTANT TERMS RICHARD M. NIXONRICHARD M. NIXON NEW FEDERALISMNEW FEDERALISM REVENUE SHARINGREVENUE SHARING FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLANFAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN SOUTHERN STRATEGYSOUTHERN STRATEGY STAGFLATIONSTAGFLATION O.P.E.C.O.P.E.C. REALPOLITIKREALPOLITIK DÉTENTEDÉTENTE S.A.L.T. I TREATYS.A.L.T. I TREATY

IMPORTANT DATESIMPORTANT DATES 1968: NIXON ELECTED PRESIDENT1968: NIXON ELECTED PRESIDENT 1969:1969:

• FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN (FAP) FAILS IN FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN (FAP) FAILS IN CONGRESSCONGRESS

• JULY: APOLLO 11 MOON LANDINGJULY: APOLLO 11 MOON LANDING 1971: 1971: SWANN v. CHARLOTTE BOARD SWANN v. CHARLOTTE BOARD

OF EDUCATIONOF EDUCATION 1972: 1972:

• NIXON VISITS CHINANIXON VISITS CHINA• NIXON & SOVIETS SIGN SALT I TREATYNIXON & SOVIETS SIGN SALT I TREATY

1973: YOM KIPPUR WAR1973: YOM KIPPUR WAR 1973-74: OPEC OIL EMBARGO1973-74: OPEC OIL EMBARGO

NIXON ENTERS THE NIXON ENTERS THE PRESIDENCYPRESIDENCY

WHEN? 1968WHEN? 1968 WHY?WHY?

• LBJ HAD WITHDRAWN LBJ HAD WITHDRAWN • VIETNAMVIETNAM• FAILURE OF THE GREAT SOCIETYFAILURE OF THE GREAT SOCIETY• DISCONTENT W/ DEMOCRATSDISCONTENT W/ DEMOCRATS

GOALS:GOALS:• DECREASE THE SIZE & INFLUENCE OF THE DECREASE THE SIZE & INFLUENCE OF THE

FEDERAL GOV’T.FEDERAL GOV’T.• VIETNAMIZATIONVIETNAMIZATION• IMPROVE THE U.S. ECONOMYIMPROVE THE U.S. ECONOMY• IMPROVE RELATIONS W/THE COMMUNIST IMPROVE RELATIONS W/THE COMMUNIST

WORLDWORLD

RICHARD M. NIXONRICHARD M. NIXON

CHANGING THE ROLE OF CHANGING THE ROLE OF GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

DEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS: TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN “BIG” GOV’T : TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN “BIG” GOV’T (DEFINE)(DEFINE)

REPUBLICANSREPUBLICANS: TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN LIMITED, OR : TRADITIONALLY BELIEVED IN LIMITED, OR “SMALL” GOV’T.“SMALL” GOV’T.

NIXON:NIXON:• WANTED TO REDUCE THE “SIZE” OF GOV’T.WANTED TO REDUCE THE “SIZE” OF GOV’T.• ALSO WANTED TO HELP IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF DAILY LIFEALSO WANTED TO HELP IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF DAILY LIFE

HOW?HOW?• NEW FEDERALISM (DEFINE / EFFECT)NEW FEDERALISM (DEFINE / EFFECT)

Ex: REVENUE SHARING (DEFINE / EFFECT)Ex: REVENUE SHARING (DEFINE / EFFECT)• WELFARE REFORM (DEFINE)WELFARE REFORM (DEFINE)

Ex: FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN (FAP) (DEFINE)Ex: FAMILY ASSISTANCE PLAN (FAP) (DEFINE) PROBLEM: FAP FAILS TO PASS CONGRESSPROBLEM: FAP FAILS TO PASS CONGRESS

OTHER PROBLEMS: U.S. GOV’T. DIVIDED BY POLITICAL OTHER PROBLEMS: U.S. GOV’T. DIVIDED BY POLITICAL PARTIESPARTIES• EXECUTIVE: REPUBLICANEXECUTIVE: REPUBLICAN• CONGRESS: DEMOCRATCONGRESS: DEMOCRAT• SO WHAT?SO WHAT?

POSITIVE CHANGES POSITIVE CHANGES NIXON’S EFFORTS TO IMPROVE DAILY LIFE NIXON’S EFFORTS TO IMPROVE DAILY LIFE

FOR AMERICANS DID HAVE SOME FOR AMERICANS DID HAVE SOME SUCCESSES:SUCCESSES:• SOCIAL SECURITY INCREASEDSOCIAL SECURITY INCREASED• MEDICARE / MEDICAID PAYMENTS MORE MEDICARE / MEDICAID PAYMENTS MORE

EASILY AVAILABLEEASILY AVAILABLE• FOOD STAMPS MADE MORE ACCESSIBLEFOOD STAMPS MADE MORE ACCESSIBLE• SUBSIDIZED HOUSING FOR MIDDLE & LOWER SUBSIDIZED HOUSING FOR MIDDLE & LOWER

INCOME FAMILIESINCOME FAMILIES• U.S. JOB CORPS PROGRAMS EXPANDEDU.S. JOB CORPS PROGRAMS EXPANDED

VIETNAMIZATIONVIETNAMIZATION DEFINEDEFINE WHY?WHY? HOW?HOW?

• BEGIN PEACE TALKS W/ NORTH VIETNAMESE BEGIN PEACE TALKS W/ NORTH VIETNAMESE (PARIS)(PARIS)

• GRADUAL TROOP REDUCTIONS & GRADUAL TROOP REDUCTIONS & WITHDRAWALS FROM V-NAMWITHDRAWALS FROM V-NAM

• LEAVE U.S. MILITARY ADVISORS TO HELP LEAVE U.S. MILITARY ADVISORS TO HELP TRANSITIONTRANSITION

• CONTINUE U.S. SUPPLIES TO ARVN & S. V-NAMCONTINUE U.S. SUPPLIES TO ARVN & S. V-NAM WHEN? 1968-72WHEN? 1968-72 RESULT? 1973: LAST U.S. COMBAT RESULT? 1973: LAST U.S. COMBAT

TROOPS LEAVE V-NAMTROOPS LEAVE V-NAM

REALPOLITIKREALPOLITIK DEFINE: DEFINE:

• DEALING W/OTHER NATIONS IN A PRACTICAL & FELXIBLE DEALING W/OTHER NATIONS IN A PRACTICAL & FELXIBLE WAYWAY

• MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR:MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR: HOW POWERFUL WAS/IS A NATION?HOW POWERFUL WAS/IS A NATION? IF WEAK, IGNORE IT.IF WEAK, IGNORE IT. IF POWERFUL, CONFRONT ITIF POWERFUL, CONFRONT IT

• CONFRONTATION COULD MEAN CONFRONTATION COULD MEAN NEGOTIATIONNEGOTIATION AND/OR AND/OR MILITARY MILITARY ENGAGEMENTENGAGEMENT

• EX.: EX.: COMMUNIST CHINA EXISTS, SO RECOGNIZE THEM AND COMMUNIST CHINA EXISTS, SO RECOGNIZE THEM AND

NEGOTIATE WITH THEMNEGOTIATE WITH THEM USSR WAS A WORLD NUCLEAR POWER, SO NEGOTIATE USSR WAS A WORLD NUCLEAR POWER, SO NEGOTIATE

W/THEMW/THEM WHO? HENRY KISSINGER, NIXON’S N.S.A.WHO? HENRY KISSINGER, NIXON’S N.S.A. RESULT? RESULT? DÉTENTEDÉTENTE

DEFINE: POLICY AIMED AT EASING COLD WAR TENSIONSDEFINE: POLICY AIMED AT EASING COLD WAR TENSIONS

NIXON & HENRY KISSINGERNIXON & HENRY KISSINGER

RELATIONS WITH THE RELATIONS WITH THE COMMUNIST WORLDCOMMUNIST WORLD

NIXON VIEWED USSR AS THE GREATER THREAT TO THE U.S. THAN NIXON VIEWED USSR AS THE GREATER THREAT TO THE U.S. THAN RED CHINARED CHINA

NIXON WANTED TO CREATE A SPLIT IN THE COMMUNIST WORLDNIXON WANTED TO CREATE A SPLIT IN THE COMMUNIST WORLD HOW?HOW?

• VIETNAMIZATIONVIETNAMIZATION• IMPROVE RELATIONS W/RED CHINAIMPROVE RELATIONS W/RED CHINA

WHY?WHY?• IF HE COULD IMPROVE U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS, IT WOULD CONCERN IF HE COULD IMPROVE U.S.-CHINA RELATIONS, IT WOULD CONCERN

USSRUSSR• AND…FORCE THEM TO SIGN AMRS TREATIES W/THE U.S.AND…FORCE THEM TO SIGN AMRS TREATIES W/THE U.S.

DID WHAT?DID WHAT?• 1972: 1972:

NIXON VISITS CHINANIXON VISITS CHINA U.S. FORMALLY RECOGNIZES COMMUNIST CHINESE GOV’T.U.S. FORMALLY RECOGNIZES COMMUNIST CHINESE GOV’T. NIXON VISITS USSRNIXON VISITS USSR S.A.L.T. I TREATY SIGNEDS.A.L.T. I TREATY SIGNED

SO WHAT?SO WHAT?• NIXON HAS WIDENED SPLIT BETWEEN USSR & CHINANIXON HAS WIDENED SPLIT BETWEEN USSR & CHINA• DOMINO THEORY IS OVERDOMINO THEORY IS OVER• CONTAINMENT POLICY IS DONECONTAINMENT POLICY IS DONE

NIXON VISITS CHINA, 1972NIXON VISITS CHINA, 1972

NIXON & MAO ZEDONGNIXON & MAO ZEDONG

OTHER FOREIGN AFFAIRSOTHER FOREIGN AFFAIRS OIL DEPENDENCY:OIL DEPENDENCY:

• LATE 60’s / EARLY 70’s: U.S. RELIES HEAVILY ON IMPORTED LATE 60’s / EARLY 70’s: U.S. RELIES HEAVILY ON IMPORTED OIL FOR ENERGY NEEDSOIL FOR ENERGY NEEDS

• WHERE? MIDDLE EASTWHERE? MIDDLE EAST• WHO? O.P.E.C. NATIONSWHO? O.P.E.C. NATIONS• EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?

• SAUDI ARABIASAUDI ARABIA• IRANIRAN• IRAQIRAQ

PROBLEM: 1973, YOM KIPPUR WARPROBLEM: 1973, YOM KIPPUR WAR WHO? ISRAEL v. EGYPT / SYRIAWHO? ISRAEL v. EGYPT / SYRIA WHAT HAPPENS?WHAT HAPPENS?

• U.S. SENDS AID TO ISRAELU.S. SENDS AID TO ISRAEL• ISRAEL WINSISRAEL WINS

OPEC NATIONS FURIOUS W/ U.S.OPEC NATIONS FURIOUS W/ U.S. OIL EMBARGO BEGINS ; OIL SHORTAGES ACROSS U.S.OIL EMBARGO BEGINS ; OIL SHORTAGES ACROSS U.S. U.S. HAS TO CONSIDER ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES U.S. HAS TO CONSIDER ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES

MORE SERIOUSLYMORE SERIOUSLY

ISRAEL & THEISRAEL & THE

MIDDLE EAST, 1973MIDDLE EAST, 1973

THE THE

YOM KIPPURYOM KIPPUR

WAR, 1973WAR, 1973

Egyptian Troop Crossing, Suez CanalEgyptian Troop Crossing, Suez Canal

Israeli Tank Convoy, Golan HeightsIsraeli Tank Convoy, Golan Heights

Golan Heights, 1973Golan Heights, 1973

Generals Ariel Sharon & Moshe Dayan Generals Ariel Sharon & Moshe Dayan

O.P.E.C. NATIONSO.P.E.C. NATIONS

OPEC NATIONSOPEC NATIONS

NIXON’S POLITICAL STYLENIXON’S POLITICAL STYLE NIXON: NIXON:

• VERY CONSERVATIVEVERY CONSERVATIVE• BELIEVED IN “LAW AND ORDER” POLITICSBELIEVED IN “LAW AND ORDER” POLITICS• COMMITTED TO ENDING SOCIAL DISRUPTION OF THE COMMITTED TO ENDING SOCIAL DISRUPTION OF THE

LATE 60’sLATE 60’s HOW?HOW?

• USED FULL RESOURCES OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH USED FULL RESOURCES OF EXECUTIVE BRANCH • SOMETIMES THIS WAS DONE ILLEGALLYSOMETIMES THIS WAS DONE ILLEGALLY

EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?• WIRETAPPING LEFT-WING PEOPLE / GROUPSWIRETAPPING LEFT-WING PEOPLE / GROUPS• USED GOV’T. INFORMERS / “MOLES” INSIDE LEFT-WING USED GOV’T. INFORMERS / “MOLES” INSIDE LEFT-WING

ORGANIZATIONSORGANIZATIONS• CIA CREATES FILES ON GOV’T. OPPONENTSCIA CREATES FILES ON GOV’T. OPPONENTS• ADMINISTRATION CREATES “ENEMIES LIST”ADMINISTRATION CREATES “ENEMIES LIST”

““ANYONE WHO OPPOSES US, WE’LL ANYONE WHO OPPOSES US, WE’LL DESTROY”DESTROY”

-Nixon White House Aid-Nixon White House Aid PROBLEM?PROBLEM?

1972: RE-ELECTION CAMPAIGN1972: RE-ELECTION CAMPAIGN SOUTHERNERS UNHAPPY WITH DEMOCRATIC SOUTHERNERS UNHAPPY WITH DEMOCRATIC

PARTYPARTY WHY? GROWING LIBERALISM W/IN PARTYWHY? GROWING LIBERALISM W/IN PARTY NIXON WANTS TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THISNIXON WANTS TO TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS BEGINS BEGINS ““SOUTHERN STRATEGYSOUTHERN STRATEGY”” DEFINE:DEFINE:

• ATTEMPT TO SLOW NATION’S DESEGREGATION EFFORTSATTEMPT TO SLOW NATION’S DESEGREGATION EFFORTS• EX.: EX.:

ORDERED DELAYED SCHOOL INTEGRATION IN MS., SC.ORDERED DELAYED SCHOOL INTEGRATION IN MS., SC. OPPOSED EXTENSION OF VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF ’65OPPOSED EXTENSION OF VOTING RIGHTS ACT OF ’65 OPPOSED SUPREME COURT DECISION IN OPPOSED SUPREME COURT DECISION IN SWANN V. SWANN V.

CHARLOTTE-MECKLENBURG BD. OF EDUCATIONCHARLOTTE-MECKLENBURG BD. OF EDUCATION WHY? OPPOSED SCHOOL BUSINGWHY? OPPOSED SCHOOL BUSING

SUPREME COURT: NIXON MAKES IT MORE SUPREME COURT: NIXON MAKES IT MORE CONSERVATIVECONSERVATIVE

HOW? APPOINTS CONSERVATIVE JUDGESHOW? APPOINTS CONSERVATIVE JUDGES EXAMPLES?EXAMPLES?

WARREN BURGER, CHIEF JUSTICEWARREN BURGER, CHIEF JUSTICE WILLIAM REHNQUISTWILLIAM REHNQUIST